Red-billed quelea - Knowledge (XXG)

1743: 1274: 1724: 1020: 1777: 1248:, probably serving instead for the recognition of individual birds. However, the intensity of the red on the bills is regarded an indicator of the animal's quality and social dominance. Red-billed quelea males mate with one female only within one breeding cycle. There are usually three eggs in each clutch (though the full range is one to five) of approximately 18 mm (0.71 in) long and 13 mm (0.51 in) in diameter. The eggs are light bluish or greenish in colour, sometimes with some dark spots. Some clutches contain six eggs, but large clutches may be the result of other females dumping an egg in a stranger's nest. 48: 1191: 31: 1762: 1468: 1097:

The temporarily wet areas do not form a single zone that periodically moves back and forth across the entirety of Sub-Saharan Africa, but rather consist of five or six regions, within which the wet areas "move" or "jump". Red-billed quelea populations thus migrate between the temporarily wet areas within each of these five to six geographical regions. Each of the subspecies, as distinguished by different male breeding plumage, is confined to one or more of these geographical regions.

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was calculated to consume roughly 13 t (29,000 lb) of insects and 1,000 t (2,200,000 lb) of grass seeds during its breeding cycle. At sunrise they form flocks that co-operate to find food. After a successful search, they settle to feed. In the heat of the day, they rest in the shade, preferably near water, and preen. Birds seem to prefer drinking at least twice a day. In the evening, they once again fly off in search of food.

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efficiently. It is regarded as the most numerous undomesticated bird on earth, with the total post-breeding population sometimes peaking at an estimated 1.5 billion individuals. It feeds in huge flocks of millions of individuals, with birds that run out of food at the rear flying over the entire group to a fresh feeding zone at the front, creating an image of a rolling cloud. The

557:. It ranges across central and southern Africa, where it has been recorded from southwestern Gabon, southern Congo, Angola (except the northeast and arid coastal southwest), southern Democratic Republic of Congo and the mouth of the Congo River, Zambia, Malawi and western Mozambique across to Namibia (except the coastal desert) and central, southern and eastern South Africa. 1233:

of a hanging forked twig, and from there bridging the gaps in the circle his beak can reach, having one foot on each of the branchlets, using the same footholds and the same orientation throughout the building process. Two parallel stems of reeds or sugar cane can also be used to attach the nest from. They use both their bills and feet in adding the initial knots needed.

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looks like a small oval or globular ball of grass, around 18 cm (7 in) high and 16 cm (6 in) wide, with a 2.5 cm (1 in) wide entrance high up one side, sheltered by a shallow awning. About six to seven hundred fresh, green grass strips are used for each nest. This species may nest several times per year when conditions are favourable.

1708: 962:. The legs are orangey in colour. The bill is bright raspberry red. Outside the breeding season, the male lacks bright colours; it has a grey-brown head with dark streaks, whitish chin and throat, and a faint light stripe above the eyes. At this time, the bill becomes pink or dull red and the legs turn flesh-coloured. 2659: 1687:

from the air on breeding colonies and roosts. In Botswana and Zimbabwe, spraying was also executed from ground vehicles and manually. Kenya and South Africa regularly used fire-bombs. Attempts during the 1950s and '60s to eradicate populations, at least regionally, failed. Consequently, management is

1455:, but entire maize kernels are too big for them to swallow. A single bird may eat about 15 g (0.53 oz) in seeds each day. As much as half of the diet of nestlings consists of insects, such as grasshoppers, ants, beetles, bugs, caterpillars, flies and termites, as well as snails and spiders. 1236:

As soon as the ring is finished the male displays, trying to attract a female, after which the nest may be completed in two days. The nest chamber is created in front of the ring. The entrance may be constructed after the egg laying has started, while the male works from the outside. A finished nest

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Red-billed queleas migrate seasonally over long distances in anticipation of the availability of their main natural food source, seeds of annual grasses. The presence of these grass seeds is the result of the beginning of rains weeks earlier, and the rainfall varies in a seasonal geographic pattern.

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Flying flocks make a distinct sound due to the many wing beats. After arriving at the roost or nest site, birds keep moving around and make a lot of noise for about half an hour before settling in. Both males and females call. The male sings in short bursts, starting with some chatter, followed by a

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of the eggs during the day, but the female alone does so during the cool night, and feeds during the day when air temperatures are high enough to sustain the development of the embryo. The breeding cycle of the red-billed quelea is one of the shortest known in any bird. Incubation takes nine or ten

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in Zimbabwe one colony was 20 km (12 mi) long and 1 km (0.6 mi) wide. In southern Africa, suitable branches are stripped of leaves a few days in advance of the onset of nest construction. The male starts the nest by creating a ring of grass by twining strips around both branches

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in 2000. Occasionally, it can be found as high as 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea-level, but mostly resides below 1,500 m (4,900 ft). It visits agricultural areas, where it feeds on cereal crops, although it is thought to prefer seeds of wild annual grasses. It needs to drink daily

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the mask does not extend far above the bill, and the underparts may have a pink wash. There is much variability within subspecies, and some birds cannot be ascribed to a subspecies based on outward appearance alone. Because of interbreeding, specimens intermediate between subspecies may occur where

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by hobbyists. It thrives if kept in large and high cages, with space to fly to minimise the risk of obesity. A sociable bird, the red-billed quelea tolerates mixed-species aviaries. Keeping many individuals mimics its natural occurrence in large flocks. This species withstands frosts, but requires

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Insects are generally eaten during the breeding season, though winged termites are eaten at other times. Breeding females consume snail-shell fragments and calcareous grit, presumably to enable egg-shell formation. One colony in Namibia, of an estimated five million adults and five million chicks,

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or detonating fire-bombs in the enormous colonies during the night. Extensive control measures have been largely unsuccessful in limiting the quelea population. When food runs out, the species migrates to locations of recent rainfall and plentiful grass seed; hence it exploits its food source very

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Flocks of red-billed queleas usually feed on the ground, with birds in the rear constantly leap-frogging those in the front to exploit the next strip of fallen seeds. This behaviour creates the impression of a rolling cloud, and enables efficient exploitation of the available food. The birds also

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is thought to consist of two sub-populations. One moves from Central Tanzania to southern Somalia, to return to breed in Tanzania in February and March, followed by successive migrations to breed ever further north, the season's last usually occurring in central Kenya during May. The second group

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valley, for instance, the rainy season has already passed and the grass has produced new seeds. After about six weeks, the birds migrate northwards to find a suitable breeding area, nurture a generation, and then repeat this sequence moving further north. Some populations may also move northwards

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and higher parts of the throat. Occasionally males have a white mask. The mask is surrounded by a variable band of yellow, rusty, pink or purple. White masks are sometimes bordered by black. This colouring may only reach the lower throat or extend along the belly, with the rest of the underparts

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The red-billed quelea is a small sparrow-like bird, approximately 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz), with a heavy, cone-shaped bill, which is red (in females outside the breeding season and males) or orange to yellow (females during the breeding season).

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on the top of the head and the shoulders. The eyes open during the fourth day, at the same time as the first feathers appear. Older nestlings have a horn-coloured bill with a hint of lavender, though it turns orange-purple before the post-juvenile moult. Young birds change feathers two to three

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each year, representing a market value of approximately US$ 37,500–75,000. Between 13 June and 21 August 1994 alone, 1.2 million queleas were caught. Birds were taken from roosts in the trees during the moonless period each night. The feathers were plucked and the carcasses fried the following

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and a reddish bill. Breeding females attain a yellowish bill. Breeding males have a black (or rarely white) facial mask, surrounded by a purplish, pinkish, rusty or yellowish wash on the head and breast. The species avoids forests, deserts and colder areas such as those at high altitude and in

1125:. In November, part of the population migrates to the northwest to northwestern Angola, while the remainder migrates to the southeast to southern Mozambique and eastern South-Africa, but no proof has been found that these migration cohorts are genetically or morphologically divergent. 1988:

Ornithologia, sive, Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates : cum brevi & accurata cujusque speciei descriptione, citationibus auctorum de iis tractantium, nominibus eis ab ipsis impositis, nominibusque

539:, is native to west and central Africa, where it has been recorded from Mauritania, western and northern Senegal, Gambia, central Mali, Burkina Faso, southwestern and southern Niger, northern Nigeria, Cameroon, south-central Chad and northern Central African Republic. 1157:

species—below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) elevation. While foraging for food, they may fly 50–65 km (31–40 mi) each day and return to the roosting or nesting site in the evening. Small groups of red-billed queleas often mix with different weaver birds

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on feeding on seeds of annual grass species, which may be ripe, or still green, but have not germinated yet. Since the availability of these seeds varies with time and space, occurring in particular weeks after the local off-set of rains, queleas migrate as a

575:. It is found in eastern Africa where it occurs in southern Sudan, eastern South Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea south to the northeastern parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, central and eastern Tanzania and northwestern and southern Somalia. 1100:

In Nigeria, the nominate subspecies generally travels 300–600 km (190–370 mi) southwards during the start of the rains in the north during June and July, when the grass seed germinates, and is no longer eaten by the queleas. When they reach the

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The red-billed quelea needs 300–800 mm (12–31 in) of precipitation to breed, with nest building usually commencing four to nine weeks after the onset of the rains. Nests are usually built in stands of thorny trees such as umbrella thorn acacia

710:(IOC). Other names in English include black-faced dioch, cardinal, common dioch, Latham's weaver-bird, pink-billed weaver, quelea finch, quelea weaver, red-billed dioch, red-billed weaver, Russ' weaver, South-African dioch, Sudan dioch and Uganda dioch. 1742: 2467:

De Silva, Thilina N.; Peterson, A. Townsend; Bates, John M.; Fernandoa, Sumudu W.; Girard, Matthew G. (2017). "Phylogenetic relationships of weaverbirds (Aves: Ploceidae): A first robust phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers".

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in 1960 on the basis of more greyish nonbreeding plumage of populations of wetter habitats of northeastern South Africa, Eswatini and southern Mozambique. However, further analysis indicated no clear distinction in plumage between it and

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could be mistaken for the red-billed quelea in non-breeding plumage, since both are sparrow-like birds with conical red-coloured bills, but the whydah has a whitish brow between a black stripe through the eye and a black stripe above.

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The governments of Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe have regularly made attempts to lessen quelea populations. The most common method to kill members of problematic flocks was by spraying the

437:. He incorrectly mentioned that it originated in India, probably because ships from the East Indies picked up birds when visiting the African coast during their return voyage to Europe. It is likely that he had seen a draft of 1723: 1517:

sometimes attack drinking queleas, and an individual in Ethiopia hit birds out of the vegetation on the bank into the water with its tail, subsequently eating them. Queleas drinking at a waterhole were grabbed from below by

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shelter from rain and wind. Affixing hanging branches, such as hawthorn, in the cage facilitates nesting. Adults are typically given a diet of tropical seeds enriched with grass seeds, augmented by living insects such as

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take seeds from the grass ears directly. They prefer grains of 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) in size. Red-billed queleas feed mainly on grass seeds, which includes a large number of annual species from the genera

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tribe use triangular hand-held nets, which are both selective and efficient. Each team of six trappers caught about twenty thousand birds each night. An estimated five to ten million queleas are trapped near

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light brown or whitish with some dark stripes. The upperparts have light and dark brown longitudinal stripes, particularly at midlength, and are paler on the rump. The tail and upper wing are dark brown. The

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fishermen cast nets over groups of birds. The impact of hunting on the quelea population (about 200 million individuals in the Lake Chad Basin) is deemed insignificant. Woven traps made from star grass

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The red-billed quelea is regarded as the most numerous undomesticated bird on earth, with the total post-breeding population sometimes peaking at an estimated 1.5 billion individuals. The species is

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moves from northern and central Sudan and central Ethiopia in May and June, to breed in southern Sudan, South Sudan, southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya, moving back north from August to October.

1182:. Red-billed queleas may also roost together with weavers, estrildids and barn swallows. Their life expectancy is two to three years in the wild, but one captive bird lived for eighteen years. 1776: 965:

The females resemble the males in non-breeding plumage, but have a yellow or orangey bill and eye-ring during the breeding season. At other times, the female bill is pink or dull red.

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at present directed at removing those congregations that are likely to attack vulnerable fields. In eastern and southern Africa, the control of quelea is often coordinated by the

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illustrated the species in colour, based on a live male specimen owned by a Mrs Clayton in Surrey. He called it the "Brazilian sparrow", despite being unsure whether it came from

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and can only be found within about 30 km (19 mi) distance of the nearest body of water. It is found in wet habitats, congregating at the shores of waterbodies, such as

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Shefte, N.; Bruggers, R. L.; Schafer Jr., E. W. (April 1982). "Repellency and Toxicity of Three Bird Control Chemicals to Four Species of African Grain-Eating Birds".

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southern South Africa. It constructs oval roofed nests woven from strips of grass hanging from thorny branches, sugar cane or reeds. It breeds in very large colonies.

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Workshop on Research Priorities for Migrant Pests of Agriculture in Southern Africa, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, 24 to 26 March 1999

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Mulliè, Wim C. (2000). "Traditional capture of Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea in the Lake Chad Basin and its possible role in reducing damage levels in cereals".

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fields or reeds. Colonies can consist of millions of nests, in densities of 30,000 per ha (12,000 per acre). Over 6000 nests in a single tree have been counted.

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The quelea feeds primarily on seeds of annual grasses, but also causes extensive damage to cereal crops. Therefore, it is sometimes called "Africa's feathered

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is collected from under large roosts in Nigeria and used as a fertiliser. Tourists like to watch the large flocks of queleas, such as during visits of the

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when the rains have started, to eat the remaining ungerminated seeds. In Senegal migration is probably between the southeast and the northwest.

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months after hatching, after which the plumage resembles that of non-breeding adults, although the head is grey, the cheeks whitish, and wing

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The Problems of Birds as Pests: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Royal Geographical Society, London, on 28 and 29 September 1967

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Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis

3057: 2818: 2693: 2285: 1134: 4946: 2564:"Lack of genetic and plumage differentiation in the red-billed quelea Quelea quelea across a migratory divide in southern Africa" 4752: 3297: 410: 317:, is a small—approximately 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz)—migratory, sparrow-like 212: 47: 3663: 3653: 3307: 984:

Different subspecies are distinguished by different colour patterns of the male breeding plumage. In the typical subspecies,

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from Gabon to Mozambique and South Africa. Non-breeding birds have light underparts, striped brown upper parts, yellow-edged

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Ornithologia, sive Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates

2327: 2204: 4856: 1653:, spiders, or boiled shredded egg during the breeding season. Fine stone grit and calcium sources, such as shell grit and 1291: 1190: 30: 4941: 4817: 3287: 3227: 3194: 2683: 2062: 1714: 688: 478: 748:). The genus belongs to the group of true weavers (subfamily Ploceinae), and is most closely related to the fodies ( 4874: 3803: 3693: 3375: 2437: 676:, meaning "quail", linking the prodigious numbers of queleas to the hordes of quail that fed the Israelites during 2887: 3903: 3365: 3204: 1669:

Sometimes called "Africa's feathered locust", the red-billed quelea is considered a serious agricultural pest in

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that probably lays eggs in nests of queleas. Some predators, such as snakes, raid nests and eat eggs and chicks.

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Three subspecies are recognised. In the field, these are distinguished by differences in male breeding plumage.

4502: 3113: 1357: 546: 442: 96: 3593: 1467: 1451:) are eaten on a large scale. Red-billed queleas have also been observed feeding on crushed corn from cattle 4432: 3753: 3713: 3136: 2710: 2067: 1528: 1519: 988:, breeding males have a buff crown, nape and underparts and the black mask extends high up the forehead. In 3077: 2636:. Invasive animal risk assessment. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, State of Queensland, Australia. 4783: 4690: 4607: 4562: 4522: 4512: 3723: 3703: 3262: 3252: 3047: 2390: 1961: 1810: 509: 3683: 4552: 4402: 3973: 3893: 3733: 3583: 3463: 1217: 1122: 430: 191: 4053: 3513: 1837: 1814: 4672: 4654: 4492: 4472: 4063: 4003: 3853: 3743: 3493: 3433: 3340: 2955: 2578: 2301: 2240: 1614: 1605: 1295: 1171: 564: 4585: 4462: 4452: 4442: 4412: 4181: 4171: 4141: 4121: 4111: 4033: 4023: 3953: 3883: 3833: 3543: 3533: 3453: 1625: 1590: 1534: 1491:, foxes, jackals, hyaenas, cats, lions and leopards. Bird species that prey on queleas include the 1211: 382: 61: 3108: 2837:

Crook, C.H.; Ward, P. (1967). "The Quelea Problem in Africa". In R.K. Murton; E.N. Wright (eds.).

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After 8:00 in the morning, tightly packed flocks await their chance to drink at waterholes in the

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again and their plumage starts to look like that of breeding adults, with a pinkish-purple bill.

601: 490: 341: 326: 240: 91: 3993: 3823: 3603: 3563: 1068:, and its distribution covers most of sub-Saharan Africa. It avoids forests, however, including 445:

that was to be published in 1760, and which contained a black and white drawing of the species.

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showed that two-thirds of the seeds eaten belonged to only three species: African wild rice (

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Ward, Peter (1966). "Distribution, systematics, and polymorphism of the African weaver-bird

1971: 1865: 1832: 1609: 1562:, three traditional methods are used to catch red-billed queleas. Trappers belonging to the 934: 764:. The following tree represents current insight of the relationships between the species of 629: 274: 4900: 4695: 1475:

Natural enemies of the red-billed quelea include other birds, snakes, warthogs, squirrels,

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Pocock, 1892 (Scorpiones, Liochelidae) as a possible predator of the red-billed quelea,

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Crook, J. H. (1960). "Nest form and construction in certain West African weaver-birds".

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The red-billed quelea is mostly found in tropical and subtropical areas with a seasonal

4377: 4357: 4161: 4086: 3763: 3553: 3423: 2872: 2803: 2745: 2357: 2114: 2071: 1514: 1508: 1484: 1252: 974: 959: 955: 950: 700: 696: 661: 653: 645: 494: 463: 449: 420: 365: 337: 4659: 1526:. Among the invertebrates that kill and eat youngsters are the armoured bush cricket ( 1146:

is needed for the queleas to gain enough fat to allow migration to new feeding areas.

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the mask also extends high up the forehead, but the underparts are mainly white. In

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and arid coastal regions of Namibia and Angola. It was introduced to the island of

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Over 75% of males have a black facial "mask", comprising a black forehead, cheeks,

723: 4757: 4705: 3025: 2967: 2537: 1568: 1033: 758:. These two genera are in turn the sister clade to the Asian species of the genus 3076:. Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa (DLCO-EA). Archived from 1572:

morning, dried in the sun, and transported to the city to be sold on the market.

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to ensure year-round food availability. The consumption of a lot of food with a

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such as those in central Africa, and is generally absent from western parts of

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are edged greenish or yellow. The eye has a narrow naked red ring and a brown

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International Red Locust Control Organization for Central and Southern Africa

4739: 4393: 3157: 1967: 1559: 1444: 1436: 1346: 1166: 521: 322: 158: 148: 108: 4822: 2598: 2489: 1929: 1869: 1657:, provide nutrients as well. If provided with material like fresh grass or 1240:

In the breeding season, males are diversely coloured. These differences in

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and flight feathers have buff margins. At an age of about five months they

2761:"An Experimental Study of the Mechanisms of Nest Building in a Weaverbird" 2057: 1897: 1558:

The red-billed quelea is caught and eaten in many parts of Africa. Around

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between red-billed and red-headed queleas has been observed in captivity.

4887: 4682: 4624: 4317: 4102: 1787: 1684: 1650: 1563: 1480: 1338: 978: 459: 425: 128: 4770: 4667: 3414: 3175: 3010: 2787: 2711:"The weaving of the red-billed weaver bird, Quelea quelea in captivity" 2512: 2186: 1681: 1452: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1257: 1241: 1160: 910: 760: 377: 4796: 4308: 4263: 1753: 1734: 1523: 1476: 1404: 1372: 1368: 883: 791: 750: 728: 486: 482: 373: 168: 118: 4731: 4601: 3121: 3002: 2779: 2178: 4744: 1696:(IRLCO-CSA), which make their aircraft available for this purpose. 726:

of a clade that contains both other remaining species of the genus

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Newborns have white bills and are almost naked with some wisps of

706:"Red-billed quelea" has been designated the official name by the 672:. M.W. Jeffreys suggested that the term came from medieval Latin 1658: 1412: 1380: 1150: 1090: 318: 138: 4605: 3125: 2562:

Dallimer, M.; Jones, P.J; Pemberton, J.M.; Cheke, R.A. (2003).

1624:. The animal's large distribution and population resulted in a 1089:, during flooding. It needs shrubs, reeds or trees to nest and 2855:

Ward, Peter (1965). "Feeding ecology of the black-faced dioch

2665:) Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information System (GIS) 1428: 1256:

days. After the chicks hatch, they are fed for some days with

286: 2809:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 2280:(in German). Vol. 3. Neudamm: J. Neumann. p. 109. 2220:

Jones, P.J.; Dallimer, M.; Cheke, R.A.; Mundy, P.J. (2002).

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the ranges of the subspecies overlap, such as at Lake Chad.

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Markula, Anna; Hannan-Jones, Martin; Csurhes, Steve (200).

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In southern Africa, the total population of the subspecies

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Avian Architecture: How Birds Design, Engineer, and Build

1594:) are used to catch hundreds of these birds daily in the 16:

Small, migratory weaver bird native to Sub-Saharan Africa

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Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Collection of Essays

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in Latin, both meaning "red-billed Senegalese sparrow".

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of India was corrected to Africa in the 12th edition of

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The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London

2163:"Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa" 1579:

use standing fishing nets with a very fine mesh, while

1064:, resulting in dry thornbush grassland, including the 3031:. In R.A. Cheke; L.J. Rosenberg; M.E. Kieser (eds.). 3026:"5. Quelea Management in Southern and Eastern Africa" 1690:

Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa

1367:). When the supply of these seeds runs out, seeds of 754:), a genus of six or seven species that occur on the 283: 280: 2661:

Monitoring and Habitat Location of the Weaver bird (

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in breeding plumage with a yellow wash on the head,

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Formerly, two other subspecies have been described.

466:

during his 1748-1752 expedition. He called the bird

289: 4614: 4576: 4391: 4306: 4261: 4238: 4215: 4100: 4077: 3412: 3389: 3354: 3331: 3276: 3241: 3218: 3183: 3165: 277: 2802: 1970:: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 176 – via The 497:, but rather a weaver, and created the genus name 1966:(in Latin). Vol. I (10th revised ed.). 1838:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719128A94613042.en 2888:"Turtles take Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea)" 2759:Collias, Nicholas E.; Collias, Elsie C. (1962). 2420:"NRM 568681 Ploceus aethiopicus Sundevall, 1850" 2222:"Are there two subspecies of Red-billed Quelea, 1608:. The birds themselves eat pest insects such as 1013: 687:is probably named in honor of the ornithologist 376:". The usual pest-control measures are spraying 2442:"Old World sparrows, snowfinches & weavers" 2206:Check-list of the birds of the world. Volume 15 1767:Females in breeding plumage with yellow bills, 2929:Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 1538:. Internal parasites found in queleas include 3137: 8: 2368:(3rd ed.). Robina: Alexander Editions. 2329:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2209:. Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 62. 1903:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2198: 2196: 1170:), and in western Africa they may join the 4602: 3144: 3130: 3122: 3052:. Springer Sciencefiction & Business. 2912:Vincent, Leonard S.; Breitman, Ty (2010). 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 1153:with thorny or spiny vegetation—typically 616:Linnaeus himself did not explain the name 401:The red-billed quelea was one of the many 221: 70: 46: 29: 20: 2850: 2848: 1952: 1950: 1836: 520:in 1877 and named after the aviculturist 3046:McCullough, Dale; Barrett, R.H. (2012). 2136:"Zwartmasker roodbekwever Quelea quelea" 2092: 2090: 2088: 1149:When breeding, it selects areas such as 600:in 1886 from east Africa, is regarded a 360:from Sudan to Somalia and Tanzania, and 356:occurring roughly from Senegal to Chad, 2948:Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 1799: 1703: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1805: 1803: 708:International Ornithological Committee 2658:Abdelwahid, Amel Abdelraheem (2008). 2470:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2448:. International Ornithologists' Union 512:was described as a separate species, 344:assigned it in 1850 to the new genus 7: 2332:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1862:Handbook of Birds of the World Alive 1733:in breeding plumage with pink wash, 4937:IUCN Red List least concern species 1824:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1644:The red-billed quelea is sometimes 822: 798: 785: 778: 771: 756:islands of the western Indian Ocean 2991:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2873:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1965.tb07296.x 2746:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb05090.x 2115:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1966.tb07250.x 1985:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1763). 1109:In eastern Africa, the subspecies 699:was collected in the neighbouring 472:Passer senegalensis erythrorynchos 14: 2513:"Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea" 3318:Donaldson Smith's sparrow-weaver 3093: 2591:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01733.x 1775: 1760: 1741: 1722: 1706: 1283: 1272: 1018: 273: 95: 4784:red-billed-quelea-quelea-quelea 3298:Chestnut-crowned sparrow-weaver 2682:Johannes, Robert Earle (1989). 2440:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). 768:, and their closest relatives. 722:, the red-billed quelea is the 567:in 1850, but later assigned to 549:in 1836, but later assigned to 3664:Northern brown-throated weaver 3654:Southern brown-throated weaver 3308:Chestnut-backed sparrow-weaver 612:Etymology and vernacular names 493:thought the species was not a 468:Moineau à bec rouge du Senegal 1: 2968:10.1080/00306525.2000.9639856 2841:(revised ed.). Elsevier. 2058:"Quelea quelea (weaver bird)" 691:. The name of the subspecies 336:in 1758, who considered it a 3024:Elliott, Clive C.H. (2000). 2302:"Roodbekwever Quelea quelea" 1121:in October converges on the 695:refers to Ethiopia, and its 4957:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa 4952:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3288:White-browed sparrow-weaver 3228:White-headed buffalo weaver 3195:White-billed buffalo weaver 2709:Friedmann, Herbert (1924). 2482:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.013 2446:World Bird List Version 7.1 2400:. World Agroforestry Center 2063:Invasive Species Compendium 908:Asian species of the genus 4980: 3376:Black-capped social weaver 2801:Goodfellow, Peter (2011). 2389:Orwa; et al. (2009). 2326:Jobling, James A. (2010). 1646:kept and bred in captivity 358:Q. q. aethiopica 3366:Grey-capped social weaver 3205:Red-billed buffalo weaver 3109:"Red-billed quelea media" 2671:. University of Khartoum. 2424:Naturhistorica Riksmuseet 2398:Agroforestry Database 4.0 2274:Reichenow, Anton (1900). 2253:10.2989/00306520209485349 2203:Peters, James L. (1962). 1786:in non-breeding plumage, 994:Q. quelea aethiopica 906: 879: 844: 827: 820: 803: 796: 783: 776: 594:Q. quelea intermedia 458:of 1766, and Brisson was 246: 239: 229: 220: 197: 190: 92:Scientific classification 90: 68: 59: 54: 45: 38:Male breeding plumage of 37: 28: 23: 4503:Yellow-mantled widowbird 3114:Internet Bird Collection 2663:Quelea quelea aethiopica 2140:Werkgroep voor Ploceidae 1831:: e.T22719128A94613042. 1554:Interactions with humans 1520:African helmeted turtles 1358:Sorghum purpureosericeum 1056:Distribution and habitat 581:Q. quelea spoliator 443:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 419:. Classifying it in the 385:of red-billed quelea is 362:Q. q. lathamii 40:Q. q. lathamii 4947:Birds described in 1758 4433:Black-winged red bishop 3804:Vieillot's black weaver 3754:Tanzanian masked weaver 3714:Vitelline masked weaver 3694:Heuglin's masked weaver 2825:Red-billed quelea nest. 2068:University of Greenwich 1612:, and the moth species 1529:Acanthoplus discoidalis 1471:Flocking at a waterhole 1463:Predators and parasites 1119:Q. quelea lathamii 590:Q. quelea lathamii 4523:Red-collared widowbird 4513:White-winged widowbird 3904:Maxwell's black weaver 3724:Southern masked weaver 3704:Northern masked weaver 3686:or Rueppell's weaver ( 3263:Scaly-feathered weaver 3253:Speckle-fronted weaver 2886:Robel, Detlef (2008). 2511:Weaver Research Unit. 2226:, in southern Africa?" 2161:Smith, Andrew (1836). 2056:Cheke, Robert (2015). 1870:10.2173/bow.rebque1.01 1811:BirdLife International 1472: 1199: 1050:tweedle-toodle-tweedle 321:of the weaver family, 4553:Long-tailed widowbird 4403:Yellow-crowned bishop 3974:Black-breasted weaver 3894:Yellow-mantled weaver 3734:Katanga masked weaver 3594:Holub's golden weaver 3584:Eastern golden weaver 3464:Slender-billed weaver 1470: 1441:Phagopyrum esculentum 1251:Both sexes share the 1218:Dichrostachys cinerea 1193: 1129:Ecology and behaviour 986:Q. quelea quelea 409:in the landmark 1758 352:are recognised, with 309:), also known as the 55:Non-breeding plumage 4493:Fan-tailed widowbird 4473:Golden-backed bishop 4064:Yellow-legged weaver 4004:Yellow-capped weaver 3854:Golden-backed weaver 3744:Lufira masked weaver 3494:Lesser masked weaver 3434:Black-chinned weaver 3341:Rufous-tailed weaver 2517:Weavers of the World 2391:"Xylopia aethiopica" 1615:Helicoverpa armigera 1606:Kruger National Park 1221:), but sometimes in 1194:Two males of subsp. 1172:Sudan golden sparrow 565:Carl Jakob Sundevall 537:Quelea quelea quelea 441:, a book written by 354:Quelea quelea quelea 4586:Thick-billed weaver 4563:Jackson's widowbird 4463:Zanzibar red bishop 4453:Southern red bishop 4443:Northern red bishop 4413:Fire-fronted bishop 4322:F. madagascariensis 4182:Blue-billed malimbe 4172:Red-bellied malimbe 4112:Red-crowned malimbe 4034:Brown-capped weaver 4024:Olive-headed weaver 3954:Asian golden weaver 3884:Golden-naped weaver 3834:Black-headed weaver 3544:Black-billed weaver 3534:Black-necked weaver 2960:2000Ostri..71...15M 2916:Cheloctonus jonesii 2583:2003MolEc..12..345D 2245:2002Ostri..73...36J 1930:"Red-billed Quelea" 1858:"Red-billed quelea" 1626:conservation status 1591:Cynodon nlemfuensis 1535:Cheloctonus jonesii 1532:) and the scorpion 1212:Senegalia mellifera 1144:high energy content 1123:Zimbabwean Highveld 626:kwelea domo-jekundu 561:Ploceus aethiopicus 397:Taxonomy and naming 383:conservation status 253:Linnaeus, 1758 62:Conservation status 4942:Agricultural pests 4445:or orange bishop ( 4202:Red-headed malimbe 4152:Red-vented malimbe 3984:Dark-backed weaver 3624:Golden palm weaver 3514:Bannerman's weaver 2366:Australian Parrots 2358:Forshaw, Joseph M. 2239:(1&2): 36–42. 1692:(DLCO-EA) and the 1671:Sub-Saharan Africa 1661:they can be bred. 1621:Spodoptera exempta 1473: 1364:Echinochloa colona 1215:) and sicklebush ( 1206:Vachellia tortilis 1200: 1198:at their nest site 990:Q. quelea lathamii 831:Q. cardinalis 738:Q. cardinalis 703:in today's Sudan. 624:is locally called 571:as its subspecies 553:as its subspecies 508:. The white-faced 491:Ludwig Reichenbach 342:Ludwig Reichenbach 327:Sub-Saharan Africa 234:rough distribution 24:Red-billed quelea 4924: 4923: 4896:Open Tree of Life 4608:Taxon identifiers 4599: 4598: 4543:Montane widowbird 4293:Red-billed quelea 4283:Red-headed quelea 4248:Bob-tailed weaver 4225:Red-headed weaver 4044:Bar-winged weaver 4008:P. dorsomaculatus 3914:Nelicourvi weaver 3848:P. dichrocephalus 3838:P. melanocephalus 3504:Spectacled weaver 3444:Baglafecht weaver 3312:P. rufoscapulatus 3074:"The Quelea Bird" 2922:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 2630:Red-billed quelea 2571:Molecular Ecology 2375:978-0-9581212-0-0 2362:William T. Cooper 2343:978-1-4081-2501-4 2277:Die Vögel Afrikas 1717:published in 1760 1610:migratory locusts 1449:Helianthus annuus 1409:Panicum miliaceum 1361:and jungle rice ( 1062:semi-arid climate 1044: 1043: 1002:pin-tailed whydah 931: 930: 922: 921: 895: 894: 868: 867: 859: 858: 848:Q. erythrops 746:Q. erythrops 742:red-headed quelea 583:was described by 563:was described by 545:was described by 501:, as well as the 429:, he gave it the 389:according to the 311:red-billed weaver 269:red-billed quelea 265: 264: 85: 4969: 4917: 4916: 4904: 4903: 4891: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4865: 4864: 4862:NHMSYS0001689630 4852: 4851: 4839: 4838: 4826: 4825: 4813: 4812: 4800: 4799: 4787: 4786: 4774: 4773: 4761: 4760: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4734: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4686: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4673:2B6DE1366B1D557C 4663: 4662: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4603: 4547:E. psammacromius 4332:F. eminentissima 4176:M. erythrogaster 4142:Rachel's malimbe 4122:Cassin's malimbe 4091:P. superciliosus 3684:Rüppell's weaver 3674:Kilombero weaver 3608:Ploceus princeps 3478:P. subpersonatus 3454:Bertram's weaver 3428:P. superciliosus 3302:P. superciliosus 3146: 3139: 3132: 3123: 3118: 3098:Data related to 3097: 3082: 3081: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2624: 2611: 2610: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2230: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2094: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2053: 1994: 1993: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1972:Internet Archive 1954: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1926: 1907: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1854: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1807: 1784:Q. q. aethiopica 1779: 1764: 1750:Q. q. aethiopica 1745: 1731:Q. q. aethiopica 1726: 1710: 1377:Hordeum disticum 1287: 1276: 1070:miombo woodlands 1022: 1014: 823: 799: 786: 779: 772: 718:Based on recent 332:It was named by 315:red-billed dioch 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 254: 233: 225: 203: 100: 99: 79: 74: 73: 50: 33: 21: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4886: 4883:Observation.org 4881: 4873: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4847: 4842: 4834: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4738: 4730: 4725: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4666: 4658: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4572: 4533:Marsh widowbird 4467:E. nigroventris 4455:or red bishop ( 4447:E. franciscanus 4387: 4368:Seychelles fody 4302: 4273:Cardinal quelea 4257: 4234: 4211: 4192:Crested malimbe 4096: 4073: 4058:P. sanctithomae 4054:São Tomé weaver 4028:P. olivaceiceps 4014:Usambara weaver 3994:Preuss's weaver 3978:P. benghalensis 3968:P. megarhynchus 3934:Streaked weaver 3924:Sakalava weaver 3874:Chestnut weaver 3864:Cinnamon weaver 3824:Clarke's weaver 3708:P. taeniopterus 3658:P. xanthopterus 3638:P. castaneiceps 3604:Príncipe weaver 3564:Bocage's weaver 3548:P. melanogaster 3408: 3399:Sociable weaver 3385: 3350: 3327: 3272: 3237: 3214: 3179: 3161: 3150: 3107: 3090: 3085: 3080:on 28 May 2022. 3072: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3003:10.2307/3808656 2988: 2987: 2983: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2924: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2780:10.2307/4082640 2763: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2657: 2656: 2641: 2633: 2626: 2625: 2614: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2538:"Quelea quelea" 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2179:10.2307/1797576 2160: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2134: 2133: 2122: 2096: 2095: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2055: 2054: 1997: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1910: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1746: 1737: 1727: 1718: 1711: 1702: 1679:organophosphate 1667: 1665:Pest management 1642: 1596:Kondoa District 1556: 1515:Nile crocodiles 1505:diederik cuckoo 1465: 1401:Setaria italica 1393:Sorghum bicolor 1303: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1288: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1266: 1209:), blackthorn ( 1188: 1164:) and bishops ( 1131: 1058: 1045: 1040: 1031: 1030: 1028:Songs and calls 1011: 956:flight feathers 943: 932: 923: 896: 869: 860: 734:cardinal quelea 716: 701:Sennar province 683:The subspecies 670:Tsonga language 614: 598:Anton Reichenow 596:, described by 585:Phillip Clancey 503:new combination 455:Systema Naturae 435:Emberiza quelea 416:Systema Naturae 403:birds described 399: 366:flight feathers 276: 272: 252: 250:Emberiza quelea 235: 231: 216: 205: 199: 186: 94: 86: 75: 71: 64: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4905: 4892: 4879: 4866: 4853: 4840: 4827: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4775: 4762: 4749: 4736: 4723: 4710: 4700: 4687: 4677: 4664: 4651: 4636: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4550: 4540: 4530: 4520: 4517:E. albonotatus 4510: 4500: 4490: 4480: 4470: 4460: 4450: 4440: 4430: 4420: 4410: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4378:Rodrigues fody 4375: 4372:F. sechellarum 4365: 4358:Mauritius fody 4355: 4345: 4335: 4325: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4280: 4269: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4206:M. rubricollis 4199: 4189: 4179: 4169: 4166:M. ibadanensis 4162:Ibadan malimbe 4159: 4149: 4139: 4129: 4119: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4087:Compact weaver 4083: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4051: 4041: 4031: 4021: 4011: 4001: 3991: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3958:P. hypoxanthus 3951: 3948:P. philippinus 3941: 3931: 3921: 3911: 3901: 3891: 3881: 3878:P. rubiginosus 3871: 3861: 3851: 3841: 3831: 3821: 3814:Weyns's weaver 3811: 3801: 3791: 3784:Speke's weaver 3781: 3771: 3764:Village weaver 3761: 3751: 3741: 3731: 3721: 3711: 3701: 3691: 3681: 3671: 3661: 3651: 3648:P. holoxanthus 3641: 3631: 3621: 3611: 3601: 3591: 3581: 3571: 3561: 3554:Strange weaver 3551: 3541: 3538:P. nigricollis 3531: 3524:Bates's weaver 3521: 3511: 3501: 3498:P. intermedius 3491: 3481: 3471: 3461: 3451: 3441: 3438:P. nigrimentus 3431: 3424:Compact weaver 3420: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3337: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3305: 3295: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3267:S. squamifrons 3260: 3249: 3247: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3199:B. albirostris 3191: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3105: 3104:at Wikispecies 3089: 3088:External links 3086: 3084: 3083: 3065: 3058: 3038: 3016: 2997:(2): 453–457. 2981: 2954:(1–2): 15–20. 2938: 2914:"The scorpion 2904: 2878: 2867:(2): 173–214. 2844: 2829: 2819: 2793: 2774:(4): 568–595. 2751: 2724: 2721:(16): 357–372. 2701: 2694: 2674: 2639: 2612: 2577:(2): 345–353. 2554: 2529: 2503: 2459: 2429: 2411: 2381: 2374: 2349: 2342: 2318: 2293: 2286: 2266: 2212: 2192: 2153: 2120: 2084: 2072:United Kingdom 1995: 1977: 1958:Linnaeus, Carl 1946: 1908: 1890: 1844: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1715:George Edwards 1712: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1666: 1663: 1641: 1638: 1555: 1552: 1509:brood parasite 1464: 1461: 1435:), as well as 1385:Eragrostis tef 1345:One survey at 1289: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1244:do not signal 1187: 1184: 1178:) and various 1130: 1127: 1057: 1054: 1042: 1041: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1012: 1010: 1007: 942: 939: 929: 928: 925: 924: 920: 919: 916: 915: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 893: 892: 889: 888: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 866: 865: 862: 861: 857: 856: 853: 852: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 826: 821: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 802: 797: 795: 784: 782: 777: 775: 770: 715: 712: 613: 610: 604:of subspecies 577: 576: 569:Q. quelea 558: 551:Q. quelea 543:Loxia lathamii 540: 514:Q. russii 506:Q. quelea 479:George Edwards 477:Also in 1766, 470:in French and 464:Michel Adanson 448:The erroneous 405:originally by 398: 395: 263: 262: 261: 260: 255: 244: 243: 237: 236: 230: 227: 226: 218: 217: 206: 195: 194: 188: 187: 183:Q. quelea 180: 178: 174: 173: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 88: 87: 69: 66: 65: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4975: 4974: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4915: 4914:Quelea-quelea 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4660:Quelea_quelea 4656: 4652: 4647: 4646:Quelea quelea 4641: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4616:Quelea quelea 4613: 4609: 4604: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4483:Yellow bishop 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4437:E. hordeaceus 4434: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4417:E. diadematus 4414: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4277:Q. cardinalis 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4196:M. malimbicus 4193: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4048:P. angolensis 4045: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3964:Finn's weaver 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3918:P. nelicourvi 3915: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888:P. aureonucha 3885: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3808:P. nigerrimus 3805: 3802: 3799: 3798:P. spekeoides 3795: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768:P. cucullatus 3765: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718:P. vitellinus 3715: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634:Taveta weaver 3632: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3614:Orange weaver 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3568:P. temporalis 3565: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518:P. bannermani 3515: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3484:Little weaver 3482: 3479: 3475: 3474:Loango weaver 3472: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3448:P. baglafecht 3445: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3357:Pseudonigrita 3353: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3322:P. donaldsoni 3319: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101:Quelea quelea 3096: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3059:9789401128681 3055: 3051: 3050: 3049:Wildlife 2001 3042: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2920:Quelea quelea 2917: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859:in Nigeria". 2858: 2857:Quelea quelea 2851: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820:9781400838318 2816: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2695:9782880329983 2691: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2319: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2287:9785882381157 2283: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2224:Quelea quelea 2216: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:Quelea quelea 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1817:Quelea quelea 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1659:coconut fibre 1656: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1634:IUCN Red List 1631: 1630:least concern 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:marabou stork 1498: 1494: 1493:lanner falcon 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:Avena aestiva 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352:Oryza barthii 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1298:respectively. 1297: 1293: 1286: 1275: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1176:Passer luteus 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1039: 1038:on xeno-canto 1037: 1036:Quelea quelea 1029: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1003: 998: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 971: 966: 963: 961: 957: 952: 947: 940: 938: 936: 935:Interbreeding 927: 926: 918: 917: 914: 913: 912: 904: 903: 900: 899: 891: 890: 887: 886: 885: 877: 876: 873: 872: 864: 863: 855: 854: 851: 850: 849: 842: 841: 838: 837: 834: 833: 832: 825: 824: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 808: 801: 800: 794: 793: 788: 787: 781: 780: 774: 773: 769: 767: 763: 762: 757: 753: 752: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732:, namely the 731: 730: 725: 721: 713: 711: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622:Quelea quelea 619: 611: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 582: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541: 538: 534: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456: 451: 450:type locality 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:binomial name 428: 427: 422: 418: 417: 412: 408: 404: 396: 394: 392: 391:IUCN Red List 388: 387:least concern 384: 379: 375: 370: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307: 306:Quelea quelea 300: 270: 259: 258:Quelea russii 256: 251: 248: 247: 245: 242: 238: 228: 224: 219: 214: 210: 204: 202: 201:Quelea quelea 196: 193: 192:Binomial name 189: 185: 184: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149:Passeriformes 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 98: 93: 89: 83: 78: 77:Least Concern 67: 63: 58: 53: 49: 44: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4615: 4590:A. albifrons 4589: 4577: 4566: 4556: 4546: 4537:E. hartlaubi 4536: 4526: 4516: 4506: 4497:E. axillaris 4496: 4486: 4476: 4466: 4456: 4446: 4436: 4426: 4423:Black bishop 4416: 4406: 4392: 4382:F. flavicans 4381: 4371: 4361: 4351: 4342:F. aldabrana 4341: 4338:Aldabra fody 4331: 4328:Comoros fody 4321: 4307: 4296: 4292: 4287:Q. erythrops 4286: 4276: 4262: 4251: 4239: 4229:A. rubriceps 4228: 4216: 4205: 4195: 4185: 4175: 4165: 4155: 4146:M. racheliae 4145: 4136:M. ballmanni 4135: 4132:Gola malimbe 4125: 4116:M. coronatus 4115: 4101: 4090: 4079:Pachyphantes 4078: 4067: 4057: 4047: 4037: 4027: 4017: 4007: 3997: 3987: 3977: 3967: 3957: 3947: 3937: 3927: 3917: 3908:P. albinucha 3907: 3897: 3887: 3877: 3867: 3857: 3847: 3837: 3827: 3817: 3807: 3797: 3794:Fox's weaver 3787: 3777: 3774:Giant weaver 3767: 3758:P. reichardi 3757: 3747: 3737: 3727: 3717: 3707: 3697: 3687: 3677: 3668:P. castanops 3667: 3657: 3647: 3637: 3627: 3618:P. aurantius 3617: 3607: 3597: 3588:P. subaureus 3587: 3577: 3567: 3557: 3547: 3537: 3527: 3517: 3507: 3497: 3487: 3477: 3467: 3458:P. bertrandi 3457: 3447: 3437: 3427: 3413: 3402: 3390: 3379: 3369: 3355: 3345:H. ruficauda 3344: 3332: 3321: 3311: 3301: 3291: 3277: 3266: 3257:S. frontalis 3256: 3242: 3232:D. dinemelli 3231: 3219: 3208: 3198: 3184: 3174: 3166: 3156: 3112: 3100: 3078:the original 3068: 3048: 3041: 3032: 3019: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2881: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2838: 2832: 2824: 2804: 2796: 2771: 2767: 2754: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2684: 2677: 2664: 2660: 2629: 2574: 2570: 2557: 2545:. Retrieved 2541: 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2516: 2506: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2450:. Retrieved 2445: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2397: 2384: 2365: 2352: 2328: 2321: 2309:. Retrieved 2305: 2296: 2276: 2269: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2215: 2205: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2144:. Retrieved 2139: 2109:(1): 34–40. 2106: 2102: 2098: 2075:. Retrieved 2061: 1987: 1980: 1962: 1937:. Retrieved 1934:Weaver Watch 1933: 1901: 1893: 1881:. Retrieved 1861: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1783: 1769:South Africa 1749: 1730: 1675: 1668: 1643: 1619: 1613: 1600: 1598:, Tanzania. 1589: 1574: 1557: 1545: 1541:Haemoproteus 1539: 1533: 1527: 1513: 1474: 1457: 1448: 1440: 1432: 1424: 1417:Oryza sativa 1416: 1408: 1400: 1392: 1384: 1376: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1250: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1175: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1132: 1118: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1103:Benoue River 1099: 1095: 1078:South Africa 1059: 1049: 1046: 1035: 1027: 1017: 999: 993: 989: 985: 983: 967: 964: 948: 944: 933: 909: 907: 882: 880: 847: 845: 830: 828: 806: 805: 804: 790: 765: 759: 749: 745: 737: 727: 724:sister group 720:DNA analysis 717: 705: 692: 684: 682: 680:from Egypt. 673: 665: 657: 649: 641: 633: 625: 621: 617: 615: 605: 593: 589: 580: 578: 572: 568: 560: 554: 550: 547:Andrew Smith 542: 536: 535:subspecies, 526: 513: 505: 498: 495:true bunting 476: 471: 467: 453: 447: 438: 434: 424: 414: 411:10th edition 400: 371: 361: 357: 353: 345: 331: 325:, native to 314: 310: 305: 304: 268: 266: 257: 249: 200: 198: 182: 181: 169: 39: 18: 4792:iNaturalist 4640:Wikispecies 4578:Amblyospiza 4567:E. jacksoni 4507:E. macroura 4487:E. capensis 4427:E. gierowii 4348:Forest fody 4156:M. scutatus 4068:P. flavipes 4038:P. insignis 3944:Baya weaver 3928:P. sakalava 3898:P. tricolor 3858:P. jacksoni 3844:Juba weaver 3738:P. katangae 3698:P. heuglini 3678:P. burnieri 3644:Ruvu weaver 3598:P. xanthops 3578:P. capensis 3574:Cape weaver 3508:P. ocularis 3488:P. luteolus 3468:P. pelzelni 3391:Philetairus 3380:P. cabanisi 3279:Plocepasser 2935:(2): 59–60. 2895:Lanioturdus 2438:Gill, Frank 2173:: 394–413. 1713:Etching by 1577:Sara people 1497:tawny eagle 1479:, monkeys, 1309:Echinochloa 1135:specialised 1074:rainforests 1000:The female 941:Description 789:genus 689:John Latham 518:Otto Finsch 489:. In 1850, 4931:Categories 4909:Xeno-canto 4252:B. anomala 4240:Brachycope 4217:Anaplectes 4126:M. cassini 4018:P. nicolli 3998:P. preussi 3988:P. bicolor 3828:P. golandi 3778:P. grandis 3728:P. velatus 3688:P. galbula 3558:P. alienus 3370:P. arnaudi 3333:Histurgops 3244:Sporopipes 3220:Dinemellia 3186:Bubalornis 2542:Xeno-canto 2142:(in Dutch) 1989:vulgaribus 1795:References 1655:cuttlebone 1640:Aviculture 1628:listed as 1547:Plasmodium 1333:Tetrapogon 1253:incubation 1230:Malilangwe 1223:sugar cane 1180:estrildids 1111:aethiopica 1087:Lake Ngami 1034:Listen to 740:) and the 693:aethiopica 678:the Exodus 606:aethiopica 573:aethiopica 350:subspecies 4557:E. progne 4527:E. ardens 4477:E. aureus 4394:Euplectes 4352:F. omissa 4297:Q. quelea 4186:M. nitens 3938:P. manyar 3868:P. badius 3818:P. weynsi 3788:P. spekei 3748:P. ruweti 3628:P. bojeri 3528:P. batesi 3403:P. socius 3292:P. mahali 3158:Ploceidae 2715:Zoologica 2547:15 August 2498:205841906 2476:: 21–32. 2404:1 January 1878:216311213 1651:mealworms 1569:N'Djamena 1560:Lake Chad 1481:mongooses 1445:sunflower 1437:buckwheat 1347:Lake Chad 1292:Kgalagadi 1246:condition 1167:Euplectes 1048:warbling 807:Q. quelea 714:Phylogeny 666:ndzheyana 650:inyonyane 642:chimokoto 522:Karl Russ 323:Ploceidae 177:Species: 159:Ploceidae 115:Kingdom: 109:Eukaryota 4849:22719128 4810:11240909 4696:22719128 4691:BirdLife 4680:BioLib: 4625:Wikidata 4362:F. rubra 4318:Red fody 4103:Malimbus 3209:B. niger 2976:84053588 2740:: 1–25. 2688:. IUCN. 2599:12535086 2490:28012957 2452:16 April 2364:(2002). 2261:84764540 1960:(1758). 1898:"Quelea" 1813:(2016). 1788:Ethiopia 1685:fenthion 1564:Hadjerai 1453:feedlots 1425:Triticum 1371:such as 1339:Urochloa 1196:lathamii 1186:Breeding 1140:strategy 685:lathamii 638:Kwangali 555:lathamii 533:nominate 426:Emberiza 407:Linnaeus 378:avicides 348:. Three 334:Linnaeus 241:Synonyms 209:Linnaeus 155:Family: 129:Chordata 125:Phylum: 119:Animalia 105:Domain: 82:IUCN 3.1 4771:2493987 4732:rebque1 4706:rebque1 4668:Avibase 4631:Q367327 4457:E. orix 4407:E. afer 3415:Ploceus 3176:Species 3011:3808656 2956:Bibcode 2788:4082640 2768:The Auk 2607:1191425 2579:Bibcode 2306:Avibase 2241:Bibcode 2233:Ostrich 2187:1797576 1968:Holmiae 1782:female 1700:Gallery 1682:avicide 1632:on the 1477:galagos 1389:sorghum 1369:cereals 1327:Sorghum 1321:Setaria 1315:Panicum 1264:Feeding 1258:protein 1242:plumage 1161:Ploceus 1151:lowveld 1082:Réunion 975:coverts 911:Ploceus 761:Ploceus 668:in the 662:Sesotho 654:Siswati 634:enzunge 630:Swahili 602:synonym 421:bunting 413:of his 338:bunting 165:Genus: 145:Order: 135:Class: 80: ( 4962:Quelea 4875:187445 4836:562669 4753:EURING 4745:QUELQU 4309:Foudia 4264:Quelea 3153:Family 3056: 3009: 2974: 2817: 2786: 2692: 2605: 2597: 2522:15 May 2496: 2488: 2372: 2340: 2284: 2259: 2185: 2146:11 May 1883:11 May 1876: 1754:Uganda 1735:Uganda 1585:Musgum 1524:Etosha 1503:. 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