1700:
1448:
1455:
1434:
1773:
1752:
1476:
1462:
1759:
1469:
1441:
1490:
1808:
1787:
1766:
386:. The alpine divisions differed from a standard infantry division in that each regiment had its own artillery, engineering, and ancillary services associated with the regiment on a permanent basis. This made each regiment of an alpine division relatively self-supporting and capable of independent action. By design, an alpine division consisted of a divisional headquarters, two Alpini regiments, a mountain artillery regiment, a mixed engineer battalion, a chemical warfare company, two reserve Alpini battalions, and divisional services. The divisional headquarters included an anti-tank platoon. Each Alpini regiment included a headquarters company, with a platoon of
1504:
524:, or A.S.42) type division was developed. Similar to a standard infantry division, an "A.S.42" type division still had two infantry regiments, an artillery regiment, a mixed engineer battalion, a medical section, and a supply section. But the infantry regiments could vary greatly because the basic units making up the regiment were now an expandable company. The artillery regiment sometimes included a battery of German 88 mm guns. Mobility was increased and, in theory, an "A.S.42" type division was mechanized to a higher degree than standard infantry divisions. Unfortunately, in practice, few units had the full complement of motor vehicles.
1518:
1532:
1483:
1539:
1815:
1794:
1511:
1497:
1525:
4016:
1742:
71:
4045:
4027:
1223:: "...before El Alamein we had only defeats, after El Alamein we had only victories...". The Italian Royal Army fought this battle in a way that can be summarized by the sacrifice of the Division Folgore: the historian Renzo De Felice wrote that "...of the 5.000 "Folgore" paratroopers sent to Africa 4 months before, the survived were only 32 officers and 262 soldiers, most of them wounded. Before the surrender, they shot until the last ammo and the last hand-grenade...". After the defeat at
323:). This is because Italian infantry divisions were based on two regiments instead of the three that prevailed prior to the reorganization. By comparison, German divisions had three infantry regiments. In addition to the two infantry regiments, the Italian infantry division included an artillery regiment, a mortar battalion, an engineer battalion, and a pack gun company. The division also had some division-level services and could have a division-level reserve infantry battalion.
4054:
4036:
949:
390:. Each regiment also included three Alpini battalions and the service support units assigned. At full strength, the firepower for an Alpini regiment was 27 heavy machine guns, 81 light machine guns, 27 45 mm mortars, 12 81 mm mortars, and 27 flamethrowers. The mountain artillery regiment was split between the two infantry regiments. Each regiment was provided with a battalion of 75 mm howitzers, which were transported on pack animals.
835:, or AOI) between 1936 and 1940. The Italian Royal Army remained comparatively weak in armaments. The Italian tanks were of poor quality. Italian radios were small in numbers. Much of the Italian artillery and weapons dated from the First World War. Most important of all, the Italian generals were trained in the trench warfare of World War I and were not prepared at all for the new style of mechanized war based on the German "lightning war" model (
43:
265:). The Supreme Command featured an organic staff which functioned through its defense ministries and through its various high commands. The defense ministries were based on function and included a Ministry of War, a Ministry of the Admiralty, and a Ministry of the Air. The high commands were based on geographic regions and included Army Group West, Army Group Albania, Army Group East Africa, Army Group Aegean, and Army Group Libya.
1020:, the Italian Royal Army launched an offensive against the Greeks which ended with few meaningful gains and at high costs. A few weeks later the Axis forces of Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria defeated in a few days the Yugoslavian army and invaded Greece. The Axis victory was swift: on April 17, 1941, Yugoslavia surrendered after only eleven days, while Greece was fully occupied in May and was placed under
620:) tanks. When Italy declared war in 1940, Italy's armored divisions were still composed of hundreds of L3 tankettes. These vehicles were hardly on par with the Allied tanks available in 1939 and were seriously out-classed by 1942. Better Italian tanks were produced but they were generally only available in limited numbers. Italian tanks typically suffered from poor main armaments and thin, bolted-on armour.
910:. Victor Emmanuel III remained Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Royal Armed Forces. Mussolini needed the consent of the King (who always looked at France as the center of European politics) to declare war and enter the Second World War. Initially the King and his staff (conscious of the Italian lack of preparation to war) did not approve Mussolini's intentions, but when
1320:
largely fell on those belonging to the peasantry which made up nearly half of the country's population by 1940. The peasantry were poor, mostly illiterate, traditional and had a distrust of authority; because of this officers looked down upon their soldiers. Many
Italian soldiers were poorly trained and would often surrender when being strongly under attack. Those living in the
4007:
1424:
753:
2384:
In
Peacetime this was divided into three stages: pre-military training (between 18 and the completion of the trainee's 20th year), conscript service (lasting 19 months from the conscript's 21st birthday), and post-military training (from the completion of the conscript's service until 33rd birthday),
359:
The divisional artillery regiment typically had 36 field pieces by design. There was a horsedrawn battery of 12 100 mm howitzers, a horsedrawn battery of twelve 75 mm guns, and a pack horse-mounted battery of 12 75 mm howitzers. In addition to the field pieces, there was a mechanized
1319:
All male
Italian citizens between the ages of 18 and 54 were liable for military service. During World War II, 18-year-olds were conscripted without any preliminary military training. Conscription was lax as those who were more well-off generally avoided military service and serving in the military
410:
were available. But, while these vehicles were an improvement over the L3s, they were still more like "light" tanks. In addition, they were poorly designed (main armament in a "fixed" position), far too few, too under-gunned, too thinly armoured, too slow, and too unreliable to make a difference.
1343:
Nearly four million
Italians served in the Italian Royal Army during the Second World War. Nearly half a million Italians (including civilians) died between June 1940 and May 1945. The Royal Army suffered 161,729 casualties between 10 June 1940 and 8 September 1943 in the war against the Allies.
1327:
Previously in times of peace, those between the ages of 18 and 54 served in several stages. The first consisted of pre-military training which began at 18 and lasted until "the completion of the trainee's 20th year"; which was followed by being a conscript for 18 months after they turned 21. When
555:
From the beginning of the war, some infantry divisions were theoretically fully mechanized and were designated as motor-transportable divisions. Again, in practice, few units had the full complement of motor vehicles. Other than being transported by motor vehicle, these divisions were organized
487:
commanded by
Italian officers. In many ways the Libyan divisions followed the make-up of a standard binary infantry division. Each Libyan division had two colonial infantry regiments. Each infantry regiment had three infantry battalion and a Guns company (4 65/17 mm I-Guns ). The Libyan
268:
Below the Army Group were armies. Armies were typically composed of two or more corps, along with separate units directly commanded at the army level. The corps were then typically composed of two or more divisions, along with separate units directly commanded at the corps level.
563:
were upgraded to become "North
African" type motorised divisions. In spite of the upgrade, these divisions were still not fully motorized. The divisions tended to rely primarily on non-divisional sources for transportation and were, therefore, only part-time motor-transportable.
875:
to flee. As would be expected, Italy suffered few casualties. But this occupation stretched to the limit the resources of the
Italian Royal Army. In spring 1940, the available oil resources for possible military operations (of the Army and Navy) were for only one year.
2275:
Like the Greek Army, the Regio
Escerito was raised by conscription, and all male citizens between the ages of 18 and 54 were liable for military service... During World War II youths were conscripted for active service at the age of 18 without undergoing pre-military
960:
against the French Army. But the French were not quickly defeated on this front and all advances came at a high cost to the
Italian army. Only in July, after the French surrender to Germany, did the Royal Army initiate a limited campaign from Italian colonies in
2086:
The Royal
Italian Army becomes the Italian Co Belligerent Army fighting for the Allies after the armistice signed in September 1943, while the National Republican Army was established for the Italian Social Republic to continue the fight alongside the
918:) was abruptly sent to war. Mussolini made the mistake to believe that Britain would accept peace agreements with the Axis after France's surrender, and did not anticipate a long lasting war. Consequently, Italy entered the war inadequately prepared.
661:
were available in limited numbers or not at all prior to the armistice. Like the P40, the Germans acquired the few better quality self-propelled guns manufactured prior to the armistice and even continued to manufacture some after the armistice.
1263:) suffered a terrible crisis of leadership between September and October 1943. The German occupation of Italy and of Italian positions in the Balkans and elsewhere was swift and often violent. There were 73,277 casualties in those months. With
1015:
by invading Greece from Albania in October 1940. The advances of the Royal Army were blocked by the Greek Army and bad weather. Soon Greek counter-attacks forced the Italians onto the defensive inside Albania. In March 1941, prior to the German
488:
divisions also had an integral colonial artillery regiment and colonial engineering battalion. A typical Libyan division fielded 7,400 men (including 900 Italians). The artillery regiment by design included 24 77 mm guns. The "
1699:
2552:
2695:
1344:
There were an additional 18,655 Italian casualties in Italy (plus 54,622 Italian casualties in the rest of Europe) between September and October 1943. These casualties were suffered against the German Army (
863:
and the "March to the Sea." Unfortunately for the Italian Royal Army, a large number of Italian weapons and supplies were utilized by the CVT or provided to Spanish Nationalists forces during this conflict.
2385:
followed by transfer to active reserve status (between his 33rd and 54th birthday). During World War II youths were conscripted for active service at the age of 18 without undergoing pre-military training.
382:, drawn from Italy's mountainous regions for the army's alpine divisions and tended to be of superior quality. In addition to being well trained for mountain warfare, they were expert in the handling of
4186:
3132:
3137:
1054:. The Royal Army even started to receive better and more modern armaments from the Italian industry, after the pressures from Mussolini to activate to the maximum the Italian "war machine".
3050:
988:
and destroyed the Italian 10th Army. In January 1941, other British Commonwealth forces launched an invasion of Italian East Africa. By November of that year, at the conclusion of the
2688:
1328:
finishing their conscript service they did another round of training lasting until they were 33 which was lastly followed by being placed in active reserve status until they were 54.
420:) regiment, a divisional support and a mixed engineer company. The tank regiment could have between three and five tank battalions. At full strength, each battalion had 55 tanks.
3339:
3374:
3344:
3434:
366:
From 1 March 1940, an MVSN Legion of two battalions was attached to most infantry divisions. This was to increase the manpower available to each division and also to include
2347:
In 1925 the resident population before the Treaty of Lausanne obtained Italian citizenship, although without political rights and without the obligation of military service.
512:. In addition to 2,500 Libyan troops in 6 battalions, the Maletti Group included a colonial artillery element and 2 coy of armor: 12 M11 medium tanks and 14 L3 tankettes.
2681:
3111:
303:
Impressive on paper, most Italian divisions did not have the full complement of men or materials when war was declared in 1940. The armored divisions had lightly armed "
2048:
3106:
1073:
and, together with the Germans, finally defeated the remaining Greek forces in the region. On 3 May 1941, the Italian and German militaries held a military parade in
1359:
3127:
2659:
The German High Command, reporting the repulse of desperate Russian counterattacks in the Donets Basin, credited Italian soldiers with throwing back the attackers
3299:
3101:
2251:
1083:, referring to the fact that the Mediterranean was becoming an Italian-dominated sea. Effectively, it remained practically Italian from December 1941 after the
520:
During 1942, attempts were made to increase both the firepower and the mechanization available at the divisional level. As a result, a new "North Africa 1942" (
4148:
885:
580:) regiment, an artillery regiment, and a light tank group. The squadrons of the cavalry regiments were horse-mounted and, other than a motorcycle company, the
326:
The typical infantry regiment was composed of three rifle battalions. However, some regiments had as many as five battalions. By design, each regiment had 24
556:
like a standard infantry division, with two exceptions. Motor-transportable divisions had a larger complement of mortars and they did not have a MVSN Legion.
3043:
3677:
3667:
1447:
2058:
1454:
3995:
1870:
1041:
977:). Italian forces invaded Egypt. In August, the Italian Royal Army obtained Italy's only major victory in World War II without German assistance when it
206:
3672:
3059:
1371:
288:) divisions, two motorized divisions, and three armored divisions. In addition, there were estimated to be the equivalent of about nine divisions of
3599:
3568:
3552:
3536:
3526:
3465:
3424:
1910:
631:, only five were ready for combat before Italy signed the armistice that same year. The Germans acquired and used the few P40s which were produced.
576:) divisions were cavalry divisions that had undergone a level of mechanization. Each division had two cavalry regiments, a highly-mobile infantry (
3614:
3589:
3573:
3516:
3470:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3273:
3253:
3238:
3223:
3208:
3091:
3081:
1377:
4127:
4087:
3036:
2205:
1433:
889:
793:
427:
tanks and its upgrades were available, Italian armored divisions began to possess some offensive capability. The Italians also developed several
3700:
3629:
3619:
3609:
3594:
3506:
3501:
3475:
3429:
3384:
3379:
3364:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3304:
3289:
3233:
3228:
3180:
3160:
3155:
3096:
1772:
1751:
1475:
1461:
4143:
3816:
3811:
2008:
1875:
1758:
1390:
978:
939:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3604:
3531:
3511:
3460:
3450:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3334:
3314:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3243:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3086:
1468:
1440:
2992:
1941:
1905:
1143:
3973:
3695:
3624:
3521:
3496:
3455:
3409:
3399:
3354:
3248:
3175:
3170:
1489:
2997:
2003:
1807:
1786:
989:
202:
3394:
3389:
3294:
1765:
981:. In the first six months of war Italy obtained only minor territorial gains, as Mussolini mistakenly waited for a quick end of the war.
539:
The motorized divisions were similar to the "North Africa" type division, but they included a regiment of highly-mobile elite riflemen (
1503:
4082:
4077:
4072:
1517:
148:
3309:
3165:
2620:
2603:
2575:
2561:
2545:
2520:
2494:
2469:
2425:
2370:
2333:
2299:
2261:
2013:
1890:
1531:
997:
907:
785:
1482:
1358:
labour camps, while nearly 20,000 perished in Allied Prisoner of War camps (mainly Russian: 1/4 of the 84,830 Italians officially
4122:
2043:
1993:
1968:
1280:
441:
2220:
1538:
1050:
and the Royal Army was reinforced (and in some cases even trained to modern military tactics and organizations) by the powerful
4161:
2068:
1814:
1793:
1510:
1496:
1248:
1033:
190:
1524:
634:
To supplement the deficiencies of the main armaments on most tanks, the Italian Army made use of self-propelled guns like the
3988:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
1921:
696:
272:
The division was the basic formation of the Italian Royal Army. On 10 June 1940, the army had 59 infantry divisions, three
4015:
3766:
3761:
3645:
1988:
1321:
360:
troop of eight 20 mm anti-aircraft guns. Much Italian artillery was obsolete and far too reliant on horse transport.
370:
troops. The arrival of the Blackshirt Legions effectively restored the triangular form of the divisions they reinforced.
1264:
1331:
Soldiers were recruited from their colonial empire as well such as in Ethiopia. For an Italian soldier to serve in the
827:
in 1939. In the early 1930s, the Italian Royal Army successfully fought an Arab guerrilla war in Italian North Africa (
3738:
3733:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2063:
1978:
1973:
1936:
1709:
1284:
1276:
1212:
1119:
1118:. A combined German and Italian force started a series of offensives and counter-offensives that culminated with the
824:
816:
352:
340:
210:
3962:
3952:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3012:
2982:
1335:
they needed to "...meet only basic requirements such as their teeth being in order or being in reasonable health".
927:
363:
The mortar battalion typically had 18 81 mm mortars and the pack gun company had 8 47 mm anti-tank guns.
194:
2664:
Berlin radio, credited on 10 November 1942 to Italian troops a repulse of a Russian attempt to cross the Don River
1057:
The result was a combined German and Italian offensive during the spring and summer of 1941 throughout the entire
527:
Italian motor vehicles, while in short supply, tended to be of better than average quality. British Field Marshal
3981:
2053:
1232:
1202:
1084:
1021:
931:
505:
984:
In December 1940, British Commonwealth forces initiated Operation Compass which, by February 1941, had occupied
956:
Italy declared war on 10 June 1940 and initially the Royal Army started a campaign with limited advances in the
414:
By design, an armoured division included one tank regiment, one artillery regiment, one highly-mobile infantry (
3017:
2931:
2906:
2735:
1998:
1296:
1088:
1077:
to celebrate their victory in the Balkans. In this parade, Mussolini for the first time boasted of an Italian
214:
784:, had estimated that Italy could not possibly be prepared for a war until at least October 1942. Although the
3756:
2673:
4117:
3002:
2987:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2901:
2881:
2856:
2730:
2725:
2632:
1983:
1895:
1288:
1051:
935:
903:
852:
292:
troops. There were also numerous colonial formations at or near the division level composed of troops from
237:. As Commander-in-Chief of all Italian armed forces, Vittorio Emanuele also commanded the Royal Air Force (
136:
4044:
4026:
1215:, lasting from July to November 1942, was the turning point of the war for the Italians and the Allies. As
457:
guns. While always in short supply, 57 of the 90 mm guns were ordered to be mounted on heavy trucks (
431:
on the M13 chassis when the evolution in tank artillery made the 47 mm gun obsolete. Like the German
2951:
2941:
2921:
2911:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2851:
2831:
2028:
1926:
1332:
1272:
1155:
1037:
1017:
718:
714:
710:
289:
198:
1350:) after the Italian Armistice. There were about 12,000 casualties in the northern Italian guerrilla war (
584:
were issued with bicycles. The light tank group had a total of 61 tanks. The tanks were typically L3s or
2977:
2916:
2891:
2871:
2861:
2846:
2836:
2826:
1963:
797:
649:
While Semovente 75/18s were available in some numbers in North Africa, the more potent Semovente 75/34s
436:
2201:
1011:
In Europe, Mussolini wanted to imitate the rapid German victories of 1939 to 1940. Mussolini began the
500:
unit composed of Libyan troops transported in trucks and was commanded by the unit's namesake, General
3028:
2414:
Crociani, Piero; Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2013). "RECRUITMENT, ENLISTMENT AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE".
4057:
4011:
2866:
2841:
2821:
1952:
1864:
1167:
765:
480:
4053:
4035:
3748:
1252:
1231:, just occupied together with the German Army in November 1942, was lost in May 1943. In July 1943
769:
297:
234:
129:
249:). However, in reality, most of the King's military responsibilities were assumed by the Italian
4112:
4107:
3063:
2705:
2581:
742:
650:
528:
428:
331:
327:
230:
178:
2096:
Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935–1943, Patrick Cloutier, p. 211
4048:
2803:
2798:
2616:
2599:
2571:
2557:
2541:
2516:
2490:
2465:
2421:
2366:
2329:
2295:
2257:
2023:
2018:
1946:
1354:) and in the Italian Royal Army on the side of the Allies. Nearly 60,000 Italian POWs died in
1236:
1216:
1206:
1198:
1162:, or ARMIR). This army, also known as the Italian 8th Army," was deployed in the outskirts of
1012:
948:
943:
859:, CVT) was of significant assistance to the Spanish Nationalist cause and was involved in the
820:
699:
688:
509:
239:
319:
After a reorganization in 1938, Italian infantry divisions were known as "binary" divisions (
2793:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2608:
2591:
2038:
2033:
1376:
1178:
1123:
993:
860:
848:
781:
703:
658:
654:
446:
253:
156:
141:
402:
and, as a result, were incapable of providing the armoured spearhead that the German tank (
3007:
2505:
Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo. Le politiche di occupazione dell'Italia fascista (1940–1943)
2209:
1303:, or ENR). While it lasted until April 1945, the RSI never amounted to being more than a
1268:
1096:
804:. The lack of a stronger automotive industry made it difficult for Italy to mechanize its
726:
639:
635:
467:
346:
335:
261:
209:
until its defeat on 1943 by the Allies. The Royal Italian Army was then turned into the
2778:
1915:
1885:
1259:
1100:
812:
801:
706:
501:
383:
250:
48:
4180:
3725:
3487:
1058:
674:
670:
489:
293:
124:
86:
76:
17:
2669:
Radio Rome report the capture of 300 British paratroopers by part of the Bersaglieri
1154:. By 1942, Italian forces in the Soviet Union were more than doubled to become the "
42:
4039:
4030:
3067:
2745:
2709:
2188:
1957:
1308:
1304:
1139:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1079:
899:
752:
597:
560:
387:
245:
162:
112:
815:, Italy had used most of the economic and military resources available during the
213:
fighting alongside the Allies while some Italian forces joined the Germans as the
2415:
2398:
2360:
2323:
2289:
547:
appear to have actually received the motorcycles and trucks they were allocated.
508:
in September 1940 and in the defense of the Nibeiwa Camp in December 1940 during
3687:
3659:
2717:
1931:
1880:
789:
730:
678:
623:
It was not until summer of 1943 that the Italians developed a heavier tank (the
617:
609:
424:
416:
273:
186:
2653:
2813:
2176:
1224:
1163:
1127:
1092:
1070:
837:
773:
628:
605:
2513:
Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa
831:, or ASI). The Italians fought another guerilla war in Italian East Africa (
794:
Italian industry was relatively weak compared to other major powers in Europe
1346:
985:
692:
454:
432:
304:
2993:
Auto-transportable Army Corps / Expeditionary Corps in Russia (CSIR) (XXXV)
2640:
1257:
Because of the chaotic way the Armistice was done, the Italian Royal Army (
1395:
The Royal Army had its own set of ranks for all active service personnel.
1182:
1001:
872:
805:
685:
681:
624:
226:
992:, the last organized Italian troops surrendered with military honors in
1228:
1174:
1151:
1066:
1005:
965:(Libya and Italian East Africa) against British possessions in Africa (
868:
845:
761:
722:
666:
367:
709:. Second line units frequently made use of captured equipment such as
3147:
1074:
1047:
962:
911:
796:. In 1940, Italian industry probably was no more than 15% of that of
613:
462:
407:
398:
At the beginning of the war, the armoured divisions were filled with
379:
47:
The War and Army Flag of the Kingdom of Italy, bearing the emblem of
1275:. Fighting for what became known as the "Badoglio government," the
627:). However, while the P40 was in the same class as the contemporary
4006:
2553:
Mussolini's War: Fascist Italy from Triumph to Collapse, 1935–1943
1741:
1423:
1375:
1186:
1131:
974:
970:
966:
947:
757:
751:
643:
642:. The Italians also fielded some reliable armoured cars like the
601:
585:
484:
399:
1900:
1355:
957:
308:
3977:
3032:
2677:
1173:
In November 1942, with the arrival of the American Army in the
2648:
2291:
The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II
1324:
were exempt from military service and had been so since 1925.
1271:
in command, the Royal Army entered the war on the side of the
406:) formations could. Initially, a total of about 100 "medium"
2403:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 24 – via Google Books.
844:
From 1936 to 1939, Italy participated on the side of Spanish
1287:
were formed. Mussolini organized a new Fascist army in his "
1150:, or CSIR) arrived and assisted with the German conquest of
1867:" — popular memory of the Italian Army's role in war crimes
914:
was clearly defeated in June 1940, the Italian Royal Army (
851:
during the Spanish Civil War. The 50,000 to 75,000 strong "
1126:. By 1942, the Germans and Italians were driving towards
1046:
After these setbacks, Mussolini accepted assistance from
952:
The Italian conquest of British Somaliland in August 1940
3133:
2nd Cavalry Division "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro"
819:
the conquest of Ethiopia, from 1935 to 1936, during the
1295:, or RSI) in northern Italy. This army was called the
4187:
Military units and formations of Italy in World War II
1189:
river. This was the last military expansion of Italy.
1110:, the Italian Royal Army was joined by German General
189:
on 1940. The Royal Italian Army notably fought at the
1022:
the triple occupation of Italy, Germany and Bulgaria
756:
The Italian empire in 1940. In addition to mainland
4136:
4096:
4065:
3825:
3747:
3724:
3686:
3658:
3638:
3582:
3561:
3545:
3484:
3443:
3282:
3196:
3189:
3146:
3138:
3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta"
3120:
3074:
2970:
2812:
2744:
2716:
2294:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 81 & 82.
1385:
Ranks of the Royal Army during the Second World War
461:) to enhance mobility. 30 guns were mounted on an
185:), participated in World War II on the side of the
147:
135:
123:
118:
108:
100:
92:
82:
64:
56:
29:
2189:"Semovente da 75/18 - Feared by Allied Tank Crews"
217:on the Italian Social Republic in Northern Italy.
2613:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
2445:Mussolini l'alleato: Italia in guerra (1940–1943)
2049:Italian occupation of France during World War II
1380:Coat of Arms of the "Tridentina" Alpini Division
780:Mussolini's Under-Secretary for War Production,
3340:21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"
2540:. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. New York, 2001.
600:, Italy had only small light and medium tanks (
504:. This partly motorized unit took part in the
3345:22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi"
2570:. Princeton University Press. Princeton, 1984
559:In 1942, the motor-transportable divisions in
3989:
3435:65th Infantry Division "Granatieri di Savoia"
3044:
2689:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1360:lost in the Soviet Union were taken prisoners
1227:, the Royal Army lost Libya in a few months.
886:Military history of Italy during World War II
278:Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale
8:
3375:40th Infantry Division "Cacciatori d'Africa"
2462:The Italian Army 1940–45 (2): Africa 1940–43
3112:136th Armored Legionary Division "Centauro"
2325:Italian tankers in the Dodecanese 1940-1945
1138:Mussolini sent an Italian army against the
1069:, the Italian Royal Army conquered coastal
276:(Voluntary Militia for National Security –
4100:
3996:
3982:
3974:
3193:
3051:
3037:
3029:
2696:
2682:
2674:
2177:Comando Supremo: Italy at War – Carro P.40
1871:Comparative military ranks of World War II
1042:Italian participation in the Eastern Front
3107:136th Armored Division "Giovani Fascisti"
2221:Regia Marina Italiana: The Oil Fuel Issue
1372:List of Italian divisions in World War II
1362:, and most of them never returned home).
1235:and on 8 September 1943 Italy signed the
435:, the Italians learned that a 75 mm
259:Below Mussolini was the Supreme Command (
3128:1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia"
1911:Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia (Italy)
1087:by Italian frogmen under the command of
531:made use of a captured Italian vehicle.
225:The Italian Army of World War II was a "
3300:7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana"
3102:135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete"
2417:Italian Soldier in North Africa 1941-43
2362:Armies of the Greek-Italian War 1940–41
2253:Armies of the Greek-Italian War 1940–41
2079:
1692:
890:Military production during World War II
280:, MVSN) divisions, five high mountain (
2654:Axis History Factbook – Regio Esercito
2059:Italian war in Soviet Union, 1941–1943
2009:Italian conquest of British Somaliland
1876:Italian Army equipment in World War II
1391:Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy
1148:Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia
996:while some Italian officers started a
940:Italian conquest of British Somaliland
465:tank chassis as Tank Destroyer 90/53 (
350:), and four 65 mm infantry guns (
235:His Majesty King Vittorio Emanuele III
26:
3678:185th Paratroopers Division "Folgore"
3668:183rd Paratroopers Division "Ciclone"
2633:Official Homepage of the Italian Army
2365:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22.
2256:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22.
1942:Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia
1906:Italian 132nd Armored Division Ariete
1798:
1777:
1144:Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia
7:
902:, Mussolini was officially only the
479:In 1940, Italy had two divisions in
3673:184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo"
2598:. Editori Laterza, Roma–Bari, 2000
2536:Blitzer, Wolf; Garibaldi, Luciano.
1717:Soldiers, NCOs and warrant officers
1366:Divisions of the Royal Italian Army
3600:153rd Infantry Division "Macerata"
3569:101st Motorized Division "Trieste"
3553:80th Infantry Division "La Spezia"
3537:64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"
3527:62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"
3466:103rd Infantry Division "Piacenza"
3425:57th Infantry Division "Lombardia"
2641:History and photos of World War II
1166:where it was destroyed during the
823:from 1936 to 1939, and during the
344:), fifty-four 45 mm mortars (
25:
3615:156th Infantry Division "Vicenza"
3590:151st Infantry Division "Perugia"
3574:102nd Motorized Division "Trento"
3517:60th Infantry Division "Sabratha"
3471:104th Infantry Division "Mantova"
3370:31st Infantry Division "Calabria"
3360:29th Infantry Division "Piemonte"
3350:24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"
3274:59th Infantry Division "Cagliari"
3239:26th Infantry Division "Assietta"
3224:11th Infantry Division "Brennero"
3209:2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca"
3092:133rd Armored Division "Littorio"
3082:131st Armored Division "Centauro"
2998:Motorized-Armored Army Corps (LI)
2455:. Northridge, California: Sentry.
2447:. Mondadori Editore. Torino, 1990
2400:Italian Colonial Troops 1882–1960
2014:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia
1891:National Republican Guard (Italy)
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4014:
4005:
3701:2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"
3630:159th Infantry Division "Veneto"
3620:157th Infantry Division "Novara"
3610:155th Infantry Division "Emilia"
3595:152nd Infantry Division "Piceno"
3507:27th Infantry Division "Brescia"
3502:25th Infantry Division "Bologna"
3476:105th Infantry Division "Rovigo"
3430:58th Infantry Division "Legnano"
3385:44th Infantry Division "Cremona"
3380:41st Infantry Division "Firenze"
3365:30th Infantry Division "Sabauda"
3330:18th Infantry Division "Messina"
3325:16th Infantry Division "Pistoia"
3320:15th Infantry Division "Bergamo"
3305:12th Infantry Division "Sassari"
3290:5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"
3234:23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara"
3229:19th Infantry Division "Venezia"
3181:6th Alpine Division "Alpi Graie"
3161:2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"
3156:1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"
3097:134th Armored Division "Freccia"
2586:History of the Second World War.
2507:. Nuova cultura ed. Torino, 2002
2487:The Armed Forces of World War II
2044:Italian occupation of Yugoslavia
1994:National Republican Navy (Italy)
1969:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
1813:
1806:
1792:
1785:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1740:
1698:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1281:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
1233:Sicily was invaded by the Allies
442:Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34
69:
41:
4162:Italian nuclear weapons program
3716:1st CC.NN. Armored Division "M"
3711:4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"
3706:3rd CC.NN. Division "21 Aprile"
3605:154th Infantry Division "Murge"
3532:63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"
3512:55th Infantry Division "Savona"
3461:52nd Infantry Division "Torino"
3451:9th Infantry Division "Pasubio"
3420:56th Infantry Division "Casale"
3415:54th Infantry Division "Napoli"
3405:50th Infantry Division "Regina"
3335:20th Infantry Division "Friuli"
3315:14th Infantry Division "Isonzo"
3269:53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo"
3264:38th Infantry Division "Puglie"
3259:37th Infantry Division "Modena"
3244:32nd Infantry Division "Marche"
3219:4th Infantry Division "Livorno"
3214:3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"
3204:1st Infantry Division "Superga"
3087:132nd Armored Division "Ariete"
2451:Jarrett, Colonel G. B. (1971).
2322:Crippa, Paolo (March 3, 2022).
2069:Italian Campaign (World War II)
1301:Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano
1249:Italian Campaign (World War II)
1243:Army of the Badoglio government
1034:Balkans Campaign (World War II)
665:The main infantry weapons were
423:Once sufficient numbers of the
3696:1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"
3625:158th Infantry Division "Zara"
3522:61st Infantry Division "Sirte"
3497:17th Infantry Division "Pavia"
3456:10th Infantry Division "Piave"
3410:51st Infantry Division "Siena"
3400:49th Infantry Division "Parma"
3355:28th Infantry Division "Aosta"
3254:36th Infantry Division "Forlì"
3249:33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"
3176:5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"
3171:4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"
1922:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
1028:German and Italian cooperation
871:without difficulty and forced
829:Africa Settentrionale Italiana
233:of the Italian Royal Army was
1:
4149:Italian Social Republic ranks
3485:Auto-transportable Infantry -
3395:48th Infantry Division "Taro"
3390:47th Infantry Division "Bari"
3295:6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"
2588:Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970
2359:Athanassiou, Phoebus (2017).
2250:Athanassiou, Phoebus (2017).
1989:National Republican Air Force
1706:Primo maresciallo dell'Impero
483:composed of troops native to
2515:. Wiltshire: Crowood Press.
1315:Conscription and recruitment
979:conquered British Somaliland
551:Motor-transportable division
3444:Auto-transportable Infantry
3310:13th Infantry Division "Re"
3166:3rd Alpine Division "Julia"
2464:. Westminster, MD: Osprey.
2397:Esposito, Gabriele (2022).
2064:Isbuscenskij cavalry charge
1979:Italian Co-Belligerent Navy
1974:Italian Co-Belligerent Army
1937:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
1710:First Marshal of the Empire
1567:Generale designato d'Armata
1293:Repubblica Sociale Italiana
1285:Italian Co-Belligerent Navy
1277:Italian Co-Belligerent Army
880:History during World War II
825:Italian invasion of Albania
817:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
776:islands are boxed in green.
748:History before World War II
341:Mortaio da 81/14 Modello 35
284:) divisions, three mobile (
211:Italian Co-Belligerent Army
4203:
4073:Chief of the Defence Staff
3546:Air-transportable Infantry
2556:Allen Lane. London, 2020
2382:– via Google Books.
2345:– via Google Books.
2328:. Soldiershop Publishing.
2273:– via Google Books.
1726:
1680:
1576:Generale di Corpo d'Armata
1536:
1408:
1388:
1369:
1246:
1196:
1031:
928:Italian invasion of France
925:
883:
740:
713:and, for colonial troops,
596:During the first years of
522:Africa settentrionale 1942
4157:
4103:
4023:
2983:Armored Army Corps (XVII)
2566:Guicciardini, Francesco.
2430:– via Google Books.
2420:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2311:– via Google Books.
2054:Axis occupation of Greece
1949:– Royal Italian Air Force
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1737:
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1590:
1581:
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1563:
1554:
1545:
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1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1237:Armistice with the Allies
1203:Allied invasion of Sicily
1177:, the Italian Royal Army
1160:Armata Italiana in Russia
1097:landings of Allied forces
932:Italian invasion of Egypt
867:In 1939, Italy conquered
853:Corps of Volunteer Troops
833:Africa Orientale Italiana
772:are shown in green. The
697:Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935
506:Italian invasion of Egypt
429:self-propelled 75 mm guns
40:
4088:Chief of Air Force Staff
3197:Infantry - Mountain-type
3018:Italian Liberation Corps
2704:Large formations of the
1999:National Republican Army
1409:General / flag officers
1297:National Republican Army
1265:King Victor Emmanuel III
1095:battleships), until the
1089:Luigi Durand De La Penne
315:Binary infantry division
215:National Republican Army
3757:Harar Colonial Division
2511:Walker, Ian W. (2006).
2460:Jowett, Philip (2001).
2288:Porch, Douglas (2004).
1984:Italian Social Republic
1896:Republican Police Corps
1289:Italian Social Republic
936:Western Desert Campaign
857:Corpo Truppe Volontarie
715:Schwarzlose MG M.07/12s
711:Lebel Model 1886 rifles
516:"North Africa" division
447:90 mm anti-aircraft gun
137:Prime Minister of Italy
4144:Kingdom of Italy ranks
3963:231st Coastal Division
3958:230th Coastal Division
3953:228th Coastal Division
3948:227th Coastal Division
3943:226th Coastal Division
3938:225th Coastal Division
3933:224th Coastal Division
3928:223rd Coastal Division
3923:222nd Coastal Division
3918:221st Coastal Division
3913:220th Coastal Division
3908:216th Coastal Division
3903:215th Coastal Division
3898:214th Coastal Division
3893:213th Coastal Division
3888:212th Coastal Division
3883:211th Coastal Division
3878:210th Coastal Division
3873:209th Coastal Division
3868:208th Coastal Division
3863:207th Coastal Division
3858:206th Coastal Division
3853:205th Coastal Division
3848:204th Coastal Division
3843:203rd Coastal Division
3838:202nd Coastal Division
3833:201st Coastal Division
3807:26th Colonial Division
3802:25th Colonial Division
3797:24th Colonial Division
3792:23rd Colonial Division
3787:22nd Colonial Division
3782:21st Colonial Division
2988:Fast Army Corps (XXII)
2978:Alpine Army Corps (IV)
2582:Liddell Hart, Basil H.
2485:Mollo, Andrew (1981).
2029:Invasion of Yugoslavia
1927:Italian African Police
1836:Maresciallo Ordinario
1827:Aiutante di battaglia
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1381:
1333:North African campaign
1156:Italian Army in Russia
1038:North African Campaign
1018:invasion of Yugoslavia
953:
777:
719:Steyr-Mannlicher M1895
494:Raggruppamento Maletti
243:) and the Royal Navy (
3817:102nd Somali Division
3812:101st Somali Division
3777:4th Colonial Division
3772:3rd Colonial Division
3767:2nd Eritrean Division
3762:1st Eritrean Division
3646:8th Marching Division
2480:Mussolini as Diplomat
2004:East African Campaign
1964:Decima Flottiglia MAS
1830:Maresciallo maggiore
1603:Colonnello Comandante
1585:Generale di Divisione
1379:
1352:Guerra di Liberazione
1142:. In July 1941, the "
990:East African campaign
951:
755:
378:The personnel, named
229:" army. The nominal
96:2,560,000 (1940–1943)
18:Regio Esercito (WWII)
4058:Arma dei Carabinieri
4049:Aeronautica Militare
4012:Italian Armed Forces
2568:The History of Italy
1960:– Royal Italian Navy
1953:Corpo Aereo Italiano
1918:– Royal Italian Army
1865:Italiani brava gente
1549:Maresciallo d'Italia
1213:Battle of El Alamein
1168:Battle of Stalingrad
1091:(which disabled two
721:rifles, provided by
653:, Semovente 90/53s,
481:Italian North Africa
459:Autocannoni da 90/53
4128:Finance Guard ranks
4083:Chief of Navy Staff
4078:Chief of Army Staff
3739:2nd Libyan Division
3734:1st Libyan Division
2531:Recommended reading
2489:. New York: Crown.
2202:Italy. Armored cars
1594:Generale di Brigata
1253:Dodecanese Campaign
651:Semovente da 75/46s
298:Italian East Africa
130:Victor Emmanuel III
3562:Motorized Infantry
3064:Royal Italian Army
3013:Special Army Corps
2971:Special army corps
2706:Royal Italian Army
2443:De Felice, Renzo.
2208:2012-01-25 at the
1839:Sergente Maggiore
1621:Tenente Colonnello
1382:
1322:Dodecanese Islands
1085:raid on Alexandria
954:
894:Unlike the German
778:
743:Royal Italian Army
700:heavy machine guns
689:light machine guns
535:Motorised division
529:Bernard Montgomery
332:light machine guns
328:heavy machine guns
231:Commander-in-Chief
179:Royal Italian Army
31:Royal Italian Army
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4123:Carabinieri ranks
4031:Esercito Italiano
3971:
3970:
3654:
3653:
3583:Garrison Infantry
3026:
3025:
2609:Weinberg, Gerhard
2592:Mack Smith, Denis
2503:Rodogno, Davide.
2231:pp. 270–271, Lamb
2204:wwiivehicles.com
2024:Greco-Italian War
2019:Operation Compass
1947:Regia Aeronautica
1855:
1854:
1845:Caporal Maggiore
1833:Maresciallo Capo
1691:
1690:
1558:Generale d'Armata
1217:Winston Churchill
1207:Italian Armistice
1199:Tunisian Campaign
1124:Gazala and Tobruk
1103:in November 1942.
1013:Greco-Italian War
944:Greco-Italian War
922:Initial campaigns
821:Spanish Civil War
788:was considered a
655:Semovente 105/25s
510:Operation Compass
453:) made effective
437:anti-aircraft gun
394:Armoured division
334:, six 81 mm
321:divisione binaria
240:Regia Aeronautica
172:
171:
16:(Redirected from
4194:
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2034:Battle of Greece
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1415:Junior officers
1412:Senior officers
1403:
1402:
1179:occupied Corsica
908:Kingdom of Italy
861:Aragon Offensive
849:Francisco Franco
786:Kingdom of Italy
782:Carlo Favagrossa
704:Beretta Model 38
659:Semovente 149/40
568:Cavalry division
475:Libyan divisions
451:Cannone da 90/53
353:Cannone da 65/17
254:Benito Mussolini
157:Rodolfo Graziani
142:Benito Mussolini
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2596:Storia d'Italia
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2478:Lamb, Richard.
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1341:
1317:
1269:Pietro Badoglio
1255:
1247:Main articles:
1245:
1209:
1197:Main articles:
1195:
1181:and the French
1044:
1032:Main articles:
1030:
946:
926:Main articles:
924:
892:
884:Main articles:
882:
750:
745:
739:
727:war reparations
707:submachine guns
640:Semovente 75/34
636:Semovente 75/18
594:
570:
553:
537:
518:
477:
468:Semovente 90/53
396:
376:
374:Alpine division
347:Brixia Model 35
317:
262:Comando Supremo
223:
175:
168:
70:
68:
52:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4200:
4198:
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3427:
3422:
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3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
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3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
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3226:
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3206:
3200:
3198:
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3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
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3076:
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3058:
3056:
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3015:
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2722:
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2714:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Regio Esercito
2646:
2638:
2628:
2627:External links
2625:
2624:
2623:
2606:
2589:
2579:
2564:
2548:
2538:Century of War
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2457:
2448:
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2426:
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2389:
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2213:
2194:
2180:
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2135:
2123:
2114:
2098:
2089:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1916:Regio Esercito
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1886:Black Brigades
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
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1748:
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1728:
1725:
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1715:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1639:Primo capitano
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
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1542:
1535:
1528:
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1507:
1500:
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1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1370:Main article:
1367:
1364:
1340:
1337:
1316:
1313:
1260:Regio Esercito
1244:
1241:
1194:
1191:
1136:
1135:
1104:
1101:French Algeria
1029:
1026:
923:
920:
916:Regio Esercito
904:Prime Minister
881:
878:
813:Italian Empire
802:United Kingdom
749:
746:
741:Main article:
738:
735:
593:
592:Main Armaments
590:
569:
566:
552:
549:
536:
533:
517:
514:
502:Pietro Maletti
476:
473:
395:
392:
384:pack artillery
375:
372:
316:
313:
290:frontier guard
251:Prime Minister
222:
219:
183:Regio Esercito
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
160:
153:
151:
149:Chief of Staff
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
49:House of Savoy
46:
38:
37:
35:Regio Esercito
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4199:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4163:
4160:
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4156:
4150:
4147:
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4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4060:(Gendarmerie)
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4008:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
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3909:
3906:
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3899:
3896:
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3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
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3869:
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3859:
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3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:North-African
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:Line Infantry
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:0-521-44317-2
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:88-420-6143-3
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:0-691-00800-0
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:9780241185704
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:Gooch, John.
2549:
2547:
2546:1-58663-342-2
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2522:1-86126-839-4
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2496:0-517-54478-4
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:9781855328655
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2427:9781780968575
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2374:
2372:9781472819192
2368:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2335:9788893278324
2331:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2301:9780374529765
2297:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2263:9781472819192
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1801:No equivalent
1795:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1780:No equivalent
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1694:Special ranks
1693:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1657:Primo Tenente
1651:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:wrote in his
1218:
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1059:Mediterranean
1055:
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1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:
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998:guerrilla war
995:
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982:
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976:
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945:
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671:Beretta M1934
668:
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388:flamethrowers
385:
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337:
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329:
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307:" instead of
306:
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294:Italian Libya
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174:Military unit
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125:King of Italy
122:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
101:Anniversaries
99:
95:
91:
88:
87:King of Italy
85:
81:
78:
77:Fascist Italy
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
28:
19:
4051:(Air Force)
3660:Paratroopers
3068:World War II
2746:Field armies
2710:World War II
2644:(in Italian)
2636:(in Italian)
2612:
2595:
2585:
2567:
2551:
2537:
2512:
2504:
2486:
2479:
2461:
2452:
2444:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2376:. Retrieved
2361:
2354:
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2339:. Retrieved
2324:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2290:
2283:
2274:
2267:. Retrieved
2252:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2216:
2197:
2183:
2172:
2163:
2158:Walker, p.62
2154:
2117:
2092:
2082:
1958:Regia Marina
1820:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1778:
1738:
1730:Junior NCOs
1727:Senior NCOs
1705:
1681:
1675:Sottotenente
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
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1309:Nazi Germany
1305:puppet state
1300:
1292:
1267:and Marshal
1258:
1256:
1220:
1210:
1172:
1159:
1147:
1140:Soviet Union
1137:
1116:Afrika Korps
1112:Erwin Rommel
1108:North Africa
1080:Mare Nostrum
1078:
1056:
1045:
1010:
1000:, mainly in
983:
955:
915:
900:Adolf Hitler
895:
893:
866:
856:
843:
836:
832:
828:
810:
779:
664:
648:
633:
622:
598:World War II
595:
581:
577:
573:
571:
561:North Africa
558:
554:
544:
540:
538:
526:
521:
519:
497:
493:
478:
466:
458:
450:
440:
422:
415:
413:
403:
400:L3 tankettes
397:
377:
365:
362:
358:
351:
345:
339:
325:
320:
318:
302:
285:
281:
277:
271:
267:
260:
258:
246:Regia Marina
244:
238:
224:
221:Organization
195:Western Alps
182:
176:
163:Mario Roatta
113:World War II
34:
30:
3688:Blackshirts
2718:Army groups
2378:December 5,
2341:December 5,
2307:December 5,
2269:December 5,
2167:Jarret, p.4
2149:Mollo, p.87
2133:Mollo, p.86
2121:Mollo, p.84
2112:Mollo, p.83
1932:Carabinieri
1881:Blackshirts
1821:No insignia
1724:Rank group
1406:Rank group
1122:victory of
1052:German Army
811:In the new
790:major power
731:World War I
679:Bodeo M1889
582:Bersaglieri
578:Bersaglieri
545:Bersaglieri
541:Bersaglieri
417:Bersaglieri
274:Blackshirts
203:East Africa
187:Axis Powers
109:Engagements
4113:Navy ranks
4108:Army ranks
4066:Leadership
2814:Army corps
2075:References
1612:Colonnello
1339:Casualties
1283:, and the
1225:El Alamein
1185:up to the
1164:Stalingrad
1128:Alexandria
1093:Royal Navy
1071:Yugoslavia
838:blitzkrieg
800:or of the
774:Dodecanese
629:M4 Sherman
119:Commanders
104:November 4
83:Allegiance
3060:Divisions
2276:training.
1848:Caporale
1842:Sergente
1733:Enlisted
1684:Aspirante
1347:Wehrmacht
986:Cyrenaica
693:Breda M37
682:revolvers
677:pistols,
496:) was an
455:anti-tank
433:88 mm gun
408:M11 tanks
305:tankettes
60:1940–1943
4181:Category
3749:Colonial
3639:Marching
3190:Infantry
2206:Archived
2087:Germans.
1858:See also
1851:Soldato
1648:Capitano
1630:Maggiore
1399:Officers
1221:Memories
1183:Provence
1114:and his
1002:Ethiopia
873:King Zog
806:military
686:Breda 30
669:rifles,
638:and the
572:Mobile (
4042:(Navy)
4033:(Army)
3826:Coastal
3121:Cavalry
3075:Armored
3062:of the
2438:Sources
1666:Tenente
1229:Tunisia
1175:Maghreb
1152:Ukraine
1067:Balkans
1065:In the
1006:Eritrea
906:of the
869:Albania
846:General
762:Albania
737:History
723:Austria
667:Carcano
543:). The
445:) or a
368:Fascist
336:mortars
191:Balkans
159:(first)
65:Country
4137:Former
3726:Libyan
3148:Alpine
2619:
2602:
2574:
2560:
2544:
2519:
2493:
2468:
2424:
2369:
2332:
2298:
2260:
1279:, the
1273:Allies
1205:, and
1193:Defeat
1075:Athens
1061:area:
1048:Hitler
1040:, and
994:Gondar
963:Africa
942:, and
912:France
896:Fuhrer
798:France
768:, and
729:after
702:, and
657:, and
618:M15/42
614:M13/40
610:M11/39
574:celere
498:ad hoc
463:M14/41
425:M13/40
404:panzer
380:Alpini
330:, 108
286:celere
282:alpini
207:Russia
165:(last)
74:
57:Active
4097:Ranks
3490:-type
2932:XXIII
2907:XVIII
2736:South
1746:Italy
1428:Italy
1187:Rhone
1132:Egypt
975:Sudan
971:Kenya
967:Egypt
758:Italy
675:M1935
644:AB 41
606:L6/40
602:L3/35
485:Libya
309:tanks
227:Royal
199:North
2962:XXXV
2957:XXXI
2947:XXVI
2937:XXIV
2927:XXII
2902:XVII
2882:XIII
2857:VIII
2804:11th
2799:10th
2731:West
2726:East
2617:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2572:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2380:2023
2367:ISBN
2343:2023
2330:ISBN
2309:2023
2296:ISBN
2271:2023
2258:ISBN
1901:OVRA
1356:Nazi
1251:and
1211:The
1120:Axis
1004:and
973:and
958:Alps
888:and
717:and
695:and
673:and
616:and
296:and
205:and
201:and
177:The
93:Size
3066:in
2952:XXX
2942:XXV
2922:XXI
2912:XIX
2897:XVI
2887:XIV
2877:XII
2852:VII
2832:III
2794:9th
2789:8th
2784:7th
2779:6th
2774:5th
2769:4th
2764:3rd
2759:2nd
2754:1st
2708:in
1307:of
1291:" (
1158:" (
1146:" (
1130:in
1106:In
1099:in
855:" (
841:).
770:AOI
766:ASI
725:as
625:P40
586:L6s
492:" (
471:).
356:).
4183::
2917:XX
2892:XV
2872:XI
2862:IX
2847:VI
2837:IV
2827:II
2611:.
2594:.
2584:.
2138:^
2126:^
2101:^
1311:.
1239:.
1201:,
1170:.
1036:,
1024:.
1008:.
969:,
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256:.
197:,
193:,
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2867:X
2842:V
2822:I
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2578:.
2525:.
2499:.
2474:.
1863:"
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1134:.
449:(
439:(
338:(
181:(
51:.
20:)
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