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760:. It packs the same level of bigotry and insensitivity for Native Americans as any other racial slur. We cannot tolerate the NFLâs continued commitment to normalizing this demeaning characterization of Native Americans. The success of the Washington football franchise does not depend on the name of its team, but rather the talent of its players and leadership. The NFL must abandon its tone-deaf culture as it relates to people of color and change the hurtful name of this team.
722:. Use of these terms by some members of minority communities does not mean that these words may be used by outsiders. Ross also notes that while activism on the issue may be from a minority of Native Americans, this is due to most being concerned with more immediate issues, but also says "The presentation of the name 'Redskins' is problematic for many Native Americans because it identifies Natives in a way that the vast majority of Natives simply don't identity ourselves."
876:
references to "scalping" made by sportswriters for sixty years when reporting the
Redskins loss of a game, and passages from movies made from the 1940s to the 1960s using "redskin" to refer to Native Americans as a savage enemy. A linguistics expert for the team unsuccessfully argued that the name is merely a descriptive term no different than other uses of color to differentiate people by race. The linguistic expert for the petitioners,
407:, in which he is recorded as stating, "My Father â Restrain your feelings, and hear camly what I shall say. I shall tell it to you plainly, I shall not speak with fear and trembling. I feel no fear. I have no cause to fear. I have never injured you, and innocence can feel no fear. I turn to all, red skins and white skins, and challenge an accusation against me." This speech was published widely, and Goddard speculates that it reached
555:' support indicates that the belief is widespread. Goddard denies any direct connection to scalping, and says there is a lack of evidence for the claim. C. Richard King argues that the lack of direct evidence for the assertion does not mean that those making the claim are "wrong to draw an association between a term that empathizes an identity based upon skin color and a history that commodified Native American body parts".
381:, was recorded as having said, "I am a red-skin, but what I say is the truth, and notwithstanding I came a long way I am content, but wish to return from here." However, while these usages may have been earliest, they may not have been disseminated widely. While the 1812 meeting with President Madison was contemporaneously recorded, the records were not published until 2004.
1210:
3957:
423:(1826), both Native American and white characters use the term. These novels were widely distributed, and can be credited with bringing the term to "universal notice". The first time the term appears in Bartlett's "Dictionary of Americanisms" (in 1858), Goddard notes, the illustrative reference is to
479:
states it is difficult for historians to document anything with certainty since Native
Americans, as a non-literate society, did not produce the written sources upon which historians rely. Instead, what is cited as Native American usage was generally attributed to them by European writers. Any use of
131:
as an identifier by Native
Americans for themselves emerged in the context of Indian-European diplomacy in the southeastern region of North America, becoming common usage in the 1720s. Subsequently, variations of "red men" were adopted by Europeans, becoming a generic label for all Native Americans.
1450:
and "referred not to the natural skin color of the
Delaware, but to their use of vermilion face paint and body paint". Goddard pointed out that OED had mis-dated the source, the letter was in fact a piece of historical fiction written in 1900.The OED agreed with Goddard's findings, stating that the
994:
Some communities have been sharply divided, with long-term residents seeking to keep the mascot while newcomers being open to change. In Driggs, Idaho, the deciding factor was the participation of local tribes advocating change. Other school districts made changes with little opposition. The school
884:
was a slur at the time of the trademark registrations, based upon the passages from books and newspapers and movie clips, in which the word is inevitably associated with contempt, derision, condescension, or sentimental paeans to the noble savage. Although the USPTO decision was upheld upon appeal,
840:
which found that 49% of self-identified Native
Americans responded that the Washington Redskins name was offensive or very offensive, while only 38% were not bothered by it. In addition, for study participants who were heavily engaged in their native or tribal cultures, 67% said they were offended,
310:
Goddard's alternative etymology is that the term emerged from the speech of Native
Americans themselves, and that the origin and use of the term in the late 18th and early 19th century was benign. When it first appeared "it came in the most respectful context and at the highest level. ... These are
708:. The principal of Red Mesa said in 2014 that use of the word outside American Indian communities should be avoided because it could perpetuate "the legacy of negativity that the term has created." In 2014, Wellpinit High School voted to keep the Redskins name. Native American writer and attorney
875:
is disparaging to a "substantial composite of Native
Americans", and this is demonstrated "by the near complete drop-off in usage of 'redskins' as a reference to Native Americans beginning in the 1960s". Evidence of disparagement submitted by the petitioners in the TTAB case include the frequent
832:
produced the same results, that 90% of the self-identified Native
American respondents were "not bothered" by the team's name. However, in a commentary published soon after the 2004 poll, fifteen Native American scholars collaborated on a critique that stated that there were so many flaws in the
926:
The number of high schools using the
Redskins name has been in steady decline (some of which closed or merged), with 36 remaining. In a survey conducted in 2013, 40% had local efforts to change the name, while 28 high schools in 18 states had done so. By December 2017, the number of high school
512:
were significantly more frequent than positive ones. However, the use of the word "Indian" in a similarly selected set of books was nearly the same, with more frequent negative than positive contexts, indicating that it was not the term "redskin" that was loaded pejoratively, but that its usage
151:. The choice of red rather than other colors may have been due to cultural associations, rather than skin color. Red and white were a dichotomy that had pervasive symbolic meanings in southeastern Native cultures which was less prevalent among northern tribes. While there was occasional use of
102:
The origin of the choice of red to describe Native
Americans in English is debated. While related terms were used in anthropological literature as early as the 17th century, labels based on skin color entered everyday speech around the middle of the 18th century. "At the start of the eighteenth
675:
style guide advises that "the term redskin evokes an even more objectionable stereotype" than the use of red as a racial adjective by outsiders, while others urge writers to use the term only in a historical context. In modern dictionaries of American English it is labeled "usually offensive",
528:, in his paper "Slurring Words", argues that for a word to be a slur, the word must communicate ideas beyond identifying a target group, and that slurs are offensive because the additional data contained in those words differentiates those individuals from otherwise accepted groups.
487:
Sociologist James V. Fenelon makes a more explicit statement that Goddard's article is poor scholarship, given that the conclusion of the origin and usage by Natives as "entirely benign" is divorced from the socio-historical realities of hostility and racism from which it emerged.
833:
Annenberg study that rather than being a measure of Native American opinion, it was an expression of white privilege and colonialism. Similar objections were made after the 2016 poll, mainly with regard to the use of self-identification to select Native American respondents.
207:(1847). Early explorers and later Anglo-Americans termed Native Americans "light-skinned", "brown", "tawny", or "russet", but not "red" prior to the 19th century. Many did not view Natives as distinctly different in color from themselves, and thus could be assimilated into
805:
and team management announced a process of review of the name. On July 13, 2020, the team made an official statement that their review would result in the retirement of the Redskins name and logo. The new name, Washington Commanders was announced on February 2, 2022.
8090:
902:
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board for Cuyahoga Heights Ohio voted unanimously to retire their mascot following the decision by the Cleveland Indians to become the Guardians. The Wichita school board followed the recommendations of a committee appointed to examine the issue.
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century, Indians and Europeans rarely mentioned the color of each other's skins. By midcentury, remarks about skin color and the categorization of peoples by simple color-coded labels (red, white, black) had become commonplace."
355:
enters wider English usage only in the first half of the 19th century. However, in an interview, Goddard admitted that it is impossible to verify whether the French translations of the Miami-Illinois language were accurate.
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2174:
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was a slur at that time based upon passages from books and newspapers and movie clips, in which the word is inevitably associated with contempt, derision, condescension, or sentimental paeans to the noble savage.
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team from 1933 to 2020. Public protest of the name began in 1968, with a resolution by the National Congress of American Indians. Native American groups and their supporters argue that since they view the word
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was translated into the native languages there as "men", "real people", or "original people". Usage in the northeast region by Europeans may have been largely limited to descriptions of tribes such as the
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against Indians in the Illinois and Mississippi territories: "The expedition will be 40 days out, and there is no doubt but we shall have to contend with powerful hordes of red skins ..."
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quotation was "subsequently found to be misattributed; the actual text was written in 1900 by an author claiming, for purposes of historical fiction, to be quoting an earlier letter".
4018:
1931:
586:, on October 9, 1885, tells of the settlers' "hunt for redskins, with a view of obtaining their scalps", worth $ 250. In his early career as the owner of a newspaper in South Dakota,
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2660:
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violated the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause. Both the Native American petitioners and the Justice Department withdrew from any further litigation, the legal issue being moot.
508:
arguably begins as soon as its introduction in the early 19th century. A linguistic analysis of 42 books published between 1875 and 1930 found that negative contexts for the use of
244:
has a number of possible meanings in Choctaw, one of which is "humma, an addition to a man's name which gives him some distinction, calling on him for courage and honor." The name
3798:
303:. Goddard begins by pointing out that what had previously been considered the earliest English use of the term, a letter purported to have been written to an Englishman living in
484:
in its various forms, including redskin, by Native Americans to refer to themselves reflected their need to use the language of the times in order to be understood by Europeans.
118:
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was used by the tribe for self-identification. Similarly, they identified others as "whiteskins" or "blackskins". Goddard's evidence for indigenous usage includes a 1914
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Numerous civil rights, educational, athletic, and academic organizations consider any use of native names/symbols by non-native sports teams to be a harmful form of
513:
represents a generally negative attitude towards its referent. The word was first listed in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary in 1898 as "often contemptuous."
8268:
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2763:"NAACP Leading National Civil Rights and Racial Justice Organizations Announce Joint Opposition to Washington NFL Team Locating New Stadium in District of Columbia"
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for young people 60%, and those with tribal affiliations 52%. These results are similar to that found in a study by the Center for Indigenous Peoples Studies at
7522:
2863:
377:) to Madison's speech included the statement, "I know the manners of the whites and the red skins," while French Crow, principal chief of the Wahpekute band of
2716:
1254:
626:, the main issue was the meaning of the term in the period when the trademark registrations were issued, 1967â1990. The linguistic expert for the petitioner,
7905:
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3362:
2231:
J. Gordon Hylton (2010). "Before the Redskins Were the Redskins: The Use of Native American Team Names in the Formative Era of American Sports, 1857â1933".
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7846:
3180:
D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark (2005). "Indigenous Voice and Vision as Commodity in a Mass-Consumption Society: The Colonial Politics of Public Opinion Polling".
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1962:
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After decades of opposition to the name of the team by Native Americans, major sponsors responded to opponents of systemic racism in the wake of the
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1992:
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75:, it is labeled as offensive, disparaging, or insulting. Although the term has almost disappeared from contemporary use, it remains in use as a
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987:. In April, 2022 the Sandusky Community Schools Board of Education voted to retire its mascot at the end of the school year. In June 2024, the
815:
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1425:
99:. School administrators and alumni assert that their use of the name is honoring their local tradition and not insulting to Native Americans.
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845:. A survey of 400 individuals, with 98 individuals positively identified as Native Americans, found that 67% agreed with the statement that
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84:
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1292:(1847), i.e. White (Caucasian), Dusky (Indian), Orange-colored (Malay), Yellow (Mongoloid), Red (Carib and American) and Black (Negroid).
773:
The controversy regarding Native mascots in general, and use of the name Redskins, was most prominent in the name used by the Washington
311:
white people and Indians talking together, with the white people trying to ingratiate themselves". The word later underwent a process of
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1683:
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2015:
1818:
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is offensive and racist. The response from non-natives was almost the opposite, with 68% responding that the name is not offensive.
598:
in order to secure the safety of white settlers, and because "better that they die than live the miserable wretches that they are."
3915:
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in Indian-European diplomacy in the northeast, it was still rare there even after it had become common in the southeast. Instead,
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Some Native American activists in the 21st century, in contradiction of the etymological evidence discussed above, assert that
3225:
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2738:"Legislative efforts to eliminate native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos: Slow but steady progress post-APA resolution"
2511:
2119:
1784:
2295:
1348:
524:, are by nature derogatory, emphasizing the difference between the speaker and the target. However, Luvell Anderson of the
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2950:
404:
3391:
1302:
Vaughan, Alden T. (1982-10-01). "From White Man to Redskin: Changing Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian".
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4911:
4869:
3151:"Washington Post poll of Native Americans on Redskins' team name â Survey conducted December 16, 2015 to April 12, 2016"
1493:
1378:
976:
920:
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as offensive, it is inappropriate for an NFL team to continue to use it, regardless of whether any offense is intended.
327:
territories in the 18th century. He cites as the earliest example a 1769 set of "talks", or letters, from chiefs of the
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5150:
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200:
76:
2708:
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570:, printed an announcement: "The state reward for dead Indians has been increased to $ 200 for every red-skin sent to
143:
based upon their origin stories, the general use of the term was in response to meeting people who called themselves
824:
was directly relevant to the controversy, with supporters pointing to public opinion polls. Both a 2004 poll by the
688:
Three predominantly Native American schools use the name for their athletic teams, two of which serve reservations:
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1453:
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257:
112:
95:. While the usage by other teams has been declining steadily, 37 high schools in the United States continue to be
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5134:
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3358:
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663:. The town proclaims itself to be the "Indian Capital of the Nation", and its population is 41% Native American.
7652:
7420:
7245:
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6753:
6666:
1004:
774:
419:
378:
38:
927:"Redskins" had continued to decline from 62 to 49, including four affected by a 2015 California law. In 2019,
472:
in identifying themselves did not refer to skin color, but to their origin stories as the "red-earth" people.
8151:
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56:
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or other body part collected for bounty. While this claim is associated in the media with litigants in the
496:
8273:
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1954:
1530:
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332:
88:
3309:
1984:
1290:
Description de mammifÚres et d'oiseaux récemment découverts; précédée d'un Tableau sur les races humaines
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is regarded as a racial epithet by some, but as neutral by others, including some Native Americans. The
655:
525:
408:
304:
92:
80:
7235:
1535:
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retired the name. The rate of change increased following the decision by the Washington Football Team,
871:(USPTO) cancelled the six trademarks held by the team in a two-to-one decision that held that the term
351:", which was translated as 'all the redskins'. The term here refers to warriors specifically. The term
1834:
903:
List of secondary school sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples § Redskins
8047:
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5000:
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3950:"Cuyahoga Heights removing 'Redskins' nickname, effective immediately, after board of education vote"
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The letter supposedly contains both "ye Red Skin Men" and "ye Red Skins". Based on this source, the
30:"Red people" redirects here. For the Malaysian online supergroup and artist management company, see
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3310:"Unpacking the Mascot Debate: Native American Identification Predicts Opposition to Native Mascots"
3308:
Fryberg, Stephanie A.; Eason, Arianne E.; Brady, Laura M.; Jessop, Nadia; Lopez, Julisa J. (2020).
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4019:"CNY school district unveils new mascot while holding on to history of 'beloved' former nickname"
3422:
3329:
3207:
3199:
1722:
1396:
1329:
1133:
1032:
988:
908:
660:
591:
5515:
3385:"Survey on Redskins team name found most American Indians believe it to be offensive and racist"
3059:"Most Indians Say Name of Washington "Redskins" Is Acceptable While 9 Percent Call It Offensive"
1985:"Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse"
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4085:
3730:"Amid dueling student protests, a high school will retire its Redskins mascot after 90 years"
1610:
1274:
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7724:
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261:
72:
643:, had compared the evolution of the name into a slur to that of other racial terms such as
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385:
384:
The earliest known appearance of the term in print occurred in 1813, in an article in the
6385:
2019:
1195:
622:
was often used to refer to Native Americans when war was imminent or in progress. In the
4000:"Sandusky Community Schools votes to retire its mascot, will drop the Redskins nickname"
3791:"Forest Hills School District Board votes to retire Anderson High School logo, nickname"
2175:"Seeking $ 250 Reward, Settlers Hunted for 'Redskin Scalps' During Extermination Effort"
610:, 1914 silent film. The Native American roles were played by Native and Japanese actors.
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1620:
1285:
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636:
606:
368:
204:
2886:"NCAI Response to the Washington Football Team's Commitment to Addressing Name Change"
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192:
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was, in fact used in conjunction with scalp hunting in the 19th century. In 1863 a
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4479:
1955:"A 'Redskin' Is the Scalped Head of a Native American, Sold, Like a Pelt, for Cash"
1705:
Jones, William (1901). "Episodes in the Culture-Hero Myth of the Sauks and Foxes".
1565:
1196:"Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espÚces ou races qui l'habitent"
886:
364:
292:
249:
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71:
through the 19th to early 20th centuries and in contemporary dictionaries of
6722:
4054:
Nafziger, James A. R.; Paterson, Robert Kirkwood; Renteln, Alison Dundes (2010).
2622:"Redskins controversy? High school with debated name just wants to be left alone"
2503:
2144:"A brief history of the word 'redskin' and how it became a source of controversy"
2103:
1768:
464:'one with white skin, white person' was used to refer to Europeans. However, the
8126:
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7270:
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3279:"Washington Redskins' name, Native mascots offend more than previously reported"
2287:
885:
on June 19, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in another case,
389:
172:
2324:
Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States
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7380:
7285:
7115:
7105:
7075:
6918:
6886:
6851:
6793:
6519:
6473:
6469:
6363:
6198:
6156:
5782:
5595:
5408:
5085:
5048:
4890:
4710:
4576:
4334:
4266:
3883:"Union School Board Votes Unanimously To Discontinue Use Of 'Redskins' Mascot"
3822:"Clinton Schools Drops Redskins Nickname, Leaving Just Three Left in Michigan"
3384:
1058:
A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America
890:
794:
709:
388:
quoting a letter dated August 27, 1813. It concerned an expedition during the
328:
312:
180:
164:
of Newfoundland, whose practice of painting their bodies and possessions with
68:
31:
3325:
1680:"The use of words meaning 'redskin' and 'whiteskin' in the Meskwaki language"
1570:""I Am A Red-Skin": The Adoption of a Native American Expression (1769â1826)"
1325:
520:
identifiers for ethnic groups based upon physical characteristics, including
7969:
7761:
6923:
6545:
6165:
6095:
6019:
5866:
5812:
5704:
4980:
4555:
4508:
4369:
4188:
2131:
Hunting redskins for the time being became a popular sport in New England...
912:
571:
17:
3195:
3090:"New poll finds 9 in 10 Native Americans aren't offended by Redskins name"
1165:
7642:
7022:
6693:
6285:
5568:
5499:
5456:
5034:
4945:
4362:
4209:
4195:
3477:"60 Years of Shocking Redskins Headlines: A sampling of violent wordplay"
964:
536:
431:
400:
324:
320:
295:, linguist and curator emeritus in the Department of Anthropology of the
221:
3696:"California schools barred from using 'Redskins' as team name or mascot"
2474:
The American HeritageÂź Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
8212:
7790:
6945:
6940:
6906:
6881:
6707:
6686:
6680:
6606:
6489:
6482:
6447:
6279:
6208:
6077:
5912:
5842:
5752:
5659:
5613:
4938:
4673:
4663:
4583:
4518:
4403:
4280:
3569:"Memorandum Opinion and Order, Pro-Football, Inc. v. Blackhorse, et al"
3504:"Here are some of the movie clips cited in the Redskins trademark case"
3203:
1379:"Full text of "A dictionary of the Choctaw language" by Cyrus Byington"
1333:
1137:
798:
574:. This sum is more than the dead bodies of all the Indians east of the
363:
and a delegation of chiefs from western tribes. There, the response of
345:", which was translated as 'if any redskins', and the second included "
253:
161:
3359:"New Study Finds 67% Of Native Americans Find Redskins Name Offensive"
2653:"In debate over Redskins name, is the 'R-word' for racism or respect?"
1726:
7012:
6826:
6701:
6635:
6583:
6454:
6192:
6012:
5978:
5953:
5722:
5429:
5415:
5394:
5373:
5352:
5265:
5258:
5217:
5196:
5171:
5110:
4973:
4966:
4824:
4803:
4724:
4679:
4643:
4629:
4541:
4524:
4495:
4389:
4341:
4322:
4273:
2539:. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Archived from
757:
718:
697:
60:
3981:"Saranac Community Schools to select new mascot after retiring name"
3121:"How The Washington Post conducted the survey on the Redskins' name"
2842:
n. Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American.
2491:
n. Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American.
1647:"'Redskins' name has complicated history for Meskwaki, other tribes"
1317:
1129:
315:, by which it gained a negative connotation. Goddard suggests that
135:
Linguistic evidence indicates that, while some tribes may have used
7693:
2524:
noun, Slang: Disparaging and Offensive. 1. a North American Indian.
1718:
907:
College teams that formerly used the name changed voluntarily; the
359:
The term was used in an August 22, 1812, meeting between President
7799:
7755:
6627:
6616:
6566:
6535:
6440:
6315:
6249:
6183:
6132:
6102:
5992:
5960:
5768:
5686:
5483:
5401:
5387:
5380:
5242:
5210:
4959:
4768:
4657:
4562:
4548:
4458:
4395:
4326:
4315:
4202:
4174:
3916:"Wichita BOE votes to discontinue 'Redskin' mascot for North High"
2921:"Washington Redskins move toward changing controversial team name"
1446:(OED) had suggested that the term was specifically applied to the
790:
677:
654:
600:
517:
495:
399:
Goddard suggests that a key usage was in a 20 July 1815 speech by
165:
48:
8223:
Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
7612:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
3031:"Washington Football Team announces 'Commanders' as its new name"
1010:
Stereotypes of indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
87:
following renewed attention to racial justice in the wake of the
6528:
6508:
6338:
6272:
6226:
5796:
4883:
4796:
4782:
4740:
4047:
In the Game: Race, Identity, and Sports in the Twentieth Century
3252:"NAJA and UNITY respond to recent Washington NFL team name poll"
980:
7842:
7697:
6726:
4123:
4119:
2977:"The Washington Football Team is now the Washington Commanders"
1349:"If Redskins change name, should Oklahoma change its name too?"
801:
advocated changing the name. On July 3, 2020, Washington owner
647:
which also acquired implied meanings associated with contempt.
6600:
6331:
6308:
6215:
5935:
5928:
5436:
5041:
5027:
4223:
3634:"Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name"
3190:(1/2 (WinterâSpring)). University of Nebraska Press: 228â238.
319:
emerged from French translations of Native American speech in
2709:""Redskins": A Native's Guide To Debating An Inglorious Word"
3452:. United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 18, 2014.
3418:"U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration"
1421:
vol. 19, no. 4, December,1941. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
7498:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
3004:"Washington announces new team name: Washington Commanders"
2375:
The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style
2206:"L. Frank Baum Advocated Extermination Of Native Americans"
1284:, listing "Red Race" as one of the six races identified by
4087:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions
828:
at the University of Pennsylvania, and a May 2016 poll by
3760:"Michigan school scraps Redskins mascot, citing division"
1770:
Redskins?: Sport Mascots, Indian Nations and White Racism
1166:"The Beothuk Indians â "Newfoundland's Red Ochre People""
458:'one with red skin' were used to refer to Indians, while
430:
Johnathan Buffalo, historic preservation director of the
8183:
Contemporary Native American issues in the United States
4057:
Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and Indigenous
2826:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2105:
Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's War
594:
in which he advocates the annihilation of all remaining
218:
asserted that Oklahoma should change its name. The name
2983:(Press release). NFL Enterprises, LLC. February 2, 2022
2348:"How Many Native Americans Think 'Redskins' is a Slur?"
712:
compares Native American use of variations of the word
7580:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
2919:
Maese, Rick; Maske, Mark; Clarke, Liz (July 3, 2020).
2477:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011.
214:
In the modern debate over sports teams with the name,
85:
decades of opposition before retiring the name in 2020
6672:
usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized
2320:
is regarded as highly offensive" to Native Americans
119:
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
2957:(Press release). NFL Enterprises, LLC. July 13, 2020
2682:"School board votes to keep name Wellpinit Redskins"
716:
with African-American use of variations of the word
8175:
8099:
8078:
8025:
7983:
7935:
7928:
7876:
7630:
7489:
7058:
6956:
6812:
6769:
6518:
6464:
6430:
6355:
6225:
6182:
6112:
6087:
6029:
6002:
5970:
5945:
5829:
5714:
5696:
5669:
5637:
5605:
5587:
5473:
5446:
5344:
5335:
5306:
5284:
5234:
5181:
5142:
5133:
5102:
5058:
5017:
4928:
4861:
4852:
4845:
4621:
4478:
4379:
4242:
4233:
4166:
3057:Kathleen Hall Jamieson Ph.D. (September 24, 2004).
6494:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)
2460:Definition of REDSKIN (offensive): American indian
2108:. New York: WW Norton & Company. p. 237.
1866:Unkind Words: Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to WASP
1055:
3663:Zielonka, Adam; Sinn, Dylan (December 19, 2017).
2414:Yopp, Jan Johnson; McAdams, Katherine C. (2003).
1487:
1485:
630:, successfully argued that whatever its origins,
168:led Europeans to refer to them as "Red Indians".
3226:"NCAI Response to New Poll on R*skins Team Name"
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1087:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
3632:Shapira, Ian; Marimow, Ann E. (June 29, 2017).
2248:
2246:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1494:"A Linguist's Alternative History of 'Redskin'"
754:
618:were most popular, roughly 1920â1970, the term
3119:Clement, Scott; Guskin, Emily (May 19, 2016).
459:
453:
447:
7854:
7709:
7524:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
6738:
4135:
2951:"Statement From The Washington Football Team"
516:Sociologist Irving Lewis Allen suggests that
239:
233:
227:
219:
211:, beginning with conversion to Christianity.
8:
3943:
3941:
3416:Belson, Ken; Wyatt, Edward (June 18, 2014).
3314:Social Psychological and Personality Science
2416:Reaching Audiences: A Guide to Media Writing
1804:
1802:
346:
340:
8279:Anti-indigenous racism in the United States
8203:Native American mascot laws and regulations
4060:. Cambridge University Press. p. 644.
3665:"More than a Mascot: Redskins High Schools"
3450:"USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185"
2589:
2587:
1811:Redskins: Racial Slur or Symbol of Success?
843:California State University, San Bernardino
639:, an associate professor of linguistics at
500:"Pawnee the Redskin Giant", 1906 photograph
372:
7932:
7861:
7847:
7839:
7716:
7702:
7694:
7516:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
6745:
6731:
6723:
5341:
5139:
4858:
4849:
4239:
4142:
4128:
4120:
3910:
3908:
1578:European Review of Native American Studies
919:(of Ohio) became the RedHawks in 1997 and
756:The R-word is the moral equivalent of the
578:are worth." A news story published by the
27:Pejorative slang term for Native Americans
7540:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
4115:. Capitol News Service. 13 December 2017.
4090:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 93â.
3537:"Dan Snyder and the Redskins Take a Loss"
1906:
1269:Charles Hamilton Smith, Samuel Kneeland,
1085:Edmund Pendleton Gaines: Frontier General
1031:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
869:United States Patent and Trademark Office
765:Marc H. Morial, President and CEO of the
226:translates from Choctaw as 'red people' (
3723:
3721:
2684:. KXLY-TV. June 19, 2014. Archived from
1271:The Natural History of the Human Species
991:high school mascot became the Skyhawks.
8264:Anti-indigenous racism in North America
5272:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians
1864:Allen, Irving Lewis (August 27, 1990).
1020:
889:, that the disparagement clause of the
248:was created in 1866 by Principal Chief
203:(1779), and eventually simply "red" by
8269:National Football League controversies
7131:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
3926:from the original on February 10, 2021
3675:from the original on December 23, 2017
3456:from the original on February 14, 2015
2267:from the original on February 21, 2017
2173:Moya-Smith, Simon (January 26, 2015).
2058:from the original on 17 September 2014
2046:"The Real History of the Word Redskin"
2018:. Indian Country Today. Archived from
1845:from the original on December 22, 2017
1748:from the original on September 4, 2014
1506:from the original on November 13, 2012
1470:from the original on 17 September 2014
1458:"The Real History of the Word Redskin"
816:Washington Redskins name opinion polls
8284:Stereotypes of Native American people
3893:from the original on December 3, 2020
3863:from the original on October 31, 2020
3853:"La Veta RE-2 votes to change mascot"
3740:from the original on February 3, 2020
3706:from the original on February 7, 2020
3483:from the original on October 25, 2017
3365:from the original on November 1, 2017
2894:National Congress of American Indians
2514:from the original on October 27, 2014
2450:from the original on October 25, 2014
2298:from the original on October 14, 2015
1742:"Why the 'Redskins' is a Racist Name"
1359:from the original on October 13, 2019
1062:. New York: Oxford University Press.
859:Washington Redskins trademark dispute
624:Washington Redskins trademark dispute
590:wrote an editorial upon the death of
553:National Congress of American Indians
541:Washington Redskins trademark dispute
53:Native Americans in the United States
7:
8033:NCAA Native American mascot decision
3960:from the original on August 27, 2021
3669:Philip Merrill College of Journalism
3232:from the original on August 26, 2016
3029:Jhabvala, Nicki (February 2, 2022).
2866:from the original on 4 November 2012
2832:from the original on October 6, 2014
2481:from the original on October 6, 2014
2326:. Intercultural Press. p. 197.
2286:McWhorter, John (October 12, 2015).
1787:from the original on October 7, 2021
1029:"What is the definition of redskin?"
880:, argued that whatever its origins,
750:Washington Redskins name controversy
7828:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
7683:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
5072:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people)
3801:from the original on August 9, 2020
3770:from the original on March 10, 2020
3694:Mason, Melanie (October 11, 2015).
2854:Masters, Brooke A. (3 April 1999).
2773:from the original on 25 August 2018
2253:Nunberg, Geoffrey (June 23, 2014).
2204:Sutherland, JJ (October 27, 2010).
1934:from the original on 28 August 2017
1922:Leiby, Richard (November 5, 1994).
969:Union High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
535:refers directly to the bloody, red
405:treaty council at Portage des Sioux
79:. The most prominent was the NFL's
7889:Tomahawk chop and name controversy
7870:Native American mascot controversy
5151:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)
3998:Welper, Brenden (April 20, 2022).
3979:Sasiela, Evan (October 28, 2021).
3851:Orr, Conner (September 17, 2020).
3832:from the original on July 22, 2020
3549:from the original on July 14, 2014
3535:Jay Caspian Kang (June 18, 2014).
3516:from the original on July 13, 2015
3397:from the original on June 20, 2014
3289:from the original on June 25, 2020
3277:Anwar, Yasmin (February 4, 2020).
3131:from the original on July 11, 2016
3063:The Annenberg Public Policy Center
2931:from the original on July 13, 2020
2742:American Psychological Association
2601:from the original on June 15, 2013
2354:from the original on June 17, 2014
2014:Suzan Shown Harjo (17 June 2005).
1995:from the original on June 22, 2014
1809:Stapleton, Bruce (March 6, 2001).
1740:Reid, Darren R. (28 August 2014).
1492:Gugliotta, Guy (October 3, 2005).
959:changing immediately, followed by
923:became the Crimson Storm in 1998.
897:College and secondary school teams
732:Native American mascot controversy
297:National Museum of Natural History
139:to refer to themselves during the
25:
7588:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
7508:The Outline of History of Mankind
3644:from the original on 30 June 2017
3613:from the original on 19 June 2017
3581:from the original on July 9, 2015
3161:from the original on May 24, 2016
3088:Cox, John Woodrow (19 May 2016).
2651:Peirano, Michelle (May 1, 2013).
2212:from the original on 16 June 2017
1889:Anderson, L.; Lepore, E. (2013).
1627:from the original on 22 July 2014
1054:Shoemaker, Nancy (2004). "Race".
175:writers used a variety of terms;
8193:Indigenous intellectual property
7556:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
6658:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia
3502:Steinberg, Dan (June 18, 2014).
3475:Adler, Lindsey (June 18, 2014).
3430:from the original on May 1, 2017
3100:from the original on 19 May 2016
3002:Shook, Nick (February 2, 2022).
2418:. Allyn and Bacon. p. 198.
2081:. University of Nebraska Press.
1953:Holmes, Baxter (June 17, 2014).
1908:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2010.00820.x
1707:The Journal of American Folklore
1686:from the original on May 3, 2017
1659:from the original on 6 July 2015
1176:from the original on 12 May 2016
865:Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
676:"disparaging", "insulting", or "
8060:Fighting Sioux name controversy
5646:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
4017:McClendon, James (2024-06-11).
3789:Planalp, Brian (July 2, 2020).
3728:Bogage, Jacob (July 17, 2019).
3340:from the original on 2020-12-14
2856:"Redskins are denied trademark"
2719:from the original on 2014-11-12
2663:from the original on 2014-02-21
2620:Lacitis, Erik (June 30, 2014).
2573:from the original on 2014-10-08
2396:from the original on 2014-06-29
2154:from the original on 2017-08-18
2122:from the original on 2021-06-02
1965:from the original on 8 May 2017
1592:from the original on 2017-07-29
1147:from the original on 2017-07-31
700:, and Wellpinit High School in
8091:List of secondary school teams
7548:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
6754:Historical definitions of race
6243:Jewish-American princess (JAP)
3948:Goul, Matt (August 26, 2021).
3361:. Buzzfeed.com. June 4, 2014.
3254:. May 20, 2016. Archived from
2896:. July 3, 2020. Archived from
2792:Rosier, Paul C. (2003-01-01).
2288:"Why 'Redskins' Is a Bad Word"
2102:Leach, Douglas Edward (1958).
1623:. 9 October 1813. p. 98.
1305:The American Historical Review
1118:The American Historical Review
826:Annenberg Public Policy Center
696:where the student body is 99%
1:
8065:San Diego State Aztec Warrior
7965:Original Americans Foundation
7572:The Passing of the Great Race
6148:eastern and central europeans
5522:English-speaking Welsh people
2828:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1397:"History of Oklahoma Emblems"
275:Origins of redskin in English
7471:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
3820:Paul, Tony (July 21, 2020).
1248:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
977:Cuyahoga Heights High School
921:Southern Nazarene University
740:which should be eliminated.
8259:Ethno-cultural designations
8086:Sports teams named Redskins
7186:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
7151:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
7101:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
6553:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.
4809:Central and South Americans
2255:"When Slang Becomes a Slur"
1619:. Vol. 5, no. 6.
1347:Doney, Ed (June 19, 2014).
1111:"How Indians Got to Be Red"
983:and Saranac High School in
504:The pejoration of the term
403:Chief Black Thunder at the
8300:
8254:Ethnic and religious slurs
7781:Color terminology for race
2798:Greenwood Publishing Group
2707:Ross, Gyasi (2013-10-16).
2567:Collins English Dictionary
2350:. CBSDC. October 8, 2013.
2079:Redskins: Insult and Brand
1767:Fenelon, James V. (2016).
900:
856:
813:
747:
729:
706:Spokane Indian Reservation
684:Use among Native Americans
452:'one with brown skin' and
258:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
116:
113:Color terminology for race
110:
107:Red as a racial identifier
36:
29:
7996:name and logo controversy
7906:name and logo controversy
7877:Professional sports teams
7823:
7771:
7731:
7281:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
6760:
4157:
4084:Zografos, Daphne (2010).
3183:American Indian Quarterly
2380:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
2077:King, C. Richard (2016).
1773:. Routledge. p. 40.
1443:Oxford English Dictionary
1109:Shoemaker, Nancy (1997).
1083:Silver, James W. (1949).
973:Wichita North High School
953:Clinton Community Schools
475:Historian Darren Reid of
461:waapeshkinameshkaanichini
434:, said that in the 1800s
279:The first combination of
127:indicate that the use of
7653:History of anthropometry
7421:Charles Gabriel Seligman
7246:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
6934:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
5163:westernized South Asians
4075:Rosier, Paul C. (2003).
3671:. Capital News Service.
3326:10.1177/1948550619898556
2597:. Capitol News Service.
1417:Meserve, John Bartlett.
1246:Blumenbach, J. F. 1779.
1005:Historical race concepts
820:The meaning of the term
775:National Football League
420:The Last of the Mohicans
417:(published in 1823) and
342:si quelques peaux Rouges
39:Redskin (disambiguation)
8043:Florida State Seminoles
7111:Daniel Garrison Brinton
4917:westernized East Asians
4875:westernized East Asians
4260:Black American princess
4004:Port Huron Times Herald
3985:Ionia Sentinel-Standard
3601:"15-1293 Martal V. Tam"
2563:"Definition of redskin"
2537:"definition of redskin"
2440:"Definition of REDSKIN"
2322:Herbst, Philip (1997).
2233:North Dakota Law Review
1868:. Praeger. p. 18.
659:The Redskin Theater in
580:Atchison Daily Champion
460:
454:
448:
373:
339:. One letter included "
307:in 1699, was spurious.
301:Smithsonian Institution
240:
234:
228:
220:
8249:Native American topics
8188:Cultural appropriation
8079:Youth and school teams
7456:Thomas Griffith Taylor
7211:Reginald Ruggles Gates
6370:Indigenous Australians
4077:Native American Issues
3857:Huerfano World Journal
3010:. NFL Enterprises, LLC
2794:Native American issues
1924:"Bury My Heart at RFK"
1531:OxfordDictionaries.com
1423:Chronicles of Oklahoma
1419:Chronicles of Oklahoma
1407:(3): 349. Autumn 1957.
1401:Chronicles of Oklahoma
863:On June 18, 2014, the
787:murder of George Floyd
762:
667:In the United States,
664:
611:
501:
440:phonetic transcription
347:
341:
335:an English officer at
291:, is dated to 1769 by
89:murder of George Floyd
8070:List of college teams
8013:Golden State Warriors
7950:Name change advocates
7596:Annihilation of Caste
7500:in Different Climates
7451:William Graham Sumner
7431:Samuel Stanhope Smith
7376:James Cowles Prichard
7008:Racial discrimination
6687:non-Jewish boy or man
6302:Rootless cosmopolitan
3258:on September 29, 2017
3196:10.1353/aiq.2005.0039
2382:. 2005. p. 399.
1035:on September 16, 2016
857:Further information:
814:Further information:
767:National Urban League
748:Further information:
730:Further information:
702:Wellpinit, Washington
694:Teec Nos Pos, Arizona
658:
604:
526:University of Memphis
499:
411:. In Cooper's novels
409:James Fenimore Cooper
348:tout les peaux rouges
305:Hadley, Massachusetts
117:Further information:
111:Further information:
8048:Osceola and Renegade
7648:Great chain of being
7366:Ludwig Hermann Plate
7331:Samuel George Morton
7146:Samuel A. Cartwright
6996:in the United States
5575:Scottish Highlanders
5506:Welsh-speaking elite
4556:Hillbilly / Hilljack
4511:of European descent)
4113:"More than a Mascot"
3922:. February 8, 2021.
3889:. November 9, 2020.
2595:"The Other Redskins"
2260:The Atlantic Monthly
2179:Indian Country Today
2044:(18 December 2013).
1841:. November 1, 2013.
1835:"Redskin â Trending"
1456:(18 December 2013).
1428:May 7, 2006, at the
1207:Journal des Sçavants
945:Anderson High School
690:Red Mesa High School
425:Last of the Mohicans
191:(reddish, ruddy) by
37:For other uses, see
7975:Washington Redhawks
7937:Washington Redskins
7604:The Races of Europe
7532:The Races of Europe
7311:Dominick McCausland
7261:Thomas Henry Huxley
7206:Stanley Marion Garn
7086:Robert Bennett Bean
6814:Historical concepts
4992:westernized Chinese
3734:The Washington Post
3638:The Washington Post
3509:The Washington Post
3155:The Washington Post
3125:The Washington Post
3069:on October 14, 2013
3036:The Washington Post
2925:The Washington Post
2316:"Slang epithet ...
2148:The Washington Post
1928:The Washington Post
1616:The Weekly Register
1611:"Events of the War"
1499:The Washington Post
1172:. 6 December 2006.
1170:Historica Canadiana
961:La Veta High School
937:Paw Paw High School
830:The Washington Post
744:Washington Redskins
738:ethnic stereotyping
641:Columbia University
477:Coventry University
455:meeshkwinameshkaata
287:, to form the term
267:means "people" and
260:states that in the
199:("copper-red") by
123:Documents from the
81:Washington Redskins
8147:Mary Kathryn Nagle
7913:Kansas City Chiefs
7901:Chicago Blackhawks
7476:Alexander Winchell
7406:Henric Sanielevici
7266:Calvin Ira Kephart
7236:Hans F. K. GĂŒnther
7221:Arthur de Gobineau
7121:Alice Mossie Brues
7018:Racial stereotypes
4903:Chinese and Korean
4439:Redskin/Red Indian
4045:Bass, Amy (2005).
3423:The New York Times
2769:. 24 August 2018.
2688:on August 18, 2016
2543:on October 6, 2014
2022:on 10 October 2007
2016:"Dirty Word Games"
1655:. 11 August 2014.
1280:2018-03-17 at the
1257:2018-03-17 at the
1233:2012-11-08 at the
1201:2018-03-16 at the
989:Oriskany, New York
935:and in March 2020
909:University of Utah
665:
661:Anadarko, Oklahoma
616:Hollywood westerns
612:
592:Chief Sitting Bull
502:
449:eesaawinameshkaata
256:, 1826â1885). The
8236:
8235:
8142:Jacqueline Keeler
8132:Suzan Shown Harjo
8122:Stephanie Fryberg
8107:Amanda Blackhorse
8021:
8020:
7991:Cleveland Indians
7955:Trademark dispute
7836:
7835:
7776:Fitzpatrick scale
7691:
7690:
7620:The Race Question
7466:John H. Van Evrie
7391:William Z. Ripley
7361:Charles Pickering
7306:Felix von Luschan
7276:Robert E. Kuttner
7176:Charles Davenport
7045:Whiteness studies
6771:Color terminology
6763:Scientific racism
6720:
6719:
6178:
6177:
5873:Northern Italians
5331:
5330:
5302:
5301:
5249:Northeast Indians
5129:
5128:
4841:
4840:
4774:Mexican Americans
4097:978-1-84980-633-6
4067:978-0-521-86550-0
3766:. March 9, 2020.
3700:Los Angeles Times
2626:The Seattle Times
2088:978-0-8032-7864-6
1991:. June 19, 2014.
1209:, 24 April 1684,
985:Saranac, Michigan
929:Teton High School
673:American Heritage
566:, newspaper, the
564:Winona, Minnesota
549:Suzan Shown Harjo
545:Amanda Blackhorse
444:Meskwaki language
367:chief "No Ears" (
333:Col. John Wilkins
238:'red'). However,
147:and their slaves
141:pre-Columbian era
16:(Redirected from
8291:
8100:Change advocates
8008:Edmonton Eskimos
7945:Name controversy
7933:
7918:name controversy
7894:Chief Noc-A-Homa
7863:
7856:
7849:
7840:
7762:Dark/Black/Ebony
7742:Light/White/Fair
7725:Human skin color
7718:
7711:
7704:
7695:
7499:
7446:Lothrop Stoddard
7441:Morris Steggerda
7416:Ilse Schwidetzky
7411:Heinrich Schmidt
7396:Alfred Rosenberg
7356:Isaac La PeyrĂšre
7161:Carleton S. Coon
7136:Charles Caldwell
7091:François Bernier
6974:in Latin America
6747:
6740:
6733:
6724:
6713:
6712:
6708:non-Jewish woman
6697:
6691:
6676:
6675:
6662:
6661:
6648:
6647:
6631:
6625:
6612:
6611:
6596:
6595:
6579:
6578:
6562:
6561:
6548:
6541:
6540:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6496:
6485:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6423:
6422:
6418:Pacific Islander
6407:
6406:
6402:Pacific Islander
6391:
6390:
6375:
6374:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6326:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6296:
6275:
6268:
6267:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6203:
6171:
6170:
6152:
6151:
6138:
6137:
6105:
6098:
6080:
6073:
6072:
6061:
6060:
6045:
6038:
6022:
6015:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5963:
5956:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5923:
5908:
5907:
5894:
5893:
5878:
5877:
5862:
5857:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5822:
5821:
5818:Anglophile Irish
5808:
5807:
5792:
5791:
5788:Anglophile Irish
5778:
5777:
5774:Irish Travellers
5764:
5763:
5759:Irish Travellers
5748:
5747:
5743:Irish Protestant
5734:
5733:
5707:
5689:
5682:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5598:
5580:
5579:
5564:
5563:
5550:
5549:
5534:
5527:
5526:
5511:
5510:
5495:
5494:
5466:
5459:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5342:
5324:
5317:
5307:Southeast Asians
5295:
5277:
5276:
5261:
5254:
5253:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5174:
5167:
5166:
5153:
5140:
5122:
5121:
5095:
5094:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4995:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4921:
4920:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4859:
4850:
4834:
4833:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4799:
4792:
4791:
4778:
4777:
4764:
4763:
4750:
4749:
4736:
4735:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4705:
4692:
4685:
4684:
4669:
4668:
4653:
4652:
4639:
4638:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4529:
4514:
4513:
4498:
4491:
4471:
4470:
4454:
4453:
4434:
4433:
4410:
4408:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4240:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4121:
4116:
4101:
4080:
4071:
4050:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3228:. May 19, 2016.
3222:
3216:
3215:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3065:. Archived from
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:on July 13, 2022
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2628:. Archived from
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:on March 3, 2016
2181:. Archived from
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1891:"Slurring Words"
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1574:
1562:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1534:. Archived from
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1448:Delaware Indians
1438:
1432:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1299:
1293:
1267:
1261:
1244:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1115:
1106:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
917:Miami University
878:Geoffrey Nunberg
836:A 2020 study at
769:
628:Geoffrey Nunberg
607:The Redskin Duel
584:Atchison, Kansas
568:Daily Republican
468:Meskwaki use of
463:
457:
451:
376:
350:
344:
337:Fort de Chartres
262:Choctaw language
243:
237:
231:
225:
209:colonial society
185:François Bernier
77:sports team name
73:American English
21:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8171:
8162:Charlene Teters
8095:
8074:
8038:Chief Illiniwek
8017:
7979:
7924:
7872:
7867:
7837:
7832:
7819:
7767:
7727:
7722:
7692:
7687:
7626:
7564:Castes in India
7485:
7481:Ludwig Woltmann
7436:Herbert Spencer
7326:Lewis H. Morgan
7296:Cesare Lombroso
7171:Jan Czekanowski
7156:Sonia Mary Cole
7096:Renato Biasutti
7054:
7033:Nazism and race
6952:
6929:Proto-Mongoloid
6808:
6765:
6756:
6751:
6721:
6716:
6704:
6700:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6651:
6638:
6634:
6619:
6615:
6603:
6599:
6586:
6582:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6531:
6527:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6426:
6414:
6410:
6398:
6394:
6382:
6378:
6366:
6362:
6351:
6344:
6339:Zhyd / Zhydovka
6337:
6330:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6195:
6191:
6174:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6141:
6123:
6119:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6052:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6025:
6018:
6011:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5897:
5885:
5881:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5853:
5848:
5841:
5836:
5825:
5815:
5811:
5803:Irish Catholics
5799:
5795:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5767:
5755:
5751:
5739:
5737:
5725:
5721:
5710:
5703:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5601:
5594:
5583:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5553:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5518:
5516:Dic SiĂŽn Dafydd
5514:
5502:
5498:
5486:
5482:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5298:
5291:
5280:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5245:
5241:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5177:
5170:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5125:
5113:
5109:
5098:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4924:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4872:
4868:
4837:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4739:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4676:
4672:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4642:
4632:
4628:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4521:
4517:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4474:
4465:Native American
4461:
4457:
4445:Native American
4441:
4437:
4429:American Indian
4421:Native American
4417:
4413:
4392:
4388:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4349:Queen / Queenie
4347:
4340:
4333:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4235:
4234:North and South
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4162:
4153:
4148:
4111:
4108:
4098:
4083:
4074:
4068:
4053:
4044:
4041:
4039:Further reading
4036:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3378:
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3307:
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3292:
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3259:
3250:
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3094:Washington Post
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2860:Washington Post
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2632:on 3 March 2017
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2444:Merriam-Webster
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2100:
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2076:
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2061:
2059:
2040:
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2023:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
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1952:
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1920:
1916:
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1678:Goddard, Ives.
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1268:
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1259:Wayback Machine
1245:
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1235:Wayback Machine
1226:ed. 10 Vol. 1.
1221:
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1203:Wayback Machine
1193:
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1113:
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818:
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771:
764:
752:
746:
734:
728:
686:
653:
494:
394:Benjamin Howard
392:led by General
386:Weekly Register
277:
216:Oklahoma News 4
125:colonial period
121:
115:
109:
91:and subsequent
83:, who resisted
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8297:
8295:
8287:
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8230:
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8177:
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8159:
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8139:
8137:Adrienne Keene
8134:
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8119:
8114:
8109:
8103:
8101:
8097:
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8088:
8082:
8080:
8076:
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8067:
8062:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8053:Sammy Seminole
8050:
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8035:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8022:
8019:
8018:
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7923:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7884:Atlanta Braves
7880:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7834:
7833:
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7608:
7600:
7592:
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7576:
7568:
7560:
7552:
7544:
7536:
7534:(Ripley, 1899)
7528:
7520:
7512:
7504:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7426:Giuseppe Sergi
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7386:Gustaf Retzius
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7336:Josiah C. Nott
7333:
7328:
7323:
7321:Ashley Montagu
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7301:Bertil Lundman
7298:
7293:
7288:
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7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7251:Earnest Hooton
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7216:George Gliddon
7213:
7208:
7203:
7201:Francis Galton
7198:
7193:
7191:Anténor Firmin
7188:
7183:
7181:Joseph Deniker
7178:
7173:
7168:
7166:Georges Cuvier
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7038:Racial hygiene
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6352:
6350:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6276:
6269:
6263:Ashkenazi Jews
6253:
6246:
6239:
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6222:
6220:
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6212:
6205:
6188:
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5965:
5964:
5957:
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5919:South Italians
5909:
5895:
5879:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5846:
5839:
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5589:
5585:
5584:
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5581:
5565:
5551:
5535:
5528:
5512:
5496:
5490:English people
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5464:Turco-Albanian
5460:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
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5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5183:
5182:Bengali Hindus
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5168:
5154:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
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5104:
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5023:
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5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4908:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4865:
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4856:
4847:
4843:
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4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4821:
4814:
4800:
4793:
4779:
4765:
4751:
4737:
4731:Newfoundlander
4721:
4714:
4707:
4693:
4686:
4670:
4654:
4640:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
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4608:
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4455:
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4411:
4385:
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4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4253:Alligator bait
4248:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4106:External links
4104:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4081:
4072:
4066:
4051:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4009:
3990:
3971:
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3904:
3874:
3843:
3812:
3781:
3751:
3717:
3686:
3655:
3624:
3592:
3560:
3542:The New Yorker
3527:
3494:
3467:
3441:
3408:
3376:
3350:
3300:
3269:
3243:
3217:
3172:
3142:
3111:
3080:
3049:
3021:
2994:
2981:Commanders.com
2968:
2955:Commanders.com
2942:
2911:
2877:
2862:. p. A1.
2846:
2813:
2806:
2784:
2754:
2729:
2699:
2673:
2643:
2612:
2583:
2554:
2528:
2508:Dictionary.com
2495:
2464:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2388:
2365:
2339:
2332:
2309:
2278:
2242:
2223:
2196:
2165:
2150:. 1863-09-25.
2135:
2114:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2042:Skinner, David
2033:
2006:
1989:Democracy Now!
1976:
1945:
1914:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1826:
1819:
1798:
1780:978-1315520674
1779:
1759:
1732:
1719:10.2307/533350
1713:(55): 225â39.
1697:
1670:
1638:
1602:
1548:
1517:
1481:
1454:Skinner, David
1433:
1410:
1388:
1370:
1339:
1294:
1262:
1239:
1215:
1187:
1157:
1090:
1075:
1068:
1046:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1000:
997:
898:
895:
867:(TTAB) of the
854:
853:Trademark case
851:
811:
810:Public opinion
808:
753:
745:
742:
727:
724:
685:
682:
652:
649:
637:John McWhorter
493:
490:
446:in which both
276:
273:
108:
105:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8296:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8274:English words
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8229:
8228:Tomahawk chop
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8198:List of teams
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
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8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8112:Brett Chapman
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8026:College teams
8024:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7960:Opinion polls
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7864:
7859:
7857:
7852:
7850:
7845:
7844:
7841:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
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7774:
7773:
7770:
7763:
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7757:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7743:
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7737:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7719:
7714:
7712:
7707:
7705:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7658:Miscegenation
7656:
7654:
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7461:Paul Topinard
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7371:Alfred Ploetz
7369:
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7364:
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7351:Oscar Peschel
7349:
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7316:John Mitchell
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7291:Carl Linnaeus
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6236:Christ killer
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5899:Sheep shagger
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5539:Sheep shagger
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4598:Trailer trash
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2800:. p. 4.
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2744:. August 2010
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2657:Cronkite News
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1813:. iUniverse.
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1566:Goddard, Ives
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1538:on 2013-06-30
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1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:(3): 625â44.
1123:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1069:9780195167924
1065:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
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990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
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946:
942:
938:
934:
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922:
918:
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910:
904:
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883:
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860:
852:
850:
848:
844:
839:
834:
831:
827:
823:
817:
809:
807:
804:
803:Daniel Snyder
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
776:
770:
768:
761:
759:
751:
743:
741:
739:
733:
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723:
721:
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683:
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646:
642:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
608:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:L. Frank Baum
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
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416:
415:
410:
406:
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397:
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387:
382:
380:
375:
370:
366:
362:
361:James Madison
357:
354:
349:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
274:
272:
271:means "red."
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
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236:
230:
224:
223:
217:
212:
210:
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98:
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86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:First Nations
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
8217:
8167:Philip Yenyo
8152:Robert Roche
7638:Ethnogenesis
7619:
7611:
7606:(Coon, 1939)
7603:
7595:
7587:
7579:
7571:
7563:
7555:
7547:
7539:
7531:
7523:
7515:
7507:
7497:
7490:Publications
7341:Karl Pearson
7231:John Grattan
7126:Halfdan Bryn
6991:in Singapore
6958:Sociological
6798:
6706:
6685:
6671:
6657:
6653:Reffo / Balt
6640:
6622:non-believer
6621:
6605:
6588:
6571:
6557:
6533:
6493:
6416:
6400:
6384:
6368:
6320:
6290:
6284:
6261:
6197:
6161:
6147:
6131:
6125:
6069:
6053:
5917:
5903:
5887:
5871:
5817:
5801:
5787:
5773:
5757:
5741:
5727:
5573:
5560:Welsh people
5559:
5545:Welsh people
5543:
5520:
5504:
5488:
5270:
5247:
5162:
5135:South Asians
5115:
5091:also Chinese
5090:
5079:Gaoli bangzi
5069:Ban-jjokbari
4991:
4985:
4916:
4902:
4874:
4829:
4808:
4787:
4773:
4759:
4745:
4729:
4701:
4678:
4662:
4648:
4634:
4591:Swamp Yankee
4523:
4506:
4463:
4443:
4438:
4419:
4415:Indian/Injun
4394:
4160:by ethnicity
4151:Ethnic slurs
4086:
4076:
4056:
4046:
4026:. Retrieved
4022:
4012:
4003:
3993:
3984:
3974:
3964:September 9,
3962:. Retrieved
3953:
3930:September 9,
3928:. Retrieved
3919:
3897:September 9,
3895:. Retrieved
3886:
3877:
3867:September 9,
3865:. Retrieved
3856:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3826:Detroit News
3825:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3794:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3763:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3733:
3708:. Retrieved
3699:
3689:
3679:December 20,
3677:. Retrieved
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3637:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3563:
3553:November 14,
3551:. Retrieved
3540:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3507:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3479:. BuzzFeed.
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3421:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3353:
3342:. Retrieved
3317:
3313:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3282:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3220:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3154:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3124:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3093:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:the original
3062:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3034:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2954:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2924:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2898:the original
2889:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2859:
2849:
2841:
2834:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2793:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2746:. Retrieved
2732:
2721:. Retrieved
2712:
2702:
2692:September 5,
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2676:
2665:. Retrieved
2656:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2625:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2575:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:the original
2531:
2523:
2516:. Retrieved
2507:
2498:
2490:
2483:. Retrieved
2473:
2467:
2459:
2452:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2415:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2374:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2342:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2258:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2130:
2124:. Retrieved
2104:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2062:20 September
2060:. Retrieved
2049:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1958:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1927:
1917:
1901:(1): 25â48.
1898:
1894:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1849:December 17,
1847:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1810:
1791:December 18,
1789:. Retrieved
1769:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1735:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1690:November 14,
1688:. Retrieved
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1582:
1576:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1529:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1497:
1474:20 September
1472:. Retrieved
1461:
1441:
1436:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1270:
1265:
1247:
1242:
1223:
1218:
1206:
1194:Anonymous ,
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1121:
1117:
1084:
1078:
1057:
1049:
1039:September 3,
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1023:
993:
925:
906:
887:Matal v. Tam
881:
872:
862:
846:
835:
829:
821:
819:
784:
779:
772:
763:
755:
735:
726:Sports teams
717:
713:
687:
672:
668:
666:
644:
631:
619:
613:
605:
595:
579:
567:
559:
557:
532:
530:
521:
515:
509:
505:
503:
486:
481:
474:
469:
435:
429:
424:
418:
414:The Pioneers
412:
398:
383:
379:Santee Sioux
358:
352:
316:
309:
293:Ives Goddard
288:
284:
280:
278:
268:
264:
250:Allen Wright
245:
215:
213:
196:
188:
176:
173:ethnographic
170:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
128:
122:
101:
96:
64:
44:
43:
8127:Deb Haaland
8001:Chief Wahoo
7984:Other teams
7929:Prior usage
7758:(IIIâIVâV.)
7748:Beige/Olive
7744:(IâIIâIII.)
7678:Pre-Adamite
7668:Multiracial
7271:Robert Knox
7081:John Beddoe
7028:Master race
6984:in Colombia
6872:East Baltic
6322:German Jews
6292:Crypto-Jews
6127:Macedonians
6070:(Mercheros)
5729:Republicans
5621:China Swede
5204:Danchi babu
5117:Benshengren
4953:Ching chong
4854:East Asians
4605:White trash
4288:House Negro
3042:February 2,
2547:November 7,
2518:November 7,
2485:November 7,
2454:November 7,
2302:October 14,
1652:The Gazette
1383:Archive.com
1363:October 13,
1286:René Lesson
1213:–140.
1180:3 September
911:became the
838:UC Berkeley
651:Current use
466:pre-contact
390:War of 1812
232:'people' +
205:René Lesson
63:. The term
18:Red Indians
8243:Categories
8208:Pretendian
8117:Gregg Deal
7673:Polygenism
7663:Monogenism
7381:Otto Reche
7286:Fritz Lenz
7116:Paul Broca
7106:Franz Boas
7076:Erwin Baur
7071:John Baker
6965:By region
6822:Australoid
6364:Blackfella
6346:ƻydokomuna
6157:Yestonians
6088:Ukrainians
5904:Sardinians
5889:Sardinians
5883:Sardegnolo
5849:Greaseball
5596:Cheesehead
5409:Mat Salleh
5322:Vietnamese
5285:Pakistanis
5086:Sangokujin
5049:Xiao Riben
4891:Sangokujin
4746:Oklahomans
4711:Half-breed
4577:Peckerwood
4381:Indigenous
4335:Pickaninny
4267:Black Buck
4028:2024-06-11
3805:August 29,
3344:2020-05-20
3262:October 1,
3135:October 1,
2807:0313320020
2748:2022-01-12
2723:2014-11-10
2667:2014-02-06
2577:2013-06-09
2400:2016-03-23
2389:0618604995
2333:1877864978
2239:: 879â903.
2126:2020-11-02
2026:1 November
1875:0897892208
1752:August 29,
1596:2017-05-12
1542:2013-06-09
1510:August 21,
1312:(4): 918.
1224:Syst. Nat.
1222:Linnaeus,
1151:2017-08-14
1016:References
901:See also:
891:Lanham Act
710:Gyasi Ross
492:Pejoration
329:Piankeshaw
313:pejoration
201:Blumenbach
197:kupferroth
69:pejoration
67:underwent
32:RED People
7970:Chief Zee
7050:NĂ©gritude
6979:in Brazil
6924:Mongoloid
6832:Caucasoid
6558:immigrant
6546:Barbarian
6520:Outsiders
6356:Oceanians
6286:Conversos
6166:Estonians
6163:Russified
6030:Spaniards
6020:Serbomans
5867:Polentone
5813:West Brit
5705:Grecomans
5628:FinnjÀvel
5448:Albanians
5337:Europeans
5315:Filipinos
5103:Taiwanese
4981:Jook-sing
4830:Americans
4760:Americans
4649:Canadians
4509:Bahamians
4370:Uncle Tom
4236:Americans
4189:Boerehaat
3887:News On 6
3795:Fox19.com
3774:March 15,
3764:MLive.com
3744:March 15,
3710:March 15,
3334:216371787
3236:August 8,
3212:154986058
2822:"Redskin"
2504:"Redskin"
2271:March 11,
2189:August 8,
1526:"redskin"
1326:0002-8762
915:in 1972,
913:Utah Utes
704:, on the
576:Red River
572:Purgatory
558:The term
177:olivastre
166:red ochre
51:term for
8157:Sundance
7643:Eugenics
7023:Colorism
6969:in India
6877:Ethiopid
6857:Atlantid
6847:Armenoid
6694:Shkutzim
6591:Japanese
6199:Shi'ites
6056:Catalans
6043:GachupĂn
5971:Russians
5830:Italians
5569:Teuchter
5500:Crachach
5423:Wasi'chu
5035:Jjokbari
5019:Japanese
4987:overseas
4946:Chinaman
4788:Chileans
4664:Mestizos
4635:Mexicans
4363:Tar-Baby
4295:Jim Crow
4210:Golliwog
4196:Choc ice
4167:Africans
4023:syracuse
3958:Archived
3924:Archived
3891:Archived
3861:Archived
3836:July 22,
3830:Archived
3799:Archived
3768:Archived
3738:Archived
3704:Archived
3673:Archived
3642:Archived
3608:Archived
3576:Archived
3547:Archived
3514:Archived
3481:Archived
3460:June 18,
3454:Archived
3434:March 3,
3428:Archived
3401:June 22,
3392:Archived
3363:Archived
3338:Archived
3320:: 3â13.
3287:Archived
3230:Archived
3159:Archived
3129:Archived
3098:Archived
3014:July 12,
2987:July 12,
2961:July 12,
2929:Archived
2904:July 12,
2890:NCAI.org
2864:Archived
2836:July 20,
2830:Archived
2771:Archived
2717:Archived
2713:Deadspin
2661:Archived
2605:June 16,
2599:Archived
2571:Archived
2512:Archived
2479:Archived
2448:Archived
2394:Archived
2358:June 19,
2352:Archived
2296:Archived
2265:Archived
2210:Archived
2158:June 28,
2152:Archived
2120:Archived
2056:Archived
1999:June 19,
1993:Archived
1963:Archived
1932:Archived
1843:Archived
1785:Archived
1746:Archived
1684:Archived
1657:Archived
1631:23 March
1625:Archived
1621:H. Niles
1587:Archived
1568:(2005).
1504:Archived
1468:Archived
1426:Archived
1357:Archived
1353:KFOR.com
1278:Archived
1273:(1851),
1255:Archived
1250:vol. 1,
1231:Archived
1199:Archived
1174:Archived
1142:Archived
999:See also
965:Colorado
957:Michigan
941:Michigan
882:redskins
873:redskins
847:redskins
645:Oriental
632:redskins
620:redskins
596:redskins
560:red-skin
436:redskins
432:Meskwaki
401:Meskwaki
374:Tetobasi
325:Missouri
321:Illinois
246:Oklahoma
222:Oklahoma
195:(1758),
193:Linnaeus
187:(1684),
97:Redskins
93:protests
8218:Redskin
8213:Redface
8176:Related
7791:Caboclo
7764:(VâVI.)
7631:Related
7059:Writers
7003:Passing
6946:Negrito
6941:Negroid
6912:Turanid
6907:Semites
6882:Hamites
6867:Dinaric
6862:Caspian
6681:Shegetz
6643:Chinese
6607:non-Jew
6490:Gypsies
6483:Didicoy
6412:Coconut
6280:Marrano
6209:Raghead
6096:Khokhol
6078:Xarnego
6066:Quinqui
5913:Terrone
5843:Goombah
5783:Shoneen
5753:Knacker
5671:Germans
5660:Gabacho
5614:Chukhna
5475:British
5367:Cracker
5345:General
5235:Indians
5158:Coconut
5143:General
5060:Koreans
4939:Ah Beng
4930:Chinese
4912:Twinkie
4862:General
4818:Wetback
4690:Greaser
4674:Coonass
4584:Redneck
4535:Cracker
4519:Coonass
4404:Unangan
4281:Colored
3648:30 June
3617:19 June
3585:July 8,
3293:May 20,
3204:4138809
3165:May 24,
3008:NFL.com
2935:July 4,
2870:20 July
2777:7 April
2318:Redskin
2208:. NPR.
1959:Esquire
1385:. 1915.
1334:1857900
1252:pp. 63f
1138:2171504
822:redskin
799:PepsiCo
780:redskin
714:Redskin
669:redskin
533:redskin
522:redskin
510:redskin
506:redskin
442:of the
353:redskin
317:redskin
299:at the
289:redskin
254:Choctaw
162:Beothuk
65:redskin
45:Redskin
7805:Bronze
7736:Albino
7622:(1950)
7614:(1943)
7598:(1936)
7590:(1930)
7582:(1920)
7574:(1916)
7566:(1916)
7558:(1911)
7550:(1907)
7542:(1899)
7526:(1855)
7518:(1849)
7510:(1785)
7502:(1744)
7013:Racism
6902:Nordic
6892:Iranid
6842:Arabid
6837:Alpine
6827:Capoid
6784:Bronze
6702:Shiksa
6667:Savage
6636:Laowai
6628:Kuffar
6584:Gaijin
6574:Romani
6472:, and
6466:Romani
6455:Kanake
6448:Mongol
6396:Kanaka
6257:Khazar
6193:Rafida
6113:Others
6050:Polaco
6013:Shkije
5979:Moskal
5954:Polack
5861:Guinea
5723:Fenian
5697:Greeks
5638:French
5457:Ć iptar
5430:Wigger
5416:Redleg
5395:Gweilo
5374:Farang
5353:Ang mo
5266:Keling
5259:Coolie
5243:Chinki
5225:Mayang
5218:Malaun
5197:Bongal
5172:Coolie
5111:Tai Ke
5001:Locust
4974:Coolie
4967:Chinky
4898:Toku-A
4870:Banana
4846:Asians
4804:Sudaca
4755:Pindos
4725:Newfie
4702:Cubans
4697:Gusano
4680:Cajuns
4644:Canuck
4630:Beaner
4622:Others
4612:Whitey
4542:Gringo
4525:Cajuns
4496:Buckra
4480:Whites
4390:Eskimo
4342:Rastus
4323:Nigger
4302:Macaca
4274:Cocolo
4217:Kaffir
4094:
4064:
3332:
3210:
3202:
3104:19 May
2804:
2422:
2386:
2330:
2216:20 May
2112:
2085:
1969:14 May
1938:7 June
1872:
1817:
1777:
1727:533350
1725:
1663:5 July
1332:
1324:
1211:p. 133
1136:
1066:
797:, and
758:N-word
719:nigger
698:Navajo
551:, the
171:Early
157:Indian
61:Canada
7815:Olive
7810:Black
7800:Pardo
7796:Brown
7786:White
7756:Pardo
7752:Brown
6919:Malay
6887:Indid
6852:Aryan
6804:White
6794:Olive
6789:Brown
6779:Black
6692:(pl.
6626:(pl.
6617:Kafir
6567:Gadjo
6536:Arabs
6502:Nawar
6441:Kebab
6432:Turks
6386:MÄori
6316:Yekke
6250:Kafir
6184:Arabs
6143:Hunky
6133:Serbs
6103:Ukrop
6004:Serbs
5993:Tibla
5961:Pshek
5946:Poles
5855:Guido
5769:Pikey
5715:Irish
5687:Kraut
5606:Finns
5588:Dutch
5555:Taffy
5484:Limey
5402:Honky
5388:Guizi
5381:Guiri
5211:Dkhar
5008:Shina
4960:Chink
4769:Pocho
4658:Cholo
4570:Karen
4563:Honky
4549:Haole
4503:Conch
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