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1379:. Until 1928 there were no official RFB groups in Bavaria. Only after the end of the ban of the local group Dortmund by the Reichsgericht on April 2, 1928, RFB groups could at least formally be founded also in Bavaria. But there was a constant threat of a ban on events, especially since Bavaria had been pressing for a nationwide ban of RFB since the decision of the Reichsgericht. On April 13, 1928, after the formation of the Bund on Reich level, Jakob Boulanger founded an RFB-Gau Nordbayern with subsequent local groups in
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1459:" organizations such as workers unions. In most cases they provided security services for the various events but also participated in active agitation. Hardened by their harsh work and living conditions, the RFB men engaged in acts of violence against the police and the political rivals who tried to disrupt rallies.
545:
on 11 May 1924, police fired on a demonstration; eight workers were killed and 16 seriously wounded. The KPD announced the formation of the RFB to all its local branches, and soon the first local RFB groups were formed. Most of these first RFB units were located in industrial cities, seaports, and
566:(Bloody May). More than 30 people were shot and killed by the police. The RFB was banned and all its assets confiscated by the government. At the time of the ban, the RFB had close to 130,000 members. Many of them continued their activities illegally or in local successor organizations such as the
1488:
grew constantly and violence intensified. Since the strategy of the SA was to fight and provoke, violent encounters between the RFB and SA soon became a part of everyday life. The SA achieved some strength in working-class districts, although these areas supported either the
1515:
Most RFB public actions were directed against the Weimar government and its involvement with powerful German industrialists. The RFB demanded the preservation of peace and denounced plans for a new war. Most of the RFB also supported the KPD's program of
512:) to protect their meetings and demonstrations, but this organization was banned in 1923. This left the KPD's political activities exposed to attacks from the police and right-wing paramilitary organizations such as the nationalist
2273:
Sitzungen vom
Oktober 1929 – Juni 1930 (Abschluß der Beratungen in erster Lesung und der §§ 86 ff. in zweiter Lesung. Gesetzentwurf zum Schutze der Republik und zur Befriedung des politischen Lebens)
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Its statutes defined the RFB as anti-militarist, and therefore it opposed German re-armament. For instance, the RFB and other organizations protested against the spending of billions of
501:
467:
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554:
Over the years the RFB engaged more and more in violent street fights with the police, the SA, and other political rivals. In 1929, the RFB participated in bloody protests after
2594:
Deutschland, Russland, Komintern – Dokumente (1918–1943): Nach der
Archivrevolution: Neuerschlossene Quellen zu der Geschichte der KPD und den deutsch-russischen Beziehungen
361:
1998:""Deutscher Oktober" 1923 an der Alster: ein blutiger Reinfall – Unbekannte Briefe und Berichte zum Putschversuch der Hamburger Kommunisten: Aufstand an der Waterkant"
1909:
3040:
2599:
Germany, Russia, Comintern - Documents (1918-1943): After the
Archival Revolution: Newly-Discovered Sources on the History of the KPD and German-Russian Relations
3045:
2719:
Skandinavische
Erfahrungen erwünscht?: Nachexil und Remigration ; die ehemaligen KPD-Emigranten in Skandinavien und ihr weiteres Schicksal in der SBZ/DDR
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from 1 March 1926. In May 1926, during a flag parade, activists used it as a sign of rallying to the movement and as an oath to defend the
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The first local branches of the RFB were established in July 1924. The group's inaugural nationwide meeting was held in
February 1925 in
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for legal support and also, in case of sentencing to prison, for financial support of their families while they were unable to work.
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98% of the RFB belonged to the working class and only 1% had received a higher education. A large part of the RFB were veterans of
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At the time of the ban in 1929, only 30% of the RFB were actually KPD members. 70% were non-party or members of other parties.
528:(SA). The ninth national conference of the KPD in April 1924 decided to form a new defense organization. It was given the name
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Other RFB events included propaganda marches in rural areas to get poor farmers and agricultural workers to join their cause.
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While many RFB groups were led by KPD members, most Red Front fighters were not party members. Some were even members of the
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Numerous events ended in mass brawls between the police and the RFB, leaving injured on both sides and in some cases dead.
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321:
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in West
Germany enforced the ban of 1929 and prosecuted former Red Front fighters who admitted to their RFB activities.
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1966:"Die Bedeutung der Reichsexekution in der Weimarer Reichsverfassung und ihre Anwendung 1923 in Sachsen und Thüringen"
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2744:"Ernst Thälmann and Willy Leow at the Head of a Red Front Fighters' League Demonstration in Berlin (June 1927)"
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A large part of the RFB activities were directed at supporting the political propaganda work of the KPD, the
717:
The number of members grew constantly, peaking with close to 130,000 members at the time of the ban in 1929.
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836:. The local groups elected the regional leadership and the regional leaders elected the federal committee.
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After the Nazi takeover in 1933, former RFB members were among the first arrested and incarcerated in
394:, translated as "Alliance of Red Front-Fighters" or "Red Front Fighters' League"), usually called the
771:
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2387:. L'Allemagne de Weimar: 1919–1933, Fayard, coll. « Biographies Historiques », 2007 (
1997:
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and to underline their goal of a united front. 40% of local RFB groups had a section of the RJ.
588:. The Nazis sought revenge on their former rivals and many of the RFB died in the Nazi prisons.
461:, often used among friends and foes to refer to the organization instead of its full title. The
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Local Group (with several battalions, depending on the member strength of the local group)
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Until the RFB was banned, its rivalry with hostile organizations such as the SA, the
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were actively involved in the creation of the first police and military units of the
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788:) with sections in all major port cities. The RM was also considered an elite unit.
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804:
641:
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483:
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Lehrstücke in
Solidarität: Briefe und Biographien deutscher Sozialisten 1945–1949
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RFB membership badges of the 1924 pattern (above) and of the 1926 pattern (below)
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1911:
Creating German
Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State
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370:
2661:
Lessons in
Solidarity: Letters and Biographies of German Socialists 1945-1949
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2011:
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For its younger members (between the ages of 16 and 21), the RFB formed the
2033:
Beating the
Fascists: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929–1933
1524:", leading to several temporary bans of its announced parades and meetings.
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February 1926: 68,392 members in 1,120 local groups (55% non-party members)
1588:[Red Hamburg: Where Christmas was Considered Bourgeois Nonsense].
1407:. In the summer of 1928, 14 local groups with 800 members, 350 of them in
478:) was the symbol of the RFB, used on all its insignia, and its registered
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Of those who survived or avoided arrest, many followed the call of the
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April 1925: 40,450 members in 558 local groups (49% non-party members)
2246:
Neighbors and Enemies: The Culture of Radicalism in Berlin, 1929–1933
1586:"Rotes Hamburg: Wo das Weihnachtsfest als bürgerlicher Blödsinn galt"
1496:
The RFB members also fought to stop landlords from evicting tenants.
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June 1925: 51,630 members in 826 local groups (53% non-party members)
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426:
1939:
2970:"Roter Frontkämpferbund, 1924–1929 – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns"
1772:"Roter Frontkämpferbund, 1924–1929 – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns"
1742:"Der Mann, den sie "Teddy" nannten – Thälmann im Porträt | MDR.DE"
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453:) while giving a clenched fist salute gave rise to the expression
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959:
Platoon made up of 4 Groups, approx. 35 men plus 1 platoon leader
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443:('The Red Front') was the newspaper of the RFB. The greeting of
534:, with the intent of attracting non-Communist workers as well.
422:, the RFB was banned in 1929 but continued its work illegally.
29:
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or the KPD but not the "brown" Nazi Party the SA stood for.
674:) claimed to carry on the traditions of the RFB, while the
2213:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Weimarer Republik"
1854:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Weimarer Republik"
1020:(2. Federal Leader, Organizational and Technical Manager)
1512:, and demanded the money go instead to relieve poverty.
778:. To commemorate this, in May 1925 the RFB founded the
813:. At the 1929 ban, the RFMB had about 4,000 members.
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Military units and formations disestablished in 1933
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other traditional strongholds of the working class.
791:From 1925 the female members were organized in the
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
927:Comradeship made up of 3 Platoons, approx. 100 men
465:"protecting the friend, fighting off the enemy" (
3056:Paramilitary organisations of the Weimar Republic
1367:Plans to form local RFB groups in the cities of
2920:Die KPD und der Spanische Bürgerkrieg 1936–1939
630:After World War II, former RFB members such as
618:former Red Front fighters fought in the Soviet
2485:"Erich Honecker | Jugendopposition in der DDR"
759:) in 1925 to avoid similarities with the Nazi
499:The KPD depended on the Proletarian Hundreds (
2460:[Stasi: The Man Who Loved Everyone].
8:
1520:. The RFB therefore was soon considered an "
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2627:"Saalbau « Gedenkstätte Neustadt e.V."
2302:"Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus, 1930–1933"
1940:"Georg Elser und der Rote Frontkämpferbund"
1682:[Third Reich: Hamburg's Red East].
710:and some had been actively involved in the
576:) Others retired from the political scene.
476:"schützend den Freund, abwehrend den Feind"
437:was elected to lead the federal committee.
1110:or Regional sections of the RFB included:
978:Group made up of 8 men plus 1 group leader
131:
2591:; Albert, Gleb, eds. (17 December 2014).
2211:Museum, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches.
1852:Museum, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches.
1847:
1845:
1465:Arrested RFB members could depend on the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:German far-left paramilitary organization
2844:"Hans Jendretzky – Munzinger Biographie"
703:(SPD) or other political organizations.
2355:"Der Spanische Bürgerkrieg (1936–1939)"
1829:pankow-weissensee-prenzlauerberg.berlin
1536:
1996:ZEIT (Archiv), D. I. E. (1993-10-22).
3041:Anti-fascist organisations in Germany
1680:"Drittes Reich: Hamburgs Roter Osten"
1565:(in German). Munich. 21 November 2017
901:Battalion made up of X "Comradeships"
389:
7:
3046:Left-wing militant groups in Germany
1766:
1764:
1647:
1645:
1375:in 1925 were banned by the state of
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3051:Military wings of communist parties
2974:www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de
2722:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag.
2558:Zank, Wolfgang (14 November 2007).
2185:"Roter Frontkämpferbund, 1924–1929"
1615:Der rote Frontkämpferbund 1924–1929
1584:Lucks, Günther (24 December 2015).
2695:Federal Agency for Civic Education
2688:Schüller, Elke (13 January 2009).
2560:"Stasi: Der Mann, der alle liebte"
2458:"Stasi: Der Mann, der alle liebte"
701:Social Democratic Party of Germany
659:Combat Groups of the Working Class
299:
25:
3071:Defunct communist militant groups
999:or "Federal Committee" included:
574:Fighting-Alliance Against Fascism
391:[ˈʁoːtɐˈfʁɔntˌkɛmpfɐbʊnt]
3012:
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2538:www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de
2031:Eve Rosenhaft (25 August 1983).
1559:[The Red Hitler Youth].
342:
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2418:Erich Honecker: Das Leben davor
2270:Schubert, Werner (2015-02-06).
2095:"Spartakus, Rote Front, Antifa"
2060:Steffahn, Harald (1976-04-02).
1882:"Spartakus, Rote Front, Antifa"
1706:Steffahn, Harald (1976-04-02).
799:Alliance of Red Women and Girls
45:needs additional citations for
18:Red Front Fighters' League
2949:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2897:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2872:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2823:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2798:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2773:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2249:. Cambridge University Press.
2121:; Baratta, Alessandro (1992).
569:Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus
420:legally registered association
1:
2917:Niemeyer, Ralf (2001-10-25).
2630:www.gedenkstaette-neustadt.de
2466:(in German). 14 November 2007
2160:"1. Mai: Feiertag und Symbol"
1688:(in German). 5 September 2015
1613:Schuster, Kurt G. P. (1975).
1434:
945:
919:
794:Roter Frauen und Mädchen Bund
510:Proletarische Hundertschaften
2976:(in German (formal address))
2945:"Steinbrecher, Curt Alexius"
2307:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
2193:(in German (formal address))
2190:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1777:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
801:). The federal leaders were
562:during what became known as
373:(right) in Berlin, June 1927
3061:German resistance to Nazism
2716:Scholz, Michael F. (2000).
1653:"Der Rote Frontkämpferbund"
776:November Revolution of 1918
712:November Revolution of 1918
682:Membership and organisation
676:Federal Republic of Germany
599:(1936–39). They joined the
3087:
3036:Communist Party of Germany
2037:Cambridge University Press
1916:Princeton University Press
1500:"Social Justice and Peace"
834:bottom to top organization
832:The RFB's structure was a
650:(GDR; East Germany). The
648:German Democratic Republic
556:International Workers' Day
412:Communist Party of Germany
224:Communist Party of Germany
1799:"May Day, Bloody May Day"
1617:(in German). Düsseldorf:
1452:
1420:"Protection and Security"
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408:paramilitary organization
143:
2923:(in German). diplom.de.
2218:German Historical Museum
1859:German Historical Museum
1747:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
1658:German Historical Museum
817:Organizational structure
774:had a major role in the
586:Nazi concentration camps
69:"Roter Frontkämpferbund"
2769:"Oelßner, Alfred Franz"
2489:www.jugendopposition.de
2336:(in German). 2017-04-20
2330:"Gegner des NS-Regimes"
2166:(in German). 2019-05-01
593:Second Spanish Republic
531:Roter Frontkämpfer-Bund
276:Political position
191:–May 14, 1929
2665:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
2603:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
2589:Bayerlein, Bernhard H.
2278:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
1557:"Der rote Hitlerjunge"
1518:Soviet-style Communism
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2425:. 26 September 2016.
2164:Demokratiegeschichten
1825:"Ernst-Thälmann-Park"
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610:to fight against the
580:Under the Third Reich
364:
2690:"Clara Zetkin | bpb"
2359:www.andalusien360.de
1555:Written at Hamburg.
1510:"pocket battleships"
772:Imperial German Navy
666:Nationale Volksarmee
653:Arbeiterkampfgruppen
410:affiliated with the
54:improve this article
2663:] (in German).
2653:(29 October 2015).
2601:] (in German).
2378:Baechler, Christian
1974:Deutscher Bundestag
1562:Süddeutsche Zeitung
1312:Erzgebirge-Vogtland
1010:(1. Federal Leader)
398:Rotfrontkämpferbund
161:Rotfrontkämpferbund
2819:"Jendretzky, Hans"
2794:"Schneller, Ernst"
2587:; Drabkin, Jakov;
2129:C.F. Müller Verlag
2062:"Thälmanns Truppe"
1944:www.mythoselser.de
1708:"Thälmanns Truppe"
1522:enemy of the state
1441:
1136:Berlin-Brandenburg
861:Regional Committee
830:
749:). It was renamed
697:
612:Nationalist rebels
406:), was a far-left
375:
179:Dates of operation
2868:"Selbmann, Fritz"
2729:978-3-515-07651-7
2674:978-3-486-70778-6
2612:978-3-11-033978-9
2239:Swett, Patricia;
2093:Becker, Klaus J.
1977:(in German). 2006
1880:Becker, Klaus J.
1411:were registered.
1088:Curt Steinbrecher
848:Federal Committee
797:(RFMB) (English:
597:Spanish Civil War
414:(KPD) during the
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516:Der Stahlhelm
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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31:
19:
2978:. Retrieved
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2952:. Retrieved
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2518:30 September
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2334:G/GESCHICHTE
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2314:27 September
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2103:27 September
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2015:. Retrieved
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1981:20 September
1979:. Retrieved
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