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shorebirds" flying “9300 miles from south to north every spring and repeat the trip in reverse every autumn”. Northern hemisphere winters are spent in Tierra del Fuego South
America and migration routes lead to breeding locations on islands and mainland above the Arctic circle during the short arctic summer. These long expeditions are broken into various segments about 1500 miles each ending at staging areas that are visited yearly. Specifically, the Delaware Bay is the most vital migratory rest stop for the red knot, as much of their physiological demands are met by consuming the abundance of horseshoe crab eggs as their main food source during migration. The relationship between red knot and horseshoe crab is evolutionarily intertwined as “their arrival coincides with the annual horseshoe crab spawning in the Delaware Bay”. Data supports the hypothesis that abundance of horseshoe crab eggs on beaches such as in the Delaware Bay drive movement and distribution of red knots, and the number of horseshoe crabs in the Delaware Bay characterize its importance/ relevance to their migration route. Other stopover spots in the US include islands off the coast of Massachusetts, Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. Fewer red knots undergo overland migration routes and winter on the Gulf Coast. Stopover areas on this route are found in the Mississippi river drainage, Northern U.S. saline lakes, and plains in Southern Canada.
1144:, coastal erosion, and general warming temperatures due to global warming destroy the ideal breeding habitats for the red knot in these arctic coastal regions. Migratory animals by nature have adapted to various environments. Subsequently, rapid and complex responses to climate change are prominent and in the case of the red knot in the recent changing climate, evolutionarily damaging. As arctic breeding grounds continue to warm, red knot body size has decreased, and less success for survival of birds born in warmer years is reported. Even more significantly, their wintering areas in the tropics have become more stabilized, resulting in shorter bill birds (likely due to the fact that stable conditions breed greater ecological success and less variability within species). Consequently, knots struggle to reach their main food sources which include deeply buried mollusks, adding to lesser access to food as well as more expenditure of energy in attempting to attain food.
1092:
stopover sites extremely thin. Since the gizzard is shrunken for their travel, fewer hard foods are eaten and instead soft and nutritious horseshoe crab eggs are the desired food source. As the migration is timed with the release of eggs, they are widely available in these specific stop over locations, making the resource easy to locate and digest, saving the birds energy. Thus, the abundance and accessibility of horseshoe crab eggs at these specific locations justify their intertwined relationship. Body weight may be up to doubled during stopover stays lasting around 10–14 days from constant consumption of food to increase their body fat enough to continue the remainder of their trip. The abundant horseshoe crab population inhabiting the
Delaware bay deems it the most important stopover habitat in the red knots migration “supporting an estimated 50 to 80 percent of all migrating rufa red knots each year”.
1096:
early 20th century, and currently are harvested for bait usage by U.S. fishing companies. Horseshoe crab populations took a toll, and red knot population “numbers in Tierra del Fuego (winter) and
Delaware bay (spring) declined about 75 percent from 1980s to 2000s”. Overharvesting of the crabs in the 1990s provoked the action for population management by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission to establish “mandatory state-by state harvest quotas and the 1,500-square-mile Carl N. Shuster Jr. Horseshoe Crab Sanctuary off the mouth of Delaware bay.” Subsequently, commercial horseshoe crab bait use has been reduced by population management and innovative bait conservation techniques, and a correlated stabilization in knot populations has been recorded as well.
42:
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59:
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83:
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733:, then migrates to coasts around the world from 50° N to 58° S. The red knot has one of the longest migrations of any bird. Every year it travels more than 9,000 mi (14,000 km) from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America and repeats the trip in reverse. The exact migration routes and wintering grounds of individual subspecies are still somewhat uncertain. The nominate race
1164:, state and local agencies are taking steps to protect these birds by limiting horseshoe crab harvesting and restricting beach access. In Delaware, a two-year ban on the harvesting of horseshoe crabs was enacted but struck down by a judge who cited insufficient evidence to justify the potential disruption to the fishing industry but a male-only harvest has been in place in recent years.
1059:. Males construct three to five nest scrapes in their territories prior to the arrival of the females. The female lays three or more usually four eggs, apparently laid over the course of six days. The eggs measure 43 mm Ă— 30 mm (1.7 in Ă— 1.2 in) in size and are ground coloured, light olive to deep olive buff, with a slight gloss. Both parents
1104:
The red knot has an extensive range, estimated at 100,000–1,000,000 km (39,000–386,000 sq mi), and a large population of about 1.1 million individuals. The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more
1167:
Late in the fall of 2014, the red knot rufa was listed as a federally threatened species under the United States
Endangered Species Act – the second most critical status that can be awarded to a subspecies. This followed a decade of intensive petitioning by environmental groups and a lawsuit against
1147:
Indirect threats including horseshoe crab over harvesting and climate change greatly threaten red knot populations. Issues such as climate change may be harder to immediately/directly alter, yet limiting horseshoe crab harvest and human disturbance to protect knot food sources and migratory/breeding
1095:
Because of the interrelatedness between horseshoe crab egg abundance and red knot viability, the health of the horseshoe crab population is increasingly relevant in the discussion of red knot population fluctuation and success. Horseshoe crabs were harvested for fertilizer and to feed animals in the
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the eggs, sharing the duties equally. The off duty parent forages in flocks with others of the same species. The incubation period lasting around 22 days. At early stages of incubation the adults are easily flushed from the nest by the presence of humans near the nest, and may not return for several
977:
While feeding in mudflats during the winter and migration red knots are tactile feeders, probing for unseen prey in the mud. Their feeding techniques include the use of shallow probes into the mud while pacing along the shore. When the tide is ebbing, they tend to peck at the surface and in soft mud
1139:
Red knot populations are greatly affected by climate change since middle and high arctic habitats are necessary for breeding. Higher latitudes and coastal areas where red knots breed and winter are most affected by climate change. Nesting sites are generally on open ground in the tundra near water.
1068:
at hatching, covered in downy cryptic feathers. The chicks and the parents move away from the nest within a day of hatching and begin foraging with their parents. The female leaves before the young fledge while the males stay on. After the young have fledged, the male begins his migration south and
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for alleged negligence in the protection of endangered species through failure to evaluate and list them. The reasons for the red knot rufa's listing were varied; habitat degradation, loss of key food supplies, and threats posed by climate change and sea level rise were all listed as factors that
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is not panoramic (allowing for an almost 360 degree field of view), as during the short breeding season they switch to being visual hunters of mobile, unconcealed prey, which are obtained by pecking. Pecking is also used to obtain some surface foods in the wintering and migratory feeding grounds,
931:
The weight varies with subspecies, but ranges between 100 and 200 g (3.5 and 7.1 oz). Red knots can double their weight prior to migration. Like many migratory birds they also reduce the size of their digestive organs prior to migration. The extent of the atrophy is not as pronounced as
927:
Juvenile birds have distinctive submarginal lines and brown coverts during the first year. In the breeding season the males can be separated with difficulty (<80% accuracy in comparison to molecular methods) based on the more even shade of the red underparts that extend towards the rear of the
1091:
Red knots undergo various physiological changes before their migration to account for the physical demand of the long expedition: “flight muscle mass increases, while leg muscle mass decreases. Stomach and gizzard masses decrease, while fat mass increases by more than 50 percent”. They arrive at
1047:
towards their breeding locales from year to year, but there is no evidence as to whether they exhibit territorial fidelity. Males arrive before females after migration and begin defending territories. As soon as males arrive, they begin displaying, and aggressively defending their territory from
871:
becomes uniformly pale grey, and is similar between the sexes. The alternate, or breeding, plumage is mottled grey on top with a cinnamon face, throat and breast and light-coloured rear belly. The alternate plumage of females is similar to that of the male except it is slightly lighter and the
1082:
As one of the “longest-distance migrants in the animal kingdom,” the red knot relies heavily on the same stopping sites each year along their migratory routes to refuel their bodies for completing their migrations to and from breeding sites. Red knots travel “in larger flocks than do most
907:
The large size, white wing bar and grey rump and tail make it easy to identify in flight. When feeding the short dark green legs give it a characteristic 'low-slung' appearance. When foraging singly, they rarely call, but when flying in a flock they make a low monosyllabic
2763:
1128:(AEWA) applies. This commits signatories to regulate the taking of listed species or their eggs, to establish protected areas to conserve habitats for the listed species, to regulate hunting and to monitor the populations of the birds concerned.
824:
Birds wintering in west Africa were found to restrict their daily foraging to a range of just 2–16 km (0.77–6.18 sq mi) of intertidal area and roosted a single site for several months. In temperate regions such as the
940:
increases in thickness when feeding on harder foods on the wintering ground and decreases in size while feeding on softer foods in the breeding grounds. These changes can be very rapid, occurring in as little as six days.
1124:
4268:
992:, a rich, easily digestible food source, which spawn just as the birds arrive in spring. They are able to detect molluscs buried under wet sand from changes in the pressure of water that they sense using
2317:
Van Gils, Jan A.; Lisovski, Simeon; Lok, Tamar; Meissner, WĹ‚odzimierz; OĹĽarowska, Agnieszka; De Fouw, Jimmy; Rakhimberdiev, Eldar; Soloviev, Mikhail Y.; Piersma, Theunis; Klaassen, Marcel (2016).
936:, probably because there are more opportunities to feed during migration for the red knot. Red knots are also able to change the size of their digestive organs seasonally. The size of the
1351:
1156:
In 2003, scientists projected that at its current rate of decline the
American subspecies, rufa, might become extinct as early as 2010, but as of April 2011 the subspecies is still
2180:
2546:
900:
is the lightest in overall plumage. The transition from alternate to basic plumages begins at the breeding site but is most pronounced during the southwards migration. The
1886:
1273:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
958:, arthropods, larvae, and some plant material obtained by surface pecking, and on the wintering and migratory grounds they eat a variety of hard-shelled prey such as
4408:
1693:
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hours after being flushed. However, in later stages of incubation they will stay fast on the eggs. Hatching of the clutch is usually synchronised. The chicks are
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is the most basal population, separating about 20,000 years ago (95% confidence interval: 60,000–4,000 years ago) with two distinct lineages of the
American and
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1634:
829:
they have been found to change roost sites each week and their feeding range may be as much as 800 km (310 sq mi) during the course of a week.
2634:
1413:
Piersma, T.; van Gils, J.; Wiersma, P. (1996). "Scolopacidae (Sandpipers and Allies)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Sargatal; Jordi, Christie (eds.).
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4359:
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Male knots prepare 3–5 sites for nests on “normally dry, stony areas of tundra in upland areas, often near ridges and not far from wetlands”. Thus,
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4563:
4434:
839:. A male, he has become famous amongst conservationists for his extreme longevity — he was aged at least 20 as of his last sighting in May 2014.
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41:
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are the preferred food items at the breeding grounds, while various hard-shelled molluscs are consumed at other feeding sites at other times.
4545:
1759:
4779:
4558:
1713:
1381:
2688:
2470:"Reinterpretation of gizzard sizes of red knots world-wide emphasises overriding importance of prey quality at migratory stopover sites"
2213:
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to alternate plumage begins just prior to the northwards migration to the breeding grounds, but is mostly during the migration period.
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1414:
2557:
2072:
1977:
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1300:
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920:. The display includes circling high with quivering wing beats and tumbling to the ground with the wings held upward. Both sexes
632:
1887:"Phenotypic Flexibility during Migration: Optimization of Organ Size Contingent on the Risks and Rewards of Fueling and Flight?"
1043:; it is unknown if pairs remain together from season to season. Males and females breeding in Russia have been shown to exhibit
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4320:
660:
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374:
263:
223:
4708:
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in the Dutch Wadden Sea. The quality of food at migratory stopover sites is a critical factor in their migration strategy.
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4242:
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they may probe and plough forward with the bill inserted to about 1 cm (0.39 in) in depth. The bivalved mollusc
4754:
4133:
2232:"Vision and touch in relation to foraging and predator detection: insightful contrasts between a plover and a sandpiper"
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4219:
4157:
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18,000 to 22,000 years ago; the opening of the ice-free corridor in North
America 12,000 to 14,000 years ago; and the
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1834:
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1936:"Time course and reversibility of changes in the gizzards of red knots alternately eating hard and soft food"
3341:
1328:
1002:
984:
is their preferred prey on
European coasts, swallowing them whole and breaking them up in their gizzard. In
863:. The body shape is typical for the genus, with a small head and eyes, a short neck and a slightly tapering
1109:. However many local declines have been noted such as the dredging of intertidal flats for edible cockles (
867:
that is no longer than its head. It has short dark legs and a medium thin dark bill. The winter, or basic,
4504:
4193:
4086:
3707:
3314:
3305:
3224:
3206:
3161:
2973:
2181:"A new pressure sensory mechanism for prey detection in birds: the use of principles of seabed dynamics?"
1976:
Piersma, Theunis; Dietz, M.W.; Dekinga, A.; Nebel, S.; van Gils, J.A.; Battley, P.F.; Spaans, B. (1999).
392:. There appears to be no historical foundation for this etymology. Another etymology is that the name is
4584:
4224:
3716:
2982:
2777:
2386:. USFWS Northeast Region Division of External Affairs. Northeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
202:
4162:
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3477:
1216:
1021:
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2400:
1911:
1862:
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1555:
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4002:
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2095:
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in eastern
Siberia, and winters in eastern Australia and New Zealand. Small and declining numbers of
595:, but many other species of sandpiper were subsequently added. A 2004 study found that the genus was
4387:
3802:
3534:
3350:
3137:
3052:
1040:
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breeders emerging about 12,000 years ago (with a 95% confidence interval: 45,000–3,500 years ago).
568:
366:
72:
4602:
4465:
2383:
1795:
Baker, Allan; Gonzalez, Patricia; Morrison, R.I.G.; Harrington, Brian A. (2013). Poole, A. (ed.).
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102:
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916:. They breed in the moist tundra during June to August. The display song of the male is a fluty
859:
sandpiper, measuring 23–26 cm (9.1–10.2 in) long with a 47–53 cm (19–21 in)
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3128:
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2499:
2450:
2349:
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2024:
Prater, A.J. (1972). "The
Ecology of Morecambe Bay. III. The Food and Feeding Habits of Knot (
2009:
1958:
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1424:
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1296:
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Population relatedness and divergence. The diversification events may be associated with the
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1211:
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921:
738:
690:
346:
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4198:
2593:
2319:"Body shrinkage due to Arctic warming reduces red knot fitness in tropical wintering range"
2179:
Piersma, Theunis; van Aelst, Renee; Kurk, Karin; Berkhoudt, Herman; Maas, Leo R.M. (1998).
1027:
58:
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3427:
3332:
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van Gils, Jan A.; Piersma, Theunis; Dekinga, Anne; Spaans, Bernard; Kraan, Casper (2006).
672:
159:
87:
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2318:
1992:
1935:
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2419:"Shellfish Dredging Pushes a Flexible Avian Top Predator out of a Marine Protected Area"
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the eggs, but the female leaves parental care to the male once the eggs have hatched.
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2128:) as Endangered and Request for Emergency Listing under the Endangered Species Act"
1978:"Reversible size-changes in stomachs of shorebirds: when, to what extent, and why?"
1744:
1157:
997:
985:
393:
4641:
4273:
4260:
2722:
2697:
1588:
1382:"Reconstructing palaeoflyways of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene Red Knot
1131:
Knot populations appear to have stabilized in recent years, though at low levels.
726:
4325:
4234:
2435:
4597:
4478:
4460:
4395:
4118:
4038:
3993:
3957:
3296:
2719:– an international team of biologists who monitor red knots and other shorebirds
1625:
1528:"Population divergence times and historical demography in red knots and dunlins"
1353:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds Vol. 3: Snipe to Pigeons
1317:
354:
4211:
2734:– links to shorebird recovery sites, movies, events and other info on red knot
2658:
1796:
233:
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3975:
3894:
3675:
3359:
3170:
2667:
2607:"ASMFC Horseshoe Crab and Delaware Bay Ecosystem Technical Committees Meeting"
1736:
1161:
1044:
832:
826:
611:
583:
326:
319:
315:
2554:
Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
2525:
Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
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3690:
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119:
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than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as
4312:
2468:
van Gils, Jan A.; Battley, Phil F.; Piersma, Theunis; Drent, Rudi (2005).
1712:
Leyrer, Jutta; Spaans, Bernard; Camara, Mohamed; Piersma, Theunis (2006).
388:; the name would refer to the knot's foraging along the tide line and the
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4103:
3740:
3368:
3152:
2823:
2716:
2706:
959:
860:
718:
698:
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310:
179:
139:
4185:
1511:
1277:
T. roftro laevi, pedibus cinerascentibus, remigibus primoribus ferratis.
241:
Distribution and migration routes of the six subspecies of the red knot
17:
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4537:
4364:
4170:
3492:
2108:
2057:
1920:
1871:
937:
868:
798:
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342:
2155:
1125:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
1051:
The red knot nests on the ground, near water, and usually inland. The
3615:
3525:
3179:
3008:
2893:
2817:
1292:
Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names
980:
963:
955:
802:
794:
730:
330:
305:
301:
293:
129:
4400:
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4068:
2049:
1902:
1853:
1812:
384:. One theory is that it gets its name and species epithet from King
4286:
717:
winter in the coastal marshes of Britain, along with other waders.
4281:
2726:
2701:
1356:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 224–232.
1026:
1012:
846:
835:, also known as Moonbird, is a noted individual of the subspecies
813:
breeds in the Canadian low Arctic, and winters South America, and
774:
708:
587:
289:
4299:
1655:"Population, status, moult, measurements, and subspecies of Knot
689:
Studies based on mitochondrial sequence divergence and models of
4550:
2829:
2659:(Red) Knot – Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1498:
1056:
971:
901:
864:
149:
4084:
3397:
2848:
2773:
1380:
Buehler, Deborah M.; Baker, Allan J.; Piersma, Theunis (2006).
1245:
Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world
1187:
1185:
1148:
sites are effective methods of conservation for the red knot.
599:
and that the closest relative of the two knot species is the
1934:
Dekinga, A.; Dietz, M.W.; Koolhaas, A.; Piersma, T. (2001).
1444:
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A.; Székely, Tamás (2004).
1416:
Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 3, Hoatzin to Auks
2635:"Species Profile for Red Knot (Calidris canutus ssp. rufa)"
2547:"Annex 3: Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies"
2518:"Annex 2: Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies"
1547:
10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0497:PDTAHD]2.0.CO;2
974:
that are ingested whole and crushed by a muscular stomach.
2723:
Red Knot – An Imperiled Migratory Shorebird in New Jersey
2692:
1606:
Boere, G.C.; Galbraith, C.A.; Stroud, D.A., eds. (2006).
1714:"Small home ranges and high site fidelity in red knots (
357:. This species forms enormous flocks when not breeding.
341:
to coastal areas in Europe and South America, while the
2188:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1275:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 149.
2731:
1243:
Marchant, John; Hayman, Peter; Prater, Tony (1986).
4652:
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3875:
3833:
3738:
3688:
3666:
3659:
3523:
3490:
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3418:
3411:
3150:
3117:
3076:
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3006:
2999:
2891:
2869:
2862:
1833:Baker, A.J.; Piersma, T.; Greenslade, A.D. (1999).
1173:were considered when the red knot rufa was listed.
1069:the young make their first migration on their own.
1055:is a shallow scrape lined with leaves, lichens and
586:were originally the only two species placed in the
2156:"Northeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"
1760:"Globe-spanning bird B95 is back for another year"
1350:Higgins, Peter J.; Davies, S.J.J.F., eds. (1996).
1316:
1217:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693363A132285482.en
2407:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. February 2004
996:in their bill. Unlike many tactile feeders their
1087:Dependence on horseshoe crab eggs as food source
2685:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
2596:. All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1835:"Molecular vs. phenotypic sexing in red knots"
1295:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 50.
1247:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 363–364.
1115:) which led to reductions in the wintering of
817:breeds in the Canadian high Arctic as well as
749:and then down to western and southern Africa.
2785:
1848:(4). Cooper Ornithological Society: 887–893.
1718:) wintering on the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania"
1635:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1583:
1581:
1526:Buehler, Deborah M.; Baker, Allan J. (2005).
1446:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny"
8:
2732:RedKnot.org: Red Knots & Horseshoe Crabs
2230:Martin, Graham R.; Piersma, Theunis (2009).
2150:
2148:
1694:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1238:
1236:
1234:
988:, they feed in large numbers on the eggs of
2614:Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission
912:and when migrating they utter a disyllabic
725:In the breeding season, the red knot has a
4081:
3663:
3415:
3408:
3394:
3073:
3003:
2866:
2859:
2845:
2792:
2778:
2770:
2036:(1). British Ecological Society: 179–194.
1912:11370/910b3b48-babf-45ec-aeaf-d62399e5662f
1863:11370/35e84bea-180f-402a-9875-ddceb3ee086f
1556:11370/49d5a0f0-de3d-4b3f-801c-4627f769bb00
954:On the breeding grounds, knots eat mostly
396:, based on the bird's grunting call note.
232:
81:
57:
40:
31:
2493:
2444:
2434:
2255:
2207:
2133:. Federal Wildlife Service. 2 August 2005
2107:
1910:
1861:
1554:
1510:
1473:
1463:
1375:
1373:
1215:
2727:New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife
2702:New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife
1122:This is one of the species to which the
884:are the "darker" subspecies. Subspecies
855:An adult red knot is the second largest
785:and winters in north-western Australia.
1613:. Edinburgh, UK: The Stationery Office.
1181:
693:during the glacial cycles suggest that
325:Their diet varies according to season;
1807:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
4745:IUCN Red List near threatened species
2396:
2394:
2392:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
1408:
1406:
761:(but possibly of the later described
7:
4525:46ea6c6a-9283-473b-9a35-db63e8782d4a
4352:d0929f2f-f7b0-4ac1-b35b-2a166dd95aca
2081:when six prey species are available"
1897:(4). Blackwell Publishing: 511–520.
1497:Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2014).
1419:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p.
1337:participating institution membership
1078:Stopover sites and food availability
569:Wisconsinan (Weichselian) glaciation
361:Taxonomy, systematics, and evolution
2698:2000 Arctic Search for the Red Knot
1203:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
504:
442:
434:
411:
403:
2852:(Numeniinae–Limosinae–Arenariinae)
2474:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2236:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2071:Zwarts, L.; Blomert, A-M. (1992).
25:
2304:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
1805:The Birds of North America Online
1624:Rao, P.; Mohapatra, K.K. (1993).
821:, and winters in Western Europe.
2124:"Petition to List the Red Knot (
1073:Relationship with horseshoe crab
888:has a lighter belly than either
106:
4760:Birds of the Dominican Republic
2742:BirdLife species factsheet for
1943:Journal of Experimental Biology
1192:BirdLife International (2018).
797:, and it apparently winters in
314:sandpipers, second only to the
2713:– US Fish and Wildlife Service
2088:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1689:from the New Siberian Islands"
1685:"A new subspecies of Red Knot
345:populations winter in Africa,
308:. It is a large member of the
1:
1630:) in Andhra Pradesh in India"
1608:"Waterbirds around the world"
1289:Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003).
793:in Siberia and north-western
2766:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2676:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2664:Audio recordings of Red knot
2436:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040376
1031:Red knot in breeding plumage
773:and on the eastern coast of
4780:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4163:Calidris_(Calidris)_canutus
872:eye-line is less distinct.
4801:
2030:Journal of Applied Ecology
1666:Wader Study Group Bulletin
1170:Department of the Interior
777:. The recently split race
705:Distribution and migration
575:7,000 to 9,000 years ago.
390:story of Cnut and the tide
4388:red-knot-calidris-canutus
4063:
3407:
3393:
3342:Buff-breasted sandpiper (
2858:
2844:
2812:
1991:: 175–181. Archived from
1885:Piersma, Theunis (1998).
1764:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1737:10.1007/s10336-005-0030-8
1659:wintering in south India"
1653:Balachandran, S. (1998).
1626:"Occurrence of the Knot (
1499:"IOC World Bird List 4.2"
1324:Oxford English Dictionary
1210:: e.T22693363A132285482.
729:distribution in the high
573:Holocene climatic optimum
524:
509:
502:
477:
462:
447:
440:
432:
416:
409:
252:
245:
240:
231:
208:
201:
103:Scientific classification
101:
79:
70:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
3708:Short-billed dowitcher (
3401:(Tringinae–Scolopacinae)
3315:Spoon-billed sandpiper (
3306:Semipalmated sandpiper (
3225:White-rumped sandpiper (
3207:Broad-billed sandpiper (
3162:Sharp-tailed sandpiper (
2974:Bristle-thighed curlew (
2756:Internet Bird Collection
2674:Red knot Species Account
1891:Journal of Avian Biology
1683:Tomkovich, P.S. (2001).
1451:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4775:Birds described in 1758
3717:Long-billed dowitcher (
3571:Nordmann's greenshank (
2983:Slender-billed curlew (
2346:10.1126/science.aad6351
2028:L.) in Morecambe Bay".
1955:10.1242/jeb.204.12.2167
1329:Oxford University Press
843:Description and anatomy
365:The red knot was first
4765:Birds of the Caribbean
4003:South American snipe (
3469:Red-necked phalarope (
2764:Red knot photo gallery
2556:. AEWA. Archived from
2486:10.1098/rspb.2005.3245
2248:10.1098/rspb.2008.1110
2200:10.1098/rspb.1998.0445
2014:, Animal Diversity Web
1725:Journal of Ornithology
1465:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28
1032:
1024:
852:
722:
4585:Paleobiology Database
3803:New Guinea woodcock (
3535:Grey-tailed tattler (
3138:Henderson sandpiper (
3053:Black-tailed godwit (
2717:The Shorebird Project
2709:Calidris canutus rufa
2594:Red Knot Life History
2126:Caladris canutus rufa
2011:Calidris canutus rufa
1589:"Red Knot Fact Sheet"
1030:
1016:
850:
712:
691:paleoclimatic changes
582:The red knot and the
373:in his landmark 1758
66:Non-breeding plumage
50:Calidris canutus rufa
4347:Fauna Europaea (new)
3845:Subantarctic snipe (
3625:Solitary sandpiper (
3589:Greater yellowlegs (
3478:Wilson's phalarope (
3261:Pectoral sandpiper (
2947:Far Eastern curlew (
2938:Hudsonian whimbrel (
2911:Long-billed curlew (
2738:and horseshoe crabs.
2689:Red Knot field guide
1152:Conservation efforts
1001:such as the eggs of
783:New Siberian Islands
614:, in order of size;
300:in the far north of
288:) is a medium-sized
4755:Birds of the Arctic
3812:Eurasian woodcock (
3794:Moluccan woodcock (
3776:American woodcock (
3767:Sulawesi woodcock (
3758:Bukidnon woodcock (
3598:Common greenshank (
3580:Wandering tattler (
3553:Lesser yellowlegs (
3511:Spotted sandpiper (
3252:Western sandpiper (
3189:Baird's sandpiper (
3129:Tuamotu sandpiper (
3044:Bar-tailed godwit (
2965:Eurasian whimbrel (
2949:N. madagascariensis
2707:The Rufa Red Knot (
2480:(1581): 2609–2618.
2401:The Horseshoe Crab
2338:2016Sci...352..819V
2194:(1404): 1377–1383.
2100:1992MEPS...83..113Z
2042:1972JApEc...9..179P
1716:Calidris c. canutus
1595:. Lincoln Park Zoo.
1512:10.14344/IOC.ML.4.2
1503:IOC World Bird List
1327:(Online ed.).
73:Conservation status
52:, breeding plumage
4207:BirdLife-Australia
4021:Pin-tailed snipe (
3949:Madagascar snipe (
3544:Spotted redshank (
3502:Common sandpiper (
3351:Temminck's stint (
3324:Red-necked stint (
3243:Purple sandpiper (
3216:Curlew sandpiper (
3035:Hudsonian godwit (
2879:Upland sandpiper (
2403:Limulus polyphemus
2109:10.3354/meps083113
2077:take medium-sized
2008:Avery, J. (2011).
1985:Acta Ornithologica
1112:Cerastoderma edule
1033:
1025:
1022:Muséum de Toulouse
853:
723:
4732:
4731:
4572:Open Tree of Life
4087:Taxon identifiers
4078:
4077:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
3967:Swinhoe's snipe (
3940:Jameson's snipe (
3888:
3751:
3726:Asian dowitcher (
3701:
3655:
3654:
3643:Common redshank (
3634:Marsh sandpiper (
3607:Green sandpiper (
3453:
3428:Terek sandpiper (
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3333:Long-toed stint (
3279:Least sandpiper (
3234:Stilt sandpiper (
3105:Black turnstone (
3096:Ruddy turnstone (
3089:
3065:
3064:
3019:
2995:
2994:
2920:Eurasian curlew (
2904:
2563:on 10 August 2011
2332:(6287): 819–821.
2242:(1656): 437–445.
1949:(12): 2167–2173.
1335:(Subscription or
994:Herbst corpuscles
934:bar-tailed godwit
932:species like the
851:Nonbreeding adult
755:Chukchi Peninsula
684:
683:(Tomkovich, 2001)
676:
664:
652:
636:
623:
622:(Tomkovich, 1990)
580:
579:
564:
563:
555:
554:
546:
545:
537:
536:
490:
489:
298:Arctic Cordillera
272:
271:
266:
96:
16:(Redirected from
4792:
4725:
4724:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4645:
4644:
4642:Calidris-canutus
4632:
4631:
4619:
4618:
4606:
4605:
4593:
4592:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4554:
4553:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4495:
4494:
4482:
4481:
4479:NBNSYS0000000151
4469:
4468:
4456:
4455:
4443:
4442:
4430:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4274:calidris-canutus
4264:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4215:
4214:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4176:B5CE8FAD18923A94
4166:
4165:
4153:
4152:
4150:Calidris_canutus
4140:
4139:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:Calidris canutus
4114:
4113:
4112:
4095:Calidris canutus
4082:
4012:Solitary snipe (
3931:Imperial snipe (
3922:Latham's snipe (
3904:Wilson's snipe (
3887:
3886:
3882:
3821:Javan woodcock (
3785:Amami woodcock (
3760:S. bukidnonensis
3750:
3749:
3745:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3664:
3562:Wood sandpiper (
3452:
3451:
3447:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3344:C. subruficollis
3288:Rock sandpiper (
3107:A. melanocephala
3088:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3026:Marbled godwit (
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2760:
2751:"Red knot media"
2744:Calidris canutus
2682:Calidris canutus
2647:
2646:
2641:. Archived from
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2300:Calidris canutus
2295:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2212:. Archived from
2211:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2094:(2–3): 113–128.
2085:
2075:Calidris canutus
2068:
2062:
2061:
2026:Calidris canutus
2021:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1799:Calidris canutus
1792:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1722:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1687:Calidris canutus
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1657:Calidris canutus
1650:
1644:
1643:
1628:Calidris canutus
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1567:. Archived from
1558:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1384:Calidris canutus
1377:
1368:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1196:Calidris canutus
1189:
1035:The red knot is
1018:Calidris canutus
950:Diet and feeding
765:) winter in the
745:and migrates to
739:Taymyr Peninsula
713:Large flocks of
682:
670:
658:
642:
630:
621:
505:
443:
435:
412:
404:
399:
398:
375:10th edition of
347:Papua New Guinea
322:are recognised.
292:which breeds in
285:Calidris canutus
258:
236:
214:
212:Calidris canutus
111:
110:
90:
85:
84:
61:
44:
32:
21:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4785:Holarctic birds
4770:Birds of Africa
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4720:
4715:
4707:
4702:
4694:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4536:
4533:Observation.org
4531:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4498:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4438:
4433:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4047:
4032:G. stricklandii
4030:Fuegian snipe (
3985:African snipe (
3951:G. macrodactyla
3884:
3883:
3881:
3871:
3863:Chatham snipe (
3829:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3734:
3728:L. semipalmatus
3697:
3696:
3694:
3684:
3651:
3519:
3486:
3460:Red phalarope (
3449:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3403:
3400:
3377:
3362:C. tenuirostris
3146:
3131:P. parvirostris
3113:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3061:
3015:
3014:
3012:
2991:
2985:N. tenuirostris
2956:Little curlew (
2929:Eskimo curlew (
2900:
2899:
2897:
2887:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2836:Charadriiformes
2808:
2807:: Scolopacidae)
2798:
2749:
2655:
2650:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2405:A Living Fossil
2399:
2390:
2382:
2369:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2296:
2273:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2083:
2079:Macoma balthica
2070:
2069:
2065:
2050:10.2307/2402055
2023:
2022:
2018:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1903:10.2307/3677170
1884:
1883:
1879:
1854:10.2307/1370083
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1813:10.2173/bna.563
1794:
1793:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1758:Bauers, Sandy.
1757:
1756:
1752:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1154:
1137:
1102:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1039:and seasonally
1011:
1003:horseshoe crabs
990:horseshoe crabs
952:
947:
845:
815:C. c. islandica
787:C. c. roselaari
715:C. c. islandica
707:
656:C. c. islandica
619:C. c. roselaari
605:Aphriza virgata
565:
556:
547:
538:
491:
377:Systema Naturae
363:
227:
216:
210:
197:
194:C. canutus
160:Charadriiformes
105:
97:
88:Near Threatened
86:
82:
75:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4798:
4796:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4713:
4700:
4687:
4674:
4658:
4656:
4654:Tringa canutus
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4633:
4620:
4607:
4594:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4542:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4496:
4483:
4470:
4457:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4405:
4392:
4379:
4369:
4356:
4343:
4334:Fauna Europaea
4330:
4317:
4304:
4291:
4278:
4265:
4252:
4239:
4229:
4216:
4203:
4190:
4180:
4167:
4154:
4141:
4130:
4115:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3987:G. nigripennis
3982:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3913:Common snipe (
3910:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3860:
3854:Snares snipe (
3851:
3847:C. aucklandica
3841:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3805:S. rosenbergii
3800:
3796:S. rochussenii
3791:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3719:L. scolopaceus
3714:
3704:
3702:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3640:
3636:T. stagnatilis
3631:
3622:
3618:T. semipalmata
3613:
3604:
3595:
3591:T. melanoleuca
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3290:C. ptilocnemis
3285:
3276:
3270:Little stint (
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3227:C. fuscicollis
3222:
3213:
3209:C. falcinellus
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2976:N. tahitiensis
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2747:
2739:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2654:
2653:External links
2651:
2649:
2648:
2645:on 2011-10-19.
2626:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2538:
2509:
2460:
2409:
2388:
2367:
2306:
2271:
2222:
2219:on 2004-06-23.
2171:
2144:
2115:
2063:
2016:
2001:
1998:on 2011-06-10.
1968:
1926:
1877:
1825:
1776:
1750:
1731:(2): 376–384.
1704:
1675:
1645:
1616:
1598:
1593:www.lpzoo.org]
1577:
1574:on 2011-05-26.
1541:(3): 497–513.
1518:
1489:
1436:
1429:
1402:
1369:
1362:
1342:
1308:
1301:
1281:
1269:Linnaeus, Carl
1260:
1253:
1230:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1153:
1150:
1142:sea level rise
1136:
1133:
1101:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1010:
1007:
951:
948:
946:
943:
844:
841:
791:Wrangel Island
781:breeds in the
779:C. c. piersmai
771:Gulf of Mannar
753:breeds in the
747:Western Europe
737:breeds in the
706:
703:
687:
686:
680:C. c. piersmai
677:
665:
653:
637:
625:
610:There are six
578:
577:
562:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
530:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
508:
503:
501:
497:
496:
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
483:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
446:
441:
439:
433:
431:
427:
426:
423:
422:
415:
410:
408:
402:
382:Tringa canutus
362:
359:
335:North American
304:, Europe, and
270:
269:
268:
267:
256:Tringa canutus
250:
249:
243:
242:
238:
237:
229:
228:
217:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
189:
185:
184:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
99:
98:
80:
77:
76:
71:
68:
67:
63:
62:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4044:
4042:
4039:Giant snipe (
4037:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4005:G. paraguaiae
4001:
3999:
3997:
3994:Noble snipe (
3992:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3978:G. nemoricola
3974:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3958:Great snipe (
3956:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3933:G. imperialis
3929:
3927:
3925:
3924:G. hardwickii
3920:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3769:S. celebensis
3765:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3546:T. erythropus
3542:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3504:A. hypoleucos
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3462:P. fulicarius
3458:
3457:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:Scolopacidae
3396:
3392:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3353:C. temminckii
3349:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3326:C. ruficollis
3322:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3236:C. himantopus
3232:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3218:C. ferruginea
3214:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3037:L. haemastica
3033:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2940:N. hudsonicus
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2913:N. americanus
2909:
2908:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2881:B. longicauda
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:Scolopacidae
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:Rufa Red Knot
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1430:84-87334-20-2
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:(3): 485–498.
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:0-19-553070-5
1359:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1302:0-88192-600-0
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1254:0-395-37903-2
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:least concern
1099:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:other males.
1046:
1045:site fidelity
1042:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
949:
944:
942:
939:
935:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
849:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:C. c. rogersi
748:
744:
741:and possibly
740:
736:
735:C. c. canutus
732:
728:
720:
716:
711:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
681:
678:
674:
669:
668:C. c. rogersi
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
646:
641:
640:C. c. canutus
638:
634:
629:
626:
620:
617:
616:
615:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
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372:
371:Carl Linnaeus
368:
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203:Binomial name
200:
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94:
89:
78:
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69:
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60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4653:
4094:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4014:G. solitaria
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3977:
3976:Wood snipe (
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3915:G. gallinago
3914:
3905:
3896:
3895:Puna snipe (
3876:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3836:Coenocorypha
3834:
3822:
3814:S. rusticola
3813:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3739:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3698:(Dowitchers)
3689:
3677:
3676:Jack snipe (
3668:Lymnocryptes
3667:
3660:Scolopacinae
3644:
3635:
3627:T. solitaria
3626:
3617:
3608:
3600:T. nebularia
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3524:
3513:A. macularia
3512:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3450:(Phalaropes)
3441:
3429:
3419:
3370:
3361:
3360:Great knot (
3352:
3343:
3335:C. subminuta
3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3281:C. minutilla
3280:
3271:
3263:C. melanotos
3262:
3253:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3171:Sanderling (
3164:C. acuminata
3163:
3151:
3139:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3098:A. interpres
3097:
3086:(Turnstones)
3077:
3054:
3046:L. lapponica
3045:
3036:
3027:
3007:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2948:
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2735:
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2681:
2643:the original
2639:ecos.fws.gov
2638:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2553:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2524:
2512:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2429:(12): e376.
2426:
2423:PLOS Biology
2422:
2412:
2402:
2329:
2325:
2299:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2214:the original
2191:
2187:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2135:. Retrieved
2125:
2118:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1993:the original
1988:
1984:
1971:
1946:
1942:
1929:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1804:
1798:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1753:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1707:
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1692:
1686:
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1665:
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1627:
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1569:the original
1538:
1534:
1521:
1502:
1492:
1458:(28): 1–18.
1455:
1449:
1439:
1415:
1396:
1392:
1383:
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1207:
1201:
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1166:
1155:
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1130:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1050:
1034:
1017:
998:visual field
986:Delaware Bay
979:
976:
953:
930:
926:
917:
913:
909:
906:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
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856:
854:
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831:
823:
814:
810:
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758:
750:
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714:
694:
688:
685:– (smallest)
679:
667:
655:
639:
627:
618:
609:
604:
597:polyphyletic
590:
581:
566:
526:
525:
511:
510:
479:
478:
464:
463:
449:
448:
418:
417:
394:onomatopoeic
381:
376:
364:
324:
309:
284:
283:
279:
275:
273:
255:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
170:Scolopacidae
49:
29:
4598:SeaLifeBase
4515:lesser-knot
4500:Neotropical
4461:NatureServe
4396:iNaturalist
4119:Wikispecies
4069:Boyd (2019)
4041:G. undulata
3942:G. jamesoni
3906:G. delicata
3823:S. saturata
3748:(Woodcocks)
3691:Limnodromus
3609:T. ochropus
3573:T. guttifer
3564:T. glareola
3555:T. flavipes
3537:T. brevipes
3480:P. tricolor
3430:X. cinereus
3245:C. maritima
3070:Arenariinae
2967:N. phaeopus
2931:N. borealis
2693:eNature.com
2680:Red Knot –
2582:“Red Knot.”
1797:"Red Knot (
1223:13 November
1037:territorial
962:(including
914:knuup-knuup
727:circumpolar
659:(Linnaeus,
624:– (largest)
603:(currently
355:New Zealand
4739:Categories
4669:Q107055527
4637:Xeno-canto
4023:G. stenura
3996:G. nobilis
3865:C. pusilla
3856:C. huegeli
3710:L. griseus
3678:L. minimus
3645:T. totanus
3471:P. lobatus
3443:Phalaropus
3371:C. virgata
3369:Surfbird (
3317:C. pygmaea
3308:C. pusilla
3200:C. canutus
3198:Red knot (
3191:C. bairdii
3120:Prosobonia
2958:N. minutus
2922:N. arquata
2863:Numeniinae
2801:Sandpipers
2668:Xeno-canto
2298:Red Knot (
2165:2020-03-03
2073:"Why knot
1842:The Condor
1701:: 257–263.
1535:The Condor
1339:required.)
1177:References
1162:New Jersey
1041:monogamous
970:and small
968:gastropods
837:C. c. rufa
827:Wadden Sea
811:C. c. rufa
789:breeds in
628:C. c. rufa
612:subspecies
584:great knot
327:arthropods
320:subspecies
316:great knot
4067:Based on
3969:G. megala
3897:G. andina
3878:Gallinago
3582:T. incana
3412:Tringinae
3299:C. pugnax
3272:C. minuta
3182:C. alpina
3055:L. limosa
3016:(Godwits)
3000:Limosinae
2901:(Curlews)
2871:Bartramia
2816:Kingdom:
2362:206644249
1642:(3): 509.
1117:islandica
1066:precocial
945:Behaviour
890:roselaari
878:islandica
819:Greenland
807:Venezuela
721:, Norfolk
480:islandica
450:roselaari
367:described
351:Australia
337:breeders
290:shorebird
188:Species:
126:Kingdom:
120:Eukaryota
35:Red knot
4750:Calidris
4663:Wikidata
4564:red-knot
4466:2.100057
4453:22693363
4414:10455543
4375:red-knot
4300:45509223
4212:red-knot
4199:22693363
4194:BirdLife
4183:BioLib:
4104:Wikidata
3960:G. media
3885:(Snipes)
3778:S. minor
3741:Scolopax
3616:Willet (
3254:C. mauri
3180:Dunlin (
3153:Calidris
3140:P. sauli
3079:Arenaria
3028:L. fedoa
2894:Numenius
2824:Chordata
2822:Phylum:
2818:Animalia
2584:Audubon.
2567:22 April
2531:22 April
2504:16321783
2455:17105350
2354:27174985
2266:18842546
2137:27 March
1963:11441058
1818:27 April
1672:: 44–47.
1565:34914405
1484:15329156
1271:(1758).
1061:incubate
1009:Breeding
960:bivalves
922:incubate
894:piersmai
882:piersmai
861:wingspan
857:Calidris
767:mudflats
763:piersmai
719:The Wash
699:Siberian
645:Linnaeus
601:surfbird
592:Calidris
512:piersmai
343:Eurasian
311:Calidris
296:and the
278:or just
276:red knot
260:Linnaeus
247:Synonyms
220:Linnaeus
181:Calidris
166:Family:
140:Chordata
136:Phylum:
130:Animalia
116:Domain:
93:IUCN 3.1
18:Red Knot
4722:1034709
4696:4408527
4365:2481765
4248:bob4960
4171:Avibase
3787:S. mira
3493:Actitis
3173:C. alba
2834:Order:
2828:Class:
2619:25 June
2495:1559986
2446:1635749
2334:Bibcode
2326:Science
2257:2664340
2209:1689215
2160:fws.gov
2096:Bibcode
2058:2402055
2038:Bibcode
1921:3677170
1872:1370083
1745:8361259
1135:Threats
964:mussels
956:spiders
938:gizzard
928:belly.
918:poor-me
886:rogersi
874:Canutus
869:plumage
799:Florida
769:in the
759:rogersi
743:Yakutia
695:canutus
675:, 1913)
673:Mathews
635:, 1813)
527:rogersi
500:
438:
430:
419:canutus
407:
339:migrate
176:Genus:
156:Order:
146:Class:
91: (
4709:824161
4629:147433
4603:153033
4590:369399
4577:214779
4551:147433
4522:NZOR:
4512:NZBO:
4505:redkno
4492:227173
4440:176642
4372:GNAB:
4321:EURING
4287:redkno
4235:redkno
4138:redkno
4110:Q27124
3526:Tringa
3297:Ruff (
3009:Limosa
2805:family
2527:. AEWA
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2492:
2453:
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1961:
1919:
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1769:2 June
1743:
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1475:515296
1472:
1427:
1360:
1318:"Knot"
1299:
1251:
1160:. In
1158:extant
1100:Status
981:Macoma
896:, and
803:Panama
795:Alaska
731:Arctic
633:Wilson
353:, and
331:larvae
318:. Six
306:Russia
302:Canada
294:tundra
4717:WoRMS
4683:58VHX
4624:WoRMS
4427:90062
4409:IRMNG
4339:96793
4308:EUNIS
4282:eBird
4232:BOW:
4225:10172
3420:Xenus
2610:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2550:(PDF)
2521:(PDF)
2358:S2CID
2322:(PDF)
2217:(PDF)
2184:(PDF)
2131:(PDF)
2084:(PDF)
2054:JSTOR
1996:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1917:JSTOR
1868:JSTOR
1838:(PDF)
1741:S2CID
1721:(PDF)
1662:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1561:S2CID
1531:(PDF)
1393:Ardea
1389:(PDF)
1333:
1020:egg,
972:crabs
910:knutt
775:India
588:genus
4704:ITIS
4691:GBIF
4616:3113
4559:ODNR
4546:OBIS
4487:NCBI
4448:IUCN
4435:ITIS
4401:3845
4360:GBIF
4326:4960
4261:PK44
4220:BOLD
4186:8634
2830:Aves
2736:rufa
2621:2019
2569:2008
2533:2008
2500:PMID
2451:PMID
2350:PMID
2262:PMID
2139:2009
1959:PMID
1820:2009
1771:2014
1480:PMID
1425:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1225:2021
1208:2018
1168:the
1057:moss
1053:nest
902:molt
898:rufa
880:and
865:bill
805:and
661:1767
649:1758
465:rufa
386:Cnut
329:and
280:knot
274:The
264:1758
224:1758
150:Aves
4678:CoL
4611:TSA
4538:125
4474:NBN
4422:ISC
4383:IBC
4313:935
4295:EoL
4269:CMS
4256:CoL
4243:BTO
4158:AFD
4145:ADW
4134:ABA
2691:at
2666:on
2490:PMC
2482:doi
2478:272
2441:PMC
2431:doi
2342:doi
2330:352
2252:PMC
2244:doi
2240:276
2204:PMC
2196:doi
2192:265
2104:doi
2046:doi
1951:doi
1947:204
1907:hdl
1899:doi
1858:hdl
1850:doi
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1809:doi
1733:doi
1729:147
1699:121
1551:hdl
1543:doi
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