590:. The general strike demanded both the solution of labor problems, food shortages, and inflation and the resignation of the Yoshida Cabinet. On January 18, the unions sent an ultimatum to the government demanding that the workers' demands be resolved by 31 January. MacArthur initially remained reluctant to ban the strike outright, merely issuing an informal warning to the unions and sending a document to the strike leaders stating he would not permit "a coordinated action by organized labor to provoke a national calamity by a general work stoppage." The unions ignored MacArthur's warning since they thought that SCAP would not violate its own newly issued labor rights law. On the afternoon of January 31, MacArthur issued a formal directive prohibiting the general strike that was in the process of being prepared. After the ban was issued, Theodore Cohen negotiated with the strike's leaders, and eventually, the strike leaders agreed to cancel the strike. Although the negotiations went well, leftists, especially members of the JCP, subsequently became hostile toward the Occupation authorities.
676:
and Ashida himself was also arrested in
December. Under this situation, Yoshida formed a cabinet again on October 15 and remained in power until 1954. He was in power and his long administration allowed Kennan's policies and ideas to be further implemented in Japan. One of the most important of Kennan's policies was NSC-13/2, which included ending the liquidation of war criminals, listing 20 major opposition groups in Japan, and increasing the power of the government and police. After the enactment of NSC-13/2, government officials used the bill as a basis to demand that militant workers not strike, with one official telling them strikes were "unpatriotic". In late 1948, President Truman bypassed the Far Eastern Commission after the implementation of NSC-13/2 and introduced a directive emphasizing economic stability, and in response, Yoshida passed an
265:
2311:
2281:
773:", not only tightened and bolstered Japanese economy and created a link between big business owners and Japan's conservative parties; but also caused a sharp drop in productivity and massive job losses for workers and government employees, which is also referred to as "Dodge squeeze". In June, influenced by the Dodge Line, the Yoshida Cabinet decided to revise the Labor Union Law and the Labor Relations Adjustment Law to reshape labor-management relations in Japan; both were simultaneously used to suppress left-wing radicals and strengthen control over labor unions. Specifically, the revised laws prohibited workers from being paid during strikes, increased the employer's advantage in
598:, the socialists and liberals made significant gains, and the Yoshida Cabinet had no choice but to resign. Meanwhile, SCAP introduced a series of policies and laws to regulate the workers' movement and to provide compassion to the workers, but the policies and laws also called for preventing communists from manipulating the workers' movement to subvert the government. These policies and laws brought benefits to the workers and met many of the demands of the previously outlawed strikes, and also received a great deal of support from the JSP. However, the victory of the socialists and liberals did not mean that the conservative forces were weak; they still held many seats, while
616:
support the new cabinet as much as he had supported
Katayama's. On 22 July 1948, shortly after the formation of the new cabinet, SCAP asked the Ashida Cabinet to pass an order banning strikes by 40% of workers in public industries throughout Japan. The Ashida Cabinet backed down and issued Cabinet Order No. 201 to implement the said actions. The order sparked oppositions and protests from a variety of workers, teachers, and civilians in Japan who considered it a violation of constitutional freedoms and basic labor law, and more than 100 people were arrested during the wave of opposition; the Soviet representative in the Allied Council for Japan and all non-U.S. members of the
2289:
March 6, Yoshida sent a letter to MacArthur suggesting the formal dissolution of JCP. MacArthur replied that he did not have such authority, but he would not oppose the resolution if it was passed by the Diet. In April, Eells was accused by students from
Zengakuren during a lecture at Kyushu University of trying to turn Japan into a U.S. colony, and the students demanded that the censorship of the professors be stopped. Immediately thereafter, major industrial and business CEOs announced that they would not hire communist sympathizers and communist students. On May 30, JCP-related groups protested and chanted anti-American slogans in front of the
567:
to 10 years for taking part in "acts prejudicial to
Occupation objectives", followed by the usage of police enforcement. Nonetheless, strike action continued in various fronts, and some of the strikes went well, such as the September 1946 strike, which was conducted with MacArthur's acquiescence and achieved some success. The subsequent strike in October, however, was condemned by Yoshida, and the resulting conflict eventually made MacArthur change his position completely. In the same month, MacArthur and the Japanese emperor agreed on the point that the labor movement could be highly vulnerable to manipulation by political opponents.
2163:
2142:
department and universities used various irrelevant reasons to force them to resign. The U.S. State
Department Office of Intelligence Research reported that 20 - 30 professors were urged to resign during late-September. In the same month as Eells' speech, the National Railroad fired 126,000 workers, and in a report three months later, the head of Administrative Management Agency said the firings were based on the law and not on a purge of communists.
4786:
2045:
894:
750:
2433:'s judgement in the Chugai case on April 18, 1960, after the restoration of sovereignty, ruled that the Red Purge of key industries was an "extra-constitutional measure at the direction of GHQ, and therefore that dismissals could not be contested", ruling in favour of the defendants and setting a precedent for subsequent cases. In 2011, three people who were dismissed in the Red Purge lost their lawsuit for compensation.
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654:
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646:, to Japan to conduct an investigation of SCAP's policy and the situation in Japan. Believing MacArthur was pursuing a very moderate policy, Kennan organized his own group and plotted to restrict MacArthur's actions. Under Kennan's efforts and Washington's pressure, GHQ began to turn gradually, and first they stopped the further disintegration of the
781:
457:
However, rapid economy growth also brought shortcomings and inequalities for poorer and weaker class in the society, especially the workers. The struggle between the working class and the capitalists in Japan became progressively more intense as the reconstruction work progressed. Initially aiming at
2266:
On
January 25, Nosaka publicly declared in the preparatory session of the House of Representatives that 1950 would be the year that determine Japan's fate, emphasizing the need for a massive movement to reach peace treaties with all belligerent countries. In February, Nosaka made a self-criticism in
2133:
How does one get a clear understanding of the conditions under which the purge is to be administered? The newspaper is a poor source of information on matters of this kind ... What assurance, if any, do we have that the purge will not repeat the mistakes of ten years ago when liberal and progressive
675:
With the suppression of left-wing movements by the
Occupation authorities and the ongoing internal conflicts within the Ashida Cabinet, it finally collapsed in October 1948. Moreover, in September, a group of Ashida cabinet officials had already been arrested for receiving gratuities and hush money,
593:
The
Yoshida Cabinet intensified the situation, and instead of solving the inflation, they caused a further decline in the quality of life of the people, suppressed strikes, and confronted the unions, which caused a further spread of labor discontent and a further increase in union membership. In the
387:
groups. This purge, which lasted until May 1948, later came to be referred to as the "White Purge" in comparison to the "Red Purge", and led to more than 900,000 people undergoing investigation, with more than 200,000 former career military personnel, politicians, bureaucrats, educators, and opinion
808:
and the revisions, while Eiji
Takemae noted that "the revision ... was not a carbon copy of the ... US law. Its architects ... were social bureaucrats committed to reintegrating labor into a Japanese system..." Ruriko Kumano asserted "Dodge's mission was to bolster Japanese economy so as to prevent
566:
blamed radical labor movements for their misuse of democracy, reiterating that both capitalists and workers cooperate for the same purpose of increasing production. SCAP retaliation also came very soon, starting with the
Cabinet's Imperial Ordinance No. 311, which imposes fines and hard labor of up
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The shift inside JCP has made both SCAP and Japanese government very cautious and led them to believe that JCP was being manipulated by Soviet Union and China. At the end of January, the Ministry of Education officially announced that red professors should be excluded from the education system. On
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In December 1949, Soviet representatives in Japan summoned several JCP leaders, including Sanzō Nosaka, who had previously advocated peaceful revolution, to question the success of their peaceful revolutionary strategy and to present a plan for a nationwide revolution in Japan. On January 6, 1950,
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on July 19 that "communism is a dangerous and destructive doctrine ..." and Japanese universities need to dismiss communist professors as soon as possible, which later became a nationwide sentiment and widely quoted by Japanese newspapers. Despite the fact that his lectures were not popular within
796:
to "facilitate healthy development of pacifism and democracy", to prohibit "militaristic, ultra-nationalistic, violent, and antidemocratic" groups, and to require each political organization to register its name, membership, purpose and activities. JCP registered over 100,000 members, which later
680:
plan. In addition, GHQ announced that this plan had "a series of objectives designed to achieve fscal, monetary, price and wage stability in Japan as rapidly as possible ... will call for increased austerity in every phase of Japanese life". Austerity and the economic downturn also contributed to
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published a series of articles criticizing the policies of the Occupation authorities. On June 6, MacArthur ordered Yoshida to formally purge 24 influential members of JCP's Central Committee and forbid them from conducting all political activities or publishing any articles in journals. The next
2141:
Five days after Eells' speech, the Japanese government announced that teachers and professors would be allowed to participate in political groups, "activities of university professors, such as expressing their opinions ... are thought to be an integral part ... as professors", while the education
615:
in the coalition strongly opposed Katayama's proposal for the state management of the coal industry, with conservatives among them ultimately chose to switch to Yoshida's liberals. Although the new Ashida Cabinet was governed by the same three-party coalition as its predecessor, MacArthur did not
605:
At the end of the labor reform in 1948, civil-service expert Blaine Hoover suggested in the new revision of the National Public Service Law that workers should not be allowed to overthrow the government by striking and collective actions. He was appointed to a newly created Civil Service Division
466:
Under these reformations, activism and with the help of American authorities, nearly five million workers joined the labor movement by December 1946. At first, MacArthur was confident about labor movement because "working classes are the strongest single bulwark of the new democratic regime". The
462:
and developed all kinds of trade unionism and socialism, but also united with the communists, the peasants and the poor city people in their struggle. In addition, Japan's rapid economic development brought serious inflation. From September 1945 to August 1948, prices in Japan increased more than
437:
Japan was seriously devastated in World War II. Nonetheless, with the help of the United States, Japan quickly recovered from the suffering, earning the title of "Japanese Economic Miracle". In Japan, industrial production decreased in 1946 to 27.6% of the pre-war level, but recovered in 1951 and
359:
On October 4, 1945, GHQ's Civil Information and Education Section composed the Civil Liberties Directive and ordered the Japanese government to abolish all laws and ordinances that restricted "freedom of thought, of religion, of assembly and of speech, including the unrestricted discussion of the
561:
From 1946 onward, the labor movement in Japan began to gradually move beyond the vision of SCAP. Led by the JCP, left-wing socialists, and labor unions, Japanese workers launched a series of strikes. Some of these strikes continued to focus on the improvement of the working conditions and labor
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became the first to be purged from the Yoshida cabinet after the vote. In April, Yoshida pledged that he would use extra-parliamentary means to combat the left. In June, employers began re-signing labor contracts and firing workers with communist ideological tendencies. In July, along with the
831:
In April, Yoshida wrote to SCAP that he intended to lay off more than 100,000 railroad workers in order to comply with the austerity program. Shortly thereafter, Yoshida began the formal layoffs, while these layoffs were firmly opposed by workers and railroad industry unions, and numerous work
2128:
Most studies of Allied history in East Asia agree that Eells' actions were the first suppression of academic freedom in post-war Japan. However, Hans Martin Kramer in his 2005 study argues that CIE was not directly involved in the purges and that it is doubtful whether Eells himself could be
402:
During the occupation period, the United States took many methods to reform Japanese educational system, which was heavily influenced by militarism, imperial ideologies and central government. These methods included expanded years of compulsory education, textbook reform, and issuance of the
360:
Emperor, the Imperial Institution and the Imperial Japanese Government." Furthermore, SCAP commanded that all persons imprisoned under the designated laws must be released within a week, including many of these prisoners who were socialists or communists, and also specifically noted that the
847:, became the subject of debate as to whether his death was a suicide or a homicide, and there were even rumors that the incident was the result of operations by U.S. and Soviet agents. Ten days later, shortly after the announcements of the second round dismissals were posted, an unmanned
364:(JCP) should be allowed become a legal political party again. Shortly afterward, many released communists and left-wing activists reorganized the JCP and held its first general assembly since 1926. Its membership grew rapidly, reaching 7,500 in 1946, 70,000 by 1947, and 150,000 in 1950.
2334:
for thirty days. At the same time, Japanese police were deployed throughout Japan to search JCP cells. A large number of universities openly began firing communist or communist-leaning staffs. An August 1950 Attorney General's Office report pointed out that 10 of the approximately 180
415:, was widely spread within many universities during this period. Many Marxists and leftist scholars, who had been banned from teaching, were encouraged by SCAP to organize social activities and regarded as victims of the previous regime and progressive and democratic by many students.
2507:, p. 3: "The Red Purge was a series of arbitrary layoffs by government agencies and corporations aimed at heavy-handedly eliminating from the workplace those workers who had been unilaterally branded 'Red'. The purge occurred during the US occupation of Japan from 1949 to 1951."
329:, a management organization of about 2,000 U.S. officers, also commonly known as General Headquarters (GHQ). Because MacArthur had a huge influence on the people of Japan, GHQ/SCAP was also often used to refer to MacArthur and his bureaucrats rather than just the organization itself.
4086:[The Red Purge, in which employees were fired or dismissed from their jobs solely because they were members or supporters of the Communist Party, is a gross violation of human rights that tramples on freedom of thought and conscience (Article 19 of the Constitution).]
610:
collapsed. Centrists in Katayama's cabinet could not continue to maintain their coalition, right-wing socialists lacked sufficient control over the labor movement to implement various austerity measures over the protests of the Sanbetsu and left-wing socialists, and the
543:
In the late 1940s, U.S. policies toward occupied Japan underwent a gradual transformation, shifting from focusing on demilitarization and democratization toward economic reconstruction and rearmament. In later years, this policy shift would come to be known as the
2355:
fired 98 people. The purge was extended to private companies since August, which ultimately led to thousands of dismissals for their political beliefs, making a total of around 11,000 workers in public sectors and 11,000 workers in private companies in 1950.
445:
in 1952, the United States successfully reintegrated Japan into the global economy to eliminate the motivation for imperial expansion and rebuilt the economic infrastructure that would later form the launching pad for the Japanese economic miracle.
2363:. Many Japanese communists, including Tokuda, went underground and tried to organize guerrilla forces against the Japanese government, though the party itself was never banned. In August, Cominform even asked JCP to launch a national uprising.
4884:
2463:
2335:
communist-leaning professors had been dismissed, and another 18 were still under investigation. On July 18, Yoshida began to start a campaign to prevent communists from using the media to spread destructive messages. On the same day,
1208:
2121:
the universities, Japanese Education Minister Takase Sōtarō secretly began firing pro-Communist teachers under the advice of SCAP. By March 1950, some 1,100 people had been dismissed. SCAP also recommended the government to "
620:
in Washington also expressed opposition to the order. The order was finally carried out despite heavy opposition that led to the fall of the Ashida Cabinet, anti-American sentiment and the expansion of left-wing forces.
5213:
338:
629:
With the introduction of the Truman Doctrine, the United States needed a stronghold in Asia against the expansion of communism, and with this goal in mind, Japan was the natural target of choice. Driven by the
2495:, p. 513: "The notorious "Red Purge" was instituted nationwide in the final phase of the occupation, from July 1947 to March 1951, and proved to be a critical test for the survival of academic freedom."
1400:
859:. Police then believed that the leftists had caused the incident, arresting nine communists and a former National Railroad driver, but ultimately did not reach any satisfactory conclusions. On August 17,
768:
arrived in Japan, and a set of austerity policies ensued: cutting public spending, limiting public consumption, and reorienting industrial production in favor of export-oriented. These policies, known as
532:, the United States feared that a communist revolution might develop in Japan and sought to keep Japan stable and under control. In addition, the JCP and its leaders had been under the influence of the
4279:
525:
149:
2426:
to support terrorist attacks, The JCP's membership also declined sharply, from 150,000 in 1949 to about 20,000 in 1955. The violent tactics adopted by the JCP were not abandoned until 1955.
606:
inside Government Section although his proposal was stymied and not passed, including by GHQ and Prime Minister Katayama. Just as Hoover was revising the law once again in his new role, the
318:, release of political prisoners, and enactment of the three labor laws to protect workers' rights: the trade union law, the labor standards law, and the labor relations adjustment law.
4917:
777:, required a minimum of 30-day cooling-off period between strikes, and provided that unions emphasizing on social or political movements would not be recognized by the government.
264:
723:, despite the almost complete decline of most left-wing parties in Japan, JCP scored a resounding victory, reaching 9.76% of the vote. After the election victory, JCP leader
458:
gaining control over the workplace, seeking better security and respect for the working class, the struggle later evolved into a social movement. The workers not only formed
5257:
2189:
5313:
3754:
to publish an editorial, echoing Moscow's advocacy, exhorting the Japanese Communist Party to accept criticism and resolutely turn to the path of armed struggle.]
2330:
caused Japan's economy to take off rapidly, leading to Japan's strategic position becoming important. The next day, MacArthur demanded Japanese government to suspend
2310:
2280:
5223:
2087:
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2519:, p. 13: "From 1947, the Japanese government, supported by MacArthur, unleashed a Red Purge that targeted those Japanese considered to have left-wing views."
209:(SCAP), the Red Purge saw tens of thousands of alleged members, supporters, or sympathizers of left-wing groups, especially those said to be affiliated with the
5308:
2555:, p. 529: "Since Eells's address in July 1949, the dilemma over communist teachers had become a national obsession, verging in some quarters on hysteria."
2138:
Despite that, Kumano states that even if CIE is not directly involved in this matter, their "recommendations" still plays a crucial role to take such actions.
306:
occupied Japan and attempted to transform Japanese society from an authoritarian regime into a democracy. The Allies endeavored many ways to reform, including
4854:
1695:
3716:
2146:
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255:
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stated that the Red Purge was a gross violation of human rights, a trampling of freedom of thought and conscience, and a violation of Article 19 of the
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375:
sent to the Japanese government a document "Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office" on 4 January 1946, which commanded the
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4960:
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helped the government locate communists. In June, communist leaders announced that a "September Revolution" would be launched. In the same month,
326:
206:
112:
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685:, an organization that was heavily influenced by the communism then spreading on campus and later became a part of communist movement in Japan.
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835:
Three unsolved incidents occurred during clashes between railroad workers and the government. On July 5, Sadanori Shimoyama, the chairman of
602:'s new coalition cabinet itself had internal conflicts between Marxists and others. The JCP was also not fully aligned with the new cabinet.
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269:
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investigation of communists in the government, Yoshida began dismissing them. The same month, MacArthur suggested an official ban on JCP.
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on April 28, 1952, marked the restoration of sovereignty to Japan and the end of a series of official purges, including the Red Purge.
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Japanese workers strongly opposed the austerity policies of Dodge and Yoshida and had been continuously opposing them through strikes,
4317:
2149:
before WWII, they believed that academics should remain neutral and that sympathy for communism should not be a reason for dismissal.
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Kennan's policy and MacArthur's turn were naturally unpopular with many Japanese civilians, and a series of struggles and protests by
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639:
2543:, p. 514: "Eells's anticommunist speeches echoed America's Cold War policy during the ideological struggle of the Cold War."
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In November 1950, the Ministry of Labor stated that it would not tolerate the continuation of the Red Purge. In May 1951, general
540:(CCP) since the 1920s, and continued to attack the Emperor system and the government during the JCP's rapid growth in membership.
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declared that JCP had no direct relations with either the Soviet Union or the Chinese Communist Party, and that JCP supported a
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1926:
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rights, but some were dedicated to impacting or even reconstructing the nation's political system. In May 1946, Prime Minister
4935:
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4253:
2073:
1931:
1635:
875:
720:
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2178:(from left to right) immediately following the end of the Second World War. All of them get purged and later go underground.
5449:
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213:, removed from their jobs in government, the private sector, universities, and schools. The Red Purge emerged from rising
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At the time, Japanese academics considered the government's persecution of communists to be criminal, and recalling the
1848:
586:(Sanbetsu), left-wing and right-wing socialists united with communists and independents since November to prepare for a
404:
5064:
4863:
4840:
3982:
1573:
1558:
937:
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668:, laborers, students, and teachers took place between the spring and summer of 1948. The Occupation authorities and
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1853:
1370:
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43:
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was shut down indefinitely. Ten days later, the purge spread to seven other major national newspapers as well as
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the spread of communism in the education sector; in September 1948, student associations throughout Japan formed
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672:, with the support of Washington and a change in policy, suppressed these protests in a very aggressive manner.
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train in Tokyo that had been parked overnight was suddenly released, and capsized after hitting and breaking a
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863:, killed three crew members on board, and police subsequently arrested 20 people, most of them communists.
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1978:
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number of organized workers continued to grow, from 5 million in 1946 to 6.7 million by the end of 1948.
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4068:[Red Purge Lawsuit: Supreme Court Dismisses Appeal / Plaintiffs "Will Fight Until Get Relief"].
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spread from the United States and the anti-leftist policies of the Yoshida cabinet still turned on JCP.
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In July, nine communists, including Nosaka and Tokuda, were issued arrest warrants for violating the
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also made criticism on Nosaka's strategy with the title "The road to liberation of Japanese people" (
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In July, the Civil Information and Education Division (CIE) under SCAP sent Dr. Walter C. Eells of
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4418:"Just Who Reversed the Course? The Red Purge in Higher Education during the Occupation of Japan"
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to refute the editorial of Cominform, JCP later split into two factions: the "Statement Faction"
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positioned as an instigator. Kramer quotes a CIE memo to demonstrate CIE's limited involvement:
1615:
1467:
1311:
1306:
4603:
2375:, MacArthur's successor, allowed the Japanese government to ease the purge. The signing of the
832:
stoppages, strikes, and occupations occurred. JCP also took a stand in support of the workers.
792:, and protests since March 1949. In April, at the instigation of MacArthur, Yoshida issued the
653:
501:. In March 1947, shortly after the foreign ministers from the United States, Soviet Union, the
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712:, and the anti-imperialist tendency was greatly reinforced by the Cominform's critique of the
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4462:"Anticommunism and Academic Freedom: Walter C. Eells and the "Red Purge" in Occupied Japan"
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3750:[At this time, Mao Zedong, who was in Moscow, also reacted quickly and instructed the
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and American planners' projects, Japan and its economy were going to be connected with
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225:" in Occupation policies. The Red Purge reached a peak following the outbreak of the
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4138:
3668:"Major Schools of Marxist Economics in Japan: History and Contemporary Development"
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on a six-month round of lectures to denounce the left and to target JCP-controlled
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2009:
1701:
1497:
1477:
1457:
1121:
1054:
1005:
975:
765:
757:
753:
490:
459:
4106:"Japan's Red Purge: Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought"
570:
4679:
4651:
4389:
4307:
4247:
3976:
5139:
2468:
1991:
1897:
1885:
1734:
1603:
1532:
1149:
1126:
1049:
1042:
852:
732:
635:
521:
497:
became increasingly strained in a series of conflicts and eventually led to the
307:
237:
in 1951, and came to a final conclusion with the end of the Occupation in 1952.
24:
4619:
5267:
5124:
5059:
5054:
4885:
Relations between Japanese revolutionaries, the Comintern and the Soviet Union
4084:共産党員もしくはその支持者であることのみを唯一の理由として解雇・免職されたレッド・パージは、思想・良心の自由（憲法１９条）を踏みにじる深刻な人権侵害である。
2464:
Relations between Japanese revolutionaries, the Comintern and the Soviet Union
2327:
2113:
1878:
1741:
1715:
1660:
1522:
1442:
1326:
1226:
1106:
1101:
1022:
908:
770:
744:
682:
226:
155:
20:
4733:
4627:
4487:
4445:
4354:
4291:
4212:
4159:
3693:
5198:
2184:
1762:
1755:
1708:
1537:
1154:
1131:
1010:
848:
780:
677:
533:
218:
144:
71:
Communists, suspected communists, suspected communist sympathizers, leftists
4280:"Anti-American Nationalism and Leftist Factionalism in 1950 and 1960 Japan"
2343:. According to documents from the Ministry of Labor, NHK fired 119 people,
4436:
5029:
2028:
1984:
1936:
1908:
1447:
1360:
1301:
1182:
1037:
647:
583:
498:
476:
311:
214:
4821:
4495:
4461:
2811:
Winning the Peace: An American Strategy for Post-Conflict Reconstruction
4741:
4362:
4329:"Deradicalization of the Japanese Communist Party Under Kenji Miyamoto"
4328:
4220:
4186:
4167:
4133:
2277:), and JCP had since shifted to a more radical and combative strategy.
2187:
published an editorial entitled "Concerning the Situation in Japan" in
1963:
1808:
1091:
1075:
1059:
1032:
1016:
408:
4707:
4832:
2326:
crossed the 38th Parallel behind artillery fire. The outbreak of the
1949:
1942:
1682:
1116:
5214:
Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
4725:
4346:
4204:
4151:
3719:[New China's Revolutionary Diplomatic Thought and Practice]
2318:
march in the streets to protest against the Red Purge, October 1950.
2193:, criticizing JCP's peaceful revolutionary strategy. On January 12,
2100:
With SCAP's support and advance premeditation, left-wing politician
339:
Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties
221:
after World War II, and was a significant element within a broader "
2309:
2279:
2161:
779:
748:
652:
569:
448:
350:
263:
53:
4708:"The People's Parliamentary Path of the Japanese Communist Party"
704:
As Cold War intensified, JCP began to lean more and more towards
2233:, which supported Tokuda's path, and the "International Faction"
1956:
1027:
4836:
4653:
Inside GHQ : the Allied occupation of Japan and its legacy
2125:" the civil service without establishing a formal institution.
205:
and private corporations with the aid and encouragement of the
4604:"A Paradox: the Red Purge Has Made Japan a Law-Abiding Nation"
3748:这时正在莫斯科的毛泽东也很快做出反应，指示《人民日报》发表社论，响应莫斯科的主张，劝告日共接受批评，坚决转入武装斗争的道路。
2340:
716:
on 6 January 1949, linking it to more revolutionary policies.
574:
Yashiro Ii explains the background to the cancellation of the
4549:"Production control: Workers' control in early postwar Japan"
4524:"The Good Occupation - Law in the Allied Occupation of Japan"
355:
Release of Japanese Communist Party members from prison, 1945
4187:"The Imperial Bureaucracy and Labor Policy in Postwar Japan"
4309:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
2284:
Students of Zengakuren protest against Eells' speech, 1950.
201:
from the late 1940s to the early 1950s. Carried out by the
3763:
3761:
2668:
2666:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3548:
3546:
3470:
3468:
3340:
3338:
3325:
3323:
3027:
3025:
3023:
2263:), arguing that JCP should change its previous strategy.
3455:
3453:
3451:
3367:
3365:
2637:
2635:
463:
700%, which later led to crucial unrest in the society.
4577:
Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan
3382:
3380:
2563:
2561:
233:
was replaced as commander of the Occupation by General
3485:
3483:
3262:
3260:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2727:
2725:
4774:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
4918:
Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of Japan
801:
and some other cities were occupied by 500 workers.
5352:
5276:
5186:
5148:
4988:
4872:
453:
Labors protest in the 17th Labor Day in Japan, 1946
343:
Japanese Communist Party § Postwar reemergence
133:
105:
97:
75:
67:
59:
49:
32:
5258:Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
4038:"Three '50s Red Purge victims lose redress battle"
2361:Ordinance for Controlling Associations and Others
794:Ordinance for Controlling Associations and Others
5314:Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction
4134:"The Japanese Communist Party after Fifty Years"
2813:. Washington D.C.: The CSIS Press. p. 183.
433:Labor unions in Japan § 1945 to the present
4528:Washington University Global Studies Law Review
2417:
2399:
2242:
2226:
2210:
2131:
843:and was later found dead on the tracks next to
784:Crowd breaking into the police station in Taira
184:
2411:
2393:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2190:For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy!
4848:
2158:Shift of Japanese Communist Party and clashes
2081:
8:
3978:Revolution and Subjectivity in Postwar Japan
2249:, which supported Cominform. On January 17,
2212:"Nihon no jōsei ni tsuite" ni kansuru shokan
1696:Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
694:Japanese Communist Party's electoral success
522:containing the global expansion of communism
4312:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3898:
2966:
2504:
2147:government's suppression of left-wing ideas
425:Economic history of Japan § Occupation
5204:Japan Communist League (Unified Committee)
4855:
4841:
4833:
4394:(2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Longman.
3731:] (in Chinese) (2): 68. Archived from
2794:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2436:On May 1, 2013, an editorial in the JCP's
2298:day, the order was extended to the entire
2088:
2074:
870:
638:and the United States. In March 1948, the
489:After World War II, relations between the
256:US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan
150:Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War
29:
5243:Japanese Communist Party (Action Faction)
4564:
4435:
3683:
657:Clashes between police and protesters in
302:. From September 1945 to April 1952, the
5309:Japan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)
3501:
2950:
2938:
2712:
2672:
2516:
804:Critics focused on similarities between
260:Occupation of Japan § Initial phase
16:Anticommunist movement in occupied Japan
5248:Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction)
4961:1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague
4781:
3934:
3910:
3846:
3827:
3552:
3525:
3474:
3438:
3426:
3344:
3329:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3095:
3083:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3014:
2614:
2485:
882:
584:All Japan Congress of Industrial Unions
327:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
207:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
113:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
4941:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
3975:Koschmann, J. Victor (December 1996).
3962:
3950:
3922:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3858:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3666:Watanabe, Masao; Tan, Xiaojun (2013).
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3576:
3564:
3537:
3459:
3414:
3402:
3398:
3386:
3371:
3356:
3266:
3251:
3239:
3187:
3099:
3071:
2998:
2982:
2962:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2833:
2787:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2716:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2626:
2602:
2579:
2552:
2540:
2492:
839:who had received threatening letters,
5319:Japanese People's Emancipation League
4110:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
4066:"レッド・パージ国賠訴訟/最高裁が上告棄却/原告ら 「救済までたたかう」"
3002:
2986:
2970:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2567:
2528:
1616:Constitutional Government Association
229:in 1950, began to ease after General
7:
5304:Enlightened People's Communist Party
5209:Japan Revolutionary Communist League
4553:Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
3513:
3489:
3442:
1621:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
861:a train carrying 630 people derailed
405:Fundamental Law of Education in 1947
398:Educational reform in occupied Japan
246:Surrender of Japan and early reforms
4880:Socialist thought in Imperial Japan
4574:Finn, Richard B. (1 January 1992).
4024:
4012:
3946:
3642:"Concerning the Situation in Japan"
2387:JCP's mainstream faction organized
4580:. University of California Press.
4391:Japan in transformation, 1945-2010
3702:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.4.3.0288
3685:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.4.3.0288
857:killing six people and injuring 20
809:Japan from falling to communism."
588:general strike on February 1, 1947
419:Economic reform and labor movement
14:
4104:; Tetsuo, Hirata (12 July 2007).
3672:World Review of Political Economy
1401:An Investigation of Global Policy
813:Three unsolved railroad incidents
693:
640:United States Department of State
388:leaders ultimately being purged.
5416:
5404:
5334:Mountain Village Operation Units
5299:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
5229:Democratic Youth League of Japan
4979:
4966:1975 AIA building hostage crisis
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4602:Sugita, Yoneyuki (11 May 2021).
4480:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2010.00292.x
2389:Mountain Village Operation Units
2055:
2043:
892:
277:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
87:Dismissals from government posts
5382:Proletarian literature in Japan
5263:Workers Communist Party (Japan)
2267:the party's official newspaper
1796:Japanese Culture Channel Sakura
1564:Democratic Party for the People
471:Cold War and the Reverse Course
4971:Malaysian Flight 653 hijacking
4936:1949 Japanese general election
4681:The Allied occupation of Japan
4566:10.1080/14672715.1985.10409905
4467:History of Education Quarterly
4416:Kramer, H. M. (1 April 2005).
4278:Hasegawa, Kenji (March 2011).
4254:University of California Press
2408:and Nucleus Self Defense Units
2293:, and during the same period,
2260:
2116:in particular. He declared at
700:1949 Japanese general election
1:
5475:Political repression in Japan
5470:Political and cultural purges
5329:Left Socialist Party of Japan
3729:Journal of Historical Science
1569:Greater Japan Patriotic Party
721:January 1949 general election
5377:Political extremism in Japan
4547:Moore, Joe (December 1985).
4423:Social Science Japan Journal
4192:The Journal of Asian Studies
1849:Action Conservative Movement
325:, MacArthur constituted the
5176:Women's liberation movement
3983:University of Chicago Press
2418:
2400:
2243:
2227:
2211:
2134:professors were liquidated?
1599:Restoration Political Party
1574:Happiness Realization Party
1559:Conservative Party of Japan
441:By the end of the American
290:watches, September 2, 1945.
185:
5496:
5480:Politics of Post-war Japan
5387:The Singing Voice of Japan
4706:Totten, George O. (1973).
4620:10.1007/s12140-021-09365-y
3646:revolutionarydemocracy.org
2782:Industrialization of Japan
2306:Outbreak of the Korean War
1371:Bushido: The Soul of Japan
1209:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
837:Japanese National Railways
816:
742:
697:
659:Hanshin Education Incident
642:sent one of the planners,
474:
422:
395:
336:
321:To manage Japan under the
249:
90:Bans on political activity
44:Allied Occupation of Japan
18:
5400:
4977:
2780:Ichiro, Nakayama (1964).
2770:, pp. 104, 109, 145.
2412:
2394:
2237:
2221:
2205:
1641:Party for Japanese Kokoro
1421:The Dignity of the Nation
1411:The Japan That Can Say No
576:February 1 General Strike
526:victory of the communists
429:Japanese economic miracle
176:
37:
5460:Labour movement in Japan
5455:Japanese Communist Party
5339:Unified Socialist League
5289:Communist League (Japan)
5277:Historical organisations
5219:Japanese Communist Party
5194:Asia-Wide Campaign-Japan
4761:Modern Japan in archives
4249:Postwar Japan as History
2617:, pp. xxvii–xxviii.
1589:Liberal Democratic Party
841:disappeared mysteriously
362:Japanese Communist Party
270:foreign affairs minister
211:Japanese Communist Party
140:Rising Cold War tensions
19:Not to be confused with
5445:Anti-communism in Japan
5294:Communist Workers Party
4684:. New York: Continuum.
4656:. New York: Continuum.
4460:Kumano, Ruriko (2010).
3899:Dower & Tetsuo 2007
2967:Dower & Tetsuo 2007
2505:Dower & Tetsuo 2007
2377:Treaty of San Francisco
2050:Conservatism portal
1631:Japan Restoration Party
1604:Party of Do it Yourself
582:In solidarity with the
538:Chinese Communist Party
524:. Especially after the
5156:Ainu Revolution Theory
4895:Peace Preservation Law
4678:Takemae, Eiji (2003).
4650:Takemae, Eiji (2002).
3715:Yang, Kuisong (2010).
2349:fired 104 people, and
2319:
2285:
2179:
2136:
1979:Historical negationism
1927:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1636:New Conservative Party
1584:Japan Innovation Party
1189:Peace Preservation Law
785:
761:
661:
618:Far Eastern Commission
579:
454:
438:reached 350% in 1960.
356:
347:Purge (occupied Japan)
291:
5284:Amami Communist Party
5187:Current organisations
4327:Kim, Hong N. (1976).
2442:Constitution of Japan
2313:
2291:Tokyo Imperial Palace
2283:
2165:
1932:Anti-Korean sentiment
1892:National essentialism
1594:Tokyoites First Party
885:Conservatism in Japan
783:
775:collective bargaining
752:
656:
596:1947 general election
573:
452:
354:
310:, dissolution of the
288:Richard K. Sutherland
267:
126:Japanese universities
123:Japanese corporations
5450:Cold War terminology
5149:Principles and ideas
4951:Lod Airport massacre
4946:Asama-Sansō incident
4911:Appeal to the People
4757:"5-12 The Red Purge"
4306:Kapur, Nick (2018).
4284:横浜国立大学留学生センター教育研究論集
3567:, pp. 523, 528.
2809:Orr, Robert (2004).
2383:Legacy and aftermath
2324:Korean People's Army
1729:Black Dragon Society
827:Matsukawa derailment
5035:Masanosuke Watanabe
4905:April 16th incident
4437:10.1093/ssjj/jyi011
4246:(20 October 1993).
3830:, pp. 481–482.
3738:on 9 September 2022
3528:, pp. 478–479.
3317:, pp. 467–468.
3305:, pp. 462–465.
3202:, pp. 331–332.
3138:, pp. 321–328.
3126:, pp. 321–323.
3046:, pp. 318–319.
3017:, pp. 316–317.
2784:. Tokyo. p. 7.
2746:, pp. 518–519.
2629:, pp. 515–516.
2316:University of Tokyo
2110:Stanford University
1626:Japan Renewal Party
1160:Anti-Comintern Pact
729:peaceful revolution
520:, which called for
443:occupation of Japan
369:Potsdam Declaration
298:surrendered to the
203:Japanese government
119:Government of Japan
5360:Anarchism in Japan
4865:Communism in Japan
2459:Red Scare in Japan
2320:
2286:
2180:
2118:Niigata University
2102:Jiichirō Matsumoto
1651:People's New Party
819:Shimoyama incident
786:
764:In February 1949,
762:
662:
580:
578:under preparation.
455:
392:Educational reform
357:
314:, granting of the
292:
252:Surrender of Japan
5432:
5431:
5365:New Left in Japan
5324:Japanese Red Army
5130:Yoshiki Yamashita
5105:Tsuyoshi Okudaira
5080:Takaaki Yoshimoto
4900:March 15 incident
4587:978-0-520-06909-1
4520:Ramseyer, J. Mark
4263:978-0-520-91144-4
4183:Garon, Sheldon M.
4130:Emmerson, John K.
3992:978-0-226-45121-3
3770:, pp. 10–11.
3583:, pp. 14–15.
2929:, pp. 39–40.
2302:editorial board.
2206:“日本の情勢について”に関する所感
2153:Conflicts in 1950
2098:
2097:
1998:Politics in Japan
1904:Shōwa Restoration
1579:Japan First Party
1204:Satsuma Rebellion
845:Kitasenju Station
689:Conflicts in 1949
625:Conflicts in 1948
530:Chinese Civil War
413:Marxian economics
373:Douglas MacArthur
316:freedom of speech
273:Mamoru Shigemitsu
231:Douglas MacArthur
217:tensions and the
164:
163:
5487:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5411:Communism portal
5408:
5407:
5370:Anti-Japaneseism
5161:Anti-Americanism
5110:Fusako Shigenobu
5015:Shoichi Ichikawa
5005:Hitoshi Yamakawa
4992:
4983:
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4771:
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2630:
2624:
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2606:
2600:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2570:, pp. 9–10.
2565:
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2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:Sanson Kōsakutai
2397:
2396:
2367:End of Red Purge
2352:Mainichi Shimbun
2314:Students of the
2262:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2062:Japan portal
2060:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2017:Yamato nadeshiko
1873:
1854:Anti-Americanism
1426:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1391:Shinmin no Michi
1386:
1376:
1366:
1070:Japanese culture
896:
886:
871:
806:Taft–Hartley Act
706:anti-imperialism
613:Democratic Party
608:Katayama Cabinet
385:ultranationalist
333:Political reform
294:In August 1945,
192:
191:
188:
178:
154:Outbreak of the
30:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5396:
5348:
5344:United Red Army
5272:
5235:Shimbun Akahata
5182:
5166:Anti-monarchism
5144:
5090:Yoshihiko Amino
5085:Kan'ichi Kuroda
5070:Kiyoteru Hanada
4990:
4984:
4975:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4755:
4746:
4744:
4726:10.2307/2756575
4713:Pacific Affairs
4705:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4649:
4640:
4638:
4601:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4573:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4518:Miwa, Yoshiro;
4517:
4508:
4506:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4415:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4384:
4375:
4373:
4347:10.2307/2009893
4326:
4320:
4305:
4296:
4294:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4205:10.2307/2055757
4181:
4172:
4170:
4152:10.2307/2642946
4128:
4119:
4117:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4077:
4075:
4071:Shimbun Akahata
4064:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4043:The Japan Times
4036:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3985:. p. 223.
3974:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:, p. 275;
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3759:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3720:
3717:"新中国的革命外交思想与实践"
3714:
3713:
3709:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:, p. 515;
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3449:
3441:, p. 471;
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:, p. 458;
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:, p. 331;
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:, p. 320;
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:, p. 319;
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3021:
3013:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2985:, p. 156;
2981:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:, p. 517;
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2876:
2872:, pp. 3–4.
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2848:, pp. 2–3.
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2664:
2656:, p. 513;
2652:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2450:
2422:
2419:Chukaku Jieitai
2409:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2373:Matthew Ridgway
2369:
2308:
2270:Shimbun Akahata
2234:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2160:
2155:
2094:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2023:Yasukuni Shrine
2003:Pro-Americanism
1922:
1914:
1913:
1867:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1830:Yomiuri Shimbun
1790:Fuji Television
1777:
1769:
1768:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1381:The Book of Tea
1374:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1145:
1137:
1136:
996:
988:
987:
904:
884:
869:
829:
823:Mitaka incident
815:
790:wildcat strikes
747:
741:
731:. Nonetheless,
702:
696:
691:
670:the Eighth Army
666:Korean-Japanese
627:
564:Shigeru Yoshida
559:
557:Early conflicts
554:
518:Truman Doctrine
509:met in Moscow,
487:
481:Truman Doctrine
473:
435:
421:
400:
394:
383:and leaders of
349:
335:
262:
248:
243:
235:Matthew Ridgway
189:
170:
160:
129:
93:
78:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5493:
5491:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5465:Occupied Japan
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5414:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5353:Related topics
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5065:Kenji Miyamoto
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Shōjirō Kasuga
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5025:Kyuichi Tokuda
5022:
5017:
5012:
5010:Kanson Arahata
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4924:Reverse Course
4921:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:Kantō Massacre
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4830:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4773:
4772:
4753:
4720:(3): 384–406.
4703:
4690:
4675:
4662:
4647:
4614:(4): 353–371.
4599:
4586:
4571:
4544:
4515:
4474:(4): 513–537.
4457:
4413:
4400:
4386:Kingston, Jeff
4382:
4341:(2): 273–299.
4334:World Politics
4324:
4319:978-0674984424
4318:
4303:
4275:
4262:
4244:Gordon, Andrew
4240:
4199:(3): 441–457.
4179:
4146:(7): 564–579.
4126:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4057:
4029:
4027:, p. 276.
4017:
4015:, p. 275.
4005:
3991:
3967:
3955:
3953:, p. 384.
3939:
3937:, p. 484.
3927:
3925:, p. 380.
3915:
3913:, p. 483.
3903:
3891:
3879:
3877:, p. 535.
3867:
3865:, p. 535.
3851:
3849:, p. 482.
3832:
3820:
3818:, p. 534.
3808:
3796:
3794:, p. 533.
3784:
3772:
3757:
3752:People's Daily
3707:
3658:
3633:
3631:, p. 531.
3621:
3619:, p. 530.
3609:
3607:, p. 515.
3597:
3585:
3569:
3557:
3555:, p. 481.
3542:
3540:, p. 522.
3530:
3518:
3516:, p. 231.
3506:
3494:
3492:, p. 230.
3479:
3477:, p. 472.
3464:
3462:, p. 520.
3447:
3445:, p. 230.
3431:
3429:, p. 471.
3419:
3407:
3405:, p. 520.
3391:
3376:
3374:, p. 401.
3361:
3359:, p. 519.
3349:
3347:, p. 469.
3334:
3332:, p. 470.
3319:
3307:
3295:
3293:, p. 461.
3283:
3281:, p. 459.
3271:
3256:
3244:
3228:
3226:, p. 333.
3216:
3214:, p. 332.
3204:
3192:
3190:, p. 157.
3176:
3174:, p. 331.
3164:
3162:, p. 330.
3152:
3150:, p. 322.
3140:
3128:
3116:
3114:, p. 321.
3104:
3102:, p. 516.
3088:
3086:, p. 320.
3076:
3074:, p. 516.
3060:
3058:, p. 319.
3048:
3036:
3034:, p. 318.
3019:
3007:
3005:, p. 450.
2991:
2989:, p. 450.
2975:
2955:
2953:, p. 568.
2943:
2941:, p. 565.
2931:
2915:
2913:, p. 517.
2903:
2901:, p. 156.
2891:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2836:, p. 179.
2826:
2819:
2801:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2721:
2719:, p. 515.
2715:, p. 12;
2705:
2693:
2677:
2675:, p. 569.
2662:
2646:
2644:, p. 516.
2631:
2619:
2607:
2584:
2582:, p. 513.
2572:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Bloody May Day
2449:
2446:
2384:
2381:
2368:
2365:
2307:
2304:
2252:People's Daily
2195:Kyuichi Tokuda
2168:Kyuichi Tokuda
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:Related topics
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1823:Shūkan Shinchō
1819:
1812:
1805:
1802:Sankei Shimbun
1798:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1690:Ganbare Nippon
1686:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1175:Emperor system
1167:
1165:CIA activities
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Anti-communism
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
980:
979:
978:
968:
963:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
928:
923:
922:
921:
916:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
889:
888:
880:
879:
868:
865:
814:
811:
756:(right) meets
740:
737:
695:
692:
690:
687:
632:Reverse Course
626:
623:
600:Tetsu Katayama
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:Reverse Course
503:United Kingdom
485:Reverse Course
472:
469:
420:
417:
393:
390:
334:
331:
296:Imperial Japan
247:
244:
242:
239:
223:Reverse Course
199:occupied Japan
162:
161:
159:
158:
152:
147:
141:
137:
135:
131:
130:
128:
127:
124:
121:
116:
109:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
85:
81:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
40:Reverse Course
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5492:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Tomoko Tamura
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Michiko Kanba
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:Seiji Yoshida
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Hotsumi Ozaki
5043:
5041:
5040:Daisuke Nanba
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Laju incident
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4782:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4693:
4691:9780826415219
4687:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4665:
4663:9780826462466
4659:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4403:
4401:9781408234518
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4293:
4289:
4286:(18): 75–87.
4285:
4281:
4276:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4074:(in Japanese)
4073:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4046:. 27 May 2011
4045:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4006:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3968:
3965:, p. 15.
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3889:, p. 14.
3888:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:, p. 1;
3860:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3806:, p. 11.
3805:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3782:, p. 12.
3781:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:, p. 7;
3400:
3395:
3392:
3389:, p. 10.
3388:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:, p. 39.
3253:
3248:
3245:
3242:, p. 37.
3241:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:, p. 5;
3000:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:, p. 1;
2968:
2965:, p. 4;
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:Emmerson 1972
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:Emmerson 1972
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2820:9780892064441
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2758:, p. xi.
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:Kingston 2011
2709:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:, p. 3;
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2673:Emmerson 1972
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2531:, p. 10.
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:Kingston 2011
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2431:Supreme Court
2427:
2420:
2402:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:Asahi Shimbun
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2229:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1865:Kaikaku hoshu
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1816:Shufu no Tomo
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1783:Bungei Shunjū
1780:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:Organisations
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Sunrise Party
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Party of Hope
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Tojo (Hideki)
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:Intellectuals
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Law and order
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
991:
984:
981:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
966:Paternalistic
964:
962:
959:
955:
952:
950:
949:Shōwa Statism
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:
935:
934:
933:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
906:
900:
899:
895:
891:
890:
887:
881:
877:
873:
872:
866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
812:
810:
807:
802:
800:
795:
791:
782:
778:
776:
772:
767:
759:
755:
751:
746:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
701:
688:
686:
684:
679:
673:
671:
667:
660:
655:
651:
649:
645:
644:George Kennan
641:
637:
633:
624:
622:
619:
614:
609:
603:
601:
597:
591:
589:
585:
577:
572:
568:
565:
556:
551:
549:
547:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:United States
492:
486:
482:
478:
470:
468:
464:
461:
451:
447:
444:
439:
434:
430:
426:
418:
416:
414:
411:, especially
410:
406:
399:
391:
389:
386:
382:
381:war criminals
378:
374:
370:
367:Based on the
365:
363:
353:
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:United States
301:
300:Allied Powers
297:
289:
285:
284:
278:
274:
271:
266:
261:
257:
253:
245:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:anticommunist
187:
182:
174:
169:
157:
153:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:
138:
136:
132:
125:
122:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
89:
86:
83:
82:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:Part of the "
36:
31:
26:
22:
5423:Japan portal
5233:
5095:Tetsuzo Fuwa
5020:Sanzō Nosaka
5000:Sen Katayama
4928:
4916:
4764:. Retrieved
4760:
4745:. Retrieved
4717:
4711:
4695:. Retrieved
4680:
4667:. Retrieved
4652:
4639:. Retrieved
4611:
4607:
4591:. Retrieved
4576:
4556:
4552:
4536:. Retrieved
4531:
4527:
4507:. Retrieved
4471:
4465:
4449:. Retrieved
4427:
4421:
4405:. Retrieved
4390:
4374:. Retrieved
4338:
4332:
4308:
4295:. Retrieved
4283:
4267:. Retrieved
4248:
4232:. Retrieved
4196:
4190:
4171:. Retrieved
4143:
4139:Asian Survey
4137:
4118:. Retrieved
4113:
4109:
4083:
4076:. Retrieved
4069:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4041:
4032:
4020:
4008:
3996:. Retrieved
3977:
3970:
3958:
3942:
3935:Takemae 2002
3930:
3918:
3911:Takemae 2002
3906:
3901:, p. 6.
3894:
3882:
3870:
3854:
3847:Takemae 2002
3828:Takemae 2002
3823:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3751:
3747:
3740:. Retrieved
3733:the original
3728:
3724:
3710:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3645:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3595:, p. 7.
3588:
3572:
3560:
3553:Takemae 2002
3533:
3526:Takemae 2002
3521:
3509:
3502:Modern Japan
3497:
3475:Takemae 2002
3439:Takemae 2002
3434:
3427:Takemae 2002
3422:
3417:, p. 9.
3410:
3394:
3352:
3345:Takemae 2002
3330:Takemae 2002
3315:Takemae 2002
3310:
3303:Takemae 2002
3298:
3291:Takemae 2002
3286:
3279:Takemae 2002
3274:
3269:, p. 7.
3247:
3236:Takemae 2002
3231:
3224:Takemae 2002
3219:
3212:Takemae 2002
3207:
3200:Takemae 2002
3195:
3184:Takemae 2002
3179:
3172:Takemae 2002
3167:
3160:Takemae 2002
3155:
3148:Takemae 2002
3143:
3136:Takemae 2002
3131:
3124:Takemae 2002
3119:
3112:Takemae 2002
3107:
3096:Takemae 2002
3091:
3084:Takemae 2002
3079:
3068:Takemae 2002
3063:
3056:Takemae 2002
3051:
3044:Takemae 2002
3039:
3032:Takemae 2002
3015:Takemae 2002
3010:
2994:
2978:
2973:, p. 9.
2958:
2946:
2934:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2889:, p. 8.
2865:
2860:, p. 3.
2853:
2841:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2781:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2734:, p. 2.
2708:
2703:, p. 3.
2696:
2691:, p. 2.
2680:
2660:, p. 2.
2649:
2622:
2615:Takemae 2002
2610:
2605:, p. 5.
2575:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2386:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2322:On June 25,
2321:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2250:
2188:
2181:
2176:Yoshio Shiga
2172:Sanzō Nosaka
2166:JCP leaders
2144:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2107:
2099:
2027:
2015:
2010:Uyoku dantai
2008:
1990:
1983:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1896:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1781:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1702:Nippon Kaigi
1700:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1609:
1608:
1553:
1419:
1399:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1193:
1181:
1122:Social order
1074:
1055:Filial piety
1015:
1006:Asian values
976:State Shinto
936:
834:
830:
803:
793:
787:
766:Joseph Dodge
763:
758:Hayato Ikeda
754:Joseph Dodge
725:Sanzō Nosaka
718:
703:
674:
663:
628:
604:
592:
581:
560:
542:
491:Soviet Union
488:
465:
460:trade unions
456:
440:
436:
401:
366:
358:
320:
293:
282:
197:movement in
167:
165:
106:Perpetrators
84:Mass firings
42:" under the
5140:Kohei Saito
5115:Yū Kikumura
4559:(4): 2–26.
4430:(1): 1–18.
4102:Dower, John
3963:Sugita 2021
3951:Totten 1973
3923:Gordon 1993
3887:Sugita 2021
3875:Kumano 2010
3863:Kumano 2010
3859:Kramer 2005
3816:Kumano 2010
3804:Sugita 2021
3792:Kumano 2010
3780:Sugita 2021
3768:Sugita 2021
3629:Kumano 2010
3617:Kumano 2010
3605:Kumano 2010
3593:Kramer 2005
3581:Kramer 2005
3577:Kumano 2010
3565:Kumano 2010
3538:Kumano 2010
3460:Kumano 2010
3415:Sugita 2021
3403:Kumano 2010
3399:Sugita 2021
3387:Sugita 2021
3372:Gordon 1993
3357:Kumano 2010
3267:Sugita 2021
3252:Gordon 1993
3240:Gordon 1993
3188:Gordon 1993
3100:Kumano 2010
3072:Kumano 2010
2999:Sugita 2021
2983:Gordon 1993
2963:Gordon 1993
2927:Gordon 1993
2923:Kumano 2010
2911:Kumano 2010
2899:Gordon 1993
2887:Sugita 2021
2834:Gordon 1993
2768:Gordon 1993
2756:Gordon 1993
2744:Kumano 2010
2732:Kramer 2005
2717:Kumano 2010
2701:Sugita 2021
2689:Kramer 2005
2685:Sugita 2021
2658:Kramer 2005
2654:Kumano 2010
2642:Kumano 2010
2627:Kumano 2010
2603:Sugita 2021
2580:Kumano 2010
2553:Kumano 2010
2541:Kumano 2010
2493:Kumano 2010
2469:McCarthyism
2123:decommunize
1992:Nihonjinron
1973:Hakkō ichiu
1898:Nihon shugi
1886:Netto-uyoku
1868: [
1538:Tojo (Yuko)
1437:Politicians
1150:1955 System
1127:Sovereignty
1082:Imperialism
1050:Familialism
1043:Meritocracy
1038:Aristocracy
932:Nationalist
853:buffer stop
733:McCarthyism
710:nationalism
636:South Korea
552:Progression
516:issued the
308:disarmament
286:as General
279:aboard the
77:Attack type
25:Great Purge
5439:Categories
5268:Zengakuren
5125:Kazuo Shii
5120:Haruo Wakō
5060:Jun Takami
5055:Ineko Sata
4991:Key people
3678:(3): 291.
3003:Garon 1984
2987:Garon 1984
2971:Kapur 2018
2870:Moore 1985
2858:Moore 1985
2846:Moore 1985
2568:Kapur 2018
2529:Kapur 2018
2475:References
2328:Korean War
2244:Kokusai-ha
2114:Zengakuren
1879:Minzoku-ha
1749:Kokuryūkai
1742:Kenkokukai
1716:Zaitokukai
1661:Your Party
1354:Literature
1107:Patriotism
1102:Monarchism
1097:Militarism
1023:Discipline
995:Principles
909:Capitalist
903:Ideologies
817:See also:
771:Dodge Line
745:Dodge Line
743:See also:
739:Dodge Line
714:party line
698:See also:
683:Zengakuren
475:See also:
423:See also:
396:See also:
337:See also:
275:signs the
250:See also:
241:Background
227:Korean War
186:reddo pāji
156:Korean War
21:Red Terror
5253:Kakurōkyō
5199:Hantenren
4929:Red Purge
4827:Socialism
4791:Communism
4734:0030-851X
4669:16 August
4636:236582291
4628:1096-6838
4608:East Asia
4504:141683333
4488:0018-2680
4446:1369-1465
4371:154700504
4355:0043-8871
4292:1340-6493
4229:143793675
4213:0021-9118
4160:0004-4687
3694:2042-891X
3514:Finn 1992
3490:Finn 1992
3443:Finn 1992
2790:cite book
2480:Citations
2261:日本人民解放的道路
2228:Shokan-ha
2185:Cominform
2005:(postwar)
1843:Movements
1763:Tatenokai
1756:Sakurakai
1709:Seikijuku
1463:Hashimoto
1277:Mizushima
1257:Kobayashi
1199:Red Scare
1194:Red Purge
1155:Abenomics
1132:Tradition
1065:Hierarchy
1011:Authority
971:Religious
926:Corporate
849:63 series
678:austerity
534:Comintern
511:President
281:USS
268:Japanese
219:Red Scare
168:Red Purge
145:Red Scare
63:1948–1952
33:Red Purge
5392:Zenkyōtō
5171:Feminism
5030:Kozo Uno
4815:Politics
4747:17 March
4522:(2009).
4496:25799354
4388:(2011).
4376:17 March
4185:(1984).
4132:(1972).
4078:19 March
4050:19 March
4025:Kim 1976
4013:Kim 1976
3998:18 March
3947:Kim 1976
3742:17 March
3651:17 March
2448:See also
2029:Zaibatsu
1985:Kokugaku
1937:Nobility
1909:Trumpism
1735:Genyōsha
1518:Nakasone
1513:Nakagawa
1493:Kiichirō
1488:Kawamura
1483:Ishihara
1473:Hiranuma
1468:Hatoyama
1361:Hagakure
1337:Tadayuki
1332:Sugiyama
1312:Oshikawa
1267:Mayuzumi
1252:Kanokogi
944:Populist
876:a series
874:Part of
648:Zaibatsu
536:and the
499:Cold War
493:and the
477:Cold War
312:Zaibatsu
283:Missouri
215:Cold War
173:Japanese
143:Postwar
50:Location
5224:members
4777:Portals
4742:2756575
4538:19 July
4363:2009893
4297:14 July
4221:2055757
4173:14 July
4168:2642946
4095:Sources
2438:Akahata
2337:Akahata
2332:Akahata
2300:Akahata
2295:Akahata
2275:Akahata
2257:Chinese
1964:Samurai
1809:Shokun!
1723:Defunct
1610:Defunct
1550:Parties
1503:Koizumi
1342:Watsuji
1317:Sakurai
1292:Nishibe
1282:Mishima
1247:Hyakuta
1144:History
1092:Loyalty
1076:Kokutai
1060:Heroism
1033:Elitism
1017:Bushido
938:Minzoku
760:, 1948.
719:In the
528:in the
409:Marxism
193:was an
181:Hepburn
101:27,000+
98:Victims
4873:Events
4766:8 July
4740:
4732:
4697:8 July
4688:
4660:
4641:8 July
4634:
4626:
4584:
4509:8 July
4502:
4494:
4486:
4451:8 July
4444:
4407:8 July
4398:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4316:
4290:
4269:9 July
4260:
4234:9 July
4227:
4219:
4211:
4166:
4158:
4120:8 July
3989:
3700:
3692:
2817:
2259::
1950:Kazoku
1943:Daimyo
1683:Dentsu
1677:Active
1554:Active
1523:Sugita
1458:Fukuda
1425:(2005)
1415:(1989)
1405:(1943)
1395:(1941)
1385:(1906)
1375:(1899)
1365:(1716)
1287:Miyake
1272:Minobe
1262:Masaki
1242:Hirata
1237:Hasuda
1232:Fukuda
1170:Empire
1117:Shinto
1112:Racism
930:
914:Fiscal
867:Purges
825:, and
514:Truman
507:France
505:, and
483:, and
431:, and
345:; and
323:Allies
258:, and
177:レッドパージ
134:Motive
115:(SCAP)
68:Target
4803:Japan
4738:JSTOR
4632:S2CID
4593:3 May
4534:: 363
4500:S2CID
4492:JSTOR
4367:S2CID
4359:JSTOR
4225:S2CID
4217:JSTOR
4164:JSTOR
3736:(PDF)
3727:[
3721:(PDF)
3698:JSTOR
2413:中核自衛隊
2395:山村工作隊
1872:]
1859:Green
1776:Media
1508:Konoe
1498:Koike
1478:Inada
1322:Shiga
1307:Ōkawa
1183:Tenkō
983:Ultra
954:Ultra
919:State
799:Taira
377:purge
54:Japan
4768:2021
4749:2022
4730:ISSN
4699:2021
4686:ISBN
4671:2021
4658:ISBN
4643:2021
4624:ISSN
4595:2022
4582:ISBN
4540:2021
4511:2021
4484:ISSN
4453:2021
4442:ISSN
4409:2021
4396:ISBN
4378:2022
4351:ISSN
4314:ISBN
4299:2021
4288:ISSN
4271:2021
4258:ISBN
4236:2021
4209:ISSN
4175:2021
4156:ISSN
4122:2021
4080:2022
4052:2022
4000:2022
3987:ISBN
3744:2022
3725:史学月刊
3690:ISSN
3653:2022
2815:ISBN
2796:link
2429:The
2174:and
1957:Kuge
1528:Tarō
1448:Akao
1327:Sono
1028:Duty
708:and
166:The
60:Date
4722:doi
4616:doi
4561:doi
4476:doi
4432:doi
4343:doi
4201:doi
4148:doi
4116:(7)
3680:doi
2341:NHK
2238:国際派
2222:所感派
1453:Asō
1443:Abe
1297:Ōen
1227:Etō
961:Neo
548:".
379:of
23:or
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4736:.
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