2438:
2452:
45:
699:. It became common in advanced industrial economies in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new trends in economic thinking about the inefficiencies of government regulation, and the risk that regulatory agencies would be controlled by the regulated industry to its benefit, and thereby hurt consumers and the wider economy. Economic regulations were promoted during the
504:
early
Egyptian, Indian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Standardized weights and measures existed to an extent in the ancient world, and gold may have operated to some degree as an international currency. In China, a national currency system existed and paper currency was invented. Sophisticated law
633:
refers to the expansion in the use of rulemaking, monitoring and enforcement techniques and institutions by the state and to a parallel change in the way its positive or negative functions in society are being carried out. The expansion of the state nowadays is generally via regulation and less via
423:
The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct ("command-and-control" regulation), calibrate incentives ("incentive" regulation), or change preferences ("preferences shaping" regulation). Common examples of regulation include limits on environmental
448:
One critical question in regulation is whether the regulator or government has sufficient information to make ex-ante regulation more efficient than ex-post liability for harm and whether industry self-regulation might be preferable. The
471:
In some countries (in particular the
Scandinavian countries) industrial relations are to a very high degree regulated by the labour market parties themselves (self-regulation) in contrast to state regulation of minimum wages etc.
484:'s Global Indicators Group scores 186 countries on transparency around proposed regulations, consultation on their content, the use of regulatory impact assessments and the access to enacted laws on a scale from 0 to 5. The
532:
and procedures under the authority of statutes. Legislators created these agencies to require experts in the industry to focus their attention on the issue. At the federal level, one of the earliest institutions was the
513:, law and standardization declined with the Roman Empire, but regulation existed in the form of norms, customs, and privileges; this regulation was aided by the unified Christian identity and a sense of honor regarding
436:
laws, regulations requiring truthful labelling of the ingredients in food and drugs, and food and drug safety regulations establishing minimum standards of testing and quality for what can be sold, and zoning and
1119:
Giandomenico Majone (1997). From the
Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of Changes in the Mode of Governance. Journal of Public Policy, 17, pp 139-167 doi:10.1017/S0143814X00003524
806:
Marcos
Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, (2014)
468:
Power to regulate should include the power to enforce regulatory decisions. Monitoring is an important tool used by national regulatory authorities in carrying out the regulated activities.
107:
638:
of the state with the growth in the use and application of rule making, monitoring and enforcement strategies and with the parallel growth of civil regulation and business regulation.
675:
is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group.
549:, and various other institutions. These institutions vary from industry to industry and at the federal and state level. Individual agencies do not necessarily have clear
1003:
Eraldo
Banovac. Monitoringgrundlagen der kroatischen Regulierungsbehörde fĂŒr Energie. EW â das Magazin fĂŒr die Energie Wirtschaft, Vol. 103, No. 1â2, 2004, pp. 14â16.
2989:
2845:
1242:
1058:
Sigman, Rachel, and
Staffan I. Lindberg. "Neopatrimonialism and democracy: An empirical investigation of Africa's political regimes." V-Dem Working Paper 56 (2017).
557:
creating the agency. In the 1930s, lawmakers believed that unregulated business often led to injustice and inefficiency; in the 1960s and 1970s, concern shifted to
524:
in the United
Kingdom, and succeeding Acts. Beginning in the late 19th and 20th centuries, much of regulation in the United States was administered and enforced by
566:
562:
1248:
Lawrence A. Cunningham, A Prescription to Retire the
Rhetoric of 'Principles-Based Systems' in Corporate Law, Securities Regulation and Accounting (2007)
285:
723:, and to mitigate boom and bust cycles. Around the late 1970s, such reforms were deemed burdensome on economic growth and many politicians espousing
2419:
1013:
2793:
2504:
952:
480:
Regulation can be assessed for different countries through various quantitative measures. The Global
Indicators of Regulatory Governance by
2826:
1174:
542:
420:
and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, ranging from consumer protection to faster growth or technological advancement.
1845:
1403:
1302:
254:
1216:
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1959:
1828:
2414:
1761:
1662:
695:
is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. It is the repeal of governmental
92:
1921:
1555:
756:
534:
3355:
1274:
1224:
278:
197:
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2081:
1560:
352:
3464:
3004:
2497:
2076:
521:
20:
3171:
2532:
2051:
1550:
126:
61:
818:
Levi-Faur, David, Regulation and
Regulatory Governance, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation and Governance, No. 1, 2010
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2091:
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which had its roots in earlier state-based regulatory commissions and agencies. Later agencies include the
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or patterns of behavior, and they are influenced heavily by their leadership and staff as well as the
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is analysed in empirical legal studies, law and economics, political science, environmental science,
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1396:
890:"Keynote & Chapman Dialogue Address: Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Approaches to Financial Regulation"
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1307:
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958:
913:
870:
660:
649:
558:
529:
454:
416:-mandated regulation is government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement
398:
authority, contractual obligations (for example, contracts between insurers and their insureds),
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Regulation in the social, political, psychological, and economic domains can take many forms:
356:
330:
219:
204:
87:
75:
1164:
410:), co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation or market regulation.
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taxing and spending. The notion of the regulatory state is increasingly more attractive for
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which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,
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2010:
2005:
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is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
224:
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1108:"The Odyssey of the Regulatory State â Episode One: The Rescue of the Welfare State"
874:
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492:
tracks the count of regulations by topic for United States, Canada, and Australia.
433:
238:
151:
102:
317:, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:
44:
1029:
932:
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1939:
1840:
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1570:
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1444:
1359:
944:
712:
554:
371:
161:
1110:, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation & Governance, Paper No. 39, November 2011.
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1934:
1855:
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1504:
1454:
1391:
1386:
744:
700:
668:
593:
481:
429:
395:
322:
27:
909:
866:
759: â Field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work
3489:
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3319:
3064:
3009:
2984:
2949:
2349:
2314:
2256:
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2096:
1993:
1981:
1966:
1954:
1882:
1800:
1773:
1657:
720:
601:
450:
425:
140:
70:
1142:
16:
General term for rules, including delegated legislation and self-regulation
1057:
889:
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2086:
1971:
1768:
1312:
1014:"Self-regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations"
901:
858:
656:
514:
66:
1150:
842:
3370:
3232:
2288:
2236:
2216:
2164:
1976:
1894:
1710:
1672:
1620:
314:
310:
1042:
Introductory Handbook for Undertaking Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)
488:
include the regulatory quality indicator. The QuantGov project at the
3024:
2388:
2241:
1986:
1877:
1872:
1818:
1489:
747: â Process by which executive branch agencies create regulations
417:
146:
1230:
828:
807:
1247:
1231:
A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law
982:
765: â Academic discipline; implementation or management of policy
2329:
2273:
2179:
2020:
1823:
1322:
990:
442:
370:
allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain
2482:
2211:
2159:
2015:
1413:
1329:
1209:
Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation (2009)
2808:
2486:
1256:
1040:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008),
1283:
589:
441:
regulation. Much less common are controls on market entry, or
391:
2804:
776: â Self-interests causing depletion of a shared resource
43:
329:
which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including
1129:
Dal BĂł, Ernesto (2006). "Regulatory capture: A review".
829:
What Is Regulation? 30 Yale Journal on Regulation Online
753: â Branch of law concerning the natural environment
1069:
1046:
https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/44789472.pdf
933:"Ex-ante Regulation, Ex-post Regulation, and Collusion"
1252:
1243:
Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy
1199:
325:, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the
782: â Economic theory applied to political science
561:, which led to extremely detailed laws creating the
3383:
3337:
3273:
3184:
3033:
2852:
2741:
2520:
2407:
2297:
2120:
2029:
1920:
1799:
1701:
1422:
1290:
741: â Protect consumers against unfair practices
667:of authority that occurs when a political entity,
520:Modern industrial regulation can be traced to the
309:, these types of rules exist in various fields of
939:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 49â66,
937:Applied Economic Analysis of Information and Risk
983:"Liability for Harm Versus Regulation of Safety"
453:of imposing or removing regulations relating to
2990:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
1020:. Lund: Juristförlaget i Lund 2017, pp. 357-383
1016:In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius (eds.)
2820:
2498:
1268:
567:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
563:United States Environmental Protection Agency
279:
8:
1223:Schmitz on Lessons from the European Union,
707:reforms were claimed as necessary to limit
305:according to a set of rules and trends. In
2827:
2813:
2805:
2505:
2491:
2483:
1275:
1261:
1253:
1030:Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance
663:(also called agency capture) is a form of
286:
272:
32:
843:"Limited Liability and the Known Unknown"
247:Enforcement authorities and organizations
2420:History of the American legal profession
1093:John Braithwaite, PĂ©ter Drahos. (2000).
500:Regulation of businesses existed in the
799:
604:-related purposes, including remedying
246:
125:
53:
35:
1200:Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE)
1205:New Perspectives on Regulation (2009)
1018:Festskrift till Ann Numhauser-Henning
685:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
648:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
622:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
578:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7:
1177:from the original on October 3, 2015
428:, laws against child labor or other
1214:US/Canadian Regulatory Cooperation:
543:Securities and Exchange Commission
14:
1404:Restitution and unjust enrichment
808:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253
255:International Competition Network
2451:
2450:
2436:
1131:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
981:Shavell, Steven (October 1983).
788: â Risk management strategy
2415:History of the legal profession
1165:"Regulatory Capture Definition"
727:started promoting deregulation.
757:Occupational safety and health
535:Interstate Commerce Commission
394:restrictions promulgated by a
260:List of competition regulators
1:
3356:Critique of political economy
1225:Canadian Privy Council Office
1097:. Cambridge University Press.
711:like corporate abuse, unsafe
353:self-regulatory organizations
2940:History of capitalist theory
888:Schwarcz, Steven L. (2011).
945:10.1007/978-981-15-3300-6_4
522:Railway Regulation Act 1844
21:Regulation (disambiguation)
3546:
2082:International legal theory
1561:International slavery laws
1556:International human rights
1551:International criminal law
1095:Global Business Regulation
684:
647:
621:
610:protecting the environment
577:
127:Anti-competitive practices
93:HerfindahlâHirschman index
62:History of competition law
25:
18:
3300:Labour market flexibility
2975:Multinational corporation
2842:
2430:
2135:Administration of justice
697:regulation of the economy
528:which produced their own
2794:Public policy by country
1912:Basic structure doctrine
1762:Natural and legal rights
1643:Public international law
1012:Anders Kjellberg (2017)
612:and economic management.
539:Federal Trade Commission
349:industry self-regulation
26:Not to be confused with
3520:Economics of regulation
3445:Individualist anarchism
2092:Principle of typicality
1566:International trade law
894:SSRN Electronic Journal
786:Precautionary principle
547:Civil Aeronautics Board
486:V-Dem Democracy indices
3410:Collectivist anarchism
3325:Social venture capital
3295:Freedom of association
2764:Public policy doctrine
931:Hosoe, Moriki (2020),
774:Tragedy of the commons
588:is the application of
379:self-regulation theory
172:Occupational licensing
48:
3475:Post-scarcity economy
3450:Libertarian socialism
3435:Free-market socialism
3366:Market fundamentalism
3351:Capitalist propaganda
2945:Industrial Revolution
2860:Anarchy of production
2754:Public administration
2749:Evidence-based policy
2087:Principle of legality
1846:Delegated legislation
1546:Intellectual property
1048:, retrieved 4/11/23.
841:Sim, Michael (2018).
769:Regulation of science
763:Public administration
439:development approvals
327:delegated legislation
301:is the management of
47:
2930:Financial Revolution
2895:Economic development
2769:Public policy school
2305:Barristers' chambers
2247:Legal representation
2185:Justice of the peace
1531:Financial regulation
1143:10.1093/oxrep/grj013
902:10.2139/ssrn.1748007
859:10.2139/ssrn.3121519
586:Regulatory economics
580:Regulatory economics
573:Regulatory economics
463:regulatory economics
368:metabolic regulation
343:Financial regulation
337:regulatory economics
215:Occupational closure
210:Dividing territories
198:Essential facilities
98:Market concentration
19:For other uses, see
3405:Anarcho-syndicalism
3400:Anarcho-primitivism
3285:Economic inequality
2900:Economic liberalism
2340:Election commission
2052:Expressive function
1581:Landlordâtenant law
1480:Consumer protection
739:Consumer protection
598:regulatory agencies
526:regulatory agencies
331:land-use regulation
3425:Economic democracy
3246:Private foundation
2298:Legal institutions
2165:Lawsuit/Litigation
2155:Dispute resolution
1960:Catholic canon law
1668:State of emergency
1631:Will and testament
1355:Law of obligations
1308:Constitutional law
1298:Administrative law
1227:Commissioned Study
1219:2011-04-30 at the
1106:Levi-Faur, David,
661:regulatory capture
650:Regulatory capture
643:Regulatory capture
559:regulatory capture
530:administrative law
509:. In the European
357:trade associations
234:Regulatory capture
49:
3502:
3501:
3395:Anarcho-communism
3266:Spontaneous order
3261:Social alienation
3218:Economic mobility
2905:Economic planning
2802:
2801:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2674:
2667:
2638:
2631:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2556:
2480:
2479:
2140:Constitutionalism
2062:Law and economics
1900:Act of parliament
1638:Product liability
1591:Legal archaeology
1516:Environmental law
1510:Entertainment law
1350:International law
985:. Cambridge, MA.
954:978-981-15-3299-3
877:– via SSRN.
751:Environmental law
511:Early Middle Ages
404:social regulation
296:
295:
225:Misuse of patents
220:Predatory pricing
205:Exclusive dealing
88:Barriers to entry
76:Coercive monopoly
3537:
3485:Social anarchism
3460:Market socialism
3455:Market anarchism
3361:Critique of work
3251:Private property
3213:Economic freedom
3208:Decentralization
3186:Cultural aspects
3147:Regulated market
2925:Financial crisis
2910:Entrepreneurship
2829:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2759:Public budgeting
2723:
2716:
2709:
2670:
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2636:Renewable energy
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2608:
2601:
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2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2455:
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2453:
2441:
2440:
2264:Question of fact
2145:Criminal justice
1475:Construction law
1470:Conflict of laws
1435:Agricultural law
1277:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1187:
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1184:
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978:
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885:
879:
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847:Duke Law Journal
838:
832:
825:
819:
816:
810:
804:
631:regulatory state
624:Regulatory state
617:Regulatory state
459:health economics
288:
281:
274:
179:Product bundling
81:Natural monopoly
33:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3480:Sharing economy
3470:Post-capitalism
3440:Green anarchism
3379:
3346:Anti-capitalism
3333:
3269:
3180:
3172:State-sponsored
3029:
3005:Property rights
2980:Nationalization
2890:Economic bubble
2848:
2838:
2833:
2803:
2798:
2774:Policy analysis
2737:
2516:
2511:
2481:
2476:
2449:
2435:
2426:
2403:
2394:Political party
2367:Legal education
2355:Law enforcement
2335:Court of equity
2293:
2269:Question of law
2222:Practice of law
2202:Judicial review
2116:
2067:Legal formalism
2047:Comparative law
2042:Contract theory
2025:
1945:Legal pluralism
1916:
1905:Act of Congress
1829:Executive order
1795:
1697:
1616:Nationality law
1541:Immigration law
1465:Competition law
1418:
1286:
1281:
1239:
1221:Wayback Machine
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827:Orbach, Barak,
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22:
3376:Wage slavery
3330:Unemployment
3310:Productivity
3241:Philanthropy
3102:Mercantilist
3079:
3050:Conservative
3014:
2885:Deregulation
2846:perspectives
2844:Aspects and
2783:
2742:Other topics
2528:Agricultural
2469:
2462:
2448:
2434:
2207:Jurisdiction
2175:Legal remedy
2130:Adjudication
2030:Legal theory
1868:Ratification
1863:Promulgation
1850:
1834:Proclamation
1814:Codification
1790:
1747:Human rights
1735:Divine right
1725:Constitution
1693:Women in law
1611:Military law
1606:Marriage law
1601:Maritime law
1500:Election law
1440:Aviation law
1430:Abortion law
1382:Property law
1318:Criminal law
1179:. Retrieved
1170:Investopedia
1168:
1159:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1074:quantgov.org
1073:
1064:
1053:
1041:
1036:
1025:
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1008:
999:
976:
966:, retrieved
936:
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893:
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850:
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836:
823:
814:
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693:Deregulation
687:Deregulation
680:Deregulation
600:for various
519:
507:Ancient Rome
499:
479:
470:
467:
447:
445:regulation.
422:
412:
389:
362:in biology,
341:in finance:
335:in economy:
298:
297:
239:Rent-seeking
152:Price fixing
103:Market power
3495:Syndicalism
3415:Communalism
3280:Corporatism
3256:Rule of law
3203:Consumerism
3193:Advertising
3092:Libertarian
3070:Free-market
3040:Anglo-Saxon
3020:Wage labour
2970:Meritocracy
2920:Externality
2875:Competition
2685:Immigration
2672:Vaccination
2379:Legislature
2310:Bureaucracy
2107:Rule of man
2102:Rule of law
2077:Libertarian
1940:Chinese law
1841:Legislation
1791:Regulations
1779:Law reports
1757:Natural law
1653:Reparations
1648:Refugee law
1571:Jurimetrics
1512:(Media law)
1450:Banking law
1445:Amnesty law
1423:Disciplines
1360:Private law
853:: 275â332.
713:child labor
705:progressive
703:, in which
669:policymaker
555:organic law
551:life-cycles
505:existed in
476:Measurement
372:homeostasis
162:Bid rigging
3515:Regulation
3509:Categories
3384:Antithesis
3315:Prosperity
3290:Employment
3237:Mainstream
3228:Liberalism
3152:Regulatory
3127:Neoliberal
3075:Humanistic
3060:Democratic
3015:Regulation
2880:Depression
2836:Capitalism
2784:Regulation
2725:Technology
2589:Investment
2582:Industrial
2372:Law school
2252:Prosecutor
2190:Magistrate
1977:Jewish law
1935:Common law
1856:Rulemaking
1851:Regulation
1801:Law making
1740:Divine law
1716:Legal code
1663:Sports law
1586:Law of war
1536:Health law
1521:Family law
1505:Energy law
1455:Bankruptcy
1392:Punishment
1387:Public law
1181:October 2,
1070:"QuantGov"
968:2020-11-03
794:References
745:Rulemaking
701:Gilded Age
665:corruption
594:government
482:World Bank
430:employment
396:government
323:government
299:Regulation
229:copyrights
108:SSNIP test
28:Relegation
3490:Socialism
3465:Mutualism
3420:Communism
3390:Anarchism
3339:Criticism
3320:Syndicate
3055:Corporate
3010:Recession
2985:Oligopoly
2950:Invention
2711:Stem cell
2690:Knowledge
2618:Education
2350:Judiciary
2345:Executive
2320:The bench
2257:Solicitor
2232:Barrister
2112:Sociology
2097:Pseudolaw
2037:Anarchist
1994:Roman law
1982:Parsi law
1967:Hindu law
1955:Canon law
1930:Civil law
1883:Concordat
1774:Precedent
1683:Trust law
1658:Space law
1495:Drugs law
1365:Procedure
1303:Civil law
1237:Wikibooks
963:216306756
918:154354509
910:1556-5068
867:1556-5068
721:pollution
673:regulator
629:The term
602:economics
515:contracts
451:economics
426:pollution
141:Collusion
71:oligopoly
3117:National
3112:Monopoly
3065:Dirigist
3034:Ideology
2700:Military
2695:Language
2596:Monetary
2562:Economic
2543:Domestic
2538:Cultural
2457:Category
2399:Tribunal
2384:Military
2227:Attorney
2197:Judgment
2057:Feminist
1972:Jain law
1769:Case law
1490:Cyberlaw
1397:Corporal
1375:Criminal
1345:Evidence
1335:Doctrine
1313:Contract
1217:Archived
1175:Archived
1151:23606888
875:44186028
831:1 (2012)
732:See also
657:politics
67:Monopoly
3371:Marxism
3233:Liberty
3177:Welfare
3137:Private
3087:Liberal
2853:General
2705:Science
2680:Housing
2654:Foreign
2575:Incomes
2471:Outline
2408:History
2315:The bar
2289:Verdict
2237:Counsel
2217:Justice
2072:History
1895:Statute
1711:Charter
1673:Tax law
1621:Probate
1079:June 4,
502:ancient
496:History
455:markets
315:society
311:biology
147:cartels
3162:Social
3132:Nordic
3097:Market
3025:Wealth
3000:Profit
2733:Social
2659:Health
2623:Energy
2568:Fiscal
2554:reform
2521:Fields
2389:Police
2360:Agency
2242:Lawyer
1987:Sharia
1878:Treaty
1873:Repeal
1819:Decree
1730:Custom
1626:Estate
1576:Labour
1340:Equity
1149:
961:
951:
916:
908:
873:
865:
719:, and
461:, and
418:policy
406:(e.g.
3167:State
3157:Rhine
3107:Mixed
2718:Space
2610:Trade
2464:Index
2330:Court
2274:Trial
2180:Judge
2021:Yassa
1824:Edict
1370:Civil
1323:Crime
1147:JSTOR
959:S2CID
914:S2CID
871:S2CID
671:, or
443:price
414:State
408:norms
392:legal
386:Forms
183:tying
156:cases
2649:Food
2548:Drug
2212:Jury
2160:Fiqh
2016:Xeer
1414:Tort
1330:Deed
1207:and
1183:2015
1081:2023
949:ISBN
906:ISSN
863:ISSN
565:and
366:and
355:and
313:and
227:and
181:and
69:and
3142:Raw
3122:Neo
2603:Tax
1284:Law
1139:doi
987:doi
941:doi
898:doi
855:doi
655:In
596:or
592:by
590:law
321:in
3511::
1718:/
1173:.
1167:.
1145:.
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1133:.
1072:.
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861:.
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545:,
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1153:.
1141::
1083:.
993:.
989::
943::
920:.
900::
857::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
