Red light camera - Knowledge (XXG)

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they may have some restrictions on their use. In some jurisdictions, the law says that the camera needs to obtain a photo of the driver's face in order for the citation issued for running the red light to be valid. This is the case in California and Colorado where the red light cameras are set up to take a series of photographs, including one of the driver's face. In California, state law assesses a demerit point against a driver who runs a red light, and the need to identify the actual violator has led to the creation of a unique investigatory tool, the fake "ticket." Groups opposing the use of red light cameras have argued that where the cameras are not set up to identify the vehicle driver, owner liability issues are raised. It is perceived by some that the owner of the vehicle is unfairly penalized by being considered liable for red-light violations although they may not have been the driver at the time of the offense. In most jurisdictions the liability for red light violations is a civil offense, rather than a criminal citation, issued upon the vehicle owner—similar to a parking ticket. The issue of owner liability has been addressed in the US courts, with a ruling in the District of Columbia Court of Appeals in 2007, which agreed with a lower court when it found that the presumption of liability of the owners of vehicles issued citations does not violate due process rights. This ruling was supported by a 2009 7th US Circuit Court of Appeals ruling in which it was held that issuing citations to vehicle owners (or lessees) is constitutional. The court stated that it also encourages drivers to be cautious in lending their vehicles to others.

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for that location, and motorists were caught running the light in the first second of the red phase. In California, a combined total of 7,603 tickets were refunded or dismissed by the cities of Bakersfield, Costa Mesa, East LA, San Carlos, and Union City, because of too-short yellows. Although national guidelines addressing the length of traffic signals are available, traffic signal phase times are determined by the government employees of the city, county or state for that signalized location. While some states set jurisdiction-wide constant durations for yellow-light intervals, a new standard is taking hold. States are required to adopt the 2009 National Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) as their legal state standard for traffic-control devices since 2011. These standards require engineering practices to be used to set yellow-light-timing durations at individual intersections and or corridors. For guidance to state authorities, MUTCD states yellow lights should have a minimum duration of 3 seconds and a maximum duration of 6 seconds. The deadline for compliance is 2014. In the US, if any part of a driver's vehicle has already passed into the intersection when the signal turns red, a violation is not generated. A ticket is only issued if the vehicle enters the intersection while the light is red.

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enforcement in at least one jurisdiction in Europe. Australia began to use them on a wide scale in the 1980s. As of July 21, 2010, expansion of red light camera usage in Australia is ongoing. In some areas of Australia, where the red light cameras are used, there is an online system to check the photograph taken of your vehicle if you receive a ticket. Singapore also began use of red light cameras in the 1980s, and installed the first camera systems during five years, starting in August 1986. In Canada, by 1998, red light cameras were in use in British Columbia and due to be implemented in Manitoba. In Alberta, red light cameras were installed in 1999 in Edmonton and in 2001 in Calgary. The UK first installed cameras in the 1990s, with the earliest locations including eight rail crossings in Scotland where there was greatest demand for enforcement of traffic signals due to fatalities.

258: 703:, which compared the results of 10 controlled before-after studies of red light cameras in the US, Australia, and Singapore. The analysis stated that the studies showed a reduction in crashes (up to almost 30%) in which there were injuries; however, evidence was less conclusive for a reduction in total collisions. Studies of red light cameras worldwide show a reduction of crashes involving injury by about 25% to 30%, taking into account increases in rear-end crashes, according to testimony from a meeting of the Virginia House of Delegates Militia, Police, and Public Safety Committee in 2003. These findings are supported by a review of more than 45 international studies carried out in 2010, which found that red light cameras reduce red light violation rates, crashes resulting from red light running, and usually reduce right-angle collisions. 4324: (7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals 5 January 2009) (""Fining a car's owner is rational for the same reasons: Owners will take more care when lending their cars, and often they can pass the expense on to the real wrongdoer." "It is enough to say that photographs are at least as reliable as live testimony, that the due process clause allows administrative decisions to be made on paper (or photographic) records without regard to the hearsay rule, see Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971), and that the procedures Chicago uses are functionally identical to those it uses to adjudicate parking tickets, a system sustained in Van Harken v. Chicago, 103 F.3d 1346 (7th Cir.1997). Affirmed.""). 162:. Red light camera systems typically employ a sensor that detects the presence of a vehicle past the stop bar, and, in some cases, measures the speed of a vehicle at the time it ran the red light. The sensors may be single or dual inductive loops, piezoelectric strips, laser, radar or optical video analyses. Using the speed measured, the system predicts if a particular vehicle will not be able to stop before entering the intersection. In some instances the system takes two or more photographs. The first photo shows the vehicle just before it enters the intersection, with the light showing red, and the second photo, taken a second or two later, shows the vehicle when it is in the intersection. 766:

become accustomed to the new dynamics of the intersection. Some locations experience a decrease in rear-end collisions at intersections with red light cameras over time, for instance, in Los Angeles such collisions fell 4.7% from 2008 to 2009. However, a 2010 analysis by the Los Angeles City Controller found L.A.'s red light cameras had not demonstrated an improvement in safety, specifically that of the 32 intersections equipped with cameras, 12 saw more crashes than before the cameras were installed, 4 had the same number, and 16 had fewer crashes; also that factors other than the cameras may have been responsible for the reduced crashes at the 16 intersections. And in

100: 566:(ACS) State and Local Solutions, a Xerox company, of Dallas, Texas; American Traffic Solutions of Scottsdale, Arizona, 1/3 owned by Goldman Sachs; Brekford International Corp., of Hanover, Maryland; CMA Consulting Services, Inc. of Latham, New York; Gatso USA of Beverly, Massachusetts; iTraffic Safety LLC of Ridgeland, South Carolina; NovoaGlobal Inc., of Orlando, Florida; Optotraffic, of Lanham, Maryland; Redflex Traffic Systems of Phoenix, Arizona, with its parent company in Australia; RedSpeed-Illinois LLC, of Lombard, Illinois, whose parent company is in Worcestershire, England; and SafeSpeed LLC, of Chicago, Illinois. 166:

intersection. The event is captured as a series of photographs or a video clip, or both, depending on the technology used, which shows the vehicle before it enters the intersection on a red light signal and its progress through the intersection. The data and images, whether digital or developed from film, are sent to the relevant law enforcement agency. There, the information is typically reviewed by a law enforcement official or police department clerk, who determines if a violation occurred and, if so, approves issuing a citation to the vehicle owner, who may challenge the citation.

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statute requiring that one second be added to the standard yellow time of any intersection that has a red light camera, which has led to an 80% reduction in tickets since its introduction. New Jersey has the strictest yellow timing provisions in the country as a result of concerns that cameras would be used to generate revenue; they have a statute specifying that the yellow time for an intersection that has a red light camera must be based on the speed at which 85% of the road's traffic moves rather than be based on the road's actual speed limit.

4306: (District of Columbia Court of Appeals 1 February 2007) (""Appellants argue that the method of assessing liability preliminarily to the registered owner of the car conflicts with the statutory framework set forth in D.C.Code § 50-2302.06(a), which requires that the District prove a moving violation by clear and convincing evidence, and that this "presumption of liability" violates their due process rights. ... We hold that there exists no constitutional violation as asserted and affirm.""). 193: 322:. They were first used in the early 1990s, with initial deployment by the Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions. All costs were paid by the local authority in which the individual camera was placed, and revenues accrued from fines were paid to the Treasury Consolidated Fund. In 1998 the government handed the powers of collection to local road-safety partnerships, comprising "... local authorities, Magistrates' Courts, the Highways Agency and the police." 761:

that the overall number of crashes at intersections with red light cameras increased. This report concluded that the decision to install red light cameras should be made on an intersection-by-intersection basis as some intersections saw decreases in crashes and injuries that justified the use of red light cameras, while others saw increases in crashes, indicating that the cameras were not suitable in that location. This study, too, is considered flawed by the IIHS.

729: 126:. Subsequently, a community group worked with the city's Department of Transportation to research automated law-enforcement systems to identify and ticket drivers who run red lights. New York's red-light camera program went into effect in 1993. In a near future the might be able to also catch other infractions such as phone usage, failure to wear the seat belt wearing, or failure to maintain 621: 401: 427: 242:

identified by the police and transport department as having the most violations and greatest risk. The digital cameras were introduced to further deter red-light running. As added assistance to drivers, some of the camera posts were painted orange so that drivers could see them more easily. By 2006, Hong Kong had 96 red light cameras in operation. By 2016 this number had risen to 195.

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slight decline in the intersection capacity. In terms of location-specific studies, in Singapore a study from 2003 found that there was "a substantial drop" in red light violations at intersections with red light cameras. In particular the study found that drivers were encouraged to stop more readily in areas with red light cameras in use. A report from civic administrators in

343: 770:, crashes were found to have significantly increased in the years following the deployment of red light cameras. In 2010, Arizona completed a study of their statewide 76 photo enforcement cameras and decided they would not renew the program in 2011; lower revenue than expected, mixed public acceptance and mixed accident data were cited. 970:

signals, during which all directions have a red light. It has been posited that the regulatory minimum yellow duration has been decreased over the years, that this is a cause of the increase in red-light running, and that the latter countermeasures amount to a reversion to earlier, longer regulated yellow-light durations.

744:(...)the authors spotlight the statistical difficulties of including the cost of fatalities, while ignoring the practical implications of such events (...) assuming that each angle injury crash had a societal cost of $ 64,468, when in fact the cost was $ 82,816 before camera use and $ 100,176 after camera use(...) 86:. Some traffic signals have an all red duration, allowing a grace period of a few seconds before the cross-direction turns green. Some studies have confirmed more rear-end collisions where red light cameras have been used, while side collisions decreased, but the overall collision rate has been mixed. A 765:

experienced mixed results with red light cameras; after starting camera enforcement at 4 intersections, crashes decreased by 60% at one, increased 100% at two, and increased 175% at the fourth. According to the IIHS, most studies suggest the increase in rear-end collisions decreases once drivers have

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Red light violations cost a 90€ fine, and one point removal is registered on the driving license. If a red light violation occurs while the light is red for more than one second, the fine is 200€ with two points, and the offender's driving license is suspended for one month. The fine can also be 320€

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Details that may be recorded by the camera system (and later presented to the vehicle owner) include: the date and time, the location, the vehicle speed, the amount of time elapsed since the light turned red, and the amount of time elapsed since the light turned yellow and the vehicle passed into the

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According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, red-light running is a frequent cause of crashes, with 6,000 people killed between 1992 and 1998, 850 each year in the United States alone, while 1.4 million were injured. In Australia, 15% to 21% of the crashes at signalized intersections were

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There have been many instances where cities in the US have been found to have too-short yellow-light intervals at some intersections where red light cameras have been installed. In Tennessee, 176 drivers were refunded for fines paid after it was discovered that the length of the yellow was too short

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In Norway, Spain, and the Netherlands, a postal survey in 2003 showed acceptance of the use of red light cameras for traffic enforcement. For some groups, the enforcement of traffic laws is considered the main reason for using the red light cameras. For example, a report from civic administrators in

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in 2001, when considering red light camera use, referred to studies in the Netherlands and Australia that found a 40% decrease in red light violations and 32% decrease in right-angle crashes where red light cameras were installed. Following the introduction of red light cameras in Western Australia,

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In the USA, surveys indicate the public support for red light camera enforcement; however, the support is decreasing if programs are not adequate, or if perception is focused on revenue rather than on saving lives. To be successful, a red light camera should focus on safety and transparency, as well

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Some insurance companies recommend to comply with regulation to avoid the fine. This implies a speed decrease when approaching a red light, considering it can switch to orange and then to red, avoiding acceleration when light is orange, using the brake (which turn on braking light) to communicate to

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There is debate and ongoing research about the use of red light cameras. Authorities cite public safety as the primary reason that the cameras are installed, while opponents contend their use is more for financial gain. There have been concerns that red light cameras scare drivers (who want to avoid

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banned the use of red cameras in 2019. Restrictions or conditions exist in additional states; the New Mexico Department of Transportation, for example, has asserted the right to restrict or prohibit red light cameras on state highways. While red light cameras may not be prohibited in other regions,

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Auto Club South argued against the passage of a Florida state law to allow red light cameras, stating that use of red light cameras was primarily for raising money for the state and local government coffers and would not increase road safety. Worse, there are allegations of corruption in shortening

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study of the long-term effects of camera enforcement in the state found a decrease in the number of right-angle crashes with injuries, but an increase in rear-end crashes and an overall increase in the number of crashes causing injuries. In 2007, the department issued an updated report which showed

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Amongst the many researched safety benefits of installing RLCs, few studies have examined drivers' behavior change in relation to red-light cameras showing that at these intersections drivers tended to react quicker to a yellow light change when stopping. The consequence of this change could be the

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examined studies from the previous 30 years in Australia, the UK, Singapore, and the US, and concluded that red light cameras "improve the overall safety of intersections where they are used." While the report states that evidence is not conclusive (partly due to flaws in the studies), the majority

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town council voted to end their program. In February 2013, the San Diego mayor helped remove a red light camera to keep the campaign promise he made during the November 2012 election to eliminate these systems. New Jersey had to renew the Red Light law by the state legislature in early 2015 and did

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Studies have shown that 38% of violations occur within 0.25 seconds of the light turning red and 79% within one second. A few red light camera systems allow a grace period of up to half a second for drivers who pass through the intersection just as the light turns red. Ohio and Georgia introduced a

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to the owner of the vehicle, requesting identifying information so that a ticket may be issued later. Other jurisdictions simply assess a fine to the owner of the vehicle and make no attempt to determine personal responsibility for the offence beyond that; in such locales owners are responsible for

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of the traffic light so it is more likely to attract the driver's attention in time for him or her to stop, re-timing lights so drivers will encounter fewer red ones, increasing the duration of the yellow light between the green and the red, adding a "clearance" phase to the intersection's traffic

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In the United States, fines are not standardized and vary to a great degree, from $ 50 in New York City to approximately $ 500 in California. The cost in California can increase to approximately $ 600 if the motorist elects to attend traffic school in order to avoid having a demerit point added to

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found right-angle crashes dropped by 42%, rear-end crashes dropped by 25% and total crashes dropped by 17%. In 2010, the IIHS looked at results of a number of studies and found that red light cameras reduce total collisions and particularly reduce the type of crashes that are especially likely to

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An additional issue is that many red light cameras use compressed video, making it impossible for the ticket holder to prove they were within the "dilemma zone". A dilemma zone is the area where a driver finds it is impossible to either stop in time or proceed through the intersection before the

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In Hong Kong, where red light cameras are installed, signs are erected to warn drivers that cameras are present, with the aim of educating drivers to stop for signals. The number of red light cameras in Hong Kong doubled in May 2004, and digital red light cameras were introduced at intersections

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Red light cameras were first developed in the Netherlands by Gatso. Worldwide, red light cameras have been in use since the 1960s, and were used for traffic enforcement in Israel as early as 1969. The first red light camera system was introduced in 1965, using tubes stretched across the road to

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summarized evidence from 38 studies and found that overall, red-light cameras are effective at reducing right angle crashes and related injuries, as well as total injuries, but they also lead to an increase in rear end crashes. In some areas, the length of the yellow phase has been increased to

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controlling the intersection has turned red. By automatically photographing vehicles that run red lights, the photo is evidence that assists authorities in their enforcement of traffic laws. Generally the camera is triggered when a vehicle enters the intersection (passes the stop-bar) after the

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The argument that red light cameras violate the privacy of citizens, has also been addressed in the US courts. According to a 2009 ruling by the 7th US Circuit Court of Appeals, "no one has a fundamental right to run a red light or avoid being seen by a camera on a public street." In addition,

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instead of a real ticket. Also known as "snitch tickets," these notices are used to request identifying information about the driver of the vehicle during the alleged violation. Because these notices have not been filed at court, they carry no legal weight and the registered owner is under no

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as be located in a problematic intersection which needs to be assessed by communities (for instance, for road design and signal timing). It could also take into account public input with stakeholders such as law enforcement, victim advocates, school officials and residents to plan a program.

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Typically, a law enforcement official will review the photographic evidence and determine whether a violation occurred. A citation is then usually mailed to the owner of the vehicle found to be in violation of the law. These cameras are used worldwide, in China, in European countries, and in

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Mayor Adriano Alessandrini is now accused of shortening the duration of yellow lights to boost the profits of the red light camera program. The move paid off, with 2,425,801.60 euros (US $ 3,206,078.01) in revenue generated from motorists who did not have adequate time to stop, according to

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Red light camera usage is widespread in a number of countries worldwide. Netherlands-based Gatso presented red light cameras to the market in 1965, and red light cameras were used for traffic enforcement in Israel as early as 1969. In the early 1970s, red light cameras were used for traffic

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A 2009 Public Opinion Strategies poll which asked, "Do you support or oppose the use of red-light cameras to detect red-light runners and enforce traffic laws in your state's most dangerous intersections?" found 69% support and 29% oppose. A 2012 telephone survey of

720:, the Hong Kong transport department reported that in 2006 the monthly average number of crashes due to red light violations fell 25% and the number of people injured in these crashes decreased by 30%, following an increase in the number of red light cameras in use. 91:

provide a longer warning to accompany the red-light-running-camera. There is also concern that the international standard formula used for setting the length of the yellow phase ignores the laws of physics, which may cause drivers to inadvertently run the red phase.

294:; their availability rate is 95%, taking into account road works and acts of vandalism. This availability is considered better than the one observed in Great Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany according to a French National Assembly report. 740:(FHWA) suggests red light cameras reduce dangerous right-angle crashes. The FHWA study has been criticized as containing critical methodological and analytical flaws and failing to explain an increase in fatalities associated with red light camera use: 773:

Nevertheless, the FHWA has concluded that the cameras yielded a positive overall cost benefit due to the reduction in more expensive right-angle injury collisions. Other studies have found a greater crash reduction. For example, a 2005 study of the

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went into effect on 1 July 2010, which allows all municipalities in the state to use red light cameras on all state-owned rights-of-way and fine drivers who run red lights, with the aim of enforcing safe driving, according to then-Governor

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Red light cameras are typically installed in protective metal boxes attached to poles at intersections, which are often specifically chosen due to high numbers of crashes and/or red-light-running violations. In some case, cameras are built into

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of studies show a reduction in angle crashes, a smaller increase in rear-end crashes, with some evidence of a "spillover" effect of reduced red light running to other intersections within a jurisdiction. These findings are similar to a 2005

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changed the period of time between when the light turns red and when the red-light camera is triggered (and a ticket issued) from 0.1 seconds to 0.3 seconds. The "grace period" in Chicago is now in line with other major American cities like

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In September 2014, a bill was proposed in New Jersey to disallow the state Motor Vehicle Commission from sharing license plate and driver information needed to cite New Jersey drivers accused of committing infractions in another state.

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In most areas, red light enforcement cameras are installed and maintained by private firms. Lawsuits have been raised challenging private companies' rights to hand out citations, such as a December 2008 lawsuit challenging the city of

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the amber to increase the number of tickets. The construction of speed breakers or road bumps were conventional methods of forcing motorists to lower speeds, but were dropped at locales in favor of cameras due to lobbying efforts.

463:, named for a man who was killed in 2003 by a motorist who ran a red light. In addition to allowing the use of cameras, the law also standardizes driver fines. Major cities throughout the US that use red light cameras include 783:

cause injuries. A 2011 IIHS report concluded that the rate of fatal collisions involving red-light running in cities with a population of 200,000 or greater was 24% lower with cameras than it would have been without cameras.

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has cameras, but in October 2011 local voters approved a ballot measure advising the city council to cease authorizing the red light camera program. The City of Albuquerque ended its red light program on 31 December 2011.

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cameras only take photographs or video when a vehicle has run a red light and, in most states, the camera does not photograph the driver or the occupants of the vehicle. It is also argued that such cameras violate the

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opposes red light cameras on the grounds that the use of these devices raises legal issues and violates the privacy of citizens. They also argue that the use of red light cameras does not increase safety. In the US,

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Some states have chosen to prohibit the use of red light cameras. These include Arkansas, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Texas (phasing out fully by 2021), and West Virginia.

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In Hong-Kong, penalty for the failure to comply with traffic signals is a HK$ 5,000 fine and three months' jail for a first offense. Penalty for other offenses are a HK$ 10,000 penalty and six-month term.

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In the UK, failure to stop for a red light gives a £100 fine and adds 3 points on the driving license. Some police forces might also register motorists caught running a red light to educational courses.

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The cameras first received serious attention in the United States in the 1980s following a highly publicized crash in 1982, involving a red-light runner who collided with an 18-month-old girl in a

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the body of evidence indicates that red light cameras are beneficial. They reduce injury crashes by about 25 to 30 percent, and that's after accounting for some small increase in rear-end crashes.

446:, the Vehicle and Traffic Law permits red light cameras only within cities with a population above 1 million (i.e. New York City), Rochester, Buffalo, Yonkers, and Nassau and Suffolk Counties. In 3605:"Review of "The Impact of Red Light Cameras (Photo-Red Enforcement) on Crashes in Virginia" by Nicholas J. Garber, John S. Miller, R. Elizabeth Abel, Saeed Eslambolchi, and Santhosh K. Korukonda" 219:

identifies personal information including family name, ID number and address which are displayed in the street on an advertising screen. This information can also be published on social media.

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obligation to respond. In California, a genuine ticket will bear the name and address of the local branch of the Superior Court and direct the recipient to contact that court. In contrast, a

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Not all studies have been favorable to the use of red light cameras. A 2004 study of 17,271 crashes from North Carolina A & T University showed that the presence of red light cameras

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While the number of red light cameras decreased from 533 in 2012 to 421 in 2018, people killed in red-light crashes increased from 696 in 2012 to 811 in 2016, reflecting a 17% increase.

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red light camera and speed camera. In a near future the might be able to also catch other infractions such as phone usage, failure to wear the seat belt wearing, or failure to maintain

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The reasons for the red light camera discontinuation were reduction in camera citations, difficulty sustaining the financial viability of the program and intense community opposition.

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The City of Lincoln follows City policies and Nebraska State Law, which requires us to follow the national guidelines outlined in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)

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Initially, all red light camera systems used film, which was delivered to local law enforcement departments for review and approval. The first digital camera system was introduced in

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or pass during the red light. This was investigated as a deliberate fraud to increase the income from tickets. It took months before the machines were eventually dismantled by the

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In 2014, a bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives attempting to prohibit red light cameras on federally funded highways and in the District of Columbia.

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He, Jie; King, Mark; Watson, Barry; Rakotonirainy, Andry; Fleiter, Judy (January 2013). "Speed enforcement in China: National, provincial and city initiatives and their success".

2457: 4174: 3790: 926:' red light camera program, which was dismissed in March 2009. In most cases, citations are issued by law enforcement officers using the evidence provided by the companies. 62:

countries including: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Indonesia, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the United States. More than 75 countries worldwide use red light cameras.

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China also has red light camera with facial recognition. Red light offenders, either pedestrian or motorbikers, are captured by a 7 megapixel camera. Within 20 minutes, a

4342: (7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals 5 January 2009) ("no one has a fundamental right to run a red light or avoid being seen by a camera on a public street."). 5357: 908: 3971:

Cicchino, Jessica B.; Wells, Joann K.; McCartt, Anne T. (2014). "Survey about pedestrian safety and attitudes toward automated traffic enforcement in Washington, D.C".

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Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada in 2001 described the cameras as "simply an enforcement tool used to penalize motorists that fail to stop for red traffic signals."

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In France, red light cameras started use in 2009. Cameras catch drivers that fail to stop on a red light. A removal of 4 points on the driving licence will occur.

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generated by the police will omit court information, using statements like "This is not a notice to appear" and "Do not forward this information to the Court."

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Peter Michael; Felix Lo (19 May 2004). "Red light cameras click into action; The 12 new digital devices are part of a police crackdown on dangerous driving".

3559:"An evaluation of red light camera (photo-red) enforcement programs in Virginia: a report in response to a request by Virginia's Secretary of Transportation" 3116: 2123: 2244: 3023: 2002: 4074: 2710: 4303: 1311: 1150: 2277: 658:

In 2014 Singapore started to use German Jenoptik red light cameras, with an 11-megapixel resolution. 240 streets have red light cameras in Singapore.

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Retting, Richard (November 2010). "Two Decades of Photo Enforcement in the United States: A Brief Summary of Experience and Lessons Learned".

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Saeed Eslambolchi; Rahul Khandelwal; Kimberly M Mattingly; Kristin W Sprinkle; Patrick Wachendorf; Nicholas J. Garber; John S. Miller (2005).

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In many California police departments, when a positive identification cannot be made, the registered owner of the vehicle will be mailed a

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New multipurpose camera might, such as the Mesta Fusion 2 have several simultaneous capacity in a single device, such as red light camera,

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Baratian-Ghorghi, Fatemeh; Zhou, Huaguo; Wasilefsky, Isaac (2015). "Effect of Red-Light Cameras on Capacity of Signalized Intersections".

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In the U.S. and Canada, a number of studies have examined whether red light cameras produce a safety benefit. A 2005 study by the U.S.

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In a report, published in December 2005, there were a total of 612 red light cameras in England alone, of which 225 were in London.

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A red light camera is not the only countermeasure against red-light running. Others include increasing the visibility distance and

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collecting the fine from the offending driver (assuming it is not themselves); however, such jurisdictions generally do not assign

2505:"NYS Assembly press release: Assembly Authorizes Red Light Cameras in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Buffalo, Rochester and Yonkers" 82:

a ticket) into more sudden stops, which may increase the risk of rear-end collisions. The elevated incentive to stop may mitigate

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detect the violation and subsequently trigger the camera. One of the first developers of these red light camera systems was

134:, supplied Australia, Britain, South Africa, Taiwan, the Netherlands and Hong Kong. American Traffic Systems (subsequently 5372: 5314: 2957: 2563: 3491:"Red Light Running Cameras: Would Crashes, Injuries and Automobile Insurance Rates Increase If They Are Used in Florida?" 364: 353: 5319: 5177: 4991: 4976: 4941: 4497: 2820: 563: 276: 127: 3638: 3005: 2925: 2644: 149:

in December 2000, and digital cameras have increasingly replaced the older film cameras in other locations since then.

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In New South Wales there are 191 cameras at 171 intersection. These camera can check both the red light and the speed

223: 4098: 3228: 460: 2978: 5437: 5309: 5225: 5182: 5117: 4928: 3741: 3034: 130:. From the 1980s onward, red light camera usage expanded worldwide, and one of the early camera system developers, 50: 4123: 2804:

Paul Tharp (6 September 2010). "Ridgeland Mayor Gary W. Hodges: Photo-cop is new safety tool, not money machine".

138:) (ATS) and Redflex Traffic Systems emerged as the primary suppliers of red light camera systems in the US, while 5566: 5551: 5483: 5061: 5016: 4900: 4023: 3266: 2205: 803: 216: 2458:"New guidelines for automated enforcement programs emphasize safety amid rise in red-light-running crash deaths" 135: 5362: 5304: 5034: 2100: 915: 3688: 3580:

Elizabeth Abel Kassebaum; Saeed Eslambolchi; Santhosh K Korukonda; Nicholas J. Garber; John S. Miller (2007).

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If a proper identification of the driver cannot be made, instead of a ticket, some jurisdictions send out a

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in cases of immediate danger, or 360€ if there is a crash. The fine for a stop line violation is only 10€.

131: 5455: 5390: 5367: 5329: 5149: 5076: 4378: 2285:

Use of Speed and Red-Light Cameras for Traffic Enforcement: Guidance on Deployment, Visibility and Signing

476: 4273: 4211: 3451:"An Update on Red Light Camera Research: The Need for Federal Standards in the Interest of Public Safety" 1755: 1698: 1503:"Red light camera interventions for reducing traffic violations and traffic crashes: A systematic review" 5571: 5445: 5247: 5167: 4981: 4966: 4946: 3825: 3516:"A Detailed Investigation of Crash Risk Reduction Resulting From Red-Light Cameras in Small Urban Areas" 3424: 2926:"An Informal Presentation to the House Transportation Committee on Red Light Cameras, November 30, 2011" 1814: 360: 104: 666:

In New South Wales red light cameras were introduced in April 1982 followed by speed cameras in 2009.

192: 208:

Red light camera usage is extensive in mainland China. As of 2007, approximately 700 intersections in

5494: 5465: 5172: 5097: 4893: 949:, two nearby traffic lights had been synchronized such that drivers were coerced to either break the 911: 798: 578: 439: 318:

In the United Kingdom the authorities often refer to red-light cameras, along with speed cameras, as

2434: 633: 413: 5520: 5510: 5324: 5291: 5039: 4920: 4830:"Development of Guidelines for Identifying and Treating Locations with a Red-Light-Running Problem" 2743: 1447:"Impacts of Red Light Photo Enforcement Cameras on Clearance Lost Time at Signalized Intersections" 778:, red light camera program conducted by the Institute for Transportation Research and Education at 574: 66: 4569: 3344: 1359: 1263:"Effects of Red Light Cameras on Violations and Crashes: A Review of the International Literature" 1074:"Effects of Red Light Cameras on Violations and Crashes: A Review of the International Literature" 5478: 5450: 5276: 5237: 4004: 2170: 1542: 983: 954: 767: 508: 496: 5024: 4403: 2983: 1913: 577:

was officially declared void by St. Louis Circuit Court Judge Mark Neill. On 9 August 2012, the

4717: 4466: 1212: 287: 5422: 5281: 4788: 3996: 3988: 3919: 3756:"Department of Public Safety – Photo Enforcement Program: Questions and Answers. Report 10-02" 3519: 3318: 2288: 2079: 1618: 1534: 1284: 1129: 1095: 898:

have enacted various prohibitions on red light, speed or other photo enforcement camera uses.

303: 87: 46: 35: 4144:"State Transportation Commission Bans Use of Red-light Cameras on State and Federal Highways" 3659: 2688: 2408:. PA Consulting Group and CTS at UCL (University College London). p. 113. Archived from 1120:

K M Lum; Y D Wong (March 2003). "A before-and-after study on red light camera installation".

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the number of serious right-angle crashes decreased by 40%, according to an article from the

5499: 5254: 5212: 5029: 4956: 3980: 3911: 3797: 3308: 3300: 3188: 2071: 1524: 1514: 1483: 1274: 1085: 762: 536: 516: 3558: 2779: 2373:. PA Consulting Group and CTS at UCL (University College London). p. 4. Archived from 2335:. PA Consulting Group and CTS at UCL (University College London). p. 3. Archived from 1561: 1487: 4846: 4809: 4693: 4339: 4321: 3581: 3137: 2527:"Memorandum:Governor Crist Signs Legislation Creating the Mark Wandall Traffic Safety Act" 989: 442:. Within some states, the cameras may only be permitted in certain areas. For example, in 4867: 4761: 4598: 3689:"Red Light Cameras in L.A. Could Become Extinct After City Council Declines to Save Them" 3091: 3059: 2537: 1008: 4519: 4240: 1501:

Cohn, Ellen G.; Kakar, Suman; Perkins, Chloe; Steinbach, Rebecca; Edwards, Phil (2020).

1420: 728: 5489: 5412: 5144: 5112: 5083: 4951: 3854:

Lawrence E. Decina; Libby Thomas; Raghavan Srinivasan; Loren Staplin (September 2007).

3313: 2399:

Adrian Gains; Michael Nordstrom; Benjamin Heydecker; John Shrewsbury. (December 2005).

2364:

Adrian Gains; Michael Nordstrom; Benjamin Heydecker; John Shrewsbury. (December 2005).

2326:

Adrian Gains; Michael Nordstrom; Benjamin Heydecker; John Shrewsbury. (December 2005).

1674:

Peter Clack (26 November 2000). "World-First Digital Camera to Nab Red Light Runners".

1529: 1502: 879: 443: 272: 262: 197: 119: 83: 54: 3540: 2878: 1183:

Jason Small (18 August 1998). "Halton adds voice to call for red-light camera traps".

5540: 5417: 5266: 5134: 5129: 4961: 2666: 1891: 1839: 1546: 923: 891: 700: 552: 524: 504: 468: 456: 159: 123: 71: 4008: 3896: 3604: 2478: 5139: 5087: 5071: 4996: 4936: 3304: 3288: 2612:"Red-light camera grace period goes from 0.1 to 0.3 seconds, Chicago to lose $ 17M" 883: 708: 556: 532: 512: 434:

Since the early 1990s, red light cameras have been used in the United States in 26

3603:

Persaud, Bhagwant N.; Richard A. Retting; Craig Lyon; Anne T. McCartt (May 2008).

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not do this, making the use of red light cameras illegal in the state afterwards.

409: 4653: 3984: 5525: 5427: 5259: 5187: 5159: 5001: 3582:"The impact of red light cameras (photo-red enforcement) on crashes in Virginia" 950: 859: 753: 500: 435: 302:

The first red light camera in Germany was operated on November 1960 the 15th in

17: 4729: 3378:"Impacts of Automated Red Light Running Enforcement Cameras on Driver Behavior" 426: 283:

followers the braking action, and keep the car before the red light stop line.

5473: 5271: 5107: 5102: 5092: 4971: 3915: 2504: 2258: 2075: 1039: 979: 875: 249:

In Hong-Kong, red light cameras helped reduce violation jumping by 43 to 55%.

227: 4829: 3992: 3897:"Effects of Red Light Camera Enforcement on Fatal Crashes in Large US Cities" 2227:"Radars multifonctions : ils débarquent en force sur les routes en 2019" 1622: 1340:

Alastair Dalton (8 November 2004). "Crossings Pose the Biggest Rail Threat".

1133: 5515: 895: 851: 472: 451: 30: 4000: 3923: 3377: 3322: 2588: 2083: 1588: 1538: 1446: 1288: 1279: 1262: 1099: 1090: 1073: 2716:(Press release). Brekford International Corp. 1 April 2010. Archived from 2124:"With traffic deaths on the rise, Hong Kong gets 40 new red light cameras" 4885: 4128: 3856:"Automated Enforcement: A Compendium of Worldwide Evaluations of Results" 867: 847: 209: 146: 139: 4149:(Press release). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Archived from 1151:"Priority, Market-Ready Technologies and Innovations, Red Light Cameras" 5382: 4986: 4916: 3762: 1240: 942: 863: 843: 547: 528: 480: 464: 447: 2838:

Scott Broden (15 January 2011). "Bids on red-light cameras rejected".

2287:(DfT Circular 01/2007 ed.). Department for Transport. p. 2. 2137:

Brendan Delfino (27 September 1996). "Warning for red light jumpers".

628:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

408:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

74:

or other personal consequences for traffic offences caught on camera.

53:

that photographs a vehicle that has entered an intersection after the

3376:

Timothy Jordan Gates; Peter Tarmo Savolainen; Honey-Um Maria (2014).

1564:. Traffic Technology International, October/November 2013 pp. 56-62. 1519: 871: 488: 484: 291: 4628:"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) Compliance Dates" 3489:

Langland-Orban, Barbara; Pracht, Etienne E.; Large, John T. (2008).

3449:

Langland-Orban, Barbara; Large, John T.; Pracht, Etienne E. (2011).

1804:"An Analysis of a Red-Light Camera Program in the City of Milwaukee" 1261:

Retting, Richard A.; Ferguson, Susan A.; Hakkert, A. Shalom (2003).

1072:

Retting, Richard A.; Ferguson, Susan A.; Hakkert, A. Shalom (2003).

4782:"AAA Michigan Program Prevents Crashes, One Intersection at a Time" 4050:"Why Red Light Cameras Have Big Safety Benefits But Little Support" 3791:"Release to Australian Securities Exchange: Arizona Speed Contract" 1952:"Dozens of new speed and red light cameras to go live in Victoria" 946: 899: 855: 727: 425: 256: 201: 191: 112: 98: 29: 2185:"Passage à l'orange et radar feu rouge : quel risque ?" 2036: 4654:"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) 2009 Edition" 2950:"St. Louis' Red-Light Camera Ordinance Officially Declared Void" 2711:"Brekford Corp. Expands into Traffic Photo Enforcement Industry" 2402:

The national safety camera programme Four-year evaluation report

2367:

The national safety camera programme Four-year evaluation report

2329:

The national safety camera programme Four-year evaluation report

1869: 1445:

Fatemeh Baratian-Ghorghi; Huaguo Zhou; Isaac Wasilefsky (2015).

1440: 1438: 887: 752:

the overall number of crashes by 40%. This research received no

573:

In February 2012, the red light camera ordinance in the city of

4889: 4730:"Italy: Prosecution Advances in Red Light Camera Fraud Scandal" 4544: 3289:"Red light cameras for the prevention of road traffic crashes" 2689:"New York Voters Express Strong Support for Red Light Cameras" 614: 394: 336: 3765:, Office of the Auditor General. January 2010. Archived from 3132: 3130: 4570:"City of Lincoln Traffic Signals Frequently Asked Questions" 4459:"Red Light Camera Safety Program Frequently Asked Questions" 3946:"Poll Shows Strong National Support For 'Red Light Cameras'" 1813:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 5. Archived from 1312:"Red Light Photo Safety Program: Frequently Asked Questions" 1213:"Impact of Red Light Camera Enforcement on Crash Experience" 212:

were monitored for red light violations, speeding, or both.

142:

became the leading provider of red light cameras worldwide.

2744:"N.Y. red-light cameras may depend on lobbyist connections" 2691:(Press release). American Traffic Solutions. 1 October 2009 2206:"Infographie – Fonctionnement du radar feu rouge et risque" 1802:

Kriz, Karyn; Moran, Christian; Regan, Molly (Spring 2006).

3895:

Hu, Wen; McCartt, Anne T.; Teoh, Eric R. (February 2011).

3117:"Are Police Tricking People Into Paying 'Snitch' Tickets?" 3110: 3108: 4868:"The Red Light Running Crisis: Is it Intentional? Part 5" 4758:"City of Albuquerque Red Light Camera Study Final Report" 3211:"Red-Light-Running Fatalities Increase 17% in Four Years" 4379:"With Cameras on the Corner, Your Ticket Is in the Mail" 3409:. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 26 January 2001. p. A14. 2245:"Enforcement suppliers highlight industry best practice" 1241:"Red light cameras: a Drivers.com overview of the issue" 2101:"China Is Using Facial Recognition To Catch Jaywalkers" 1211:

National Cooperative Highway Research Program (2003).

4752: 4750: 3157: 3155: 363:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 222:

According to the owner, in less than four months, in

1390:"Crist signs Fla. bill legalizing red light cameras" 5464: 5436: 5381: 5348: 5290: 5211: 5158: 5054: 5015: 4927: 3635:"Aurora may add cameras to catch red light runners" 3250:. Sydney: Roads and Traffic Authority. p. 133. 3229:"5 Different Types of Traffic Cameras in Singapore" 3165:. HandelontheLaw.com. 27 March 2009. Archived from 2769:"Streamwood OKs red-light cameras for intersection" 1128:(3). Institute of Transportation Engineers: 28–32. 2479:"Communities using red light and/or speed cameras" 2200: 2198: 941:In 2010, it was revealed that the municipality of 562:Suppliers of red-light cameras in the US include: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3086: 3084: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2359: 2357: 2321: 2319: 2155:"Red light jumping accidents fall in Hong Kong". 2118: 2116: 2114: 1935:Clay Lucas (10 July 2009). "How low can we go?". 676:33% reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes 290:, red light cameras (MESTA 3000) are provided by 204:, the black car in the pictures ran the red light 196:A set of pictures taken by a red light camera in 4776: 4774: 4239:. National Motorists Association. Archived from 2858:"Camera firm with past ties to lawyer wins pact" 2564:"Florida's deadly intersections took my husband" 1419:. National Motorists Association. Archived from 238:Hong Kong introduced red light cameras in 1993. 1611:"THE CITY; Stroller With Child Dragged by Auto" 78:related to red light running during 1994–1998. 5358:Commercial Driver's License Information System 4683:"Photo Enforcement Frequently Asked Questions" 4622: 4620: 4603:Housatonic Valley Council of Elected Officials 4490:"Quick light leads to refunds for 176 drivers" 4434:"Smile, Bremerton! You're on Red Light Camera" 2873: 2871: 2435:"Traffic light cameras: what you need to know" 5406:Disabled parking permits of the United States 4901: 3031:Council of the City of New York, Finance Dept 3024:"Hearing on the Fiscal 2010 Executive Budget" 2906:"Mississippi makes red light cameras illegal" 2589:"Albuquerque Voters Reject Red Light Cameras" 1360:"5-year crusade concludes with red light law" 756:and is considered flawed by the IIHS. A 2005 696:National Cooperative Highway Research Program 8: 4099:"Traffic and Red Light Camera Laws by State" 2276:Department for Transport (31 January 2007). 2221: 2219: 1411: 1409: 1407: 4545:"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" 3267:"Speed Camera Programs: 2017 Annual Review" 2150: 2148: 2095: 2093: 1469: 1467: 1335: 1333: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 4908: 4894: 4886: 4539: 4537: 4427: 4425: 4075:"States using red light and speed cameras" 3418: 3416: 2462:IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety 2171:"New red light cameras in operation today" 2030: 2028: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1145: 1143: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 807:found that 87% favored red light cameras. 4354:"Red-light cameras undermine rule of law" 3714:Los Angeles Office of the City Controller 3312: 2851: 2849: 2473: 2471: 1754:. 2007. p. 51 and 53. Archived from 1528: 1518: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1353: 1351: 1278: 1089: 459:. The name given to the state law is the 383:Learn how and when to remove this message 5340:List of countries by minimum driving age 4690:City of Tucson, Tucson Police Department 3826:"Safety Evaluation of Red Light Cameras" 3425:"Safety Evaluation of Red Light Cameras" 1977:"See your red light, speed camera photo" 1669: 1667: 1665: 672:During the period of observations were: 359:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4024:"AAA seeking veto on red light cameras" 3400: 3398: 3293:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2821:"Ticketing accelerates in College Park" 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1000: 685:49% reduction in pedestrian casualties. 230:were reduced from 1000 each day to 80. 4599:"Traffic Signal Coordination Handbook" 3707:"Audit of the Photo Red Light Program" 3633:Washington, April M. (26 March 2008). 3352:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 3163:"Something Every Consumer Should Know" 2883:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2483:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2173:. Hong Kong Government. 16 March 2016. 1044:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 4237:"NMA Objections To Red-Light Cameras" 3637:. Rocky Mountain News. Archived from 3612:Insurance Institute of Highway Safety 2637:"Keeping an eye on red light runners" 1983:. Sydney, Australia. 2 September 2008 1476:Journal of Transportation Engineering 1417:"NMA Objections To Red Light Cameras" 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1009:"Traffic Infraction Detectors (RLRC)" 758:Virginia Department of Transportation 103:An Axsis RLC-300 red-light camera in 7: 2667:"Frequently Asked Questions, No. 34" 2037:"Effectiveness of Red Light Cameras" 1892:"Frequently Asked Questions, No. 36" 1840:"Frequently Asked Questions, No. 27" 1560:Ceccarelli, Brian; Shovlin, Joseph. 1013:Florida Department of Transportation 4806:"Alternatives to Red Light Cameras" 4124:"Red light cameras banned in Texas" 3800:Limited. 6 May 2010. Archived from 3660:"Intradepartmental correspondence." 3060:"Uniform Bail and Penalty Schedule" 3006:"San Diego drops red-light cameras" 2856:Joseph Ruzich (24 September 2009). 801:residents published in the journal 732:Red light camera in Ontario, Canada 5396:Decriminalised parking enforcement 4377:Jonathan Miller (6 January 2005). 4335:Idris v. City of Chicago, Illinois 4317:Idris v. City of Chicago, Illinois 4272:. 2007. p. 67. Archived from 4210:. 2007. p. 66. Archived from 3140:. almanacnews.com. 8 November 2011 2591:. thenewspaper.com. 5 October 2011 2064:Accident Analysis & Prevention 1939:. Melbourne, Australia. p. 9. 1488:10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000804 27:Type of traffic enforcement camera 25: 5203:Category: Speed limits by country 5007:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 3423:Forrest M. Council (April 2005). 3343:Stephen Oesch (17 January 2003). 3287:A. Aeron-Thomas; S. Hess (2005). 3092:"Red Light Cameras in California" 2562:Melissa Wandall (11 April 2009). 1678:. Canberra, Australia. p. 7. 682:35% reduction in serious injuries 3405:"Camera logic failed to click". 2635:Carl Mario Nudi (23 July 2009). 833:Legal questions and restrictions 619: 430:Red light camera in Chicago, Il. 399: 341: 224:Lianhua intersection in Shenzhen 5547:Applications of computer vision 4787:. motorists.org. Archived from 4605:. HVCEO Transportation Planning 4488:Brian Lazenby (13 March 2008). 4432:Josh Farley (3 February 2008). 4122:Fedschun, Travis (2019-06-02). 4022:Jones, James A. (11 May 2010). 3274:roadsafety.transport.nsw.gov.au 3115:Goldstein, David (2011-02-13). 2742:Joseph Spector (16 June 2008). 2035:Bochner, B.; Walden, T (2010). 1866:American Traffic Solutions, Inc 1689:Jane Larson (18 January 2008). 780:North Carolina State University 461:Mark Wandall Traffic Safety Act 261:Red light camera experiment in 58:traffic signal has turned red. 5350:Traffic violations reciprocity 4732:. theNewspaper.com. 3 May 2010 4661:Federal Highway Administration 4549:Federal Highway Administration 4177:. DalyCity.org. Archived from 4048:Jaffe, Eric (14 August 2015). 3833:Federal Highway Administration 3429:Federal Highway Administration 3305:10.1002/14651858.CD003862.pub2 3067:Judicial Council of California 2904:Hruska, Joel (24 March 2009). 2819:David Hill (9 December 2010). 2778:. 18 July 2008. Archived from 1950:Matt Johnston (21 July 2010). 1718:. Jenoptik.com. Archived from 1314:. SanDiego.gov. Archived from 1187:. Ontario, Canada. p. N3. 812:National Motorists Association 738:Federal Highway Administration 611:Decrease since 2012 in the USA 1: 5373:Non-Resident Violator Compact 5315:Inter-American Driving Permit 4352:Allott, Daniel (2019-08-18). 3944:Neil Newhouse (19 May 2009). 3667:Los Angeles Police Department 3382:Transportation Research Board 3033:. 13 May 2009. Archived from 2979:"Cary axes red-light cameras" 2806:South Carolina Lawyers Weekly 2610:Farivar, Cyrus (2017-03-22). 2525:Sterling Ivey (13 May 2010). 2003:"Intersection Safety Cameras" 1451:Transportation Research Board 1392:. NaplesNews.com. 13 May 2010 1220:Transportation Research Board 1040:"Q&As: Red light cameras" 306:with black and white photos. 286:In the south east quarter of 277:safe distance between vehicle 128:safe distance between vehicle 34:A red-light camera in use in 5320:International Driving Permit 5178:Assured clear distance ahead 4992:School bus traffic stop laws 4977:Left- and right-hand traffic 4942:Assured clear distance ahead 4494:Chattanooga Times Free Press 3985:10.1080/15389588.2013.830212 3498:Florida Public Health Review 3458:Florida Public Health Review 3138:"The Right To Remain Silent" 2879:"Automated enforcement laws" 2139:The South China Morning Post 1862:"Frequently Asked Questions" 1713:"Traffic Solutions Brochure" 916:innocent until proven guilty 914:and the right to be assumed 564:Affiliated Computer Services 5557:Traffic enforcement cameras 5335:Driving licences by country 5300:Commercial driver's license 5046:Rules of the Road (Ireland) 4843:"Yellow Light Timing Myths" 4576:. City of Lincoln, Nebraska 3952:. Public Opinion Strategies 3010:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2534:The Mark Wandall Foundation 2157:Xinhua General News Service 1587:. Gatso.com. Archived from 1507:Campbell Systematic Reviews 1358:Beth Burger (1 July 2010). 718:Xinhua General News Service 679:54% reduction in fatalities 601:notice of traffic violation 596:notice of traffic violation 590:Notice of traffic violation 586:his or her driving record. 546:In March 2017, the city of 5593: 5577:Transportation engineering 5310:Graduated driver licensing 5183:National Maximum Speed Law 3904:Journal of Safety Research 1153:. FHWA.gov. Archived from 136:American Traffic Solutions 51:traffic enforcement camera 5243:Mobile phones and driving 4760:. UNM.edu. Archived from 3973:Traffic Injury Prevention 3916:10.1016/j.jsr.2011.06.002 2076:10.1016/j.aap.2012.04.017 1267:Traffic Injury Prevention 1078:Traffic Injury Prevention 842:As of December 2016 804:Traffic Injury Prevention 716:. In an article from the 217:facial recognition system 5506:"How's my driving?" sign 5363:Driver License Agreement 5305:European driving licence 5035:The Highway Code (Malta) 3742:"Red-light cam disgrace" 3246:Hulscher, Frank (1993). 2265:(in German). 2013-10-10. 2233:(in French). 2019-04-03. 1789:South China Morning Post 1642:Row, Heath (July 1996). 694:A report in 2003 by the 5562:Road traffic management 5401:Disabled parking permit 5198:Speed limits by country 5193:Speed limit enforcement 3910:(4). IIHS.org: 277–82. 3861:. nhtsa.gov. p. 33 3541:"Highway safety topics" 2259:"Rote Ampel überfahren" 2141:. Hong Kong. p. 8. 2007:Edmonton Police Service 1914:"Red Light Cameras FAQ" 1791:. Hong Kong. p. 3. 776:Raleigh, North Carolina 5484:Drivers' working hours 5456:Clunk Click Every Trip 5391:Alternate-side parking 5368:Driver License Compact 5077:Field sobriety testing 4742:prosecution documents. 4270:Stop Red Light Running 4208:Stop Red Light Running 2840:The Daily News Journal 2210:Mutuelle Assurance MMA 1752:Stop Red Light Running 1344:. Scotland. p. 4. 1280:10.1080/15389580309858 1185:The Hamilton Spectator 1091:10.1080/15389580309858 746: 733: 431: 265: 205: 107: 49:camera ) is a type of 38: 5248:Texting while driving 5168:85th percentile speed 4982:Bidirectional traffic 4967:New Zealand Road Code 4947:Australian Road Rules 3464:: 1–9. Archived from 3191:. State of New Jersey 742: 731: 429: 260: 195: 132:Poltech International 122:(or "push-chair") in 105:Flower Hill, New York 102: 33: 5495:Epilepsy and driving 5173:Advisory speed limit 5098:Road traffic control 4522:. highwayrobbery.net 4408:The Washington Times 3807:on 27 September 2010 3094:. Highwayrobbery.net 2669:. highwayrobbery.net 2641:The Bradenton Herald 2189:Stages Points Permis 1894:. highwayrobbery.net 1842:. highwayrobbery.net 1695:The Arizona Republic 1644:"Red Light District" 912:Confrontation Clause 799:District of Columbia 690:Studies and politics 579:Cary, North Carolina 440:District of Columbia 352:factual accuracy is 5521:Slow moving vehicle 5511:Old age and driving 5062:Parking enforcement 4663:. 2009. p. 489 4175:"How does it work?" 2984:News & Observer 2842:. Murfreesboro, TN. 2825:The Washington Post 2568:The Gainesville Sun 2263:bussgeldkatalog.org 2159:. 23 December 2006. 1981:The Daily Telegraph 1811:Lafollette.Wisc.edu 1725:on 23 February 2018 1701:on 17 January 2013. 67:notice of violation 5479:Digital tachograph 5451:Click It or Ticket 5277:Vehicular homicide 5238:Distracted driving 4634:. 30 November 2010 4404:"Toss your ticket" 4383:The New York Times 3669:, 16 February 2011 3012:. 1 February 2013. 2931:. 30 November 2011 1676:The Canberra Times 1615:The New York Times 1318:on 6 November 2010 984:Sleeping policeman 955:Guardia di Finanza 768:Winnipeg, Manitoba 734: 432: 266: 206: 108: 39: 5534: 5533: 5438:Automotive safety 5423:Parking violation 5282:Wrong-way driving 5213:Moving violations 4929:Rules of the road 4263:"Focus On Safety" 4201:"Focus On Safety" 2294:978-0-11-552834-7 1745:"Focus On Safety" 1691:"Non-Stop Growth" 909:Sixth Amendment's 824:Canada and Europe 641: 640: 421: 420: 393: 392: 385: 304:Frankfurt am Main 88:systematic review 47:red light running 36:Beaverton, Oregon 16:(Redirected from 5584: 5567:Street furniture 5552:Dutch inventions 5500:Hours of service 5325:Learner's permit 5292:Driver licensing 5255:Reckless driving 5221:Impaired driving 5067:Impaired driving 5040:Road Users' Code 5030:The Highway Code 5017:Road user guides 4957:Green Cross Code 4910: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4876: 4875: 4872:TheNewspaper.com 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4845:. Archived from 4839: 4833: 4832:(PDF), tamu.edu. 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4808:. Archived from 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4726: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4698: 4692:. Archived from 4687: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4632:Federal Register 4624: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4496:. Archived from 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4465:. Archived from 4463:Dallas City Hall 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4028:Bradenton Herald 4019: 4013: 4012: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3798:Redflex Holdings 3795: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3771: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3716:, archived from 3711: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3518:. Archived from 3512: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3470: 3455: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3407:The Star Phoenix 3402: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3316: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3263: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3217:. July 24, 2018. 3215:Automotive Fleet 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2987:. 10 August 2012 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2956:. Archived from 2954:Riverfront Times 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2773: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2643:. Archived from 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2536:. Archived from 2531: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2454: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2372: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2303: 2297:. Archived from 2282: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2109: 2108: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2009:. Archived from 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1868:. Archived from 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1819: 1808: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1749: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1697:. Archived from 1686: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1581: 1570: 1569: 1567:light turns red. 1557: 1551: 1550: 1532: 1522: 1520:10.1002/cl2.1091 1498: 1492: 1491: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1413: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1386: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1364:Bradenton Herald 1355: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1308: 1293: 1292: 1282: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1117: 1104: 1103: 1093: 1069: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1036: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1005: 763:Aurora, Colorado 623: 622: 615: 537:Washington, D.C. 403: 402: 395: 388: 381: 377: 374: 368: 365:reliably sourced 345: 344: 337: 43:red light camera 21: 18:Red-light camera 5592: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5460: 5432: 5377: 5344: 5286: 5207: 5154: 5093:Pretextual stop 5050: 5025:Driver's manual 5011: 4923: 4914: 4884: 4879: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4755: 4748: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4243:on 18 July 2010 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4081: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3744:. Winnipeg Sun. 3739: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3687:Dennis Romero. 3686: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3299:(2): CD003862. 3286: 3285: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3255: 3248:A Signal Career 3245: 3244: 3240: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3121:CBS Los Angeles 3114: 3113: 3106: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2862:Chicago Tribune 2855: 2854: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2485:. December 2010 2477: 2476: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1786: 1785: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1573: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1296: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1192: 1182: 1181: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1119: 1118: 1107: 1071: 1070: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1046:. December 2010 1038: 1037: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1007: 1006: 1002: 998: 990:Divided highway 976: 963: 939: 840: 835: 826: 794: 789: 726: 692: 664: 662:New South Wales 656: 637: 624: 620: 613: 592: 417: 404: 400: 389: 378: 372: 369: 358: 350:This section's 346: 342: 335: 316: 300: 255: 236: 190: 185: 176: 155: 97: 84:side collisions 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5590: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5492: 5490:Drowsy driving 5487: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5446:Seat belt laws 5442: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:Double parking 5410: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5260:Brake checking 5252: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5145:Traffic ticket 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084:Highway patrol 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4952:Boulevard rule 4949: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4883: 4882:External links 4880: 4878: 4877: 4859: 4834: 4822: 4797: 4794:on 2011-09-27. 4770: 4767:on 2010-11-13. 4746: 4721: 4718:H.R. 5755 4710: 4674: 4645: 4616: 4590: 4574:Lincoln.ne.gov 4561: 4533: 4520:"Camera Towns" 4511: 4480: 4450: 4421: 4395: 4369: 4344: 4326: 4308: 4299:Agomo v. Fenty 4290: 4254: 4228: 4192: 4166: 4135: 4114: 4090: 4066: 4040: 4014: 3979:(4): 414–423. 3963: 3936: 3887: 3872: 3846: 3817: 3782: 3747: 3740:Tom Brodbeck. 3732: 3698: 3679: 3651: 3625: 3595: 3584:. Virginia.gov 3572: 3561:. Virginia.gov 3549: 3532: 3507: 3481: 3441: 3412: 3394: 3368: 3335: 3279: 3253: 3238: 3220: 3202: 3180: 3151: 3126: 3104: 3080: 3051: 3015: 2997: 2970: 2941: 2917: 2896: 2867: 2845: 2830: 2827:. p. T18. 2811: 2796: 2760: 2734: 2702: 2680: 2658: 2627: 2602: 2580: 2554: 2517: 2496: 2467: 2444: 2426: 2391: 2353: 2315: 2293: 2268: 2250: 2236: 2215: 2194: 2176: 2162: 2144: 2129: 2110: 2089: 2054: 2024: 1994: 1968: 1942: 1927: 1905: 1883: 1853: 1831: 1794: 1772: 1736: 1704: 1681: 1661: 1634: 1617:. 1982-03-22. 1602: 1571: 1552: 1493: 1463: 1434: 1423:on 26 May 2011 1403: 1376: 1347: 1329: 1294: 1253: 1232: 1190: 1168: 1139: 1105: 1057: 1024: 999: 997: 994: 993: 992: 987: 975: 972: 962: 959: 938: 935: 880:South Carolina 839: 836: 834: 831: 825: 822: 793: 790: 788: 785: 725: 722: 714:Canberra Times 691: 688: 687: 686: 683: 680: 677: 663: 660: 655: 652: 639: 638: 627: 625: 618: 612: 609: 591: 588: 444:New York State 419: 418: 407: 405: 398: 391: 390: 349: 347: 340: 334: 331: 320:safety cameras 315: 314:United Kingdom 312: 299: 296: 273:Level crossing 263:Gif-sur-Yvette 254: 251: 235: 232: 198:Luannan County 189: 188:Mainland China 186: 184: 181: 175: 172: 160:traffic lights 154: 151: 96: 93: 72:demerit points 55:traffic signal 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5589: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418:Parking chair 5416: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Street racing 5265: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5231:United States 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135:Traffic guard 5133: 5131: 5130:Traffic court 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Move over law 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4849:on 2011-08-11 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4812:on 2011-05-26 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4699:on 2011-05-16 4695: 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