Regulation and licensure in engineering

225:(PEC) as a Registered engineer (RE). Previously, every engineering graduate registered with the PEC and at least five years of relevant work experience was eligible for the title of professional engineer (PE) without any exam. To improve the quality of engineering profession, this two-tier system has been enhanced via PEC CPD Bye-Laws 2008. This system was realistically implemented starting 10 July 2010. Graduate engineers now enroll and practice as registered engineer (RE) in their general discipline of work. After at least five years of relevant work experience and accumulation of at least 17 CPD (Continued Professional Development) points, they may attempt the Engineering Practice Examination (EPE) conducted by the PEC. EPE is held by PEC biennially in major cities across the country. Those who pass the EPE are given the prestigious title of professional engineer (PE) in their specialized discipline of work. 1931:, the ingeniero (engineer) title is regulated by law, which distinguishes at least three different kinds of professional engineering titles. First, the igeniería de ejecución, which only requires a degree in applied science and a technical degree from a university or a technical institute (usually four years total). Second, ingeniería, which requires a major degree in basic sciences plus a technical degree, both from a university (usually five years total). Third, ingeniería civil, which requires an academic major degree in basic sciences, a minor degree in applied sciences and a technical degree, all from a university (usually six or six and a half years total). In all cases, the term refers to a professional degree conceded by an educational institution, yet it can only be given by certain institutions when all legal requirements are met. 2093:

business entity or work internally within an exempt organization. Such person does not have the final authority to approve or the ultimate responsibility for, engineering designs, plans or specifications that are to be: (A) incorporated into fixed works, systems or facilities on the property of others; or (B) made available to the public. These individuals are prohibited from representing an ability or willingness to perform engineering services or make an engineering judgment requiring a licensed professional engineer, engage in practice of engineering, offer engineering services directly to the public and/or other businesses; unless the business entity is registered with the state's board of engineering and the practice is carried on/supervised directly only by engineers licensed to engage in the practice of engineering. Examples are

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work. Upper limit of 2 credit points per year has been established for on-job work experience. Rewarding only 800 hours (~4 months full-time) of work per year has many benefits including inherent tolerance for bouts of unemployment, in-built allowance for sickness/disease/injury, discouraging workaholism, enabling full-time engineering teachers to gain relevant field experience with reduced time commitment (e.g. part-time consulting engagement) and encouraging participation in other CPD activities which further the engineering profession (e.g. guest lectures, publishing research, authoring a book and social work for engineers under recognized engineers' associations).

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profession's practice and ethical standards and by preventing the misuse of the title professional engineer by individuals who are not licensed members of the profession. They also take appropriate action to prevent the illegal practice of engineering by unlicensed individuals. Each licensing body's mandate and obligation to undertake this role is laid out in the act that created it. Although each act is slightly different, most also define a scope of practice for engineers and specifically restrict the use of the title professional engineer to individuals who have been licensed by the engineering licensing body in the province or territory where the act applies.

94:, licensed engineers enjoy significant influence over their regulation. They are often the authors of the pertinent codes of ethics used by some of these organizations. Engineers in private practice most often find themselves in traditional professional-client relationships in their practice. Engineers employed in government service and government-run industry are on the other side of that relationship. Despite the different focus, engineers in industry and private practice face similar ethical issues and reach similar conclusions. One American engineering society, the 1823:

regulation of engineering practice dates to 1937, when the Professional Engineers Act was amended and the engineering profession was "closed" to non-qualified individuals; that is, licensure was made mandatory for anyone practising professional engineering. The provincial government determined that it would be in the public interest to restrict the practice of engineering to those who were qualified and the right to practice was "closed" to non-engineers as a result of the failures of bridges and buildings, which had been designed by unskilled individuals.

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diploma engineer is a university degree and not a professional registration or license. However, in Germany and most other countries where the diploma engineer degree exist, there is no professional registration or license in engineering (with a very limited number of exceptions, such as civil engineering in Germany). For this reason, graduates holding these degrees are generally allowed to use the legally protected title of "engineer" within these countries. In Germany the usage of the term engineer (

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in California it is possible to take a PE examination with only two years of experience after a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree or one year of experience after a Master of Engineering. In other states candidates may take one of the PE exams directly through NCEES, in some cases immediately after graduation, but they still must wait until obtaining the required experience before obtaining a license. Some states also have state-specific examinations. California requires two additional exams in

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staff as well additional areas the visiting board may feel need addressing. The specific areas considered are curriculum content, program environment and general criteria. The associations are granted both an exclusive right to title and an exclusive right to practice. A professional engineer is legally required to be licensed in most provinces. The level of enforcement varies depending on the specific industry but often a complaint needs to be filed for regulatory action to commence.

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and the license is valid only in the state that granted it. Therefore, many professional engineers maintain licenses in more than one state. Comity, also known as reciprocity, between states allows engineers who are licensed or registered in one state to obtain a license in another state without meeting the ordinary rigorous proof of qualification by testing. This is accomplished by the second state recognizing the validity of the first state's licensing or registration process.

181:. Complete a standard Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) written examination, which tests applicants on breadth of understanding of basic engineering principles and, optionally, some elements of an engineering speciality. Accumulate a certain amount of engineering experience requirement is at least four years. Complete a written Principles and Practice in Engineering (PE) examination, which tests the applicant's knowledge and skills in their chosen engineering discipline ( 2176:

of and are peers with engineers, software analysts, play producers, architects and other creative career fields to handle the cost dimension, but they do not necessarily have the same background. Whether they have technical, operations, finance and accounting or other backgrounds, cost engineering practitioners need to share a common understanding, based on "scientific principles and techniques," with the engineering or other creative career functions.

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divided into multiple disciplines, such as structural, architectural, electrical, and mechanical. It tests candidates' ability to understand and apply relevant codes and standards. The exam is conducted over a weekend, with each day featuring a 6-hour session. The first day's exam focuses on code requirements, while the second day's exam involves questions about actual engineering cases, requiring references to equations and performing calculations.

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specific procedures and requirements for obtaining a registration, charter or license to practice engineering. These are obtained from the government or a charter-granting authority acting on its behalf and engineers are subject to regulation by these bodies. In addition to licensure, there are voluntary certification programs for various disciplines which involve examinations accredited by the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards.

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presenting themselves as an engineer or land surveyor and created a board of examiners. Charles Bellamy, a 52-year-old engineer and mineral surveyor then became the first licensed professional engineer in the United States. After enactment, Johnson would wryly write about the effect of the law, saying, "A most astonishing change took place within a few months in the character of maps and plans filed with the applications for permits."

737:(NCEES). However, each state's board of professional engineers individually sets the requirements to take the exams, as well as the passing score. For example, applicants in some states must provide professional references from several PEs before they can take the PE exam. There is a fairly large range in exam pass rates for FE and PE exams, but the pass rate for repeat test takers is significantly lower. 2085:'s formal position on this is as follows: "The title, engineer and its derivatives should be reserved for those individuals whose education and experience qualify them to practice in a manner that protects public safety. Strict use of the title serves the interest of both the IEEE-USA and the public by providing a recognized designation by which those qualified to practice engineering may be identified." 260:& CPD points requirement and will be awarded professional engineer (PE) title on submission of application. On 29 June 2018, International Engineering Alliance (IEA) bestowed on PEC the authority to award IPE (IntPE) status to qualifying candidates. PEC developed the application framework and, since September 2020, began accepting applications through a dedicated IPEA portal on the PEC website. 1942:, the title of ingeniero—can only be legally used by someone with a five- or six-year engineering degree. In Argentina most universities have a five- or six-year engineering degree (Around 3,500–4,000 hours of classes or approx. 240–250 credits, where one credit equals 16 contact hours). Both countries concede the degree most commonly through universities and sometimes through certain institutions. 356:) was not regulated until the 8th of July 1965. It was estimated that at this point there were 105 000 Engineers with academic degrees, 225 000 engineers with an academy or engineering school degree, and 30 000 self-styled engineers. Self-styled engineers could apply for an exception to continue to use the job title or had to cease to use the title within a certain time frame. 1749:) customary practice in post-nominal terms such as: engenheiro civil, engenheiro mecânico, engenheiro electricista, engenheiro florestal, engenheiro agrônomo, engenheiro de segurança do trabalho in Brazil. Registration by CONFEA/CREA in the federation states of Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins, São Paulo and others but to work in more than one state is possible only with "visto". 519:

Technology), standing conference and economic ministerial meeting of countries, the Confederation of German Employers' Associations, German Chambers of Industry and Commerce, German Trade Union Federation and the Federal Institute for Vocational Application. They agreed on a common position on the implementation of the EQF, as a German qualifications framework (DQR).

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that hears complaints of professional misconduct and incompetence. A discipline committee may suspend a certificate of authorization (firm license) for an engineering corporation, an engineering license or issue a fine for violations of the local engineering legislation for professional misconduct, deceit, misrepresentation, negligence or violation of contract.

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specifically granted by that state through a professional engineering license. Also, many states prohibit unlicensed persons from calling themselves an "engineer" or indicating branches or specialties not covered by the licensing acts. Employees of state or federal agencies may also call themselves engineers if that term appears in their official job title. The

704:(ABET)-accredited four-year college or university program with a degree in engineering (e.g., Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science in engineering, Master of Science in engineering, Master of Engineering) or in some states, graduate from an ABET-accredited four-year college or university program with a degree in engineering technology. 775:. However, in all cases engineers are ethically required to limit their practice to their area of competency, which is usually a small portion of a discipline. While licensing boards do not often enforce this limitation, it can be a factor in negligence lawsuits. In a few states, licensed civil engineers may also perform land survey work. 659:, also known as reciprocity, between states allows engineers who are licensed or registered in one state to obtain a license in another state without meeting the ordinary rigorous proof of qualification by testing. This is accomplished by the second state recognizing the validity of the first state's licensing or registration process. 3423: 1822:

The first law related to professional engineering in Ontario was created in 1922 and allowed for the creation of a voluntary association to oversee registration of engineers. The Act of 1922 was "open", meaning that membership in the association was not mandatory for practising engineers. In Ontario,

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is used as a pre-nominal in Uganda for registered engineers. In Uganda, a registered engineer must as a prerequisite be a member of the Uganda Institution of professional engineers (UIPE) and must have a Bachelor of Science (or higher) in engineering together with relevant engineering experience that

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The practice of engineering in Canada is highly regulated under a system of licensing administered by a self regulated engineering association in each province. In Canada the designation "professional engineer" and "engineer" (including titles containing the word engineer and abbreviations such as P.

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on the European Qualification Framework. A bachelor's (honours) degree in engineering or engineering technology from an accredited university is also equated to level 6 on EQF. A state-certified engineer is not required to complete a university degree. Before Jan. 31, 2012, a state-certified engineer

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IPEA & IntPE: Through clause 13 (h) of PEC CPD Bye-laws 2008, PEC was unilaterally honoring the Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF)/International Professional Engineers Agreement (IPEA) since 10 July 2010. An engineer already registered as a professional engineer with EMF/IPEA would be exempt from EPE

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To qualify, candidates must complete two levels of exams. The first level is an 8-hour close-book basic knowledge exam, covering coures of undergraduate engineering degrees. After passing this exam, participants can take the second-level professional exam the following year. This professional exam is

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For CPD points system, upper limit of points has also been implemented to prevent abuse of the system and encourage balanced participation in various CPD activities. In case of on-job work experience which is the primary engagement of engineering profession, one CPD point is awarded for 400 hours of

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Becoming a licensed engineer is a process that varies around the world but generally requires a four-year engineering degree and four years of engineering experience. In some regions, use of the term "engineer" is regulated, in others it is not. Where engineering is a regulated profession, there are

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An engineering licence provides the public with the assurance that qualified persons are doing or overseeing engineering work. An unlicensed worker or manager has no specific liability, as this is borne by the employer through tort law or engineering legislation, and there is no regulatory authority

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The skills and knowledge required to deal with costs (e.g., cost estimating, planning and scheduling, etc.) are quite different from those required to deal with the physical design dimension. From that difference, the field of cost engineering was born. Cost engineering practitioners work alongside

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California law dictates disciplinary proceedings by the Board for Professional Engineers, Land Surveyors and Geologists against a licensed engineer who has committed deceit, misrepresentation, negligence or a violation of contract. The Professional Engineers of Ontario have a disciplinary committee

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Other uses of the term engineer are legally controlled and protected to varying degrees, dependent on the state and the enforcement of its engineering certification board. The term is frequently applied to fields where practitioners may have no engineering background or the work has no basis in the

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Every state regulates the practice of engineering to ensure public safety by granting only Professional Engineers (PEs) the authority to sign and seal engineering plans and offer their services to the public. There are additional requirements to include at least one professional engineer within the

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The Canadian Information Processing Society, and in particular CIPS Ontario, have attempted to strike a balance between the professional engineering licensing bodies and the IT industry over the use of the term engineer in the software industry, but so far no major agreements or decisions have been

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In a few states, it is still possible for an individual to bypass Step No. 1 and apply to take the registration examinations—as long as a PE sponsors the applicant—because work experience can be substituted for academic experience. The requirement for years of experience may also vary. For example,

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Degree requirements in the United States are evolving. Effective January 1, 2020, the NCEES model will require additional credits beyond a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree. NCEES is developing the types of creditable activities that will satisfy the additional educational requirement. This

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is the UK regulatory body for its engineering profession. It holds the national registers of 235,000 engineers registered as EngTech (engineering technicians), ICTTech (information and communications technology technicians), IEng (incorporated engineers) and CEng (chartered engineers). These titles

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In the United States, use of the title professional engineer is restricted to those holding a professional engineer's license. These people have the right to add the letters PE after their names on resumes, business cards and other communication. However, each state has its own licensing procedure

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The US model has generally been only to require the practicing engineers offering engineering services that impact the public welfare, safety or safeguarding of life, health or property to be licensed, while engineers working in private industry without a direct offering of engineering services to

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Additional confusion has taken place over similarly-named occupations. One such example is power engineers or stationary engineers. Graduates of a two-year college level power engineering technology program in Nova Scotia may use the title power engineer or stationary engineer. This conflicts with

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are official designations under Australian Legislation (Professional Employees Award 2010) for engineers that carry out professional engineering duties and; are a member of Engineers Australia; or are a graduate engineer with 4 years experience with professional engineering duties; or are who have

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overlap. In general, the primary professional responsible for designing habitable buildings is an architect. The architect signs and seals design plans for buildings and other structures that humans may occupy. A structural engineer is contracted to provide technical structural design ensuring the

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In addition to the person's license, most states require that firms providing engineering services are authorized to do so. For instance, the state of Florida requires businesses offering engineering services to be registered with the state and have a Florida licensed professional engineer qualify

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The term "engineer" is often used loosely in some Canadian industry sectors to describe people working in the field of engineering technology—not professional engineering—as engineering technologists or engineering technicians and trades names such as stationary engineer. For example, the Canadian

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Professional engineers are not licensed in a specific discipline but are bound by their respective provincial engineering legislation (e.g. in Ontario: Professional Engineers Act R.R.O. 1990, Regulation 941, Section 72) from practicing beyond their training and experience. Breaches of the code are

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State-certified engineer, business manager and designer levels are now a level 6–Bachelor on DQF and EQF, as of Jan. 31, 2012. The following top representatives and agents institutions were involved: federal government (Federal Ministry for Education and Research, Federal Ministry of Economics and

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A member of the BVT is entitled to use the initials "BVT" after his name. To achieve this qualification, it is required to complete a 42-month apprenticeship program, a minimum 2,400 hour college diploma in engineering or technology, two years of relevant experience and pass the state examination.

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continues to be protected even after the implementation of the bologna process. This also applies to translations and abbreviations. The group of people allowed to use the job title was actually widened. Typically since 2013 the engineer laws of the states allow persons who completed scientific or

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maintenance technicians. Breaches of engineering law are often sufficient grounds for enforcement measures, which may include the suspension or loss of license and financial penalties. They may also include imprisonment, should gross negligence be shown to have played a part in loss of human life.

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use of the title is limited by several laws to people with an engineering degree from an accredited higher education institution or university. Engineering and architecture professions and related titles are governed by Law No. 3458, which came into effect in 1938. There are also several laws for

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fined Microsoft Canada $ 1,000 for misusing the "engineer" title by referring to MCSE graduates as engineers. Conversely an Alberta court dismissed the lawsuit filed by The Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGGA) against Raymond Merhej for using the

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when lawyers, notaries and others without engineering education were making poor quality submissions to the state for permission to use state water for irrigation. Clarence Johnson, the Wyoming state engineer, presented a bill in 1907 to the state legislature that required registration for anyone

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such as reports, plans, engineering drawings and calculations for study estimate or valuation or carry out design analysis, repair, servicing, maintenance or supervision of engineering work, process or project. In cases where public safety, property or welfare is concerned, licensed engineers are

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However, it is important to make a distinction between a "graduate engineer" and a "professional engineer". A "graduate engineer" is anyone holding a degree in engineering from an accredited four-year university program, but is not licensed to practice or offer services to the public. Unlicensed

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The accreditation process is continuous and enforced through regular accreditation reviews of each school. These reviews typically include the review of the school's curriculum (including marked final exams and assignments), interviews of current students, extracurricular activities and teaching

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Under the "Occupation Qualification" system, engineers are classified by their specific profession, such as "Registered Architect," "Registered Structural Engineer," "Registered Civil Engineer," "Registered Electrical Engineer," "Registered Public Equipment Engineer," etc. To obtain a registered

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In Germany and some other European and Latin American countries, the term diploma engineer implies that the person has completed typically one year of academic work beyond the basic Bachelor of Engineering degree and completed a major academic project, similar to a master's thesis. Therefore, a

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and power engineer. Engineering in Canada is regulated in the public interest by self-governing professional licensing bodies. These bodies were established by Canada's 13 provincial and territorial governments through legislation. The provincial and territorial governments have delegated their

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Many private companies employ non-degree workers in technical positions with engineering titles such as "test engineer" or "field engineer". At the company's discretion, as long as the company does not offer engineering services directly to the public or other businesses, such positions may not

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It is often illegal for a practicing engineer to jeopardize public safety in any way. This means that an engineer must hold herself or himself to the highest level of technical and moral conduct reasonable or suffer litigation if an engineering system fails causing harm to the public, including

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In the United States an "industrial exemption" allows businesses to employ employees and call them an "engineer", as long as such individuals are under the direct supervision and control of the business entity and function internally related to manufacturing (manufactured parts) related to the

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Canadian provinces legally allow engineers to self-regulate their profession. The licensing bodies fulfil this mandate by ensuring standards of engineering practice and education in Canada, by setting standards for admission into the profession, by disciplining engineers who fail to uphold the

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Today, this is on the same level as a bachelor's degree. One can continue to study to a master's degree level to achieve SCE qualification. The academic requirements for qualification are similar to incorporated engineer qualification/registration by EC UK. State-certified engineers now assist

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IE(India) also offers registration as a professional engineer (PE ) and international professional engineer (PE ) to member-engineers having seven years of active practical engineering experience after achieving their degrees. IE(India) is a member of IPEA (International Professional Engineers

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may be specifically exempted from regulation under an "industrial exemption". The industrial exemption varies from state to state. An industrial exemption covers engineers who design products such as automobiles that are sold (or have the potential to be sold) outside the state where they are

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In Pakistan, engineering is regulated at the federal level. Engineers recognized as registered engineer (RE) or professional engineer with PEC need not go through further process once they move to another province or territory within Pakistan. For structural engineers, registration with local

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and a minimum formation of three courses in an engineering official college. Both types of engineers have full competency in their respective professional field of engineering, being the difference that the three-year engineers have competence only in their specialty (mechanical, electrical,

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To avoid confusion, PEC CPD Bye-Laws 2008 introduced the legal term "registered person". Registered person is a term distinct from registered engineer (RE). It is a blanket term used for all persons enrolled with PEC in any capacity – whether as registered engineers (RE) or professional

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New York Article 145 §7201. Definition of practice of engineering. The practice of the profession of engineering is defined as performing professional service such as consultation, investigation, evaluation, planning, design or supervision of construction or operation in connection with any

233:, master or PhD), on-job experience, participating in conferences/workshops as audience, speaker or organizer, publications in technical journals, part-time teaching activities, serving as guest lecturer (other than full-time teaching) and serving as external examiner for master/PhD thesis. 2080:

In the United States, the practice of professional engineering is highly regulated and the title "professional engineer" is legally protected, meaning that it is unlawful to use it to offer engineering services to the public unless permission, certification or other official endorsement is

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is used as a pre-nominal in Nigeria (for holders of bachelor or higher degree in engineering with relevant experience and having successfully passed the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) Professional Exams and fulfill other NSE and Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN)

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As with many other professions and activities, engineering is often a restricted activity. Relatedly, jurisdictions that license according to particular engineering discipline define the boundaries of each discipline carefully so that practitioners understand what they are competent to do.

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In India, engineers with a bachelor's or master's degree in engineering or technology from a university are allowed to practice as consulting engineers—They must be licensed or registered with municipalities in order to submit public plans, designs or drawings for approval and record. The

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A licensed engineer takes legal responsibility for engineering work, product or projects (typically via a seal or stamp on the relevant design documentation) as far as the local engineering legislation is concerned. Regulations require that only a licensed engineer can sign, seal or stamp

1839:). Microsoft has since changed the title to "Microsoft Certified IT Professional". Several licensing bodies for professional engineering contend that only licensed professional engineers are legally allowed to use the title engineer. The IT industry, on the other hand, counters that: 340:. The professional title "Ing. EurEta" is used as a pre-nominal (similar to Dr. or Prof). An engineer registered with EurEta "European Higher Engineering and Technical Professionals Association" is called an "EurEta Registered Engineer," and has the right to use this title in Europe. 936:

must be documented, supported by two registered engineers and defended by the applicant in an interview with the Engineers' Registration Board (ERB), which has the power to confirm designation as a registered engineer. Annual fees must be paid to the ERB by all registered engineers.

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To improve the quality of engineering services, engineers with professional engineer (PE) status are also required to engage in CPD activities in order to be able to retain their PE license. CPD points are awarded for various developmental activities such as formal education (e.g.

711:(FE) written examination, which tests applicants on breadth of understanding of basic engineering principles and, optionally, some elements of an engineering speciality. Completion of the first two steps typically qualifies applicants for certification in the United States as an 1631:

in Germany (for engineers holding three-and-a-half years of certified apprenticeship, followed by a minimum of a 2,400-hour degree and a minimum of two years of approved relevant experience, members of the federal Association of Higher Professionals for Technology, Economy and

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Coast Guard and the Canadian Navy often calls its technicians "marine engineers," "power engineers" and "military engineers" internally, but not in the public domain. The term "locomotive engineer" has been an integral part of the Canadian railroad since its inception. "

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Under the "Professional Title" system, engineers are divided into Assistant Engineer, Engineer, and Senior Engineer. Professional titles are awarded based on educational background, work experience, performance, participation in training programs, and awards received.

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In France, the title engineer is used liberally and is often attributed based on professional position rather than initial qualification. However, the title ingénieur diplomé (diploma engineer) is reserved for people having followed one of the trainings listed by the

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often sufficient grounds for enforcement measures, which may include the suspension or loss of license and financial penalties. It could also result in serving time jail, should negligence be shown to have played a part in any incident that causes loss of human life.

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The state laws typically regard the unauthorized use of the job title engineer as a misdemeanor. § 132a of the criminal code of Germany makes the unauthorized use of an academic degree title a criminal offense. Punishable by up to one year of imprisonment or a fine.

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The professional engineer's license is only valid in the province of delivery. There are, however, agreements between the associations to ease mobility. In 2009, professional engineers Ontario led an initiative to develop a national engineering licensing framework.

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Engineers are not tested on technical knowledge during the licensing process if their education was accredited by the CEAB. Accreditation of schools and their accredited degree granting status are monitored and controlled. This accreditation process is governed by

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Provincial laws, other than in Quebec and Ontario, regulate only the use of term professional engineer and not any title with the word engineer; in Quebec and Ontario, the term engineer is protected by both the Engineers Act and by Section 32 of the Professional

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In general there is no restriction on the right to practise as an engineer in the UK. However there are a small number of areas of work, generally safety related, which are reserved by statute, regulations or industry standards to licensed or otherwise approved

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certificate usually qualified the holder to proceed to bachelor's level education at a university of applied science. In the past, this led to wide and controversial discussions between bachelor's and master's degrees engineers and state-certified engineers.

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Further, the laws of the states contain provisions for the authorities to grant persons who obtained their engineering degree or title from a foreign institution or otherwise the right to use the job title. With special provisions for EU member states.

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is some kind of separate degree, while in fact these are two degrees, regardless of how they were obtained. The degree in general includes license to practice, although some regulation may require additional registration to perform specific tasks (see

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Generally engineering regulatory bodies will not launch an investigation without a complaint form being filled out by an individual. The complaint will be the basis of an investigation into professional misconduct, breach of contract or negligence.

2121:. These are often seen in engineering job advertisements online and in news papers. Most of the advertisements and employers do not require licensing because these positions do not pose a direct threat to public health or pose a liability danger. 798:

engineers. However, some engineers in other fields obtain licenses for the ability to serve as professional witnesses in courts, before government committees or just for prestige—even though they may never actually sign and seal design documents.

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is used as a post-nominal in South Africa (for engineers holding a BEng, BSc.Eng. or B.Ing. with relevant experience). "Pr.Cert.Eng" standing for professional certificated engineer is used as a post-nominal for engineers who have registered with

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title "system engineer," claiming that, 'The respondent's situation is such that it cannot be contended that the public is likely to be deceived, confused or jeopardized by his use of the term...'" APEGGA also lost the appeal to this decision.

401:) established their own engineer laws, because in Germany education is a matter of regulation for the federal states, not the federal government. These laws are all very similar and describe who is allowed to use the job title of an engineer. 785:

account for a large portion of licensed professional engineers. In Texas, for example, about 37 percent of licenses are for civil engineers, with civil engineering exams making up more than half of the exams taken. Many of the remainder are

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utilities, structures, buildings, machines, equipment, processes, works, or projects wherein the safeguarding of life, health and property is concerned, when such service or work requires the application of engineering principles and data.

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is used as a pre-nominal (similar to Dr. or Prof). An engineer registered with EurEta "European Higher Engineering and Technical Professionals Association" is called an "EurEta Registered Engineer" and has the right to use this title in

322:," i.e., it is placed before rather than after the name as in the case of a post-nominal title such as those for academic degrees. However, this clashes with the practice in some EU countries where academic degrees are also pre-nominal. 1830:

The use of the term engineer was an issue between professional bodies, the IT industry and the security industry, where companies or associations may issue certifications or titles with the word engineer as part of that title (such as

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of professional engineers and engineering practice is governed by the individual states. Each registration or license is valid only in the state where it is granted. Some licensed engineers maintain licenses in more than one state.

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stands for Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland and is required by all engineers within Queensland, and any engineers doing work for Queensland. It is subject to CPD requirements to maintain status. Administered by the

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lobbies and strives to establish the EUR ING as a guarantee of competence for professional engineers. It is not a government or supranational (European Union) authority, but recognized by the EU as an example of self-regulation.

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is the title that is used by persons holding a five years of study degree from a public engineering university. This separates them from "simple" engineers having four years of studies in Greek "TEI" (Technical Educational

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Agreement) with bilateral agreements with many national, foreign and international engineering institutions. Many municipalities exempt chartered engineers (PE or PE ) from their licenser or registration, by reciprocity (

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With regard to the term "software engineer", many states, such as Texas and Florida, have introduced license requirements for such a title that are in line with the requirements for more traditional engineering fields.

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Accumulate a certain amount of engineering experience: in most states the requirement is four years, but it is lower in some. For engineering technology graduates, the required number of years may be higher.

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Some states issue generic professional engineering licenses. Others, known as "discipline states", issue licenses for specific disciplines of engineering, such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering,

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To receive designation as a CEng, it is required to have approved education (typically to Master's level) and also demonstrate significant technical and commercial leadership and management competencies.

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Gesetz zum Schutze der Berufsbezeichnung "Ingenieur" und "Ingenieurin" – Ingenieurgesetz – IngG – (BayRS 702-2-W), zuletzt geändert durch § 1 des Gesetzes vom 24. März 2010 (GVBl S. 138)

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not graduated from a university course, but are an engineer with five years experience carrying out professional engineering duties as would be the case for autodidactic and industry-trained engineers.

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The European Engineer (Eur Ing, EUR ING) is an international certificate for engineers used in many European countries. The certificate is granted after successful application to a national member of

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As of 2023, it is still possible for an individual to bypass Steps No. 2 and 4. In Texas, for example, FE exam waivers are still available to individuals with several years of creditable experience.

484:

The certificate is granted to engineering technologists upon successful completion of a technical college and it is also granted by an international organization with headquarters in Germany, the "

1819:

constitutional authority to regulate engineers and engineering in Canada to professional licensing bodies that are maintained and governed by the profession, creating a system of self-regulation.

543:

are fully protected under law by means of the Engineering Council's Royal Charter and By-Laws. In order to protect these titles, action is taken through the courts against their unauthorized use.

256:: Pakistan gained Observer status in Washington Accord in 2009, Provisional member in 2010 and became Full signatory on 21 June 2017. Pakistan was the 19th signatory ever to achieve this status. 390:, too. Over time, and depending on the actual state of the infighting between universities and universities of applied sciences, universities of applied sciences granted the title with a suffix 4269: 2001:

under its royal charter. These titles are protected under civil law. The Engineering Council is also the UK member of the International Professional Engineers Agreement and awards the title of

412:

and changed to a bachelor/master system with the respective academic titles. Only very few universities still provide diploma degree courses and grant an academic title with the word engineer (

734: 1966:

has a broad sense and can refer to multiple different jobs associated with engineering. Specific titles, however, are protected. In addition to professional engineering titles, these include

2221: 1238:) in Spain, used as a pre-nominal, for the engineers who have the equivalent to a master's degree as they studied five or six courses in an engineering superior school. There also exists an 2884: 603:

Complete an engineer-in-training (EIT) or engineering internship program under the direction of a professional engineer. With the exception of Quebec, this is a minimum four-year program.

3628: 3043: 828:

stability and safety of the overall structure, however, no states currently allow engineers the ability to perform professional architecture without also being licensed as an architect.

375:) from an engineering school or engineering academy. Earlier graduates from engineering schools or academies could continue to use the title or in some cases could change their title to 1280:

who is a professional with a bachelor's degree (first study cycle) in engineering or engineering sciences. Accredited master's degrees in engineering are regulated and certified by the

551: 21:

is established by various jurisdictions of the world to encourage life, public welfare, safety, well-being, then environment and other interests of the general public and to define the

2053: 163:. For standardization, FE and PE exams are written and graded by a central organization, the National Organization for Examination and Training (NOET) which is known as Sanjesh in 515:

engineers with only a diploma or master's degree. They are also holding full engineering positions as systems engineers, integration engineers, test engineers, QA engineers, etc.

3965: 3939: 3913: 160: 1924:

each of the engineering branches. Usage of the "mühendis" (engineer in Turkish) title by others (even those with much more work experience) is illegal and punishable by law.

4013: 122:

Registered engineers must pass two levels of rigorous exams. Whether design documents or drawings need to be signed by registered engineers depends on provinces or cities.

4309: 1306:), officially translated "Master of Science (Technology)", is awarded by universities and universities of technology and is preceded by an intermediate bachelor's degree ( 701: 119:

engineer title, in addition to having a certain amount of work experience in a specific profession, one must pass a series of specific exams organized by the government.

2906: 844:

Letters after or before a person's name (post-nominal or pre-nominal letters) are commonly used to denote the holder of an engineering license in various jurisdictions:

428:

engineering studies of at least three years (e.g. bachelor, or the older diploma studies) at a German academic institution to use engineer as a job title. Also a lot of

1904:, not the federal government. Although the details of the laws vary, they all properly restrict the usage of the term. Examples of such laws are listed in the endnotes. 994:

is an official designation under Australian Legislation (Professional Employees Award 2010) that covers graduated engineering students of a suitable engineering course.

725:(PE) examination, which tests the applicant's knowledge and skills in their chosen engineering discipline (civil, electrical, industrial, mechanical, etc.), as well as 50:

trusted by the government and the public to perform the task in a competent manner. In various parts of the world, licensed engineers may use a protected title such as

1171: 111:

China has two parallel systems for evaluating professional engineers, one as part of the "Professional Title" and the other as part of the "Occupation Qualification".

2380: 2321: 598:

Graduate from a non-CEAB program with a minimum of two years education in engineering or a related study area plus the completion of a technical examination program.

3841: 3887: 3848:, Brandenburgisches Ingenieurgesetz (BbgIngG) Vom 29. Juni 2004 (GVBl.I/04, , S.326), zuletzt geändert durch Artikel 2 des Gesetzes vom 11. März 2010 (GVBl.I/10, ) 2653: 2528: 1255:

changes this structure. The degree will require four courses and the superior engineering school engineers will equal the ones that hold a master's in engineering.

4286: 382:

In the 1970s German converted its engineering schools and academies into universities of applied sciences and founded new such universities. With this change the

4124: 2950: 329:, defines if an engineering degree and usually an engineering professional qualification from one member country is recognized by another. For EU member states, 2398: 538:" The title "engineer" is not regulated, but certain engineering titles are. There is no system for licensing, but registers are held of qualified persons. The 1217:(European engineer) in Europe, used as a pre-nominal (similar to Dr. or Prof.) after being suitably registered in their own country and then accepted by FEANI. 2282:

No Author Listed, FINAL REPORT Repeal of the Industrial Exception Data Gathering and Analysis Research Project, Professional Engineers Ontario, January 2017.

2171:, a professional body for cost engineers, explains why a technical engineering background is not required for their profession with the following statement: 836:

engineers usually work as employees for a company or as professors in engineering colleges, where they are governed under the industrial exemption clause.

819:

are not covered by an industrial exemption, though small residential buildings often do not require an engineer's seal. In some jurisdictions, the role of

722: 3054: 1855: 740:

All 50 states and the District of Columbia have engineering boards that are represented on the NCEES, which administers both the FE and PE examinations.

581: 95: 3991: 2683: 595:

Graduate with a degree from an accredited program in engineering or applied science, accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB).

3090: 2226: 2069: 1580:

by university) through an integrated five-year Bachelor of Science/Master of Science program. Some (particularly in the U.S.) mistakenly believe that

1490: 1469:(høyskoleingeniør, Bachelor of Science) in Norway. The title is used by persons holding degrees from accredited engineering colleges and universities. 2452: 139:

was granted British Royal Charter in 1935 and admits engineers holding the above degrees as a corporate member (AMIE) or chartered engineer : CEng .

1814:

In Canada it is illegal to practice engineering or use the title "professional engineer" or "engineer", without a license. There are two exceptions—

314:, abbreviations of it, and translations. And where the title Engineer can only be granted by recognized institutions (like universities). Of which 4096: 3697: 1913: 1909: 3340: 1182:(India) is used as post-nominal abbreviation in India by those who are registered as a chartered engineer with Institution of Engineers (India). 3624: 3058: 4191: 2089:

firm for these type of companies to include the word engineering in the title of the business, although these requirements are not universal.

3548: 3268: 98:, has sought to extend a single professional license and code of ethics for all engineers, regardless of practice area or employment sector. 2008:

Various engineering institutions grant their own professional titles in addition to those granted by the Engineering Council. These include

4039: 1836: 1153:

for individuals passing the government regulated professional licensure examination, which is only given for certain fields of engineering.

3718: 3652: 3021: 863:(for engineers holding a BSc or higher with relevant engineering experience) and a registered member of the Ghana Institute of Engineers ( 2716: 2564: 3184: 2231: 2196: 2186: 2061: 2021: 1489:

specific to their specialist engineering institute, such as MIET (professional engineers and graduate professionals registered with the

882: 359:

From that point on the typical ways to be allowed to use the job title engineer were to obtain the academic title of a diploma engineer

3394: 3195: 1161:(Sri Lanka) is used in Sri Lanka as a post-nominal abbreviation by corporate members of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka (IESL). 2216: 572:

Eng.) can only be used by licensed engineers and the practice of engineering is protected in law in all provinces. The regulation and

178: 2304: 2013: 499: 310:

Because of that it can be problematic to add EUR ING to ones name in some states. Especially those who regulate the use of the term

985: 906:

is used for engineers holding the Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Engineering (or higher) with relevant engineering experience in

4242: 3961: 3935: 3909: 2854: 1871:

the title often used in the electrical industry for professional engineers who design related equipment and can cause confusion.

708: 136: 78:

In cases of gross negligence, an engineering firm may not be considered vicariously liable for an individual engineer's offence.

4072: 1502:

in Sweden (for engineers holding a master's degree in engineering, Master of Engineering, Master of Science in Engineering) and

4304: 3483: 2903: 2236: 253: 147:). All such consulting engineers must be licensed, registered or chartered regardless of their discipline or area of practice. 4163: 3290: 3114: 2623: 2434: 3212: 2029: 1515:

in Denmark (for engineers holding a master's degree in engineering, Master of Engineering, Master of Science in engineering).

576:

of engineers is done through each province's own engineering association which was created by acts passed by that province's

273: 3372: 460:) activities in construction, but can also be required for other engineering work. A voluntary membership is also possible. 4275:

Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010–11 Edition – Engineers, Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor

3669: 3315: 2590:"Appreciation and Acknowledgment by Chairman PEC for HEIs towards attainment of signatory status of Washington Accord (WA)" 1953:. These people have the right to add the prefix Ing. before their names on resumes, business cards and other communication. 2384: 642:" is a trade whose technicians operate heavy machinery and equipment that provide heat, light, climate control and power. 3838: 2869: 1854:

Court rulings regarding the usage of the term engineer have been mixed. For example, after complaints were lodged by the

4073:"Texas Engineering Practice Act and Rules Concerning the Practice of Engineering and Professional Engineering Licensure" 3883: 2645: 2517: 1097: 222: 214: 3504: 2346: 1773:

is used in the United States. Individual states grant PE registration, which can sometimes be endorsed by other states.

4131: 3823: 3573: 2495: 2837: 2402: 1962:

There is no restriction on anyone describing themselves as an engineer or working as an engineer in the UK. The word

3164: 3139: 2992: 1272:

is a full chartered professional in engineering who was awarded a master's degree (2nd study cycle according to the

759:

for civil engineering candidates and many states have exams based on their individual laws and ethics requirements.

2416: 1141:

as a pre-nominal in Jordan (for engineers holding a university degree in engineering after five years of studies).

2923: 2593: 1647:. The titled is used by persons holding a degree from four years of study in accredited engineering universities. 4277: 3213:"White Paper on Implementation of Additional Engineering Education Requirements as a Prerequisite for Licensure" 481:

for a professional engineering technologist (not to be confused with an engineering technician or "Dipl.-Ing").

1949:, use of the title ingeniero (engineer) is restricted to those holding an engineer's license registered by the 386:

was no longer granted. Instead universities of applied sciences awarded the academic title of diploma engineer

3987: 2749: 927:

is used as post-nominal for registered engineers in Nigeria after fulfilling both NSE and COREN requirements.

2675: 2201: 1294: 964: 950: 528: 174: 46: 3083: 3602: 2456: 803: 795: 791: 787: 768: 756: 276:

to practice. Failing to do so would result in an offence and can be convicted by a summary trial before a

194: 190: 186: 3456: 3341:"AIA Statutory Matrix on the Legal Relationships Between the Professions of Architecture and Engineering" 280:

with imprisonment period not exceeding one year and/or a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand rupees.

250:

building authority may be a further requirement depending upon the jurisdiction and local building code.

217:(PEC) via PEC Act 1976. PEC is a federal government organization. Any person with an engineering degree ( 2975: 1989: 1480: 1282: 807: 34: 4107: 3693: 3525: 1312: 1100:(PEC) after completing a four years Bachelor of Engineering/Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree. 2779: 1576:

degree can be obtained in two years post-graduate education or formerly (until full adaptation of the

1433:, formerly from university colleges, from 2013 these formations are integrated in the universities). ( 498:

certificates have been grouped on the same level as academic bachelor's degrees in national (DFQ) and

3347: 2474: 1486: 824: 811: 772: 712: 639: 585: 330: 230: 198: 173:

Graduate from accredited four-year college or university program with a degree in engineering (e.g.,

91: 3862: 3771: 1342:) after having completing an academic engineering education according to the German engineer's law ( 4184: 3800: 2206: 2191: 2134: 2098: 2094: 1978: 1815: 1753: 1677: 1607: 1586: 1453: 1434: 1406: 1363: 974: 960: 764: 539: 3545: 3264: 897:(Holders of five years of post-secondary engineering education and four years of work experience). 3746: 2168: 1983: 1797:(professional engineers in Quebec may use either Eng., P.Eng. or ing., which are all equivalent). 1693: 1321: 726: 4047: 1383:. These titles are the respective translations (authorized by the German Federal Government) of 4214:

Complaint Form, Professional Engineers Act RSO 1990, Chapter 28, Professional Engineers Ontario

3725: 3649: 3017: 1850:

The IT industry has used the term engineer since the dawn of the computing industry in the 60s.

1806:

In many countries, laws exist that limit the use of job titles containing the word "engineer".

1617:." in Malta (for engineers holding a university degree and at least three years of experience). 452:

Engineers offering certain engineering services need to be a member of an engineering chamber (

2300: 2254:

Ontario Professional Engineers Act, R.S.O. 1990, Chapter 28 and R.R.O. Regulation 941: General

1897: 1832: 555: 182: 159:, registration or licensure of professional engineers and engineering practice is governed by 3402: 3192: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2041: 1251:

chemical, etc.) and the "engineering superior school" engineers have wider competences. The

623: 164: 2801: 1880:

Regulation and titling of engineers in Europe are handled differently by various countries.

1292:

In Finland, regulation affects only academic degrees. In academic education, the degree of

733:

For standardization, FE and PE exams are written and graded by a central organization, the

4281: 3845: 3827: 3656: 3552: 3487: 3199: 3118: 2910: 2891: 2705: 2553: 2297:

The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession

1577: 1534: 1273: 1252: 610: 409: 353: 1286:(Order of Engineers) and every professional full chartered engineer is registered at the 292:(previously named the European Federation of National Engineering Associations (FEANI)). 1190:

is used before their name by chartered engineers who hold the IE designation, in India.

4246: 3380: 2118: 782: 752: 297: 815:

produced, as well as the equipment used to produce the product. Structures subject to

221:) from PEC accredited universities/institutes is legally allowed to register with the 4298: 4079: 3480: 2102: 1485:(incorporated engineer) in the UK and Ireland. UK and Irish engineers may also carry 816: 1338:, diploma engineer) is awarded by the educational ministries of the federal states ( 949:

stands for Registered Professional Engineer of Professionals Australia. Assessed by

506:

The academic requirement to be a state-certified engineer is a degree equivalent to

4155: 3743:"CIPS National – Canada's Association of Information Technology Professionals" 3294: 3111: 2615: 2438: 1624:(UK) in UK (for engineers who are members of Society of Professional Engineers UK). 1026:

are titles used respectively for professional engineer and engineer-in-training in

3219: 1398:

in the Netherlands (for engineers holding a master's degree from a university) or

488:", Federal Association of Higher Professions for Technology, Economy and Design ( 3676: 3555:. (UK) Department for children, schools and families. Retrieved 2 November 2007. 3319: 2951:"How to Choose the Province Where You Should Qualify as a Professional Engineer" 2841: 1946: 1701: 1150: 577: 319: 30: 3112:

Oklahoma state board of licensure for professional engineers and land surveyors

2503: 2125:

the public or other businesses, education and government need not be licensed.

463:

Engineering chambers are self-governed and provide services for their members.

1081: 820: 277: 2996: 1446:

in Italy used as a pre-nominal (for engineers holding a master's degree ) or

272:, all engineering practitioners in Sri Lanka needs to be registered with the 3508: 2350: 1939: 1681: 1043: 673: 651: 573: 296:

includes representation from many European countries, including much of the

22: 3820: 3565: 1276:

system) by an accredited engineering school. In Portugal there is also the

4288:

Going Global: The case for enhancing global trade in professional services

3523:"Bundesverband höherer Berufe der Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung e.V." 371:) from an academic institutions, or to obtain a graduated engineer title ( 3160: 3135: 1705: 1689: 1493:). In the UK these are recognized as regulated qualifications and titles. 1405:(for engineers holding a bachelor's degree from a professional school). ( 1093: 1039: 688:

became the last state to legislate the licensing in 1947, except Hawaii.

681: 268:

In Sri Lanka, the title "engineer" is not regulated. However, as per the

210: 26: 4130:. Title 43. Professions and Businesses. State of Georgia. Archived from 3243: 3218:. American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC). 2007. Archived from 1900:) laws—because education matters are governed by the legislation of the 1843:

These title holders never presented themselves as professional engineers

1452:(for engineers holding a bachelor's degree). A state exam is required. ( 490:

Bundesverband höherer Berufe der Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung e.V.

2420: 1717: 1697: 1685: 1129: 685: 677: 668: 588:

for engineering. The process for registration is generally as follows:

2857:

Gesetz zum Schutze der Berufsbezeichnung "Ingenieur" (Ingenieurgesetz)

2589: 1723:

In Chile customary practice consists in placing the post-nominal term

1602:) in Bulgaria (for engineers holding a master's (magister) degree) or 4274: 3089:. National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying. 2009. 1935: 1920: 1859: 1794: 1780: 1709: 1659: 1644: 1199: 656: 337: 144: 75:

to enforce acceptable engineering practice in relation to the work.

3594: 2819: 2471:"National Organization for Examination and Training (NOET) of Iran" 1756:, as accredited by the Board of Engineering of Trinidad and Tobago. 1080:

is allowed before your name only if you have membership in IEB, in

885:

after passing the Engineers Certificate of Competence Examinations.

456:) by law. This is most commonly the case for freelance consulting ( 408:, with or without a suffix, is on the decline. Germany adopted the 3131: 2741: 2211: 1928: 1225:(European professional engineer) in Europe, used as a pre-nominal. 1125: 907: 894: 860: 2894:

European Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications.

3246:. Texas Board of Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors. 2023 2299:. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2082: 1951:

Puerto Rico Professional College of Engineers and Land Surveyors

1713: 1121: 1060:( professional engineer ) are used as post-nominal designations. 1027: 864: 333:

is the legal framework and must be implemented in national law.

218: 156: 3346:. American Institute of Architects. August 2012. Archived from 1506:

in Sweden (for engineers holding a Bachelor of Science degree).

1456:) Registration is with the Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri. 1418:

in Belgium (for "civil" engineers holding a master's degree in

696:

Requirements for licensing vary, but generally are as follows:

3448: 3189:

Academic Prerequisites for Licensure and Professional Practice

1916:). It corresponds to a highly selective master's degree level. 1556:) is the title obtained after 3,5 years of technical studies; 1533:

for engineers holding a master's degree in Czech Republic and

1310:) or equivalent studies. In vocational education, the degrees 3293:. Texas Board of Professional Engineers. 2013. Archived from 2616:"Pakistan has become the full signatory of Washington Accord" 404:

Today (2023) the number of engineers with the academic title

3522: 2322:"A Primer on Credentials for Engineering and Related Fields" 1524:

in Romania, used as a pre-nominal (similar to Dr. or Prof.).

910:

and must be a member in the Egyptian Syndicate of Engineers.

4185:"What Do You Mean I Can't Call Myself a Software Engineer?" 3962:"Chief Engineer Class 2 - Fishing Vessels (United Kingdom)" 2771: 735:

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

213:, engineering education and profession is regulated by the 4102:. Title XXXII: Regulation of Professions and Occupations. 3110:

59 Okla. Stat. Sec. 475.12. Retrieved 16 August 2006 from

2470: 2222:

Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers

973:

stands for National Engineering Register, administered by

592:

Qualify academically by one of two equally valid methods:

379:. Mining schools were granting some engineer titles, too. 325:

Ultimately national law, not the EUR ING certificate from

3858: 3767: 1429:(for "industrial" engineers holding a master's degree in 550:

A chartered engineer is entitled to register through the

3936:"Chief engineer class 1 fishing vessel (United Kingdom)" 3792: 2273:

California Professional Engineers Act, Article 2, 6710.1

959:

stands for Chartered Professional Engineer. Assessed by

552:

European Federation of National Engineering Associations

318:

is none. The title EUR ING, if used, is supposed to be "

4125:"Chapter 15. Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors" 3318:. Texas Board of Professional Engineers. Archived from 2646:"Pakistan declared full signatory of Washington Accord" 2066:

Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology

2054:

Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology

1092:

are used as post-nominal designations for engineers in

3742: 715:(EIT), sometimes also called an engineer intern (EI). 684:, would become the next states to require licensure. 667:

Licensure in the United States began in the State of

3020:. National Society of Professional Engineers. 2008. 2855:

Bundesgesetzblatt Teil I 1965 Nr. 30 vom 15.07.1965

1999:

Information and Communications Technology Technician

1783:. This is a regulated title, and requires licensing. 613:

the content and format of which differs by province.

3475: 3473: 161:

Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran)

4014:"International Register of Professional Engineers" 1170:The term incorporated engineers is offered by the 702:Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology 4290: – Institution of Engineers, Australia 2003 4223:California Professional Engineers Act, Article 5 3793:"Schule und Recht in Niedersachsen (Schulrecht)" 2381:"人力资源社会保障部办公厅关于进一步做好职称评审工作的通知_中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部" 2290: 2288: 1537:, used as a pre-nominal (similar to Mgr. = MSc). 1172:Institution of Incorporated Engineers, Sri Lanka 1120:is used as a pre-nominal in Arab countries like 744:has received some support from civil engineers. 4067: 4065: 2173: 1362:, supervisor engineer) are no longer awarded. ( 4232:Ontario Professional Engineers Act, Section 28 2133:physical engineering disciplines; for example 1606:(for engineers holding a bachelor's degree). ( 558:and use the pre-nominal designation: Eur Ing. 2048:(Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers), 1779:is used in Canada, including the province of 986:Board of Professional Engineers of Queensland 606:Review of work experience by the association. 8: 1938:, the title of engenheiro (engineer)—and in 3267:. Florida Board of Professional Engineers. 2872:24.08.1965, DER SPIEGEL 35/1965 (in German) 2347:NSPE Ethics in Employment Task Force Report 170:Requirements for licensing are as follows: 3910:"Registered Had Engineer (United Kingdom)" 3055:National Society of Professional Engineers 1856:Canadian Council of Professional Engineers 1202:mostly by master's degree civil engineers. 1054:is used as a pre-nominal in Singapore and 96:National Society of Professional Engineers 4310:Professional certification in engineering 4044:UK Centre for Professional Qualifications 2227:Institution of Engineers (disambiguation) 2070:Institution of Engineering and Technology 1491:Institution of Engineering and Technology 1268:) in Portugal, used as a pre-nominal. An 397:Around the same time the federal states ( 2003:International Professional Engineer (UK) 201:, etc.), as well as engineering ethics. 2880: 2878: 2247: 1465:(sivilingeniør, Master of Science) and 1038:is used as a pre-nominal in Hong Kong, 19:Regulation and licensure in engineering 3968:from the original on 12 September 2020 3942:from the original on 12 September 2020 3916:from the original on 13 September 2020 3494:, July 29, 2017. Retrieved 2018/06/05. 3044:"The Professional Engineering Century" 1972:Chief Engineer Class 1 Fishing Vessel 1246:), who is a professional that holds a 723:Principles and Practice in Engineering 650:In the United States, registration or 609:Pass a professional practice exam, on 3605:from the original on 14 November 2021 3424:"Continuing Professional Development" 3291:"Texas PE License Information Roster" 2742:"International Professional Engineer" 1654:" (Diploma owner in Engineering) or " 336:Another association in Europe is the 7: 4078:. The State of Texas. Archived from 2993:"Professional Practice Examinations" 2686:from the original on 26 January 2021 2656:from the original on 26 January 2021 2596:from the original on 4 February 2021 1837:Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer 1676:in most Spanish speaking countries ( 1420:engineering/bio-engineering sciences 893:standing for registered engineer in 473:"State-certified engineer" (German: 416:) in the title. For a doctorate the 270:Engineering Council Act No 4 of 2017 3481:"Professional Employees Award 2010" 3185:American Society of Civil Engineers 2924:"Who can use the title "engineer"?" 2676:"PEC enters into Washington Accord" 2534:from the original on 20 August 2021 2232:Institution of Mechanical Engineers 2197:Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge 2187:American Society of Civil Engineers 2062:Institution of Structural Engineers 2022:Institution of Mechanical Engineers 883:Engineering Council of South Africa 432:are covered, like engineers with a 348:The use of the job title engineer ( 4020:from the original on 17 April 2019 3994:from the original on 17 April 2019 3890:from the original on 17 April 2019 3650:The Importance of "Being Engineer" 2782:from the original on 20 April 2021 2752:from the original on 18 April 2021 2626:from the original on 18 April 2021 2453:"上海市2024年度全国中级注册安全工程师职业资格考试考务工作安排" 2217:Hong Kong Institution of Engineers 179:Bachelor of Science in Engineering 14: 3492:Office of the Fair Work Ombudsman 2802:"What Is The Eur Ing Certificate" 2722:from the original on 27 July 2021 2570:from the original on 27 July 2021 2014:Institution of Chemical Engineers 1910:Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur 1727:plus the specialty area, such as 626:through their active group CEAB. 500:European Qualifications Framework 106: 4270:Professional Engineers in Europe 3859:"Centro Argentino de Ingenieros" 3271:from the original on 11 May 2020 2592:. Pakistan Engineering Council. 1752:"R.Eng." registered engineer in 1149:is used as a pre-nominal in the 832:require an engineering license. 137:Institution of Engineers (India) 4197:from the original on 2011-07-20 4166:from the original on 2018-06-18 3865:from the original on 2011-07-06 3803:from the original on 2019-01-01 3774:from the original on 2011-09-06 3749:from the original on 2011-04-10 3719:"ASET Technology Alberta, p. 2" 3700:from the original on 2011-07-19 3631:from the original on 2013-09-27 3576:from the original on 2018-01-17 3546:Regulated Professions in the UK 3528:from the original on 2017-08-09 3459:from the original on 2016-01-11 3379:. July 21, 2004. Archived from 3167:from the original on 2010-07-30 3142:from the original on 2010-07-30 3093:from the original on 2010-05-05 3024:from the original on 2008-09-08 2949:Doetzel, Ed (8 December 2022). 2496:"Who is Professional Engineer?" 2477:from the original on 2019-10-07 2328:from the original on 2016-01-17 2237:Society of Operations Engineers 4106:. 12 July 2015. Archived from 3395:"Engineers Registration Board" 2349:(Report). NSPE. Archived from 2030:Institution of Civil Engineers 1914:Commission for Engineer Titles 1560:who obtained MSc degree, uses 1: 3625:"Code of ethics of engineers" 3316:"Examination Pass/Fail Rates" 2500:Professional Engineering Exam 2058:Chartered Structural Engineer 2018:Chartered Mechanical Engineer 1386:staatlich geprüfter Techniker 475:staatlich geprüfter Techniker 423:However, the use of the term 29:becomes licensed to practice 3566:"Titler i udlandet - IDA.dk" 3479:Australian Government Award, 2776:Pakistan Engineering Council 2746:Pakistan Engineering Council 2713:Pakistan Engineering Council 2620:Pakistan Engineering Council 2561:Pakistan Engineering Council 2525:Pakistan Engineering Council 2038:Chartered Petroleum Engineer 1680:) (similar to Dr. or Prof): 1380:State-certified Engineer BVT 1106:( registered engineer ) and 1098:Pakistan Engineering Council 479:European Union qualification 223:Pakistan Engineering Council 215:Pakistan Engineering Council 37:and products to the public. 4243:"what is cost engineering?" 3595:"Law Document English View" 3373:"Registration requirements" 3042:McGuirt, Doug (June 2007). 2370:Layton (1986). pp. 238–239. 2010:Chartered Chemical Engineer 1552:in Poland, inż., inżynier ( 802:Areas that include much of 709:Fundamentals of Engineering 367:) or doctor engineer (Phd, 4326: 4097:"Chapter 471: Engineering" 3768:"CIPS Ontario – Home" 3244:"Exam Waiver Requirements" 1892:, is protected by various 1733:ingeniero civil en minería 1600:magister (master) engineer 1068:as a pre-nominal in Japan. 526: 107:People's Republic of China 4104:The 2015 Florida Statutes 3988:"The professional titles" 2913:Chartered Engineer (CEng) 2050:Chartered Marine Engineer 2034:Chartered Energy Engineer 1729:ingeniero civil eléctrico 1477:(chartered engineer) and 1354:, graduate engineer) and 1112:( professional engineer ) 941:Australia and New Zealand 508:level 6 on EQF = bachelor 25:process through which an 2026:Chartered Civil Engineer 1888:) as such, not just the 1875:Europe and Latin America 82:Licensure and regulation 4016:. Engineering Council. 3990:. Engineering Council. 3886:. Engineering Council. 3057:: 24–29. Archived from 2202:Engineering New Zealand 2154:Disciplinary committees 1968:Registered Gas Engineer 1737:ingeniero civil químico 1652:Διπλωματούχος Μηχανικός 965:Engineering New Zealand 951:Professionals Australia 529:Chartered Engineer (UK) 175:Bachelor of Engineering 47:technical documentation 4305:Occupational licensing 3426:. BPEQ. Archived from 2976:"A Cheminement permis" 2502:. NOET. Archived from 2295:Layton, Edwin (1986). 2178: 2046:Chartered Gas Engineer 1995:Engineering Technician 1790: 1422:from a university) or 1318:ylempi insinööri (amk) 769:electrical engineering 757:earthquake engineering 640:Stationary engineering 586:undergraduate programs 3884:"Status of Engineers" 3648:Andronache, Tatiana, 3051:Professional Engineer 3018:"Licensure by Comity" 1990:Incorporated Engineer 1352:graduierter Ingenieur 1308:tekniikan kandidaatti 1283:Ordem dos Engenheiros 998:Professional Engineer 392:Diplom-Ingenieur (FH) 219:BE/BS/BSc Engineering 52:professional engineer 35:professional services 3964:. European Council. 3938:. European Council. 3912:. European Council. 1487:post-nominal letters 1096:registered with the 1002:Experienced Engineer 825:structural engineers 812:chemical engineering 773:chemical engineering 713:engineer in training 707:Complete a standard 458:Beratender Ingenieur 448:Engineering chambers 331:Directive 2005/36/EC 231:Postgraduate diploma 92:occupational closure 4113:on 12 October 2017. 3265:"Engineering firms" 3191:. Policy Statement 2904:Engineering Council 2885:Engineering Council 2824:engineerseurope.com 2806:engineerseurope.com 2207:Engineers Australia 2192:Chartered Physicist 2135:sanitation engineer 2099:production engineer 2095:sanitation engineer 1979:Engineering Council 1816:stationary engineer 1754:Trinidad and Tobago 1678:pre-nominal letters 1608:pre-nominal letters 1587:pre-nominal letters 1454:pre-nominal letters 1435:pre-nominal letters 1431:applied engineering 1407:pre-nominal letters 1364:pre-nominal letters 975:Engineers Australia 961:Engineers Australia 765:nuclear engineering 721:Complete a written 540:Engineering Council 274:engineering council 4280:2006-02-19 at the 4040:"Protected Titles" 3844:2010-04-29 at the 3826:2010-11-21 at the 3670:"Engineers Canada" 3655:2004-09-18 at the 3551:2008-03-27 at the 3486:2018-05-24 at the 3353:on 10 October 2015 3198:2006-10-28 at the 3117:2006-09-21 at the 2909:2016-04-30 at the 2890:2017-09-21 at the 2820:"Engineers Europe" 2554:"PEC CPD Bye-Laws" 2145:Complaints process 1984:Chartered Engineer 1981:grants the titles 1694:Dominican Republic 1278:engenheiro técnico 727:engineering ethics 420:is still awarded. 66:Legislative intent 56:chartered engineer 3136:"Exam Pass Rates" 1898:states of Germany 1833:security engineer 1598:(Mag. Inzh. from 1566:magister inżynier 1295:diplomi-insinööri 1240:ingeniero técnico 1146:Engr. or engineer 1023:Mohandess Payeh 2 1017:Mohandess Payeh 1 992:Graduate Engineer 700:Graduate from an 556:European Engineer 434:Ingenieur (grad.) 430:grandfather cases 384:Ingenieur (grad.) 377:Ingenieur (grad.) 373:Ingenieur (grad.) 254:Washington Accord 4317: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4245:. Archived from 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4085:on 13 June 2018. 4084: 4077: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4050:on 14 March 2023 4046:. 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Archived from 3391: 3385: 3384: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3203: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3128: 3122: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3088: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3064:on July 16, 2017 3063: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2995:. Archived from 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2928:Engineers Canada 2920: 2914: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2873: 2870:Prestige gehoben 2867: 2861: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2840:. Archived from 2838:"What-is-Eureta" 2834: 2828: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2772:"Apply for IPEA" 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2710: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682:. 29 June 2017. 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2652:. 25 June 2017. 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2569: 2558: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2522: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2455:. Archived from 2449: 2443: 2442: 2437:. Archived from 2431: 2425: 2424: 2419:. Archived from 2413: 2407: 2406: 2401:. Archived from 2395: 2389: 2388: 2383:. Archived from 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2163:Cost engineering 2115:systems engineer 2111:project engineer 2107:network engineer 2042:Energy Institute 1890:Diplom-Ingenieur 1504:högskoleingenjör 1336:Diplom-Ingenieur 624:Engineers Canada 584:which regulates 582:Engineers Canada 580:. There is also 480: 406:Diplom-Ingenieur 388:Diplom-Ingenieur 361:Diplom-Ingenieur 327:Engineers Europe 316:Engineers Europe 304:Engineers Europe 294:Engineers Europe 290:Engineers Europe 241:engineers (PE). 4325: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4295: 4294: 4282:Wayback Machine 4266: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4156:"What is a PE?" 4154: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3846:Wayback Machine 3837: 3833: 3828:Wayback Machine 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3657:Wayback Machine 3647: 3643: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3553:Wayback Machine 3544: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488:Wayback Machine 3478: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3453:bpeq.qld.gov.au 3447: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3200:Wayback Machine 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3119:Wayback Machine 3109: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2930:. 24 March 2022 2922: 2921: 2917: 2911:Wayback Machine 2902: 2898: 2892:Wayback Machine 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2853: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2520: 2518:"PEC Act, 1976" 2516: 2515: 2511: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2473:. sanjesh.org. 2469: 2468: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2183: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2078: 1960: 1877: 1812: 1804: 1763: 1725:ingeniero civil 1670: 1578:Bologna process 1570:master engineer 1535:Slovak republic 1346:). The degrees 1344:Ingenieurgesetz 1327:In Germany the 1320:are awarded by 1274:Bologna process 1253:Bologna process 1209: 1012: 943: 850: 842: 783:Civil engineers 694: 665: 648: 611:engineering law 569: 564: 531: 525: 478: 471: 454:Ingenieurkammer 450: 410:Bologna Process 346: 286: 266: 207: 153: 132: 109: 104: 84: 68: 33:and to provide 12: 11: 5: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4272: 4265: 4264:External links 4262: 4260: 4259: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4176: 4147: 4116: 4088: 4061: 4031: 4005: 3979: 3953: 3927: 3901: 3875: 3850: 3839:Brandenburg.de 3831: 3813: 3784: 3759: 3734: 3710: 3685: 3682:on 2005-10-24. 3661: 3641: 3616: 3586: 3557: 3538: 3514: 3511:on 2013-09-28. 3496: 3469: 3440: 3415: 3386: 3383:on 2004-09-19. 3364: 3332: 3307: 3282: 3256: 3235: 3204: 3187:(ASCE) (2001) 3177: 3152: 3123: 3103: 3075: 3034: 3009: 2984: 2967: 2941: 2915: 2896: 2874: 2862: 2847: 2844:on 2013-04-14. 2829: 2811: 2793: 2763: 2733: 2706:"PEC Bye-Laws" 2697: 2667: 2637: 2607: 2581: 2545: 2509: 2506:on 2016-06-30. 2487: 2462: 2459:on 2024-07-14. 2444: 2441:on 2023-03-27. 2426: 2423:on 2021-10-23. 2408: 2405:on 2023-03-17. 2390: 2387:on 2023-03-10. 2372: 2363: 2338: 2313: 2305: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2119:sales engineer 2077: 2074: 1959: 1958:United Kingdom 1956: 1955: 1954: 1943: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1905: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1784: 1774: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1740: 1721: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1648: 1633: 1625: 1618: 1611: 1590: 1538: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1494: 1470: 1457: 1438: 1410: 1390: 1376: 1367: 1325: 1290: 1256: 1226: 1218: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1191: 1183: 1175: 1162: 1154: 1142: 1133: 1113: 1085: 1069: 1061: 1047: 1031: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 995: 989: 978: 968: 954: 942: 939: 938: 937: 928: 920: 919:requirements)" 911: 898: 886: 868: 849: 846: 841: 838: 817:building codes 779:the business. 753:land surveying 731: 730: 719: 716: 705: 693: 690: 676:, followed by 664: 661: 647: 644: 615: 614: 607: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 568: 565: 563: 560: 527:Main article: 524: 523:United Kingdom 521: 470: 465: 449: 446: 345: 342: 298:European Union 285: 282: 265: 262: 206: 203: 152: 149: 131: 128: 108: 105: 103: 100: 83: 80: 67: 64: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4322: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4249:on 2007-11-19 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4137:on 2016-12-23 4133: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4081: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3430:on 2016-02-29 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3405:on 2011-02-19 3404: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3322:on 2014-03-20 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3297:on 2014-08-01 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3225:on 2011-09-03 3221: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 2999:on 2011-04-30 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2977: 2971: 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