936:, a research article claims there are serious inconsistencies in the way species are classified by the IUCN. The researchers contend that the IUCN's process of categorization is "out-dated, and leaves room for improvement", and further emphasize the importance of readily available and easy-to-include geospatial data, such as satellite and aerial imaging. Their conclusion questioned not only the IUCN's method but also the validity of where certain species fall on the List. They believe that combining geographical data can significantly increase the number of species that need to be reclassified to a higher risk category.
468:; nearly 2,000 species were added, with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list. The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction. 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable". At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds. The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered".
2195:
2172:
152:
256:
976:
2764:
677:
906:
2436:
864:
695:
962:
2756:
948:
40:
855:, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List. BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild.
913:
In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data. These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list
732:
Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the
195:
The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide
226:
manner through IUCN Species
Survival Commission Specialist Groups (SSC), which are Red List Authorities (RLA) responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class
3041:
1057:
CITES (Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Joint Meeting of the Animals and Plants Committees, Shepherdstown (United States of America), 7–9 December 2000, Retrieved 14 November
451:
and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as
234:
The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time. As of 2023, of 150,388 species surveyed, 42,108 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular
1373:
2142:
2095:
923:, an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect
3056:
2778:
423:-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the
1804:
231:). The red list unit works with staff from the IUCN Global Species Programme as well as current program partners to recommend new partners or networks to join as new Red List Authorities.
2819:
2664:
3142:
3013:
2708:
1646:
Mace, Georgina M.; Collar, Nigel J.; Gaston, Kevin J.; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Leader-Williams, Nigel; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Stuart, Simon N. (December 2008).
2457:
2399:
542:
465:
1525:
2998:
2135:
2128:
2452:
2932:
1582:
287:
vulnerable on the 2023 IUCN Red List. The data for some groups are insufficient, so the plotted percentages can be much lower than the actual rates of vulnerability.
3046:
2993:
2508:
1741:
1764:
1461:
2947:
2503:
2472:
2414:
2248:
1076:
648:
589:
161:
88:
3051:
2957:
2498:
2482:
2424:
1710:
1430:
719:
625:
3132:
2477:
2419:
2222:
764:(VU) – meets one of the 5 Red List criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention.
599:
3036:
1399:
1866:
3031:
2701:
1009:
111:
2586:
2581:
1212:
2988:
2884:
2467:
2462:
2409:
2404:
2394:
562:
552:
517:
1830:
2576:
339:. This book covered varies groups but was predominantly about mammals and birds, with smaller sections on reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and plants.
1369:
3003:
2952:
2788:
2447:
222:
The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, and every five years if possible. This is done in a
3137:
3077:
2962:
2694:
2240:
2152:– Report on the lack of a European Red List and the creation of a consolidated list of the threatened plants of Europe. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
676:
3087:
2798:
2572:
1068:
212:
323:
The final volume of Red Data List created in the older, loose leaf style was volume 4 on freshwater fishes. This was published in 1979 by
2942:
192:, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations.
3152:
3092:
3082:
2740:
2111:
1517:
924:
712:
1617:
2121:
1953:
3122:
2889:
2552:
2389:
2215:
2006:
1483:
919:
666:
548:
507:
216:
303:
Initially the Red Data Lists were designed for specialists and were issued in a loose-leaf format that could be easily changed.
2904:
2793:
2052:
733:
absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".
688:
661:
2879:
2340:
1243:
595:
2081:
306:
The first two volumes of Red Lists were published in 1966 by conservationist Noel Simon, one for mammals and one for birds.
1574:
3127:
3072:
2644:
2547:
2539:
1979:
1888:
1852:
1790:
1750:
1098:
2978:
2840:
2763:
2639:
1453:
705:
219:(SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.
208:
127:
312:
In 1970, the IUCN published its fifth volume in this series. This was the first Red Data List which focused on plants (
2983:
2937:
2874:
2208:
123:
1703:
1422:
2543:
1352:
Release of the 2006 IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species reveals ongoing decline of the status of plants and animals
317:
115:
103:
694:
2856:
2568:
746:(EW) – survives only in captivity, cultivation and/or outside native range, as presumed after exhaustive surveys.
3008:
2899:
2604:
372:
3147:
2564:
2322:
1176:
585:
380:
309:
The third volume that appeared covered reptiles and amphibians. It was created by René E. Honegger in 1968.
119:
1395:
1202:
3117:
2909:
2894:
2835:
2654:
2023:
1768:
852:
808:
360:
200:
99:
2535:
2327:
2296:
2181:
1350:
1014:
909:
1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), used for species which have not been reassessed since 2001.
749:
605:
538:
400:
347:
The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160
2004:; Master, Larry L.; Keith, David A. (November 2002). "Limits to the use of threatened species lists".
2614:
2596:
2015:
1917:
1659:
1130:
204:
2028:
2814:
2649:
2634:
2278:
2149:
2001:
994:
743:
513:
479:
404:
388:
177:
2089:
1737:"Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions"
1736:
914:
is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.
2717:
2557:
2306:
2301:
2288:
2231:
1935:
1735:
Butchart, S. H. M.; Stattersfield, A. J.; Brooks, Thomas M. (5 June 2006). Kirwan, Guy M. (ed.).
1685:
804:
The older 1994 list has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories:
793:
761:
558:
527:
424:
324:
185:
975:
255:
863:
2745:
2629:
2107:
1973:
1882:
1846:
1784:
1677:
1239:
1236:
The Road to
Extinction: Problems of Categorizing the Status of Taxa Threatened with Extinction
1158:
1092:
1004:
432:
189:
758:(EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered.
2755:
2099:
2033:
1925:
1908:
1667:
1370:"Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger"
1148:
1138:
932:
447:
The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World
Conservation Congress in
416:
352:
244:
2439:
2141:
Rodrigues, A. S. L., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoffmann, M. & Brooks, T.M. 2006.
1993:
1207:
897:
All new IUCN assessments since 2001 have used version 3.1 of the categories and criteria.
814:
767:
313:
1491:
335:
The first attempt to create a Red Data Book for a nonspecialist public came in 1969 with
2019:
1921:
1663:
1604:
1134:
2357:
2194:
1153:
1116:
1112:
1033:
999:
967:
953:
779:
621:
453:
2171:
2037:
151:
3111:
2362:
1672:
1648:"Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species"
1647:
820:
785:
631:
1689:
2659:
2609:
1997:
1939:
1709:. 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2012.
981:
2735:
796:" embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.
420:
408:
356:
292:
236:
223:
107:
2686:
1238:. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
961:
2333:
2273:
1484:"IUCN 2012 update – 4 species extinct – 2 rediscovered – Food security waning"
943:
773:
755:
573:
503:
492:
396:
348:
181:
131:
17:
2103:
1143:
905:
448:
2177:
1681:
1162:
39:
412:
2190:
737:
240:
2721:
2624:
2200:
379:. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the
2096:
International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
740:(EX) – beyond reasonable doubt that the species is no longer extant.
259:
The percentage of species in several groups which are documented as
871:
There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:
776:(LR) – unlikely to become endangered or extinct in the near future.
2783:
2619:
2527:
1930:
1903:
1704:"IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition"
989:
904:
254:
1548:
1423:"Extinction threat 'a call to world leaders' at Rio Earth Summit"
1203:"Almost 30,000 Species Face Extinction Because of Human Activity"
867:
Comparing the number of species in each category of IUCN Red List
27:
Inventory of the global conservation status of biological species
1613:
1121:
228:
3057:
List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States
2690:
2204:
2165:
196:
information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.
142:
1606:
Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria
2779:
Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
2186:
1518:"The Red List Of Threatened Species, Annual Report Released"
2820:
Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada
1805:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics"
1575:"Red list has 132 species of plants, animals from India"
2053:"New study claims that the IUCN Red List is inaccurate"
2136:
2001 IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria version 3.1
2129:
1994 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 2.3
1809:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics
752:(CE) – in a particularly and extremely critical state.
1323:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1308:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1293:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1278:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1263:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
2088:
Walter, Kerry S.; Gillett, Harriet J., eds. (1998).
770:(NT) – close to being endangered in the near future.
3065:
3022:
2971:
2925:
2918:
2865:
2849:
2828:
2807:
2771:
2728:
2595:
2525:
2491:
2433:
2382:
2375:
2350:
2315:
2287:
2266:
2259:
2247:
1306:
Red data book Volume 5: Angiospermae, a compilation
137:
94:
82:
72:
62:
54:
46:
1833:. IUCN. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014
1454:"IUCN Red List update: Nearly 2,000 species added"
1334:Fisher, James; Simon, Noel; Vincent, Jack (1969).
1321:Red data book. Volume 4. Pisces: freshwater fishes
464:The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at
3042:Endangered mammals and birds of the United States
2933:List of endangered and protected species of China
1960:. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008
1641:
1639:
1637:
1396:"IUCN Red List reveals world's mammals in crisis"
176:, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global
1511:
1509:
1291:Red Data Book, Volume 3, Amphibia & Reptilia
1261:Red data book. Volume 1. Mammalia, a compilation
431:) in the Critically Endangered category and the
3047:List of threatened mammals of the United States
2675:Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in
2145:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(2): 71–76.
2143:The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation
1771:. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013
3143:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2948:List of endemic and threatened plants of India
1867:"Historical IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists"
1831:"2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)"
1234:Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Maisie, eds. (1987).
1077:International Union for Conservation of Nature
851:The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE) is used by
291:The idea for a Red Data Book was suggested by
162:International Union for Conservation of Nature
89:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3052:List of threatened birds of the United States
2958:List of threatened species of the Philippines
2702:
2216:
713:
8:
2082:A history of the IUCN DATA Book and Redlist
1869:. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014
1742:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1079:. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014
32:
3037:List of endangered animals of North America
2241:Template: Threatened species by region
2120:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2009.
3032:List of endangered plants of North America
2922:
2709:
2695:
2687:
2379:
2263:
2256:
2223:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2170:
1904:"IUCN's credibility critically endangered"
1372:(Press release). IUCN. 12 September 2007.
720:
706:
475:
150:
112:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
38:
31:
2885:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
2027:
1929:
1671:
1549:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
1177:"Threatened species on the IUCN Red List"
1152:
1142:
839:was removed and its contents merged into
862:
377:2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
215:, and many Specialist Groups within the
2587:The world's 100 most threatened species
2582:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
2091:1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants
1398:(Press release). IUCN. 6 October 2008.
1038:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1025:
639:
613:
571:
526:
491:
478:
33:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2953:List of endangered species in Pakistan
2789:Threatened Species Protection Act 1995
1971:
1880:
1844:
1782:
1090:
3078:List of threatened flora of Australia
2963:List of endangered species in Vietnam
2150:Conserving Europe's threatened plants
1528:from the original on 10 November 2013
1464:from the original on 16 November 2018
7:
3088:List of threatened mammals of Brazil
2799:Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989
1902:Mrosovsky, Nicholas (October 1997).
1376:from the original on 24 January 2011
403:, which is the last category before
213:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
3133:Biota by conservation status system
2943:List of endangered animals in India
1954:"Information Sources & Quality"
1553:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1402:from the original on 9 October 2008
1117:"Extinction tsunami can be avoided"
835:became their own categories, while
3093:List of threatened birds of Brazil
3083:List of endangered flora of Brazil
1623:from the original on 23 April 2018
1201:Aguilera, Jasmine (18 July 2019).
800:1994 categories and 2001 framework
25:
2741:Environmental Vulnerability Index
2148:Sharrock, S. and Jones, M. 2009.
2007:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1716:from the original on 1 March 2019
1585:from the original on 24 June 2012
1433:from the original on 22 June 2012
1215:from the original on 19 July 2019
1010:Species by IUCN Red List category
925:exploitation of natural resources
920:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2890:Endangered species recovery plan
2762:
2754:
2665:Vulnerability and susceptibility
2553:Decline in amphibian populations
2435:
2434:
2051:Stocks, Sam (10 November 2016).
1673:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x
1336:The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger
974:
960:
946:
693:
675:
667:Lists of organisms by population
337:The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger
217:IUCN Species Survival Commission
199:Major species assessors include
2905:NatureServe conservation status
2794:Threatened ecological community
1452:Jessica Phelan (19 June 2012).
1421:Matthew Knight (19 June 2012).
682:
484:
2880:Endangered Species Act of 1973
2341:Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
1490:. 19 June 2012. Archived from
930:In the November 2016 issue of
917:In the November 2002 issue of
439:) in the Endangered category.
207:(the research division of the
166:Red List of Threatened Species
1:
3073:Threatened fauna of Australia
2645:Ecoregion conservation status
2548:Decline in insect populations
2098:Species Survival Commission.
2038:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02614-9
1751:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1276:Red data book. Volume 2. Aves
651:Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
98:Species Survival Commission,
3138:Biota by conservation status
2979:Threatened mammals of Europe
2841:Funds for Endangered Parrots
2640:Conservation-reliant species
2074:General and cited references
1765:"Birds on the IUCN Red List"
415:, along with other factors.
209:Zoological Society of London
128:Zoological Society of London
2984:Endangered plants of Europe
2938:Endangered mammals of India
2875:Distinct population segment
1573:K.S. Sudhi (21 June 2012).
1516:James Ayre (20 June 2012).
596:Conservation Dependent (CD)
124:Sapienza University of Rome
3169:
2297:Critically Endangered (CR)
1546:The list is queryable at:
1034:"Background & History"
539:Critically Endangered (CR)
371:On 12 September 2007, the
116:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
104:Conservation International
3153:Species described in 1963
2857:Endangered Wildlife Trust
2752:
2673:
2238:
1978:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1887:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1851:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1789:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1304:Melville, Ronald (1970).
1097:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
58:Cambridge, United Kingdom
37:
2900:National Wildlife Refuge
2605:Biodiversity action plan
2279:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
514:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
373:World Conservation Union
299:1966–1977 Red Data Lists
120:Texas A&M University
3123:1964 in the environment
2138:. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
2131:. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
2124:. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
2104:10.5962/bhl.title.44833
1749:: 7–24 – via the
1319:Miller, Robert (1979).
1289:Honegger, René (1968).
1144:10.1073/pnas.1711074114
827:In the 2001 framework,
792:In the IUCN Red List, "
649:International Union for
385:Gorilla gorilla gorilla
381:western lowland gorilla
273:critically endangered,
2910:The Nature Conservancy
2895:Endangered Wolf Center
2836:EAZA Ex-situ Programme
2655:Latent extinction risk
2094:. Gland, Switzerland:
1996:; Andelman, Sandy J.;
1769:BirdLife International
910:
868:
853:Birdlife International
837:Conservation Dependent
809:Conservation Dependent
485:IUCN Red List category
393:Gorilla gorilla diehli
288:
201:BirdLife International
100:Birdlife International
2540:Endangered arthropods
2536:Threatened arthropods
2458:Critically Endangered
2400:Critically Endangered
2084:.Retrieved 2012–5–11.
2002:Medellı́n, Rodrigo A.
1015:Wildlife conservation
908:
866:
750:Critically endangered
401:critically endangered
258:
3128:Biological databases
2615:Conservation biology
2610:Biodiversity threats
2323:Near Threatened (NT)
1652:Conservation Biology
1358:. IUCN News Release.
1274:Simon, Noel (1966).
1259:Simon, Noel (1966).
586:Near Threatened (NT)
375:(IUCN) released the
205:Institute of Zoology
168:, also known as the
2815:Species at Risk Act
2650:Habitat destruction
2635:Conservation status
2453:Extinct in the Wild
2395:Extinct in the Wild
2358:Data Deficient (DD)
2020:2002TEcoE..17..503P
1994:Possingham, Hugh P.
1922:1997Natur.389..436M
1664:2008ConBi..22.1424M
1135:2017PNAS..114.8440L
1069:"Red List Overview"
995:Conservation status
744:Extinct in the wild
622:Data Deficient (DD)
480:Conservation status
466:Rio+20 Earth Summit
405:extinct in the wild
389:Cross River gorilla
316:only), compiled by
178:conservation status
84:Parent organization
34:
2718:Threatened species
2363:Not Evaluated (NE)
2351:Not fully assessed
2328:Least Concern (LC)
2232:Threatened species
2122:Summary Statistics
2080:Hilton-Taylor, C.
1113:Lovejoy, Thomas E.
911:
893:Version 3.1 (2001)
890:Version 3.0 (1999)
887:Version 2.3 (1994)
884:Version 2.2 (1994)
881:Version 2.1 (1993)
878:Version 2.0 (1992)
875:Version 1.0 (1991)
869:
689:NatureServe status
662:NatureServe status
632:Not Evaluated (NE)
606:Least Concern (LC)
425:Sumatran orangutan
331:1969 Red Data Book
325:Robert Rush Miller
289:
190:Regional Red Lists
186:biological species
74:Official language
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
2746:Regional Red List
2684:
2683:
2630:Bird conservation
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2371:
2370:
2057:Discover Wildlife
1488:wildlifeextra.com
1129:(32): 8840–8841.
1115:(8 August 2017).
1005:Regional Red List
730:
729:
433:Bornean orangutan
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
3160:
2923:
2766:
2758:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2438:
2437:
2380:
2264:
2257:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2166:Official website
2117:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
1998:Burgman, Mark A.
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1658:(6): 1424–1442.
1643:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1030:
984:
979:
978:
970:
965:
964:
956:
951:
950:
949:
933:Science Advances
847:Possibly extinct
722:
715:
708:
697:
683:Red List classes
679:
614:Other categories
576:
530:
495:
476:
417:Russ Mittermeier
286:
283:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
245:land development
154:
149:
146:
144:
42:
35:
21:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3061:
3024:
3018:
2967:
2914:
2867:
2861:
2845:
2824:
2803:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2724:
2715:
2685:
2680:
2669:
2591:
2513:
2487:
2473:Near Threatened
2429:
2415:Near Threatened
2367:
2346:
2334:Lower Risk (LR)
2311:
2307:Vulnerable (VU)
2302:Endangered (EN)
2283:
2243:
2234:
2229:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2114:
2087:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2029:10.1.1.467.6031
2014:(11): 503–507.
1992:
1991:
1987:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1494:on 4 March 2016
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
947:
945:
942:
903:
861:
849:
841:Near Threatened
829:Near Threatened
815:Near Threatened
802:
768:Near Threatened
726:
692:
686:
680:
653:
650:
574:
559:Vulnerable (VU)
549:Endangered (EN)
528:
493:
487:
474:
462:
445:
369:
345:
333:
318:Ronald Melville
301:
284:
281:
280:endangered, or
277:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
253:
141:
85:
75:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:Lists of biota
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3014:United Kingdom
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2555:
2550:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2483:Data Deficient
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2425:Data Deficient
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2184:
2175:
2159:
2158:External links
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2043:
1985:
1945:
1894:
1858:
1822:
1811:. 21 June 2024
1796:
1756:
1727:
1695:
1633:
1616:, March 2017,
1612:, Version 13,
1596:
1565:
1539:
1522:planetsave.com
1505:
1475:
1444:
1413:
1387:
1361:
1341:
1326:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1266:
1251:
1244:
1226:
1193:
1168:
1104:
1060:
1050:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:Red List Index
997:
992:
986:
985:
971:
968:Biology portal
957:
954:Ecology portal
941:
938:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
860:
857:
848:
845:
825:
824:
818:
812:
801:
798:
790:
789:
783:
780:Data Deficient
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
728:
727:
725:
724:
717:
710:
702:
699:
698:
681:Comparison of
672:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
647:
642:
641:
640:Related topics
637:
636:
635:
634:
629:
616:
615:
611:
610:
609:
608:
603:
593:
580:
579:
569:
568:
567:
566:
556:
546:
533:
532:
524:
523:
522:
521:
511:
498:
497:
489:
488:
482:
473:
470:
461:
458:
454:Data Deficient
444:
441:
437:Pongo pygmaeus
368:
365:
361:subpopulations
344:
341:
332:
329:
300:
297:
252:
249:
188:. A series of
156:
155:
139:
135:
134:
96:
92:
91:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
64:Region served
63:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:IUCN Red List
3116:
3115:
3113:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546: /
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Least Concern
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2440:WP categories
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Least Concern
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:IUCN Red List
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:IUCN Red List
2176:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:9782831703282
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1959:
1958:IUCN Red List
1955:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1931:10.1038/38873
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:(6650): 436.
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1349:IUCN (2006).
1345:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1181:IUCN Red List
1178:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1073:IUCN Red List
1070:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
977:
972:
969:
963:
958:
955:
944:
939:
937:
935:
934:
928:
926:
922:
921:
915:
907:
900:
898:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
872:
865:
858:
856:
854:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
833:Least Concern
830:
822:
821:Least Concern
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
805:
799:
797:
795:
787:
786:Not Evaluated
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
734:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
703:
701:
700:
696:
690:
684:
678:
674:
673:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:IUCN Red List
655:
652:
646:
645:
644:
643:
638:
633:
630:
627:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
612:
607:
604:
601:
597:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
578:
577:
570:
564:
560:
557:
554:
550:
547:
544:
540:
537:
536:
535:
534:
531:
525:
519:
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
501:
500:
499:
496:
490:
486:
481:
477:
471:
469:
467:
459:
457:
455:
450:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
338:
330:
328:
326:
321:
319:
315:
310:
307:
304:
298:
296:
294:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
232:
230:
225:
224:peer reviewed
220:
218:
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206:
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197:
193:
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187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Red Data Book
171:
170:IUCN Red List
167:
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133:
129:
125:
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117:
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68:International
67:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
18:Red Data Book
2850:South Africa
2676:
2660:Rare species
2597:Conservation
2575: /
2571: /
2567: /
2563: /
2559:
2542: /
2538: /
2509:Appendix III
2339:
2332:
2274:Extinct (EX)
2251:
2090:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2046:
2011:
2005:
1988:
1964:19 September
1962:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1913:
1907:
1897:
1871:. Retrieved
1861:
1835:. Retrieved
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1808:
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1698:
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1605:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1579:thehindu.com
1578:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
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1530:. Retrieved
1521:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1457:
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1390:
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1217:. Retrieved
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1120:
1107:
1081:. Retrieved
1072:
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1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
982:World portal
931:
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912:
896:
870:
850:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
803:
791:
731:
656:
572:
504:Extinct (EX)
463:
460:2012 release
446:
443:2008 release
436:
429:Pongo abelii
428:
392:
384:
376:
370:
367:2007 release
346:
343:2006 release
336:
334:
322:
311:
308:
305:
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290:
233:
221:
198:
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173:
169:
165:
159:
145:.iucnredlist
95:Affiliations
55:Headquarters
29:
2772:Australasia
2736:Blue-listed
2558:Threatened
2504:Appendix II
1720:28 February
1589:13 November
1532:13 November
1498:14 November
1468:13 November
1458:www.pri.org
1437:13 November
1380:25 November
419:, chief of
409:Ebola virus
314:angiosperms
293:Peter Scott
237:overfishing
108:NatureServe
3112:Categories
2499:Appendix I
2468:Vulnerable
2463:Endangered
2410:Vulnerable
2405:Endangered
2316:Lower risk
2289:Threatened
2260:Categories
1837:27 January
1775:26 January
1338:. Collins.
1245:2880329299
794:threatened
774:Lower Risk
762:Vulnerable
756:Endangered
575:Lower Risk
529:Threatened
472:Categories
397:endangered
387:) and the
355:, aquatic
349:subspecies
266:extinct,
182:extinction
132:Wildscreen
3066:Elsewhere
2999:Lithuania
2729:By region
2577:Chromista
2024:CiteSeerX
1627:4 January
1406:9 October
1021:Citations
901:Criticism
449:Barcelona
407:, due to
353:varieties
295:in 1963.
47:Formation
2989:Bulgaria
2252:Red List
2182:Facebook
2062:24 April
1974:cite web
1883:cite web
1847:cite web
1785:cite web
1711:Archived
1690:37234648
1682:18847444
1618:archived
1583:Archived
1526:Archived
1462:Archived
1431:Archived
1400:Archived
1374:Archived
1213:Archived
1163:28747527
1093:cite web
940:See also
859:Versions
413:poaching
184:risk of
3025:America
3009:Ukraine
2677:italics
2560:Banksia
2544:spiders
2448:Extinct
2390:Extinct
2376:Species
2267:Extinct
2191:Twitter
2016:Bibcode
1940:4389685
1918:Bibcode
1815:21 June
1660:Bibcode
1558:6 March
1219:20 July
1186:21 July
1154:5559057
1131:Bibcode
1083:20 June
823:(LR/lc)
817:(LR/nt)
811:(LR/cd)
738:Extinct
494:Extinct
395:) from
251:History
241:hunting
211:), the
164:(IUCN)
138:Website
78:English
3023:North
3004:Russia
2972:Europe
2868:States
2866:United
2829:Europe
2808:Canada
2722:region
2625:ARKive
2569:sharks
2134:IUCN.
2127:IUCN.
2110:
2026:
1938:
1909:Nature
1873:9 June
1688:
1680:
1242:
1161:
1151:
1043:19 May
359:, and
357:stocks
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
243:, and
203:, the
2994:Italy
2919:Lists
2784:ROTAP
2620:CITES
2573:Fungi
2492:CITES
2383:Lists
1936:S2CID
1714:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1686:S2CID
1621:(PDF)
1610:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
1058:2012.
990:CITES
691:below
685:above
421:Swiss
2926:Asia
2565:rays
2528:taxa
2249:IUCN
2108:ISBN
2064:2022
1980:link
1966:2008
1889:link
1875:2016
1853:link
1839:2013
1817:2024
1791:link
1777:2007
1747:126A
1722:2019
1678:PMID
1629:2018
1614:IUCN
1591:2018
1560:2020
1534:2018
1500:2018
1470:2018
1439:2018
1408:2008
1382:2019
1240:ISBN
1221:2019
1208:Time
1188:2023
1159:PMID
1122:PNAS
1099:link
1085:2012
1045:2021
831:and
788:(NE)
782:(DD)
687:and
626:list
600:list
590:list
563:list
553:list
543:list
518:list
508:list
411:and
229:Aves
180:and
160:The
147:.org
50:1964
2720:by
2526:By
2189:on
2180:on
2100:doi
2034:doi
1926:doi
1914:389
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