Reginald Fessenden - Knowledge (XXG)

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the words of a handout distributed to the demonstration witnesses, which stated " Telephony is admirably adapted for transmitting news, stock quotations, music, race reports, etc. simultaneously over a city, on account of the fact that no wires are needed and a single apparatus can distribute to ten thousand subscribers as easily as to a few. It is proposed to erect stations for this purpose in the large cities here and abroad." However, other than the two reported holiday transmissions, Fessenden does not appear to have conducted any other radio broadcasts, or to have even given additional thought about the potential of a regular broadcast service. In a 1908 comprehensive review of "Wireless Telephony", he included a section titled "possibilities" that listed promising radio telephone uses. Neither the main article, nor this list, makes any reference to broadcasting, instead only noting conventional applications of point-to-point communication, enumerated as "local exchanges", "long-distance lines", "transmarine transmission", "wireless telephony from ship to ship", and "wireless telephone from ship to local exchange".

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the details of the broadcasts had taken place in 1956, which had also failed to uncover any confirmation of Fessenden's statements. One alternate possibility proposed by O'Neal was that perhaps something similar to what Fessenden remembered could have taken place during a series of tests conducted in 1909. A review by Donna L. Halper and Christopher H. Sterling suggested that debating the existence of the holiday broadcasts was ignoring the fact that, in their opinion, the December 21 demonstration, which included the playing of a phonograph record, in itself qualified to be considered an entertainment broadcast. Jack Belrose flatly argued that there was no reason to doubt Fessenden's account, in part because it had not been challenged in the years immediately following publication of the Kintner article. Although Fessenden's claim for the first radio broadcast in 1906 is recognized as an

955:, which included a cash prize of $ 800, for "his invention of a reception scheme for continuous wave telegraphy and telephony", and recognized him as "One whose labors had been of great benefit." There was suspicion by Fessenden that these two awards had not been made in sincerity but in order to placate him. In his wife's biography, referring to the IRE medal, she quoted the proverb "beware of Greeks bearing gifts". The Scott Medal came under additional suspicion because it had been awarded at the suggestion of Westinghouse engineers, who were working for a company that had had financial disputes with Fessenden. In Helen Fessenden's opinion, "The Medal cost nothing and was a good 'sop to Cereberus'", and overall compared the medals to "small change for tips in the pockets of Big Business". In 1929 Fessenden was awarded 667:), and greatly increase its rotational speed, in order to create electrical currents of tens-of-thousands of cycles-per-second (kHz), thus producing a steady continuous-wave transmission when connected to an aerial. However, it would take many years of expensive development before even a prototype alternator-transmitter would be ready, and a few years beyond that for high-power versions to become available. One concern was whether at these high speeds the alternator might disintegrate due to the high rotation speed tearing it apart. Because of this, as a precaution, while the alternator was being initially developed it was "placed in a pit surrounded by sandbags". 1002:

realize that the battle ever happened... It was he who insisted, against the stormy protests of every recognized authority, that what we now call radio was worked by "continuous waves" of the kind discovered by Hertz, sent through the ether by the transmitting station as light waves are sent out by a flame. Marconi and others insisted, instead, that what was happening was the so-called "whiplash effect"... It is probably not too much to say that the progress of radio was retarded a decade by this error... The whiplash theory faded gradually out of men's minds and was replaced by the continuous wave one with all too little credit to the man who had been right...

476: 431:, with the objective of demonstrating the practicality of using coastal stations to transmit weather information, thereby avoiding the expense of the existing telegraph lines. The contract called for him to be paid $ 3,000 per year and provided with work space, assistance, and housing. Fessenden would retain ownership of any inventions, but the agreement also gave the Weather Bureau royalty-free use of any discoveries made during the term of the contract. Fessenden quickly made major advances, especially in receiver design, as he worked to develop audio reception of signals. His initial success came from the invention of a 829:

contract. Fessenden won the initial court trial and was awarded damages; however, NESCO prevailed on appeal. To conserve assets, NESCO went into receivership in 1912, and Samuel Kintner was appointed general manager of the company. The legal stalemate would continue for over 15 years. In 1917, NESCO finally emerged from receivership, and was soon renamed the International Radio Telegraph Company. The company limped along for a few years, until it was sold to the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company in 1920, and the next year its assets, including numerous important Fessenden patents, were sold to the

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transmission comes to producing continuous waves. He later reported that, on December 23, 1900, he successfully transmitted speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers (one mile), saying; “One, two, three, four. Is It snowing where you are, Mr. Thiessen? If so, telegraph back and let me know”, which appears to have been the first successful audio transmission using radio signals. However, at this time the sound was far too distorted to be commercially practical, although as a test this did show that with further refinements it would become possible to effectively transmit sounds by radio.

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evidence for his account. (Even the Helen Fessenden biography relies exclusively on details contained in the January 29, 1932, letter used by the Kintner article.) There was general consensus in the centennial discussions that Fessenden had the technical means to make broadcasts, given the widespread reports about the success of the December 21 alternator-transmitter demonstrations. However, because of the station's very low power, even if the broadcasts had taken place it was questionable if the range could have matched Fessenden's claim of being heard hundreds of kilometers away.

968: 930:, saluting Fessenden as "one of the greatest American radio inventors", began a monthly autobiographical series titled "The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden", with the intention of publishing the completed installments as a book. However, instead of reviewing his radio work, Fessenden immediately went on a series of tangents, including discussions of which races he believed were the most capable of producing inventions, and the proper approach that government institutions should be taking in order to support inventors. (At the close of the seventh installment, 536:, Fessenden discounted the effect of the tower collapse, stating that "The working up to the date of the accident was, however, so successful that the directors of the National Electric Signaling Company have decided that it is unnecessary to carry on the experimental developments any further, and specifications are being drawn up for the erection of five stations for doing transatlantic and other cable work, and a commercial permit is being applied for in England." However, the tower collapse did in fact mark the end of NESCO's transatlantic efforts. 552: 307: 590: 295: 499:

device's manufacturing costs to be considered reasonable, and contracted with other companies to build equipment that used Fessenden designs. This led to bad feelings and a series of patent infringement lawsuits. An alternate plan to sell the company as a whole was unsuccessful in finding a buyer. Eventually a radical change in company orientation took place. In 1904 it was decided to compete with the existing ocean cables, by setting up a transatlantic radiotelegraph link. The headquarters for company operations was moved to

624:, a detailed review of the state of the art as he saw it that was published in 1906. Reviewing Fessenden's patent, he wrote that "The creation of an electric wave seems to involve a certain suddenness in the beginning of the oscillations, and an alternator giving a simple sine-curve would not be likely to produce the required effect..." (In view of Fessenden's ultimate success, this statement disappeared from the book's 1916 edition.) Fessenden's next step, taken from standard wire-telephone practice, was to insert a simple 651:. Fessenden unsuccessfully attempted to sell this form of radiotelephone, later noting: "In 1904, with a 20,000 frequency spark and compressed nitrogen gap, such good results were obtained that a demonstration was given to a number of electrical engineers, who signed affidavits that they considered the articulation as commercially good over twenty-five miles, and the sets were advertised for sale..." (In a 1908 review, he conceded that with this approach "The transmission was, however, still not absolutely perfect.") 215: 1236:, Bermuda, with the family's home parish noted as "Allegheney" and the father's occupation as "Professor of Engineering". p. 290 (Smith's Parish Baptisms), "19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda". Indexed by A.C. Hollis Hallett. Second Edition. A joint publication of Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. © 2005 Board of Trustees, Bermuda Maritime Museum Association. The Keep, Royal Naval Dockyard, Ireland Island, Sandys Parish, Bermuda. Production by Paul Shapiro, Brimstone Media Ltd. 919:

relaxation, Fessenden could imagine, invent and think his way to new ideas. Fessenden also had a reputation for being temperamental, although in his defense his wife later stated that "Fessenden was never a difficult man to W O R K with but he was an intensely difficult man to play politics with." However, one of his former assistants, Charles J. Pannill, recalled that "He was a great character, of splendid physique, but what a temper!", while a second,

564: 578: 337:, as a junior technician. He participated in a broad range of projects, which included work in solving problems in chemistry, metallurgy, and electricity. However, in 1890, facing financial problems, Edison was forced to lay off most of the laboratory employees, including Fessenden. (Fessenden remained an admirer of Edison his entire life, and in 1925 stated that "there is only one figure in history which stands in the same rank as him as an inventor, 42: 413: 3793: 3803: 3782: 329:. However, his initial attempts were rebuffed; in his first application Fessenden wrote, "Do not know anything about electricity, but can learn pretty quick," to which Edison replied, "Have enough men now who do not know about electricity." However, Fessenden persevered, and before the end of the year was hired for a semi-skilled position as an assistant tester for the 951:. The medallion was gold plated, and somehow Fessenden became convinced that earlier awards had been solid gold, so he angrily returned it. Only after Greenleaf W. Pickard investigated the matter and determined that the prior medals were also plated was Fessenden willing to relent. The next year Philadelphia's Board of Directors of City Trusts awarded Fessenden a 3813: 824:(AT&T). After the December 21, 1906, demonstrations, AT&T was said to be planning to acquire NESCO, but financial setbacks caused the telephone company to reconsider, and NESCO was unable to find another buyer. There were growing strains between Fessenden and the company owners, and Fessenden's formation of the Fessenden Wireless Company of Canada in 184:(AM) radio. His achievements included the first transmission of speech by radio (1900), and the first two-way radiotelegraphic communication across the Atlantic Ocean (1906). In 1932 he reported that, in late 1906, he also made the first radio broadcast of entertainment and music, although a lack of verifiable details has led to some doubts about this claim. 495:

additional demonstration stations were constructed at Collingswood, New Jersey (near Philadelphia) and Jersey City, New Jersey (near New York City). In 1904 an attempt was made to link the General Electric plants in Schenectady, New York, and Lynn, Massachusetts, a distance of 185 miles (298 km), however the effort was unsuccessful.

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radiant waves of substantially uniform strength", or, in modern terminology, a continuous-wave (CW) transmitter. The idea of using continuous-wave radio signals was in direct conflict with the current orthodoxy that the abrupt "whiplash" effect produced by large electrical sparks was needed in order to create adequately strong signals.

1054: 726:, who conducted a series of test broadcasts beginning in 1907, and who was widely quoted promoting the potential of organized radio broadcasting, was the first person to transmit music and entertainment by radio. De Forest's first entertainment broadcast occurred in February 1907, when he transmitted electronic 918:

An inveterate tinkerer, Fessenden eventually became the holder of more than 500 patents. He could often be found in a river or lake, floating on his back, a cigar sticking out of his mouth and a hat pulled down over his eyes. At home he liked to lie on the carpet, a cat on his chest. In this state of

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in western Scotland. In January 1906, these stations made the first successful two-way transmission across the Atlantic, exchanging Morse code messages. (Marconi had only achieved one-way transmissions at this time.) However, the system was unable to reliably bridge this distance when the sun was up,

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On September 24, 1912, Behm filed Sonar concept based on the intensity measurement with his sonometer in Austria for a patent. The echo sounder - at least in terms of the idea - was born. The patent was not granted because an idea alone was not patentable in Austria. Only the technical design would

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Born 23 June 1866, the daughter of Thaddeus Trott and Louisa Margaret Trott (born Louisa Margaret Pearman). p. 395 (Devonshire 'White' Baptisms), "19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda". Indexed by A.C. Hollis Hallett. Second Edition. A joint publication of Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime

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It sometimes happens, even in science, that one man can be right against the world. Professor Fessenden was that man. It is ironic that among the hundreds of thousands of young radio engineers whose commonplaces of theory rest on what Professor Fessenden fought for bitterly and alone only a handful

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in 1906 may have led to suspicion that he was trying to freeze Walker and Given out of a potentially lucrative competing transatlantic service. The final break occurred in January 1911, when Fessenden was formally dismissed from NESCO. This resulted in his bringing suit against NESCO, for breach of

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account of the December 21 alternator-transmitter demonstration included the statement that "It is admirably adapted to the transmission of news, music, etc. as, owing to the fact that no wires are needed, simultaneous transmission to many subscribers can be effected as easily as to a few", echoing

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In the period leading up to the centennial, James E. O'Neal conducted extensive research, but did not find any ships' radio log accounts, or any contemporary literature, to confirm the reported holiday broadcasts. A follow-up article two years later further reported that a similar attempt to verify

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Fessenden began his research on audio transmissions while still on Cobb Island. Because he did not yet have a continuous-wave transmitter, initially he worked with an experimental "high-frequency spark" transmitter, taking advantage of the fact that the higher the spark rate, the closer a spark-gap

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Fessenden's basic approach was disclosed in U.S. Patent 706,737, which he applied for on May 29, 1901, and was issued the next year. It called for the use of a high-speed alternator (referred to as "an alternating-current dynamo") that generated "pure sine waves" and produced "a continuous train of

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Fessenden had a very early interest in the possibility of making audio radio transmissions, in contrast to the early spark-gap transmissions that could only transmit Morse code messages. As early as 1891, he had investigated sending alternating currents of varying frequencies along telegraph lines,

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In 1928, as part of a lecture reviewing "The Early History of Radio in the United States", H. P. Davis, commenting on entertainment offerings, asserted that "Reginald Fessenden, probably the first to attempt this, broadcast a program Christmas Eve 1906", but did not provide any additional details,

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The alternator-transmitter achieved the goal of transmitting quality audio signals, but the lack of any way to amplify the signals meant they were somewhat weak. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden made an extensive demonstration of the new alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock, showing its utility for

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magazine blamed the collapse on sub-standard construction, due to "the way in which the joints were made by the man employed for the purpose by the sub-contractors to whom the work was entrusted by the Brown Hoisting Machinery Company" and "The only wonder is that the tower did not fall before.")

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or during the summer months when interference levels were higher, so work was suspended until later in the year. Then, on December 6, 1906, the Machrihanish radio tower collapsed in a gale, abruptly ending the transatlantic project before it could begin commercial service. (A detailed review in

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Anticipation of the 2006 centennial anniversary of Fessenden's reported broadcasts brought renewed interest, as well as additional questions. A key issue was why, despite Fessenden's assertion that the two programs had been widely heard, there did not appear to be any independent corroborating

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Efforts to sell equipment to the U.S. and other governments, as well as private companies, met with little success. An ongoing area of conflict, especially with the U.S. Navy, were the high prices Fessenden tried to charge. The Navy in particular felt Fessenden's quotes were too far above the

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businessmen, Hay Walker Jr. and Thomas H. Given, financed the formation of the National Electric Signaling Company (NESCO) to support Fessenden's research. Initially the new company was based in Washington, D.C., where a station was constructed for experimental and demonstration purposes. Two

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Am 24. September 1912 reichte Behm sein Echolotkonzept auf der Grundlage der Intensitätsmessung mit seinem Sonometer in Österreich zum Patent ein. Das Echolot – zumindest von der Idee her – war geboren. Das Patent wurde nicht erteilt, da in Österreich eine Idee allein nicht patentfähig war.

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about 80 kilometers (50 mi) downstream from Washington, D.C. As the experimentation expanded, additional stations were built along the Atlantic Coast in North Carolina and Virginia. However, in the midst of promising advances, Fessenden became embroiled in disputes with his sponsor. In

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included a disclaimer that it was "not responsible for any opinions expressed in Dr. Fessenden's article".) After eleven installments Fessenden had only covered his life up to 1893, having discussed virtually nothing about radio, and the series was quietly terminated at this point.

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point-to-point wireless telephony, including interconnecting his stations to the wire telephone network. As part of the demonstration, speech was transmitted 18 kilometers (11 miles) to a listening site at Plymouth, Massachusetts. A detailed review of this demonstration appeared in

333:, which was laying underground electrical mains in New York City. He quickly proved his worth, and received a series of promotions, with increasing responsibility for the project. In late 1886, Fessenden began working directly for Edison at the inventor's new laboratory in 1117:"Form for Native Citizen", dated August 26, 1914. The signed and notarized application stated that Fessenden was a "native and loyal citizen of the United States" who held U.S. birthright citizenship through his American-born father. In addition, although for his early 784:). The intended audience for both of these transmissions was primarily shipboard radio operators along the Atlantic seaboard. Fessenden claimed that the two programs had been widely publicized in advance, and the Christmas Eve broadcast had been heard "as far down" as 450:

transmissions much easier to hear. However, heterodyne reception would not become practical for a decade after it was invented, because it required a method for producing a stable local signal, which would not become available until the development of the oscillating

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Fessenden's classical education provided him with only a limited amount of scientific and technical training. Interested in increasing his skills in the electrical field, he moved to New York City in 1886, with hopes of gaining employment with the famous inventor,

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to "a person who has made a specific technical contribution to exploration geophysics". In 1980, a Fessenden-Trott Scholarship was established at Purdue University's School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, in memory of Reginald Fessenden and his wife.

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The first widely publicized information about Fessenden's early broadcasts did not appear until 1932, when an article prepared by former Fessenden associate Samuel M. Kintner, "Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio", appeared in the December 1932 issue of

746:. This reviewed information included in a January 29, 1932, letter sent by Fessenden to Kintner. (Fessenden subsequently died five months before Kintner's article appeared). In this account, Fessenden reported that on the evening of December 24, 1906 ( 846:, capable of transmitting across the Atlantic, and by 1916 the Fessenden-Alexanderson alternator was more reliable for transoceanic communication than the spark transmitters which were originally used to provide this service. Also, after 1920 radio 608:

in order to create a multiplex telegraph system. He would later apply the knowledge gained about tuning and resonance from his alternating current electrical work to the higher frequency currents used in radio, in order to develop the concept of

874:. Though the company immediately began replacing bells and primitive receivers on ships with the new device, it was also the basis for entirely new applications: underwater telegraphy and sonic distance measurement. The later was the basis for 347:

Taking advantage of his recent practical experience, Fessenden was able to find positions with a series of manufacturing companies. In 1892, he received an appointment as professor for the newly formed Electrical Engineering department at

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became widespread, and although the stations used vacuum-tube transmitters rather than alternator-transmitters (which vacuum-tubes made obsolete), they employed the same continuous-wave AM signals that Fessenden had introduced in 1906.

750:), he had made the first of two radio broadcasts of music and entertainment to a general audience, using the alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock. Fessenden remembered producing a short program that included a phonograph record of 252:. Thus, while Fessenden was still a teenager, he taught mathematics to the school's younger students (some older than himself) for four years, while simultaneously studying natural sciences with older students at the college. 709:

Although primarily designed for transmissions spanning a few kilometers, on a couple of occasions the test Brant Rock audio transmissions were apparently overheard by NESCO employee James C. Armor across the Atlantic at the

2664: 903:, Fessenden volunteered his services to the Canadian government and was sent to London where he developed a device to detect enemy artillery and another to locate enemy submarines. Other efforts included a version of 804:, in view of the contrasting opinions among radio historians, Mike Adams summarized the situation as "More than 100 years after its possible occurrence, the Fessenden 'first broadcaster' controversy continues." 1216:

Marriage Certificate Number: 10666. Ancestry.com. New York, Extracted Marriage Index, 1866–1937 . Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Original data: Index to New York City Marriages, 1866–1937.

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After Fessenden left NESCO, Ernst Alexanderson continued to work on alternator-transmitter development at General Electric, mostly for long range radiotelegraph use. He eventually developed the high-powered

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particular, he charged that Bureau Chief Willis Moore had attempted to gain a half-share of the patents. Fessenden refused to sign over the rights, and his work for the Weather Bureau ended in August 1902.

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For a time Fessenden continued working with more sophisticated high-frequency spark transmitters, including versions that used compressed air, which began to take on some of the characteristics of

882:(RAdio Detection And Ranging). The device was soon put to use for submarines to signal each other, as well as a method for locating icebergs, to help avoid another disaster like the one that sank 833:(RCA), which also inherited the longstanding Fessenden legal proceedings. Finally, on March 31, 1928, Fessenden settled his outstanding lawsuits with RCA, receiving a significant cash settlement. 682:, who in August 1906 delivered an improved model which operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50 kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters. 3882: 678:

of GE delivered a 10 kHz version which proved of limited use and could not be directly used as a radio transmitter. Fessenden's request for a faster, more powerful unit was assigned to

2657: 279:. They married on September 21, 1890, in the United States at Manhattan in New York City, and later had a son, Reginald Kennelly Fessenden, born May 7, 1893, in Lafayette, Allen, Indiana. 862:. However, his most extensive work was in marine communication as consulting engineer with the Submarine Signal Company which built a widely used aid to navigation using bells, termed a 734:

singing "I Love You Truly". (Beginning in 1904, the U.S. Navy had broadcast daily time signals and weather reports, but these employed spark transmitters, transmitting in Morse code).

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At the age of eighteen, Fessenden left Bishop's without having been awarded a degree, although he had "done substantially all the work necessary", in order to accept a position at the

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After settling his lawsuit with RCA, Fessenden purchased a small estate called "Wistowe" (previously the home of Charles Maxwell Allen, the United States Consul, who had hosted

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in Montreal established an electrical engineering department, his application to become its chairman was turned down.) While in Bermuda, he became engaged to Helen May Trott of

1890: 1850: 237:, from 1877 until the summer of 1879. He also spent a year working for the Imperial Bank at Woodstock because he had not yet reached the age of 16 needed to enroll in college. 229:

While growing up Fessenden attended a number of educational institutions. At the young age of nine he was enrolled in the DeVeaux Military school for a year. He next attended

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The technical achievements made by Fessenden were not matched by financial success. Walker and Given continued to hope to sell NESCO to a larger company such as the

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Although Fessenden ceased radio research after his dismissal from NESCO in 1911, he continued to work in other fields. As early as 1904 he had helped engineer the

888:. While the company quickly applied his invention to replace the bells of its systems and entered acoustic telegraphy it ignored the echo ranging potential. The 595:

Although the tower was demolished in 1917, the insulated base on which it stood survives. The layers of concrete were originally separated by ceramic insulators.

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He did a majority of his work in the United States and, in addition to his Canadian citizenship, claimed U.S. citizenship through his American-born father.

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Fessenden listed his citizenship as Canadian, in a majority of his subsequent applications he described himself as "a citizen of the United States".

991:. He died there on July 22, 1932, and was interred in the cemetery of St. Mark's Church, Bermuda. On the occasion of his death, an editorial in the 3877: 3759: 563: 3754: 3744: 3724: 3526: 2608: 384:". Fessenden began limited radio experimentation, and soon came to the conclusion that he could develop a far more efficient system than the 1035: 1007: 577: 3749: 3595: 2590: 1971: 1114: 3887: 3521: 2510: 1118: 475: 361: 439:, consisting of a fine wire dipped in nitric acid, which for the next few years set the standard for sensitivity in radio reception. 3862: 3615: 2310: 1728: 2444:

William M. McBride, "Strategic Determinism in Technology Selection: The Electric Battleship and U.S. Naval-Industrial Relations,"

3400: 2948: 2750: 2438: 959:'s Safety at Sea Gold Medal, in recognition of his invention "of the Fathometer and other safety instruments for safety at sea". 1600: 907:, that helped him to keep a compact record of his inventions, projects and patents. He also patented the basic ideas leading to 3511: 3506: 3057: 2559: 2501: 2164: 2156: 1923:

by John S. (Jack) Belrose, 2007(?). (radiocom.net) Includes the full text of Fessenden's January 29, 1932, letter to Kintner.

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of the Telephone Company's Boston office, which includes additional information on some still existing defects, appeared in

2482:"Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century" 1338: 967: 3531: 1364: 3816: 3806: 3567: 3464: 3007: 2774: 1687:, September 8, 1923, p. 21), while the alternator transmitter had an estimated output of 12 watts (Aitken (1985) p. 74). 1027: 944: 911:, a technique important for its use in exploring for petroleum, and received patents for diverse subjects that included 428: 360:

personally recruited Fessenden for the newly created position of chair of the Electrical Engineering department at the

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Ira Brodsky, "The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses" (Telescope Books, 2008)

2022: 1997: 1654: 1588: 1584: 1558: 1496: 1380: 1756: 1367:, a member of the House of Representatives from Maine, who had used his influence to gain a one-quarter interest in 3655: 3577: 3516: 3223: 2458: 1233: 1226: 1083: 1039: 695: 353: 276: 245: 166: 113: 1696: 1471: 300:

Located near Fessenden's birthplace, this plaque was installed by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada

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was having in developing a practical system of transmitting and receiving radio signals, then commonly known as "

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in West Lafayette, Indiana; while there he helped the Westinghouse Corporation install the lighting for the 1893

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music from his laboratory station in New York City. This was followed by tests that included, in the fall,

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Fessenden is best known for his pioneering work developing radio technology, including the foundations of

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Gary L. Frost, "Inventing Schemes and Strategies: The Making and Selling of the Fessenden Oscillator,"

256: 218: 2469: 519:. A 420-foot (128 meter) guyed antenna was constructed at Brant Rock, with a similar tower erected at 3842: 3837: 3363: 3323: 3293: 3050: 2985: 2876: 2391:, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden entry, p. 137–141. Harper & Brothers Publishers. New York. 1944. 1526: 1073: 867: 633: 617: 443: 330: 204: 181: 146: 2404: 2330:. The editorial being quoted, "Fessenden Against the World", appeared on p. 14 of the July 29, 1932 3373: 3313: 3072: 3034: 2891: 2832: 2817: 2673: 956: 381: 357: 196: 65: 2040: 1631: 271:

and sole teacher. (This lack of a degree may have hurt Fessenden's employment opportunities. When

3600: 3557: 3488: 3358: 3288: 3263: 3045: 2766: 2693: 948: 679: 432: 234: 165:(October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932) was a Canadian-born American inventor who received hundreds of 1200: 1155: 1130: 3640: 3562: 3476: 3459: 3422: 3308: 3268: 3098: 3067: 2933: 2827: 2699: 2497: 2260: 2207: 2160: 2085: 1884: 1844: 1459: 1284: 1268: 1252: 1237: 1182: 912: 863: 785: 781: 625: 377: 349: 272: 241: 1455: 674:(GE) to help design and produce a series of high-frequency alternator-transmitters. In 1903, 3645: 3605: 3585: 3552: 3481: 3439: 3353: 3208: 3193: 3168: 3143: 3103: 2953: 2812: 2807: 2797: 2717: 2489: 2273: 2255: 2097: 1059: 952: 671: 648: 393: 211:

minister, and the family moved to a number of postings throughout the province of Ontario.

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Total enrollment at Bishop's College for the school year 1883–84 was twenty-five students.

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Fessenden's ultimate plan for an audio-capable transmitter was to take a basic electrical

609: 2871: 17: 1719:

by Ernst Ruhmer (translated from the German by James Erskine-Murray), 1908, pp. 205–214.

400:

and Marconi. By 1899 he was able to send radiotelegraph messages between Pittsburgh and

3471: 3343: 3318: 3278: 3248: 3123: 2958: 2844: 2101: 976: 893: 777: 731: 138: 2627: 2064:"Inventing Schemes and Strategies: The Making and Selling of the Fessenden Oscillator" 412: 3831: 3620: 3393: 3383: 3298: 3188: 3183: 3173: 3158: 2980: 2839: 2723: 2711: 2063: 1920: 1229: 889: 855: 747: 723: 644: 504: 463: 420: 326: 3498: 3338: 3283: 3213: 3178: 3113: 3012: 3002: 2854: 1368: 764: 759: 751: 727: 711: 699: 629: 520: 446:, which used two closely spaced radio signals to produce an audible tone that made 397: 2277: 423:, scene of the first successful radio transmission of speech in the fall of 1900. 3698: 3348: 3258: 3243: 3203: 3163: 3022: 2569: 1225:

Baptised on 8 July 1894. The baptism was registered at Saint Mark's Church, the

1042:. He bought the house in 1906 or earlier and owned it for the rest of his life. 900: 883: 789: 780:

2:14). He also stated that a second short program was broadcast on December 31 (

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signal for audio transmissions, or, again using modern terms, used to produce

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Portrait photograph of Reginald Fessenden from Harper's Weekly Magazine, 1903

3688: 3153: 2968: 904: 847: 583:

Postcard (c. 1910) of the 420-foot- (128-meter-) tall Brant Rock radio tower

569:

Rotary spark-gap transmitter (c.1906), used for radiotelegraph communication

103: 99: 2585: 1934:"Milestones: First Wireless Radio Broadcast by Reginald A. Fessenden, 1906" 1561:, "Experiments and Results in Wireless Telephony" (part II) by John Grant, 923:, ruefully noted that "He could be very nice at times, but only at times." 515:

The plan was to conduct the transatlantic service using Fessenden-designed

2493: 286:

Reginald Fessenden commemorative plaque, located at Austin, Quebec, Canada

3683: 3673: 3590: 3415: 3238: 2311:"Flatts: The Small Town with a Big History: Wistowe & the Tidal Race" 825: 511:

Rotary-spark transmitter and the first two-way transatlantic transmission

128: 3678: 3663: 988: 878:(SOund NAvigation Ranging), echo-sounding and the principle applied to 389: 264: 222: 87: 2642: 2603: 2511:

Canadian Communications Foundation's "The Start of Radio Broadcasting"

1787:"Fessenden's Christmas Eve Broadcast: Reconsidering An Historic Event" 915:, paging, television apparatus, and a turbo electric drive for ships. 41: 3708: 3668: 2990: 2782: 2735: 866:, acting much as an underwater foghorn. While there, he invented the 773: 507:, which was to be the western terminal for the proposed new service. 1679:

The Brant Rock rotary-spark transmitter was rated at 100,000 watts (

2135:) In 1913, Behr successfully filed for a patent in Germany: He got 3693: 3630: 2938: 2553: 2150: 2096:. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Naval Engineers: 101–113. 1325:

Karwatka, D. (2004). "Reginald Fessenden and Radio Transmission".

1146:

In June 1878 Bishop's College School had an enrollment of 43 boys.

1088: 966: 879: 875: 788:, while the New Year Eve's broadcast had reached listeners in the 664: 474: 411: 213: 174: 170: 142: 2437:

David W. Kraeuter, "The U. S. Patents of Reginald A. Fessenden".

1832:. 25 October 2006. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 404:(now an area of Pittsburgh), using a receiver of his own design. 3635: 2384:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 1987. 2043:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Transcription 1635: 2739: 2646: 2523:"Reginald Aubrey Fessenden and the Birth of Wireless Telephony" 2418:

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,

1579:"Experiments and Results in Wireless Telephony" by John Grant, 620:, a Marconi associate, was particularly dismissive in his book 2881: 1659:

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers

830: 312:

It reviews his telecommunications and submarine detection work

2372:

The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932

376:

In the late 1890s, reports began to appear about the success

2441:, Inc., Washington Pennsylvania. 1990. OCLC record 20785626. 1713:"Wireless Telephone Tests at Brant Rock and Plymouth, Mass." 628:

into the transmission line, which was used to modulate the

557:

Alternator transmitter, used for audio transmissions (1906)

240:

At the age of fourteen, he returned to his hometown in the

2374:. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 1985. 2152:

The cosmic inventor: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1866–1932)

203:, the eldest of the Reverend Elisha Joseph Fessenden and 2128:

Patentierbar wäre nur die technische Ausführung gewesen.

1802:"Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio" by S. M. Kintner, 1601:

The Canadian Father of Radio Broadcasting – Toronto Star

532:

In a letter published in the January 19, 1907, issue of

1987:

by James E. O'Neal, December 22, 2016. (radioworld.com)

2430:

S. M. Kintner, "Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio,"

722:

Until the early 1930s, it was generally accepted that

458:

Fessenden's initial Weather Bureau work took place at

2410:

11 part series beginning with the January 1925 issue.

442:

As his work progressed, Fessenden also developed the

1715:

by Greenleaf W. Pickard, included as an appendix in

1497:"Sine Form Curves of Alternating E. M. F." 1253:"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part VIII" 225:, founded in 1881, of which Fessenden was headmaster 3717: 3654: 3576: 3540: 3497: 3438: 3372: 3081: 2773: 2680: 2617:"Christmas Eve and the Birth of 'Talk' Radio" – NPR 2270:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

2208:"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part VII" 744:

The Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers

152: 134: 124: 109: 95: 76: 51: 32: 3883:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 2470:Reginald Aubrey Fessenden: Over a Century of Radio 2090:Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers 1996:Fessenden, Reginald (1908), "Wireless Telephony", 1959:Lee de Forest: King of Radio, Television, and Film 1789:, by Donna L. Halper and Christopher H. Sterling, 1729:" The First Transatlantic Telephonic Transmission" 1285:"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part XI" 1269:"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part IX" 1201:"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part VI" 1070:: used by Fessenden for his first radio broadcast. 971:Gravesite in St. Mark's church cemetery in Bermuda 427:In 1900 Fessenden left Pittsburgh to work for the 2317:. The City of Hamilton, Bermuda. 5 November 2020. 1972:"Dec. 21, 1906: A Very Significant Date in Radio" 1921:"Fessenden's Christmas Eve Broadcast – Revisited" 1771:"The Early History of Radio in the United States" 1632:"Inventing the Wireless Telephone and the Future" 2432:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 1889:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1849:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1775:The Radio Industry: The Story of its Development 1131:"The Inventions of Reginald Fessenden: Part III" 738:and his comment was little noticed at the time. 267:, where for the next two years he worked as the 195:Reginald Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in 169:in various fields, most notably ones related to 2344:Reginald Fessenden Award (formerly Medal Award) 1804:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1435:"Fall of a Wireless Telegraphy Tower in a Gale" 2486:International Conference on 100 Years of Radio 1575: 1573: 1571: 1156:"The Inventions of Reginald Fessenden: Part V" 1115:" Reginald Fessenden U.S. passport application 2751: 2658: 2178: 2176: 2125:. BoD (Books on Demand), Norderstedt. P. 31: 8: 1872:. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015 1343:Wireless Telegraph Construction For Amateurs 3766:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 27:Canadian-born American inventor (1866–1932) 3802: 2758: 2744: 2736: 2665: 2651: 2643: 2382:Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922 2086:"Submarine Signaling-Fessenden Oscillator" 1731:(correspondence from Reginald Fessenden), 1546:The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy 1474:(correspondence from Reginald Fessenden), 1110: 1108: 860:Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario 822:American Telephone & Telegraph Company 622:The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy 40: 29: 2405:"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden" 1717:Wireless Telephony in Theory and Practice 1661:, Vol. XXVII (1908), Part 1, pp. 553–629. 892:was invented in 1912 by German physicist 704:Wireless Telephony in Theory and Practice 207:'s four children. Elisha Fessenden was a 2570:"The Story of Reginald Aubrey Fessenden" 2480:Belrose, John S. (September 5–7, 1995). 1196: 1194: 1026:at 45 Waban Hill Road in the village of 816:Continuing work and dismissal from NESCO 3903:Canadian emigrants to the United States 1830:"Fessenden: World's First Broadcaster?" 1697:"Recent Progress in Wireless Telephony" 1549:by J. A. Fleming, 1906 edition, p. 511. 1275:, September 1925, pp. 276–277, 380–384. 1207:, June 1925, pp. 2216–2218, 2274, 2276. 1104: 997:, "Fessenden Against the World", said: 690:and a summary by Fessenden appeared in 2530:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 2185:by Orrin E. Dunlap, 1944, pp. 139–140. 2123:Alexander Behm – Erfinder des Echolots 1882: 1842: 1450:"Trans-Atlantic Wireless Telegraphy", 1345:by Alfred Powell Morgan, 1914, p. 118. 1300:Western University was renamed to the 1291:, November 1925, pp. 590–591, 712–718. 1079:List of Bishop's College School alumni 396:combination which had been created by 2609:New England Wireless and Steam Museum 2586:"George H. Clark Radioana Collection" 2400:. Coward-McCann, Inc. New York. 1940. 2023:"Continuous Wave Radio Communication" 1978:from the original on January 18, 2017 1899:, December 23, 2008. (radioworld.com) 1591:: February 2, 1907, pp. 68–70, 79–80. 7: 3812: 2604:"The National Electric Signaling Co" 1859:, October 25, 2006. (radioworld.com) 1381:National Electric Signalling Company 1036:National Register of Historic Places 1008:Society of Exploration Geophysicists 694:. A portion of a report produced by 368:(now the University of Pittsburgh). 2591:National Museum of American History 2223:Aitken (1985), p. 29 (footnote #2). 718:First entertainment radio broadcast 543:Brant Rock, Massachusetts, facility 471:National Electric Signaling Company 90:(buried St. Mark's Church cemetery) 2629:"Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey" 2488:. Vol. 1995. pp. 32–43. 2139:on 22 July 1913 (Schimmler, p. 47) 2102:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1917.tb01183.x 1499:(letter from Reginald Fessenden), 1472:"The Wireless Telegraph Situation" 1316:by Hugh G. J. Aitken, 1985, p. 50. 362:Western University of Pennsylvania 354:Chicago World Columbian Exposition 25: 858:power plant for the newly formed 3898:University of Pittsburgh faculty 3811: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3401:Free-space optical communication 2448:33, no. 2 (April 1992): 248–277. 2439:Pittsburgh Antique Radio Society 2234:"IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients" 1681:"Some Interesting Radio History" 1462:: January 25, 1907, pp. 108–111. 1439:Symons's Meteorological Magazine 1406:"Some Interesting Radio History" 1259:, August 1925, pp. 156–158, 237. 1052: 758:, followed by Fessenden playing 588: 576: 562: 550: 479:April 1904 company advertisement 305: 293: 3868:Bishop's College School Faculty 3858:20th-century American inventors 3853:19th-century American inventors 2539:from the original on 2010-12-26 2427:42, no. 3 (July 2001): 462–488. 2397:Fessenden: Builder of Tomorrows 2062:Frost, Gary L. (July 1, 2001). 1806:, December 1932, pp. 1849–1862. 1747:by Lee de Forest, 1950, p. 225. 1587:: January 26, 1907, pp. 49–51; 3878:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients 2568:Smith, Brian (December 2000). 2560:American Philosophical Society 2157:American Philosophical Society 1870:"Fessenden – The Next Chapter" 1703:, January 19, 1907, pp. 68–69. 1581:The American Telephone Journal 1563:The American Telephone Journal 688:The American Telephone Journal 490:In November 1902, two wealthy 250:University of Bishop's College 118:University of Bishop's College 1: 2278:10.1126/science.55.1422.344-a 1503:, September 15, 1894, p. 264. 1441:, December 1906, pp. 201–205. 947:presented Fessenden with its 517:rotary spark-gap transmitters 3787:Telecommunication portal 3568:Telecommunications equipment 2532:. Vol. 44, no. 2. 2521:Belrose, John (April 2002). 1961:by Mike Adams, 2012, p. 101. 1908:Halper and Sterling (2006), 1735:, September 7, 1918, p. 189. 945:Institute of Radio Engineers 831:Radio Corporation of America 429:United States Weather Bureau 3304:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 2434:(December 1932): 1849–1862. 1938:IEEE Global History Network 1458:: January 18, 1907, p. 89; 1412:, September 8, 1923, p. 21. 1019:Reginald A. Fessenden House 462:, Maryland, located in the 209:Church of England in Canada 3919: 3008:Telecommunications history 2623: (archived 2022-12-31) 2517: (archived 2021-12-01) 2476: (archived 2023-01-27) 2459:Reginald Fessenden patents 2456: 2389:Radio's 100 Men of Science 2183:Radio's 100 Men of Science 1761:by Ben Gross, 1954, p. 48. 1699:by Reginald A. Fessenden, 1657:by Reginald A. Fessenden, 1565:, February 2, 1907, p. 70. 1478:, January 19, 1907, p. 70. 1162:, May 1925, pp. 2054–2056. 1084:Reginald Fessenden patents 1040:National Historic Landmark 809:American Telephone Journal 768:on the violin and singing 670:Fessenden contracted with 482: 435:. This was followed by an 3888:Purdue University faculty 3775: 3616:Public Switched Telephone 3428:telecommunication circuit 3389:Fiber-optic communication 3134:Francis Blake (telephone) 2929:Optical telecommunication 2552:Seitz, Frederick (1999). 2326:Fessenden, Helen (1940), 2297:Fessenden, Helen (1940), 2194:Fessenden, Helen (1940), 2149:Seitz, Frederick (1999). 2009:Fessenden, Helen (1940), 1815:Fessenden, Helen (1940), 1512:Fessenden, Helen (1940), 1387:, April 22, 1904, p. xxi. 1010:has annually awarded its 676:Charles Proteus Steinmetz 163:Reginald Aubrey Fessenden 156:Helen May Trott Fessenden 39: 18:Reginald Aubrey Fessenden 3863:Anglophone Quebec people 3527:Orbital angular-momentum 2964:Satellite communications 2803:Communications satellite 2413:Reginald A. Fessenden, 2358:(engineering.purdue.edu) 1421:Fessenden, Helen (1940) 1354:Aitken (1985) pp. 58–60. 1339:"Electrolytic Detectors" 1329:, March 2004, 63(8), 12. 1302:University of Pittsburgh 1012:Reginald Fessenden Award 680:Ernst F. W. Alexanderson 3406:Molecular communication 3229:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 3058:Undersea telegraph line 2793:Cable protection system 2596:Smithsonian Institution 2572:. On the shortwaves.com 2420:XXXVII (1908): 553–629. 2403:Reginald A. Fessenden, 2332:New York Herald-Tribune 2272:: 344. March 31, 1922. 2256:"John Scott Medal Fund" 2137:Reichspatent DRP 282009 2121:Jörg Schimmler (2013): 1758:I Looked and I Listened 1630:Fessenden, Reginald A. 1363:This incident recalled 1068:Alexanderson alternator 1006:Beginning in 1961, the 994:New York Herald Tribune 870:, an electromechanical 844:Alexanderson alternator 408:Weather Bureau contract 335:West Orange, New Jersey 246:Bishop's College School 244:and went to the nearby 114:Bishop's College School 3548:Communication protocol 3334:Charles Sumner Tainter 3149:Walter Houser Brattain 3094:Edwin Howard Armstrong 2902:Information revolution 2635:Encyclopedia Americana 2446:Technology and Culture 2425:Technology and Culture 2387:Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., 2315:The Bermudian magazine 2313:, by Elizabeth Jones. 2084:Fay, H. J. H. (1917). 1793:, August 2006, p. 121. 1137:, March 1925, p. 1631. 1004: 972: 756:George Frideric Handel 655:Alternator-transmitter 480: 424: 231:Trinity College School 226: 3522:Polarization-division 3254:Narinder Singh Kapany 3219:Erna Schneider Hoover 3139:Jagadish Chandra Bose 3119:Alexander Graham Bell 2850:online video platform 2554:"The Cosmic Inventor" 2415:"Wireless Telephony," 2133:have been patentable. 2029:, April 1921, p. 125. 1670:Aitken (1985), p. 69. 1620:Aitken (1985), p. 62. 1611:Aitken (1985), p. 61. 1437:by W. A. S. Douglas, 1396:Aitken (1985), p. 70. 1032:Newton, Massachusetts 999: 970: 909:reflection seismology 478: 437:electrolytic detector 415: 386:spark-gap transmitter 217: 3364:Vladimir K. Zworykin 3324:Almon Brown Strowger 3294:Charles Grafton Page 2949:Prepaid mobile phone 2877:Electrical telegraph 2558:Transactions of the 2394:Helen M. Fessenden, 2214:, July 1925, p. 119. 2130:(rough translation: 2039:Blake, R.F. (1914). 2027:The Electric Journal 1974:. 22 December 2016. 1895:by James E. O'Neal, 1855:by James E. O'Neal, 1655:"Wireless Telephony" 1501:The Electrical World 1487:Aitken (1985) p. 72. 1074:Fessenden oscillator 868:Fessenden oscillator 696:Greenleaf W. Pickard 636:(AM) radio signals. 618:John Ambrose Fleming 483:For other uses, see 444:heterodyne principle 331:Edison Machine Works 205:Clementina Trenholme 182:amplitude modulation 147:Amplitude modulation 3314:Johann Philipp Reis 3073:Wireless revolution 3035:The Telephone Cases 2892:Hydraulic telegraph 2674:IEEE Medal of Honor 2494:10.1049/cp:19950787 2370:Hugh G. J. Aitken, 2365:General information 1773:by H. P. Davis, in 1733:Scientific American 1701:Scientific American 1476:Scientific American 1314:The Continuous Wave 1038:and is also a U.S. 957:Scientific American 899:At the outbreak of 692:Scientific American 634:amplitude modulated 603:Audio transmissions 534:Scientific American 382:wireless telegraphy 358:George Westinghouse 356:. Later that year, 3873:Canadian inventors 3848:People from Estrie 3512:Frequency-division 3489:Telephone exchange 3359:Charles Wheatstone 3289:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 3264:Innocenzo Manzetti 3199:Reginald Fessenden 2934:Optical telegraphy 2767:Telecommunications 2706:Reginald Fessenden 2694:Ernst Alexanderson 2688:Edwin H. Armstrong 2380:Susan J. Douglas, 2159:. pp. 41–46. 973: 949:IRE Medal of Honor 770:Adore and be Still 481: 433:barretter detector 425: 235:Port Hope, Ontario 227: 34:Reginald Fessenden 3825: 3824: 3563:Store and forward 3558:Data transmission 3472:Network switching 3423:Transmission line 3269:Guglielmo Marconi 3234:Internet pioneers 3099:Mohamed M. Atalla 3068:Whistled language 2733: 2732: 2700:Guglielmo Marconi 2025:by D. G. Little, 1383:(advertisement), 1227:Church of England 786:Norfolk, Virginia 626:carbon microphone 378:Guglielmo Marconi 350:Purdue University 273:McGill University 257:Whitney Institute 242:Eastern Townships 219:Whitney Institute 160: 159: 16:(Redirected from 3910: 3815: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3656:Notable networks 3646:Wireless network 3586:Cellular network 3578:Types of network 3553:Computer network 3440:Network topology 3354:Thomas A. Watson 3209:Oliver Heaviside 3194:Philo Farnsworth 3169:Daniel Davis Jr. 3144:Charles Bourseul 3104:John Logie Baird 2813:Data compression 2808:Computer network 2760: 2753: 2746: 2737: 2718:John Stone Stone 2667: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2613: 2599: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2564: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2538: 2527: 2507: 2359: 2356:ECE Scholarships 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2324: 2318: 2308: 2302: 2299:pp. 302, 325–327 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2155:. Vol. 89. 2146: 2140: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2036: 2030: 2020: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1826: 1820: 1813: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1778: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1726: 1720: 1710: 1704: 1694: 1688: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1577: 1566: 1556: 1550: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1469: 1463: 1448: 1442: 1432: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1378: 1372: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1276: 1266: 1260: 1250: 1244: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1198: 1189: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1128: 1122: 1112: 1062: 1060:Biography portal 1057: 1056: 1055: 1024:Fessenden's home 963:Death and legacy 953:John Scott Medal 864:submarine signal 672:General Electric 649:Valdemar Poulsen 645:arc-transmitters 592: 580: 566: 554: 309: 297: 83: 61: 59: 44: 30: 21: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3713: 3650: 3572: 3536: 3493: 3442: 3434: 3375: 3368: 3274:Robert Metcalfe 3129:Tim Berners-Lee 3077: 2897:Information Age 2769: 2764: 2734: 2729: 2676: 2671: 2626: 2621:Wayback Machine 2602: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2567: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2525: 2520: 2515:Wayback Machine 2504: 2479: 2474:Wayback Machine 2466: 2461: 2455: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2325: 2321: 2309: 2305: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1785: 1781: 1777:, 1928, p. 190. 1769: 1765: 1755: 1751: 1745:Father of Radio 1743: 1739: 1727: 1723: 1711: 1707: 1695: 1691: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1595: 1578: 1569: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1470: 1466: 1449: 1445: 1433: 1429: 1420: 1416: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1385:The Electrician 1379: 1375: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1337: 1333: 1327:Tech Directions 1324: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1283: 1279: 1267: 1263: 1251: 1247: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1199: 1192: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1129: 1125: 1113: 1106: 1097: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1021: 981:Hamilton Parish 965: 941: 839: 818: 720: 657: 612:radio signals. 610:continuous-wave 605: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 593: 585: 584: 581: 572: 571: 570: 567: 559: 558: 555: 546: 545: 513: 488: 473: 410: 374: 322: 317: 316: 315: 314: 313: 310: 302: 301: 298: 289: 288: 193: 91: 85: 81: 72: 63: 62:October 6, 1866 57: 55: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3893:Radio pioneers 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3799: 3789: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3507:Space-division 3503: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3344:Camille Tissot 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3319:Claude Shannon 3316: 3311: 3309:Tivadar Puskás 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3279:Antonio Meucci 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3249:Charles K. Kao 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3224:Harold Hopkins 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3124:Emile Berliner 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3063:Videotelephony 3060: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2961: 2959:Radiotelephone 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2845:Internet video 2837: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2624: 2614: 2600: 2582: 2565: 2549: 2518: 2508: 2502: 2477: 2465: 2464:External links 2462: 2457:Main article: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2411: 2401: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2361: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2319: 2303: 2290: 2247: 2225: 2216: 2200: 2187: 2172: 2165: 2141: 2114: 2076: 2054: 2031: 2015: 2002: 1989: 1963: 1951: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1861: 1821: 1808: 1795: 1791:The AWA Review 1779: 1763: 1749: 1737: 1721: 1705: 1689: 1672: 1663: 1647: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1593: 1567: 1551: 1537: 1518: 1505: 1489: 1480: 1464: 1443: 1427: 1414: 1398: 1389: 1373: 1365:F. O. J. Smith 1356: 1347: 1331: 1318: 1306: 1293: 1277: 1261: 1245: 1234:Smith's Parish 1218: 1209: 1190: 1173: 1164: 1148: 1139: 1123: 1103: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1047: 1044: 1020: 1017: 985:Flatts Village 977:Samuel Clemens 964: 961: 940: 937: 913:tracer bullets 894:Alexander Behm 838: 835: 817: 814: 802:IEEE Milestone 782:New Year's Eve 732:Eugenia Farrar 719: 716: 656: 653: 604: 601: 594: 587: 586: 582: 575: 574: 573: 568: 561: 560: 556: 549: 548: 547: 541: 540: 539: 538: 512: 509: 472: 469: 409: 406: 402:Allegheny City 373: 370: 321: 318: 311: 304: 303: 299: 292: 291: 290: 284: 283: 282: 281: 277:Smith's Parish 261:Flatts Village 192: 189: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 139:Radiotelephony 136: 135:Known for 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 111: 107: 106: 97: 93: 92: 86: 84:(aged 65) 78: 74: 73: 64: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3915: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 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3413: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3394:optical fiber 3392: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384:Coaxial cable 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3299:Radia Perlman 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3189:Lee de Forest 3187: 3185: 3184:Thomas Edison 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174:Donald Davies 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3159:Claude Chappe 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3003:Smoke signals 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2981:Semiconductor 2979: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2840:Digital media 2838: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2725: 2724:Mihajlo Pupin 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712:Lee de Forest 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2625: 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