2449:
2463:
56:
710:. It became common in advanced industrial economies in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new trends in economic thinking about the inefficiencies of government regulation, and the risk that regulatory agencies would be controlled by the regulated industry to its benefit, and thereby hurt consumers and the wider economy. Economic regulations were promoted during the
515:
early
Egyptian, Indian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Standardized weights and measures existed to an extent in the ancient world, and gold may have operated to some degree as an international currency. In China, a national currency system existed and paper currency was invented. Sophisticated law
644:
refers to the expansion in the use of rulemaking, monitoring and enforcement techniques and institutions by the state and to a parallel change in the way its positive or negative functions in society are being carried out. The expansion of the state nowadays is generally via regulation and less via
434:
The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct ("command-and-control" regulation), calibrate incentives ("incentive" regulation), or change preferences ("preferences shaping" regulation). Common examples of regulation include limits on environmental
459:
One critical question in regulation is whether the regulator or government has sufficient information to make ex-ante regulation more efficient than ex-post liability for harm and whether industry self-regulation might be preferable. The
482:
In some countries (in particular the
Scandinavian countries) industrial relations are to a very high degree regulated by the labour market parties themselves (self-regulation) in contrast to state regulation of minimum wages etc.
495:'s Global Indicators Group scores 186 countries on transparency around proposed regulations, consultation on their content, the use of regulatory impact assessments and the access to enacted laws on a scale from 0 to 5. The
543:
and procedures under the authority of statutes. Legislators created these agencies to require experts in the industry to focus their attention on the issue. At the federal level, one of the earliest institutions was the
524:, law and standardization declined with the Roman Empire, but regulation existed in the form of norms, customs, and privileges; this regulation was aided by the unified Christian identity and a sense of honor regarding
447:
laws, regulations requiring truthful labelling of the ingredients in food and drugs, and food and drug safety regulations establishing minimum standards of testing and quality for what can be sold, and zoning and
1130:
Giandomenico Majone (1997). From the
Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of Changes in the Mode of Governance. Journal of Public Policy, 17, pp 139-167 doi:10.1017/S0143814X00003524
817:
Marcos
Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, (2014)
479:
Power to regulate should include the power to enforce regulatory decisions. Monitoring is an important tool used by national regulatory authorities in carrying out the regulated activities.
118:
649:
of the state with the growth in the use and application of rule making, monitoring and enforcement strategies and with the parallel growth of civil regulation and business regulation.
686:
is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group.
560:, and various other institutions. These institutions vary from industry to industry and at the federal and state level. Individual agencies do not necessarily have clear
1014:
Eraldo
Banovac. Monitoringgrundlagen der kroatischen Regulierungsbehörde fĂŒr Energie. EW â das Magazin fĂŒr die Energie Wirtschaft, Vol. 103, No. 1â2, 2004, pp. 14â16.
3000:
2856:
1253:
1069:
Sigman, Rachel, and
Staffan I. Lindberg. "Neopatrimonialism and democracy: An empirical investigation of Africa's political regimes." V-Dem Working Paper 56 (2017).
568:
creating the agency. In the 1930s, lawmakers believed that unregulated business often led to injustice and inefficiency; in the 1960s and 1970s, concern shifted to
535:
in the United
Kingdom, and succeeding Acts. Beginning in the late 19th and 20th centuries, much of regulation in the United States was administered and enforced by
577:
573:
1259:
Lawrence A. Cunningham, A Prescription to Retire the
Rhetoric of 'Principles-Based Systems' in Corporate Law, Securities Regulation and Accounting (2007)
296:
734:, and to mitigate boom and bust cycles. Around the late 1970s, such reforms were deemed burdensome on economic growth and many politicians espousing
2430:
1024:
2804:
2515:
963:
491:
Regulation can be assessed for different countries through various quantitative measures. The Global
Indicators of Regulatory Governance by
2837:
1185:
553:
431:
and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, ranging from consumer protection to faster growth or technological advancement.
1856:
1414:
1313:
265:
1227:
3530:
1970:
1839:
2425:
1772:
1673:
706:
is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. It is the repeal of governmental
103:
1932:
1566:
767:
545:
3366:
1285:
1235:
289:
208:
2950:
2092:
1571:
363:
3475:
3015:
2508:
2087:
532:
31:
3182:
2543:
2062:
1561:
137:
72:
829:
Levi-Faur, David, Regulation and
Regulatory Governance, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation and Governance, No. 1, 2010
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1922:
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2315:
2102:
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557:
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which had its roots in earlier state-based regulatory commissions and agencies. Later agencies include the
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389:
182:
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2067:
1745:
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779:
773:
561:
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337:
270:
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or patterns of behavior, and they are influenced heavily by their leadership and staff as well as the
3102:
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2654:
2195:
1541:
675:
596:
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468:
is analysed in empirical legal studies, law and economics, political science, environmental science,
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353:
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225:
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108:
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3410:
3295:
3127:
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2823:
2538:
2350:
1490:
1407:
901:"Keynote & Chapman Dialogue Address: Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Approaches to Financial Regulation"
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707:
608:
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3256:
3187:
3147:
3010:
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2165:
1824:
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1385:
1365:
1318:
1308:
1157:
969:
924:
881:
671:
660:
569:
540:
465:
427:-mandated regulation is government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement
409:
authority, contractual obligations (for example, contracts between insurers and their insureds),
244:
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17:
3405:
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Regulation in the social, political, psychological, and economic domains can take many forms:
367:
341:
230:
215:
98:
86:
1175:
421:), co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation or market regulation.
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taxing and spending. The notion of the regulatory state is increasingly more attractive for
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1955:
1915:
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47:
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128:
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which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,
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2180:
2160:
2132:
2082:
2047:
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2016:
2009:
1960:
1900:
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1536:
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973:
928:
790:
735:
719:
392:
is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
235:
203:
1119:"The Odyssey of the Regulatory State â Episode One: The Rescue of the Welfare State"
885:
3386:
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3320:
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3112:
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1510:
1450:
1440:
1392:
1350:
1328:
1271:
1180:
703:
697:
517:
503:
tracks the count of regulations by topic for United States, Canada, and Australia.
444:
249:
162:
113:
328:, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:
55:
1040:
943:
3505:
3290:
3266:
3213:
3203:
3080:
3030:
2980:
2930:
2659:
2558:
2448:
2389:
2330:
2320:
2117:
2112:
1950:
1851:
1767:
1726:
1693:
1658:
1581:
1505:
1455:
1370:
955:
723:
565:
382:
172:
1121:, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation & Governance, Paper No. 39, November 2011.
1118:
3325:
3300:
3238:
2846:
2613:
2453:
2382:
2262:
2200:
1945:
1866:
1819:
1789:
1750:
1596:
1586:
1546:
1531:
1515:
1465:
1402:
1397:
755:
711:
679:
604:
492:
440:
406:
333:
38:
920:
877:
770: â Field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work
3500:
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3400:
3330:
3075:
3020:
2995:
2960:
2360:
2325:
2267:
2242:
2107:
2004:
1992:
1977:
1965:
1893:
1811:
1784:
1668:
731:
612:
461:
436:
151:
81:
1153:
27:
General term for rules, including delegated legislation and self-regulation
1068:
900:
2409:
2394:
2097:
1982:
1779:
1323:
1025:"Self-regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations"
912:
869:
667:
525:
77:
1161:
853:
3381:
3243:
2299:
2247:
2227:
2175:
1987:
1905:
1721:
1683:
1631:
325:
321:
1053:
Introductory Handbook for Undertaking Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)
499:
include the regulatory quality indicator. The QuantGov project at the
3035:
2399:
2252:
1997:
1888:
1883:
1829:
1500:
758: â Process by which executive branch agencies create regulations
428:
157:
1241:
839:
818:
1258:
1242:
A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law
993:
776: â Academic discipline; implementation or management of policy
2340:
2284:
2190:
2031:
1834:
1333:
1001:
453:
381:
allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain
2493:
2222:
2170:
2026:
1424:
1340:
1220:
Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation (2009)
2819:
2497:
1267:
1051:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008),
1294:
600:
452:
regulation. Much less common are controls on market entry, or
402:
2815:
787: â Self-interests causing depletion of a shared resource
54:
340:
which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including
1140:
Dal BĂł, Ernesto (2006). "Regulatory capture: A review".
840:
What Is Regulation? 30 Yale Journal on Regulation Online
764: â Branch of law concerning the natural environment
1080:
1057:
https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/44789472.pdf
944:"Ex-ante Regulation, Ex-post Regulation, and Collusion"
1263:
1254:
Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy
1210:
336:, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the
793: â Economic theory applied to political science
572:, which led to extremely detailed laws creating the
3394:
3348:
3284:
3195:
3044:
2863:
2752:
2531:
2418:
2308:
2131:
2040:
1931:
1810:
1712:
1433:
1301:
752: â Protect consumers against unfair practices
678:of authority that occurs when a political entity,
531:Modern industrial regulation can be traced to the
320:, these types of rules exist in various fields of
950:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 49â66,
948:Applied Economic Analysis of Information and Risk
994:"Liability for Harm Versus Regulation of Safety"
464:of imposing or removing regulations relating to
3001:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
1031:. Lund: Juristförlaget i Lund 2017, pp. 357-383
1027:In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius (eds.)
2831:
2509:
1279:
578:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
574:United States Environmental Protection Agency
290:
8:
1234:Schmitz on Lessons from the European Union,
718:reforms were claimed as necessary to limit
316:according to a set of rules and trends. In
2838:
2824:
2816:
2516:
2502:
2494:
1286:
1272:
1264:
1041:Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance
674:(also called agency capture) is a form of
297:
283:
43:
854:"Limited Liability and the Known Unknown"
258:Enforcement authorities and organizations
2431:History of the American legal profession
1104:John Braithwaite, PĂ©ter Drahos. (2000).
511:Regulation of businesses existed in the
810:
615:-related purposes, including remedying
257:
136:
64:
46:
1211:Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE)
1216:New Perspectives on Regulation (2009)
1029:Festskrift till Ann Numhauser-Henning
696:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
659:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
633:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
589:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7:
1188:from the original on October 3, 2015
439:, laws against child labor or other
1225:US/Canadian Regulatory Cooperation:
554:Securities and Exchange Commission
25:
1415:Restitution and unjust enrichment
819:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253
266:International Competition Network
2462:
2461:
2447:
1142:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
992:Shavell, Steven (October 1983).
799: â Risk management strategy
18:Regulation (socio-legal concept)
2426:History of the legal profession
1176:"Regulatory Capture Definition"
738:started promoting deregulation.
768:Occupational safety and health
546:Interstate Commerce Commission
405:restrictions promulgated by a
271:List of competition regulators
1:
3367:Critique of political economy
1236:Canadian Privy Council Office
1108:. Cambridge University Press.
722:like corporate abuse, unsafe
364:self-regulatory organizations
2951:History of capitalist theory
899:Schwarcz, Steven L. (2011).
956:10.1007/978-981-15-3300-6_4
533:Railway Regulation Act 1844
32:Regulation (disambiguation)
3557:
2093:International legal theory
1572:International slavery laws
1567:International human rights
1562:International criminal law
1106:Global Business Regulation
695:
658:
632:
621:protecting the environment
588:
138:Anti-competitive practices
104:HerfindahlâHirschman index
73:History of competition law
36:
29:
3311:Labour market flexibility
2986:Multinational corporation
2853:
2441:
2146:Administration of justice
708:regulation of the economy
539:which produced their own
2805:Public policy by country
1923:Basic structure doctrine
1773:Natural and legal rights
1654:Public international law
1023:Anders Kjellberg (2017)
623:and economic management.
550:Federal Trade Commission
360:industry self-regulation
37:Not to be confused with
3531:Economics of regulation
3456:Individualist anarchism
2103:Principle of typicality
1577:International trade law
905:SSRN Electronic Journal
797:Precautionary principle
558:Civil Aeronautics Board
497:V-Dem Democracy indices
3421:Collectivist anarchism
3336:Social venture capital
3306:Freedom of association
2775:Public policy doctrine
942:Hosoe, Moriki (2020),
785:Tragedy of the commons
599:is the application of
390:self-regulation theory
183:Occupational licensing
59:
3486:Post-scarcity economy
3461:Libertarian socialism
3446:Free-market socialism
3377:Market fundamentalism
3362:Capitalist propaganda
2956:Industrial Revolution
2871:Anarchy of production
2765:Public administration
2760:Evidence-based policy
2098:Principle of legality
1857:Delegated legislation
1557:Intellectual property
852:Sim, Michael (2018).
780:Regulation of science
774:Public administration
450:development approvals
338:delegated legislation
312:is the management of
58:
2941:Financial Revolution
2906:Economic development
2780:Public policy school
2316:Barristers' chambers
2258:Legal representation
2196:Justice of the peace
1542:Financial regulation
1154:10.1093/oxrep/grj013
1059:, retrieved 4/11/23.
913:10.2139/ssrn.1748007
870:10.2139/ssrn.3121519
597:Regulatory economics
591:Regulatory economics
584:Regulatory economics
474:regulatory economics
379:metabolic regulation
354:Financial regulation
348:regulatory economics
226:Occupational closure
221:Dividing territories
209:Essential facilities
109:Market concentration
30:For other uses, see
3416:Anarcho-syndicalism
3411:Anarcho-primitivism
3296:Economic inequality
2911:Economic liberalism
2351:Election commission
2063:Expressive function
1592:Landlordâtenant law
1491:Consumer protection
750:Consumer protection
609:regulatory agencies
537:regulatory agencies
342:land-use regulation
3436:Economic democracy
3257:Private foundation
2309:Legal institutions
2176:Lawsuit/Litigation
2166:Dispute resolution
1971:Catholic canon law
1679:State of emergency
1642:Will and testament
1366:Law of obligations
1319:Constitutional law
1309:Administrative law
1238:Commissioned Study
1230:2011-04-30 at the
1117:Levi-Faur, David,
672:regulatory capture
661:Regulatory capture
654:Regulatory capture
570:regulatory capture
541:administrative law
520:. In the European
368:trade associations
245:Regulatory capture
60:
3513:
3512:
3406:Anarcho-communism
3277:Spontaneous order
3272:Social alienation
3229:Economic mobility
2916:Economic planning
2813:
2812:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2685:
2678:
2649:
2642:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2567:
2491:
2490:
2151:Constitutionalism
2073:Law and economics
1911:Act of parliament
1649:Product liability
1602:Legal archaeology
1527:Environmental law
1521:Entertainment law
1361:International law
996:. Cambridge, MA.
965:978-981-15-3299-3
888:– via SSRN.
762:Environmental law
522:Early Middle Ages
415:social regulation
307:
306:
236:Misuse of patents
231:Predatory pricing
216:Exclusive dealing
99:Barriers to entry
87:Coercive monopoly
16:(Redirected from
3548:
3496:Social anarchism
3471:Market socialism
3466:Market anarchism
3372:Critique of work
3262:Private property
3224:Economic freedom
3219:Decentralization
3197:Cultural aspects
3158:Regulated market
2936:Financial crisis
2921:Entrepreneurship
2840:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2770:Public budgeting
2734:
2727:
2720:
2681:
2674:
2647:Renewable energy
2645:
2638:
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2612:
2605:
2598:
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2584:
2577:
2563:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2275:Question of fact
2156:Criminal justice
1486:Construction law
1481:Conflict of laws
1446:Agricultural law
1288:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1198:
1197:
1195:
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858:Duke Law Journal
849:
843:
836:
830:
827:
821:
815:
642:regulatory state
635:Regulatory state
628:Regulatory state
470:health economics
299:
292:
285:
190:Product bundling
92:Natural monopoly
44:
21:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3491:Sharing economy
3481:Post-capitalism
3451:Green anarchism
3390:
3357:Anti-capitalism
3344:
3280:
3191:
3183:State-sponsored
3040:
3016:Property rights
2991:Nationalization
2901:Economic bubble
2859:
2849:
2844:
2814:
2809:
2785:Policy analysis
2748:
2527:
2522:
2492:
2487:
2460:
2446:
2437:
2414:
2405:Political party
2378:Legal education
2366:Law enforcement
2346:Court of equity
2304:
2280:Question of law
2233:Practice of law
2213:Judicial review
2127:
2078:Legal formalism
2058:Comparative law
2053:Contract theory
2036:
1956:Legal pluralism
1927:
1916:Act of Congress
1840:Executive order
1806:
1708:
1627:Nationality law
1552:Immigration law
1476:Competition law
1429:
1297:
1292:
1250:
1232:Wayback Machine
1207:
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3387:Wage slavery
3341:Unemployment
3321:Productivity
3252:Philanthropy
3113:Mercantilist
3090:
3061:Conservative
3025:
2896:Deregulation
2857:perspectives
2855:Aspects and
2794:
2753:Other topics
2539:Agricultural
2480:
2473:
2459:
2445:
2218:Jurisdiction
2186:Legal remedy
2141:Adjudication
2041:Legal theory
1879:Ratification
1874:Promulgation
1861:
1845:Proclamation
1825:Codification
1801:
1758:Human rights
1746:Divine right
1736:Constitution
1704:Women in law
1622:Military law
1617:Marriage law
1612:Maritime law
1511:Election law
1451:Aviation law
1441:Abortion law
1393:Property law
1329:Criminal law
1190:. Retrieved
1181:Investopedia
1179:
1170:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1126:
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1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1085:quantgov.org
1084:
1075:
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1052:
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1028:
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1010:
987:
977:, retrieved
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861:
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847:
834:
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813:
704:Deregulation
698:Deregulation
691:Deregulation
611:for various
530:
518:Ancient Rome
510:
490:
481:
478:
458:
456:regulation.
433:
423:
400:
373:in biology,
352:in finance:
346:in economy:
309:
308:
250:Rent-seeking
163:Price fixing
114:Market power
3506:Syndicalism
3426:Communalism
3291:Corporatism
3267:Rule of law
3214:Consumerism
3204:Advertising
3103:Libertarian
3081:Free-market
3051:Anglo-Saxon
3031:Wage labour
2981:Meritocracy
2931:Externality
2886:Competition
2696:Immigration
2683:Vaccination
2390:Legislature
2321:Bureaucracy
2118:Rule of man
2113:Rule of law
2088:Libertarian
1951:Chinese law
1852:Legislation
1802:Regulations
1790:Law reports
1768:Natural law
1664:Reparations
1659:Refugee law
1582:Jurimetrics
1523:(Media law)
1461:Banking law
1456:Amnesty law
1434:Disciplines
1371:Private law
864:: 275â332.
724:child labor
716:progressive
714:, in which
680:policymaker
566:organic law
562:life-cycles
516:existed in
487:Measurement
383:homeostasis
173:Bid rigging
3526:Regulation
3520:Categories
3395:Antithesis
3326:Prosperity
3301:Employment
3248:Mainstream
3239:Liberalism
3163:Regulatory
3138:Neoliberal
3086:Humanistic
3071:Democratic
3026:Regulation
2891:Depression
2847:Capitalism
2795:Regulation
2736:Technology
2600:Investment
2593:Industrial
2383:Law school
2263:Prosecutor
2201:Magistrate
1988:Jewish law
1946:Common law
1867:Rulemaking
1862:Regulation
1812:Law making
1751:Divine law
1727:Legal code
1674:Sports law
1597:Law of war
1547:Health law
1532:Family law
1516:Energy law
1466:Bankruptcy
1403:Punishment
1398:Public law
1192:October 2,
1081:"QuantGov"
979:2020-11-03
805:References
756:Rulemaking
712:Gilded Age
676:corruption
605:government
493:World Bank
441:employment
407:government
334:government
310:Regulation
240:copyrights
119:SSNIP test
39:Relegation
3501:Socialism
3476:Mutualism
3431:Communism
3401:Anarchism
3350:Criticism
3331:Syndicate
3066:Corporate
3021:Recession
2996:Oligopoly
2961:Invention
2722:Stem cell
2701:Knowledge
2629:Education
2361:Judiciary
2356:Executive
2331:The bench
2268:Solicitor
2243:Barrister
2123:Sociology
2108:Pseudolaw
2048:Anarchist
2005:Roman law
1993:Parsi law
1978:Hindu law
1966:Canon law
1941:Civil law
1894:Concordat
1785:Precedent
1694:Trust law
1669:Space law
1506:Drugs law
1376:Procedure
1314:Civil law
1248:Wikibooks
974:216306756
929:154354509
921:1556-5068
878:1556-5068
732:pollution
684:regulator
640:The term
613:economics
526:contracts
462:economics
437:pollution
152:Collusion
82:oligopoly
3128:National
3123:Monopoly
3076:Dirigist
3045:Ideology
2711:Military
2706:Language
2607:Monetary
2573:Economic
2554:Domestic
2549:Cultural
2468:Category
2410:Tribunal
2395:Military
2238:Attorney
2208:Judgment
2068:Feminist
1983:Jain law
1780:Case law
1501:Cyberlaw
1408:Corporal
1386:Criminal
1356:Evidence
1346:Doctrine
1324:Contract
1228:Archived
1186:Archived
1162:23606888
886:44186028
842:1 (2012)
743:See also
668:politics
78:Monopoly
3382:Marxism
3244:Liberty
3188:Welfare
3148:Private
3098:Liberal
2864:General
2716:Science
2691:Housing
2665:Foreign
2586:Incomes
2482:Outline
2419:History
2326:The bar
2300:Verdict
2248:Counsel
2228:Justice
2083:History
1906:Statute
1722:Charter
1684:Tax law
1632:Probate
1090:June 4,
513:ancient
507:History
466:markets
326:society
322:biology
158:cartels
3173:Social
3143:Nordic
3108:Market
3036:Wealth
3011:Profit
2744:Social
2670:Health
2634:Energy
2579:Fiscal
2565:reform
2532:Fields
2400:Police
2371:Agency
2253:Lawyer
1998:Sharia
1889:Treaty
1884:Repeal
1830:Decree
1741:Custom
1637:Estate
1587:Labour
1351:Equity
1160:
972:
962:
927:
919:
884:
876:
730:, and
472:, and
429:policy
417:(e.g.
3178:State
3168:Rhine
3118:Mixed
2729:Space
2621:Trade
2475:Index
2341:Court
2285:Trial
2191:Judge
2032:Yassa
1835:Edict
1381:Civil
1334:Crime
1158:JSTOR
970:S2CID
925:S2CID
882:S2CID
682:, or
454:price
425:State
419:norms
403:legal
397:Forms
194:tying
167:cases
2660:Food
2559:Drug
2223:Jury
2171:Fiqh
2027:Xeer
1425:Tort
1341:Deed
1218:and
1194:2015
1092:2023
960:ISBN
917:ISSN
874:ISSN
576:and
377:and
366:and
324:and
238:and
192:and
80:and
3153:Raw
3133:Neo
2614:Tax
1295:Law
1150:doi
998:doi
952:doi
909:doi
866:doi
666:In
607:or
603:by
601:law
332:in
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1729:/
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1152::
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1004:.
1000::
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