201:
576:
80:
748:
500:
31:
55:
1798:
567:. The latter species lives in woodlands rather than mangroves. The dusky myzomela resembles the female red-headed myzomela, but is larger and darker brown, and lacks the red markings around the bill. The Sumba myzomela is similar but slightly smaller than the red-headed myzomela and has darker upper parts and a broad black pectoral band.
524:
stripe that extends to become a narrow eye ring. The iris is dark brown. The adult female's head and neck are grey-brown with a pink-red tint to the forehead and chin. The rest of the female's upper body is grey-brown with darker shades on the wings and lighter shades on the breast and underparts.
519:
The adult male of the nominate subspecies has a dark red head, neck, and rump; the red is glossy, reflecting bright light. The rest of the upper body is a blackish-brown, and the upper breast and under-body a light brownish-grey. The red of the head is sharply demarcated against the brown plumage,
809:
Measuring 16 by 12 mm (0.63 by 0.47 in), the eggs are oval, smooth and lustreless white, with small spots or blotches of red on the larger end. The clutch size is reported to be two or three eggs. While there is no reliable information on incubation and feeding, it is believed that both
713:
and the bird populations became dependent on mangroves as other types of forest disappeared. The mangroves provide nectar and insects as well as shelter and nesting sites, and they supply the majority of the species' needs for most of the year. In
Australia, mangrove vegetation forms a narrow
784:
The red-headed myzomela actively defends food trees, engaging in aggressive bill-wiping both in response to a threat and after chasing intruders from a tree. It is very antagonistic even towards its own species; the males fight by grappling in mid-air and falling close to the ground before
897:, since it is confined to three small islands with a combined area of about 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). There is no immediate threat to the red-headed myzomela, except the risk posed to low islands by rising sea levels; however, it has been recommended that community-based
665:
nearly five years earlier, 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the original banding site, and the species' occupation of a large number of offshore islands suggests that the red-headed myzomela is effective at crossing distances over water. The maximum age recorded from banding has been
511:
The red-headed myzomela is a distinctive small honeyeater with a compact body, short tail and relatively long down-curved bill. It averages 12 centimetres (4.7 in), with a wingspan of 17–19 cm (6.7–7.5 in) and a weight of 8 grams (0.28 oz). The birds exhibit
310:
insects off foliage. It calls constantly as it feeds. While little has been documented on the red-headed myzomela's breeding behaviour, it is recorded as building a small cup-shaped nest in the mangroves and laying two or three oval, white eggs with small red blotches.
793:
There are few scientific reports on the breeding behaviour of the red-headed myzomela, and little detail is available on the breeding season. A study of populations in the western
Kimberley reported that the birds hold territories through much of the
818:
The red-headed myzomela is arboreal, feeding at flowers and among the outer foliage in the crowns of mangroves and other flowering trees. Very active when feeding, it darts from flower to flower, probing for nectar with its long curved bill. It
1238:
Marki, Petter Z.; Jønsson, Knud A.; Irestedt, Martin; Nguyen, Jacqueline M.T.; Rahbek, Carsten; Fjeldså, Jon (2017). "Supermatrix phylogeny and biogeography of the
Australasian Meliphagides radiation (Aves: Passeriformes)".
533:. Initially lacking in red plumage, they begin to get red feathers on their faces after around a month of age. Males keep their juvenile plumage for up to three months, and take a similar period to come into full colour.
760:
While the social organisation of the red-headed myzomela is relatively unknown, it is reported as being usually solitary or found in pairs, though it has been described as forming loose associations with
798:
and then disperse. The nest is built in the foliage of the mangroves, suspended by a rim from a small horizontal fork about 6–10 m (20–33 ft) above the ground or water. The nest is small and
777:, coming close to the caller to investigate the source of the sound and to warn off the intruder. It calls throughout the day when feeding, and males sing from exposed branches in the upper
525:
The gape is yellow. One study suggested a connection between the female's bill colour and breeding status, with birds that had a horn-coloured (grey) bill also having well-developed
835:, wasps, and caterpillars. The red-headed myzomela predominately feeds on mangrove species, and in north-western Australia is the major pollinator of the rib-fruited mangrove (
810:
parents are active in caring for the young. A field study by Jan Lewis and colleagues found that only females bore brood patches, suggesting they alone incubated eggs.
619:, from the Mimika Regency in the west to the Fly River in the east, and the Aru Islands. Some birds of Cape York have features intermediate between the two subspecies.
367:(head). This species was known as the red-headed honeyeater in Australia, and red-headed myzomela elsewhere, the latter name being adopted as the official name by the
1977:
389:
in 1879 from a specimen collected from Hall Bay in southern New Guinea. Forbes noted there was more red on the back, and the upperparts are a lighter brown. The
2016:
726:
forests, reducing its potential for successful colonization by nectarivores, and it marks the southern limit of the red-headed myzomela in
Western Australia.
2093:
463:
were analysed. A 2017 genetic study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA suggests that the ancestor of the red-headed myzomela diverged from that of the
294:; the male has a glossy red head and brown upperparts and paler grey-brown underparts while the female has predominantly grey-brown plumage. Its natural
520:
giving the bird the appearance of having a red hood. The bill is black or blackish-brown, and the gape is black or yellowish. There is a distinct black
2113:
1951:
1990:
785:
disengaging. It constantly chases brown honeyeaters through the canopy, though it has not been observed in grappling fights with other species.
368:
2118:
1749:
1549:
1187:
1081:
901:
on the tropical coast be promoted, as it could lead to monitoring of sub-populations and habitat by visiting birdwatchers and local rangers.
563:
The red-headed myzomela closely resembles the scarlet myzomela, though there is only a small overlap in their respective ranges, in eastern
651:. Population numbers have been reported as fluctuating in some areas with local movements possibly related to the flowering of preferred
1203:
Driskell, Amy C.; Christidis, Les (2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of the
Australo–Papuan honeyeaters (Passeriformes, Meliphagidae)".
600:
2128:
2103:
1780:
1660:
1477:
1051:
1802:
1574:
Noske, Richard A. (1996). "Abundance, zonation and foraging ecology of birds in mangroves of Darwin
Harbour, Northern Territory".
973:"Letter to Chairman of the Scientific Committee, Zoological Society of London, read before meeting of the Society of Oct. 8, 1839"
870:
in northwest
Western Australia. The red-headed myzomela may travel some distance from roosting areas to feed on plants in flower.
2123:
995:
631:
1995:
1006:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government
806:
and lined with finer material. It is, on average, 5.4 cm (2.1 in) in diameter and 3.7 cm (1.5 in) deep.
487:. Because the red-headed myzomela occurs on many offshore islands and appears to be an effective water-crosser, it has been
583:
The nominate subspecies of the red-headed myzomela is distributed across the tropical coastlines of
Western Australia, the
592:
661:
food trees, and there is some indication that the birds can travel more widely. A single bird was recaptured after being
638:
during the mid-dry and early wet season coincided with the production of young and the flowering of the yellow mangrove (
2108:
1876:
596:
1854:
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and various offshore islands in
Western Australia, and is similarly distributed in the Northern Territory, including
290:
At 12 cm (4.7 in), it is a small honeyeater with a short tail and relatively long down-curved bill. It is
2021:
1102:
1029:
852:
79:
386:
1881:
1039:
863:
464:
1622:
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around four million years ago; however, the relationships of many species within the genus are uncertain.
200:
455:
of honeyeaters found it to be the next closest relative to a smaller group consisting of the scarlet and
1348:
Ford, Julian (1982). "Origin, evolution and speciation of birds specialized to mangroves in
Australia".
714:
discontinuous strip along thousands of kilometres of coastline, accommodating birds specialized for the
705:
575:
541:
but has red extending from the rump onto the back, a darker grey belly, and is slightly larger overall.
174:
709:). It is a mangrove specialist, an adaptation that probably occurred as northern Australia became more
949:
841:); it also feeds in paperbarks and other coastal forests, and has been recorded feeding in cultivated
802:, and built from small pieces of bark, leaves, plant fibre and sometimes seaweed, bound together with
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1863:
1701:
1357:
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in New Guinea. Though widely distributed, the species is not abundant within this range. While the
249:
44:
703:, but it often also occurs in paperbark thickets fringing the mangroves such as those of cajeput (
1717:
857:
683:
584:
74:
1868:
371:(IOC). Other common names are mangrove red-headed honeyeater, mangrove redhead, and blood-bird.
1982:
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2008:
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Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter; Feinstein, Julie; Cracraft, Joel (2004).
2057:
2029:
894:
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280:
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529:. Juveniles are similar to females though with an obvious pale yellow edge to the lower
648:
635:
521:
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433:
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1320:
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that north-western Australia was the primary centre of origin for the two subspecies.
30:
2087:
2003:
1043:
1033:
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882:
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in the Northern Territory. The peak abundance of the species in the mangroves around
484:
340:
284:
64:
59:
1133:
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for flying insects. Typical invertebrates eaten include spiders and insects such as
1930:
1629:. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
662:
545:
476:
472:
1917:
1409:
Lewis, Jan (2010). "Notes on the moult and biology of the Red-headed Honeyeater (
1106:
516:, with males being slightly larger and much more brightly coloured than females.
1964:
1848:
1252:
1216:
842:
700:
526:
445:
352:
400:
was until 2008 regarded as a subspecies of the red-headed myzomela, as was the
2065:
898:
889:, because the population is widespread. However, the Australian population of
828:
803:
795:
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538:
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328:
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91:
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and songs that are primarily metallic or scratchy. Its song is an abrupt
530:
468:
441:
424:
412:
299:
151:
111:
1623:"ABBBS Database Search: Myzomela erythrocephala (Red-headed Honeyeater)"
1956:
1889:
1721:
1261:
715:
678:
627:
295:
1587:
1369:
1969:
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The species' movements are poorly understood, variously described as
101:
1943:
1810:
1713:
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within its range. The largest recorded population was 5.5 birds per
283:, as a whole the widespread range means that its conservation is of
729:
The red-headed myzomela is occasionally found in swampy woodlands,
1938:
1767:
Higgins, Peter J.; Peter, Jeffrey M.; Steele, W. K., eds. (2001).
1472:. Archerfield, Queensland: Steve Parrish Publishing. p. 272.
746:
622:
Although the red-headed myzomela is widely distributed, it is not
574:
498:
416:
336:
1513:"Species profile—Myzomela erythrocephala (red-headed honeyeater)"
886:
774:
710:
272:
121:
1814:
920:
918:
1286:"Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation"
452:
479:(Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and the
1541:
Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics
267:
distributed around the tropical coastline of Australia, and
1495:
1493:
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1489:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
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1621:
Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) (2017).
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1182:. Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. p. 187.
1076:. Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. p. 209.
994:
Australian Biological Resources Study (30 August 2011).
681:
coastal areas, especially thickets of spotted mangrove (
459:, although only five of the thirty members of the genus
1769:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
471:
analysis has shown that honeyeaters are related to the
722:
in Western Australia has no mangroves and no fringing
1740:
Garnett, Stephen; Szabo, Judith; Dutson, Guy (2010),
677:
The red-headed myzomela mostly inhabits mangroves in
1421:. Perth, Western Australia: Birds Australia: 15–24.
1415:
Amytornis: Western Australian Journal of Ornithology
1290:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
773:. It is an inquisitive bird and readily responds to
1823:
1653:
A Field Guide to Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds
733:woodlands and open forest, particularly those with
319:The red-headed myzomela was described and named as
483:(Australian fairy-wrens) in the large superfamily
998:Myzomela (Myzomela) erythrocephala erythrocephala
950:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22703845A93939540.en
428:which includes two other Australian species, the
422:The red-headed myzomela is a member of the genus
1775:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
1655:. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 329.
1544:. Princeton University Press. pp. 292–293.
1142:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
977:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
765:, and other mangrove-feeding birds such as the
302:forests. It is very active when feeding in the
1413:) in the west Kimberley, Western Australia".
1038:(Abridged ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
739:and paperbarks, as well as on coconut farms.
8:
1179:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
374:Two subspecies are recognised: the nominate
1538:Beehler, Bruce M.; Pratt, Thane K. (2016).
823:insects from foliage and twigs, as well as
603:. It is widespread around the coast of the
1811:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1065:
1063:
199:
53:
29:
20:
1742:The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010
1319:
1309:
1260:
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1095:
1093:
948:
436:of northern Australia. It belongs to the
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1499:
1452:
1387:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1176:Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (2008).
1163:
1138:, with descriptions of two new species"
1134:"A synopsis of the Meliphaginae, genus
1073:Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide
914:
544:The red-headed myzomela has a range of
16:Passerine bird of the honeyeater family
1692:: another bird-pollinated mangrove?".
369:International Ornithological Committee
1241:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1205:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1113:. International Ornithologists' Union
327:in 1840, from specimens collected in
7:
855:gardens, and silver-leaf grevillea (
306:, darting from flower to flower and
2094:IUCN Red List least concern species
1070:Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013).
936:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
591:. It inhabits coastal areas of the
275:lists the Australian population of
1882:Myzomela_(Myzomela)_erythrocephala
1132:Forbes, William Alexander (1879).
601:Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands
351:(honey), and refers to the bird's
208:Red-headed myzomela natural range
38:Male perched on a mangrove branch
14:
1796:
537:is similar in appearance to the
78:
2114:Birds of the Northern Territory
1744:, Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO,
1470:Field Guide to Australian Birds
1105:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
925:BirdLife International (2016).
649:resident, nomadic or migratory
432:of eastern Australia, and the
1:
1627:Bird and bat banding database
611:occurs at scattered sites in
607:and the Cape York Peninsula.
236:family Meliphagidae found in
2119:Birds of Cape York Peninsula
556:contact call and a scolding
440:family Meliphagidae. A 2004
415:to the Indonesian island of
1773:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats
1688:Noske, Richard A. (1993). "
1253:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.021
1217:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.017
1144:. 1879:Jan.-Mar.: 256–278 .
1111:World Bird List Version 7.1
1004:Australian Faunal Directory
550:tchwip-tchwip-tchwip-tchwip
298:is subtropical or tropical
2145:
1468:Morcombe, Michael (2003).
699:) bordering islands or in
687:), smallflower bruguiera (
385:, which was described by
339:name is derived from the
260:are recognised, with the
207:
198:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2129:Taxa named by John Gould
2104:Birds of the Aru Islands
943:: e.T22703845A93939540.
861:) and green birdflower (
571:Distribution and habitat
387:William Alexander Forbes
2124:Birds described in 1840
2071:Myzomela-erythrocephala
1869:Myzomela_erythrocephala
1855:Myzomela erythrocephala
1825:Myzomela erythrocephala
1804:Myzomela erythrocephala
1519:. Queensland Government
1411:Myzomela erythrocephala
1311:10.1073/pnas.0401892101
1040:Oxford University Press
1035:A Greek-English Lexicon
864:Crotalaria cunninghamii
552:with a slightly softer
465:black-breasted myzomela
321:Myzomela erythrocephala
225:Myzomela erythrocephala
184:Myzomela erythrocephala
929:Myzomelaerythrocephala
881:is listed as being of
752:
580:
508:
166:M. erythrocephala
1026:Liddell, Henry George
750:
706:Melaleuca leucadendra
693:) and grey mangrove (
578:
502:
220:red-headed honeyeater
1807:at Wikimedia Commons
1649:Beruldsen, Gordon R.
971:Gould, John (1840).
838:Bruguiera exaristata
690:Bruguiera parviflora
503:Female perched on a
379:M. e. erythrocephala
265:M. e. erythrocephala
24:Red-headed myzomela
2109:Birds of New Guinea
1706:1993Biotr..25..481N
1517:Species information
1362:1982EmuAO..82...12F
1302:2004PNAS..10111040B
874:Conservation status
781:of the food trees.
630:or 2.2 per acre at
605:Gulf of Carpentaria
565:Cape York Peninsula
554:swip-swip-swip-swip
395:Myzomela dammermani
216:red-headed myzomela
45:Conservation status
1690:Bruguiera hainesii
858:Grevillea refracta
753:
684:Rhizophora stylosa
585:Northern Territory
581:
509:
457:cardinal myzomelas
359:is from the Greek
292:sexually dimorphic
2081:
2080:
2043:Open Tree of Life
1817:Taxon identifiers
1801:Media related to
1751:978-0-643-10368-9
1588:10.1071/WR9960443
1576:Wildlife Research
1551:978-1-4008-8071-3
1370:10.1071/MU9820012
1189:978-0-643-06511-6
1083:978-0-643-10471-6
879:M. erythrocephala
763:brown honeyeaters
751:A male on lookout
720:Eighty Mile Beach
641:Ceriops australis
514:sexual dimorphism
333:Western Australia
212:
211:
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1296:(30): 11040–45.
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771:yellow white-eye
767:northern fantail
756:Social behaviour
696:Avicennia marina
673:
669:
617:Papua New Guinea
430:scarlet myzomela
410:
399:
347:(to suckle) and
246:Papua New Guinea
203:
186:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
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2030:Observation.org
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2015:
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1771:. Vol. 5:
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1739:
1738:
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1714:10.2307/2388873
1687:
1686:
1682:
1678:, p. 1162.
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1611:, p. 1160.
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1572:
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1552:
1537:
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1532:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1502:, p. 1159.
1498:
1487:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1455:, p. 1161.
1451:
1434:
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1407:
1394:
1390:, p. 1158.
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1356:(1): 12–23.
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997:
996:"Subspecies
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954:. Retrieved
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473:Pardalotidae
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142:Meliphagidae
18:
1965:iNaturalist
1849:Wikispecies
1761:Cited texts
1633:25 February
1262:10852/65203
1247:: 516–529.
1117:25 February
1103:Gill, Frank
1042:. pp.
983:: 139–145 .
843:bottlebrush
495:Description
411:, which is
304:tree canopy
2088:Categories
2066:Xeno-canto
1694:Biotropica
1010:23 January
905:References
899:ecotourism
804:spider web
800:cup-shaped
796:dry season
632:Palmerston
613:West Papua
589:Queensland
579:A juvenile
438:honeyeater
363:(red) and
329:King Sound
325:John Gould
258:subspecies
254:John Gould
234:honeyeater
1651:(2003) .
1596:1035-3712
1427:1836-3482
1032:(1980) .
910:Citations
848:Grevillea
743:Behaviour
731:casuarina
724:Melaleuca
679:monsoonal
670:years 1.5
658:Melaleuca
593:Kimberley
505:paperbark
481:Maluridae
469:Molecular
444:study of
406:M. kuehni
279:as being
250:described
248:. It was
242:Indonesia
238:Australia
230:passerine
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2099:Myzomela
2009:22703845
1983:10594169
1908:22703845
1903:BirdLife
1834:Wikidata
1330:15263073
1271:28017855
1225:15120392
1136:Myzomela
1044:272, 374
825:sallying
789:Breeding
736:Pandanus
674:months.
653:mangrove
624:abundant
599:and the
531:mandible
461:Myzomela
425:Myzomela
365:-kephale
361:erythros
315:Taxonomy
308:gleaning
300:mangrove
153:Myzomela
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1957:2487294
1944:rehmyz1
1918:rehmyz1
1890:Avibase
1840:Q644100
1722:2388873
1702:Bibcode
1523:4 April
1358:Bibcode
1298:Bibcode
885:by the
829:beetles
814:Feeding
775:pishing
716:habitat
628:hectare
446:nuclear
442:genetic
413:endemic
296:habitat
228:) is a
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2055:uBio:
2048:630946
2022:266322
1996:561446
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853:Darwin
821:gleans
779:canopy
672:
668:
663:banded
507:branch
381:, and
343:words
335:. The
244:, and
193:, 1840
2035:74902
1978:IRMNG
1970:12435
1939:eBird
1931:45HVS
1915:BOW:
1718:JSTOR
868:)
522:loral
417:Wetar
409:)
398:)
337:genus
191:Gould
2058:3458
2017:NCBI
2004:IUCN
1991:ITIS
1952:GBIF
1777:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1635:2017
1592:ISSN
1546:ISBN
1525:2024
1474:ISBN
1423:ISSN
1326:PMID
1267:PMID
1221:PMID
1184:ISBN
1119:2017
1078:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1012:2017
958:2021
941:2016
887:IUCN
845:and
833:bugs
769:and
711:arid
655:and
587:and
448:and
376:race
349:meli
345:myzo
273:IUCN
214:The
122:Aves
1926:CoL
1877:AFD
1864:ADW
1710:doi
1584:doi
1366:doi
1350:Emu
1316:PMC
1306:doi
1294:101
1257:hdl
1249:doi
1245:107
1213:doi
945:doi
851:in
644:).
453:DNA
323:by
252:by
218:or
2090::
2068::
2045::
2032::
2019::
2006::
1993::
1980::
1967::
1954::
1941::
1928::
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1866::
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1730:^
1716:.
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1696:.
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1352:.
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960:.
947::
931:"
927:"
666:7
404:(
393:(
222:(
67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
