463:
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40:
549:, announcing that the design limit had been reached, misinterpreted this as good news that the flooding had peaked. City sand-bagging stopped, and national reporters left the city, but the water continued to rise inside and outside of the city until the peak late on May 3 / early on May 4. The city officials have said that the peak occurred on May 1; scientific reports record a peak on May 3/4.
355:, an artificial waterway completed in 1968 and nicknamed "Duff's Ditch", exceeded its capacity flow but managed to divert the floodwaters around Winnipeg which minimized damage. From 2005 to 2010, the province made substantial upgrades to inlet control structures and fire protection, increased elevation of existing dikes (including the Brunkild dike), and widened the floodway channel.
122:
584:. The town's dike system was prepared for the river approaching from the south, but the river had spread widely and floodwaters swamped the town from the west. At the flood's peak in Canada on May 4, the Red River occupied an area of 1,840 km (710 mi) with more than 2,560 km (990 mi) of land underwater, which earned it the nickname "Red Sea."
646:. At first, this graffiti was placed on trashed appliances to prevent theft and resale, but soon expanded in medium and purpose. The graffiti done mostly in spray paint (also mud) started to not only be a precaution, but a dialogue of emotions related to the effects of the flood. Post-flood emotions driving this largely consisted of frustration with the
336:) worked with the cities of Grand Forks and East Grand Forks to clear residential and business development from a large area of floodplain, because of the certainty of future regional floods, and also as the floodplain is intended to be a natural means to absorb floodwaters. They also redeveloped the floodplain along the river as the
447:(NWS) had forecast that the river would crest at 49 feet (14.9 m), which was its highest level during the 1979 flood. The cities had built dikes to this level, but the river continued to rise past it. Taken by surprise, the NWS did not upgrade its forecast until April 16, the day the river reached 49 feet.
490:
The river crested at 54.35 feet (16.6 m) on April 21, and the river level did not fall below 49 feet (14.9 m) until April 26. Because water drained so slowly out of the most low-lying areas, some homeowners could not visit their damaged properties until May. By May 30, the Red River had receded below
379:
reached a high of 30 ft (9.2 m) at
Winnipeg and caused the largest evacuation in Canada's history: an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 people had to be evacuated. An estimated $ 606 million CAD (1997) of damage resulted. In the aftermath, the government of Manitoba and the Canadian federal government
450:
The dikes in the low-lying
Lincoln Drive neighborhood of Grand Forks were the first to break, doing so early on April 18, as the river kept rising. Other dikes in the Grand Forks and East Grand Forks area failed that day and the next, flooding thousands of homes. During this time, Grand Forks mayor
371:
The Red River of the North has flooded repeatedly through the centuries. It is highly prone to spring flooding because of its northward flow, the nearly flat former lake bed of the valley, and ice formation on the river. As spring approaches, the snow melts from south to north in the same direction
650:
after it predicted a flood crest about five feet less than the actual. As this developed, catastroffiti was appearing on not just household appliances, but also houses, garages, and signs. In the aftermath of the 1997 Red River Flood, catastroffiti became a method of commentary and coping in the
327:
As a result of the 1997 flood and its extensive property losses, the United States and state governments made additional improvements to the flood protection system in North Dakota and
Minnesota. A dike system was built on both sides of the river to protect the twin Forks cities. In the aftermath,
544:
To compensate, the province broke operational rules for the
Floodway, as defined in legislation, during the night of April 30 / May 1, to prevent waters in Winnipeg from rising above the designed limit of 24.5 ft (7.5 m) above the "James Avenue datum", but causing additional flooding
323:
had to order the evacuation of more than 50,000 people, most of the population of the city, as a huge area was flooded. A large fire started in downtown Grand Forks, engulfing eleven buildings and sixty apartment units before being extinguished. Those affected by the flood in the U.S. received
383:
The first known records of floods along the Red River were documented in the 1770s. Severe floods have occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including in 1979. Residents and officials incorrectly assumed that homes that were safe in 1979 would be beyond the reach of a future flood.
439:
also had severe flooding. Much of the flooding accumulated not only because of the rising river levels, but also from overland flooding, as meltwater did not drain away. Temporary dikes were erected along the riverfront and around the edges of towns, but were sometimes overwhelmed.
603:, requested a delay until the flooding was under control. When Chrétien let the election go ahead as originally planned, Alcock transformed his campaign office into a volunteer relief centre, spending his time in relief efforts instead of campaigning, and won re-election.
301:, where floodwaters reached more than 3 miles (4.8 km) inland. They inundated virtually everything in the twin communities. Total damages for the Red River region were US$ 3.5 billion. The flood was the result of abundant snowfall and extreme temperatures.
541:. It came close to overwhelming Winnipeg's existing flood protection system. At the time, the Winnipeg Floodway was designed to protect against a flow of 60,000 cu ft/s (1,700 m/s), but the 1997 flow was 63,000 cu ft/s (1,800 m/s).
372:
as the riverflow. At times high waters encounter ice on the river and back up, spreading out of the banks. The wide flatness of the terrain, formed from an ancient lake bed, and the low slope of the river also contribute to severe flooding in the region.
576:
around homes and property. An emergency 42 km (26 mi) long dike, later called the
Brunkild Z-dike, was constructed in a matter of days when officials realized that overland flooding threatened the city of Winnipeg. It cost $ 10 million (CAD).
470:
Water reached areas more than two miles (3 km) inland from the Red River, requiring evacuation of all of East Grand Forks and 75% of Grand Forks. School was cancelled in both cities for the remainder of the term, as were classes at the
626:(IJC) to provide a report on the flood event and to recommend measures to ensure further flood protection for the city of Winnipeg. Largely as a result of this study, the province widened the floodway between 2004 and 2010.
552:
Towns upriver of
Winnipeg, forewarned by footage of buildings in Grand Forks burning and covered in meters of water, built ring dikes to protect their homes and properties. The province of Manitoba called in the
324:
donations from across the nation, along with billions of dollars in federal aid. City officials and flood-forecasters were criticized for the difference in estimates and actual flood levels.
451:
Pat Owens ordered the evacuation of more than 50,000 people, much of the population of the city. This was the largest evacuation in the United States since the evacuation of residents in
711:
1419:
1234:
Hagen, Carol A.; Ender, Morten G.; Tiemann, Kathleen A.; Hagen, Clifford O. Jr. (1999). "Graffiti on the Great Plains: A Social
Reaction to the Red River Valley Flood of 1997".
1535:
530:. Even with these flood protection measures, in 1997 the province had a flood cresting at 21.6 ft (6.6 m). It caused 28,000 people to be evacuated and $ 500 million
619:
appointed the
International Red River Basin Task Force, comprising members from both countries. The task force's purpose was to find ways to improve flood forecasting.
244:
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487:(residents stayed in airplane hangars, which were supplied with more than 3,000 cots). Many residents also evacuated to motels and homes in outlying communities.
1600:
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475:. All transportation was cut off between the two cities (and for many miles, the two states). East Grand Forks residents were evacuated to nearby
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Living with the Red: A Report to the
Governments of Canada & the U.S. on Reducing Flood Impacts in the Red River Basin
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related to natural disasters, starts to appear as affected residents gut their houses, placing damaged materials on the
518:, and built clay dikes and diversion dams in the Winnipeg area. Other flood control structures completed later were the
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A before and after view of a building that caught fire in downtown Grand Forks during the 1997 Red River flood.
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967:"Psychosocial effects of a natural disaster: a post-flood assessment in the Red River Valley"
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The Sorlie Bridge connecting Grand Forks and East Grand Forks became submerged on April 17
281:. It was the most severe flood of the river since 1826. The flood reached throughout the
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in 1968 after six years of construction, built permanent dikes in eight towns south of
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315:. These dikes were constructed based on a 49-foot estimate of flooding set by the
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600:
1355:
Red River Rising: The
Anatomy of a Flood and the Survival of an American City
1255:
411:. A few sets of "sister cities" developed along opposite sides of the river.
1197:
Harper, Tim (April 29, 1997). "McDonough says election call 'insensitive'".
762:"Flood of criticism from 1997 floods: Did faulty forecasts add to disaster?"
404:
320:
270:
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It was difficult for the cities to prepare for such an enormous flood. The
1271:"Who Decides? Forecasts and Responsibilities in the 1997 Red River Flood"
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In Grand Forks, thousands of people, including Air Force personnel from
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Almost all of the ring dikes around the towns held, except for that at
570:
452:
309:
1003:
Etkin, David; Chowdhury Emdadul Haque; Gregory Robert Brooks (2003).
1180:
Robertson, Bud (April 29, 1997). "Politicians unite against flood".
498:
466:
Grand Forks after a levee overtopped and Grand Forks was evacuated
461:
362:
262:
319:. The river crested at 54 feet in Grand Forks. Grand Forks mayor
643:
333:
1146:"1997's 'Z-dike' showcased province's flood-fighting machine"
1457:"Photographs of Flooding In the Fargo-Moorhead Region: 1997"
1436:
126:
The Red River drainage basin, with the Red River highlighted
937:"North Dakota After Action Report – Historical Perspective"
1507:, from Minnesota Public Radio, Retrieved on March 25, 2009
599:. Several of the party's MPs from the province, including
419:, were the pair most severely affected by the 1997 flood.
1076:"Flood of the Century: Chronology of Flood Events – 1997"
1006:
An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada
910:"Grand Forks 1997 Flood Recovery: Facts and Statistics"
1500:
Selected Bibliography, Red River of the North Flooding
1163:
Lett, Dan (April 15, 1997). "MPs want vote delayed".
1060:"Artificial Crest to keep Red high well into June".
1511:
North Dakota State University's Fargo Flood website
939:. North Dakota Emergency Management. Archived from
587:While the flooding was still underway, the federal
91:
83:
57:
49:
712:"A city submerged: Winnipeg and the flood of 1950"
308:, tried to prepare for the 1997 flood by building
1397:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Great Plains Publications.
1319:. Grand Forks, North Dakota: Grand Forks Herald.
935:Douglas C. Friez; Kathleen Donahue (March 1998).
1373:"Red Cross Is Accused Of Misusing Flood Relief"
835:. United States: Borealis Books. p. 102.
734:"A History of Flooding in the Red River Basin"
565:, who had only two days notice to evacuate to
375:Serious floods occurred in 1948 and 1950. The
265:that occurred in April and May 1997 along the
1098:"Flood of the Century: What does James mean?"
1035:"Bracing for the next 'flood of the century'"
960:
958:
756:
754:
238:
8:
1437:"The 1997 Flood in Grand Forks North Dakota"
1334:Galloway, Gerald E.; Clamen, Murray (2000).
859:. University of North Dakota. Archived from
32:
1536:1997 natural disasters in the United States
1028:
1026:
998:
996:
994:
992:
788:"Record floods along the Red River in 1997"
569:. Thousands of volunteers helped to build
534:in damage to property and infrastructure.
344:, and a 20-mile biking and walking trail.
342:Minnesota state campground recreation area
245:
231:
100:
31:
669:1997 Red River flood in the United States
491:flood stages everywhere in North Dakota.
399:1997 Red River flood in the United States
27:Major flood on the Red River of the North
1357:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Borealis Books.
694:
510:The province of Manitoba completed the
403:The Red River forms the border between
210:
194:
173:
131:
112:
1505:The Great Flood of 1997—10 Years Later
347:Flooding in Manitoba resulted in over
1481:"Canadian Government Satellite Photo"
1242:(2). Elsevier Science Inc.: 145–158.
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
7:
1461:Geology of the Fargo-Moorhead Region
1467:from the original on April 26, 2006
1420:"Red River Rising: Manitoba Floods"
622:The province of Manitoba asked the
380:constructed flood safety measures.
330:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1601:April 1997 events in North America
965:Hutton, David (November 1, 2004).
25:
1581:Natural disasters in North Dakota
1463:. North Dakota State University.
1315:Jacobs, Mike, ed. (August 1997).
1275:Applied Behavioral Science Review
1236:Applied Behavioral Science Review
1009:. London: Springer. p. 349.
611:In July, Canadian Prime Minister
481:University of Minnesota Crookston
1606:May 1997 events in North America
1443:from the original on May 8, 2006
120:
38:
1120:"Diking Commissioner's Reports"
219:Canadian Heritage Rivers System
1576:Natural disasters in Minnesota
624:International Joint Commission
1:
1551:1990s floods in North America
1353:Shelby, Ashley (April 2004).
1287:10.1016/S1068-8595(00)80012-4
1269:Pielke, Roger A. Jr. (1999).
1248:10.1016/S1068-8595(00)80015-X
559:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
340:, including several parks, a
615:and United States President
351:500 million in damages. The
338:Greater Grand Forks Greenway
1566:Floods in the United States
1033:Fong, Petti (May 5, 2007).
417:East Grand Forks, Minnesota
1637:
1317:Come Hell & High Water
485:Grand Forks Air Force Base
473:University of North Dakota
396:
393:North Dakota and Minnesota
306:Grand Forks Air Force Base
285:, affecting the cities of
1591:Grand Forks, North Dakota
1064:. May 4, 1997. p. 2.
638:Catastroffiti, a form of
413:Grand Forks, North Dakota
293:, but none so greatly as
37:
1531:1997 disasters in Canada
648:National Weather Service
545:upriver. Winnipeg Mayor
503:Red River Floodway near
445:National Weather Service
317:National Weather Service
1395:Floods of the Centuries
831:Shelby, Ashley (2003).
437:Breckenridge, Minnesota
259:Red River flood of 1997
1541:1997 natural disasters
1393:Bumsted, J.M. (1997).
912:. FEMA. Archived from
507:
467:
433:Wahpeton, North Dakota
368:
267:Red River of the North
114:Red River of the North
1435:Draves, Alan (2002).
1293:on September 25, 2016
537:The 1997 flood was a
502:
465:
455:, Georgia during the
366:
18:Red River Flood, 1997
1616:1997 in North Dakota
1526:1997 Red River flood
1338:. Diane Publishing.
943:on February 22, 2001
857:"Great Flood of '97"
684:2022 Red River flood
679:2011 Red River flood
674:2009 Red River flood
664:1950 Red River flood
415:and its counterpart
33:1997 Red River flood
1586:History of Winnipeg
1571:Greater Grand Forks
1183:Winnipeg Free Press
1166:Winnipeg Free Press
1062:Winnipeg Free Press
794:. November 10, 1999
768:. November 10, 1999
425:Moorhead, Minnesota
421:Fargo, North Dakota
65:Greater Grand Forks
34:
1487:on August 21, 2008
1378:The New York Times
1100:. City of Winnipeg
1078:. City of Winnipeg
591:government led by
512:Red River Floodway
508:
468:
369:
353:Red River Floodway
203:Red River Floodway
1621:1997 in Minnesota
1152:. April 25, 2007.
977:on March 27, 2009
916:on March 28, 2009
863:on March 11, 2008
630:Societal response
528:Assiniboine River
520:Portage Diversion
255:
254:
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
1628:
1611:Red River floods
1596:1997 in Manitoba
1561:Floods in Canada
1546:1997 meteorology
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1483:. Archived from
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1281:(2): 83–101.
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1016:1-4020-1179-2
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999:
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989:
976:
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968:
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942:
938:
931:
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905:
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899:Jacobs, p. 68
896:
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881:Shelby, p. 86
878:
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858:
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842:0-87351-500-5
838:
834:
827:
824:
821:Shelby, p. 66
818:
815:
812:Shelby, p. 60
809:
806:
793:
789:
783:
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767:
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757:
755:
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735:
729:
726:
718:September 17,
713:
707:
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672:
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649:
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637:
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634:
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629:
627:
625:
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618:
614:
613:Jean Chrétien
606:
604:
602:
598:
597:snap election
594:
593:Jean Chrétien
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95:$ 3.5 billion
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90:
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68:
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19:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1469:. Retrieved
1460:
1445:. Retrieved
1424:. Retrieved
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1376:
1354:
1335:
1316:
1297:November 22,
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1278:
1274:
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1239:
1235:
1209:
1200:Toronto Star
1198:
1192:
1181:
1175:
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1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1114:
1104:February 27,
1102:. Retrieved
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1038:
1005:
979:. Retrieved
975:the original
971:Environments
970:
945:. Retrieved
941:the original
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:the original
904:
895:
886:
877:
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
851:
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796:. Retrieved
791:
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770:. Retrieved
765:
741:. Retrieved
728:
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706:
697:
621:
617:Bill Clinton
610:
586:
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551:
543:
536:
509:
489:
469:
449:
442:
409:North Dakota
402:
382:
374:
370:
346:
326:
303:
275:North Dakota
261:was a major
258:
256:
182:Lake Agassiz
154:U.S. impacts
148:
134:Major Floods
70:Winnipeg, MB
29:
1556:1997 floods
1082:January 13,
1045:November 3,
981:November 3,
867:November 3,
798:November 3,
772:November 3,
582:Ste. Agathe
295:Grand Forks
1520:Categories
1491:August 21,
1384:January 1,
947:October 4,
920:October 1,
743:October 3,
690:References
601:Reg Alcock
377:1950 flood
166:2011 flood
161:2009 flood
149:1997 flood
144:1950 flood
53:April 1997
1256:1068-8595
1041:. Toronto
792:USA Today
766:USA Today
607:Aftermath
595:called a
477:Crookston
457:Civil War
405:Minnesota
321:Pat Owens
271:Minnesota
1465:Archived
1441:Archived
1150:CBC News
1039:The Star
658:See also
640:graffiti
567:Winnipeg
522:and the
516:Winnipeg
505:Winnipeg
495:Manitoba
291:Winnipeg
279:Manitoba
106:a series
104:Part of
58:Location
1130:May 13,
589:Liberal
571:sandbag
526:on the
453:Atlanta
388:Impacts
310:sandbag
174:Geology
1471:May 9,
1447:May 9,
1426:May 9,
1401:
1361:
1342:
1323:
1254:
1013:
839:
739:. USGS
563:Morris
557:, the
431:) and
108:on the
84:Deaths
1422:. CBC
737:(PDF)
714:. CBC
644:berms
574:dikes
313:dikes
287:Fargo
263:flood
1493:2008
1473:2006
1449:2006
1428:2006
1399:ISBN
1386:2016
1359:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1299:2016
1252:ISSN
1132:2011
1106:2017
1084:2017
1047:2007
1011:ISBN
983:2007
949:2007
922:2007
869:2007
837:ISBN
800:2007
774:2007
745:2007
720:2007
407:and
334:FEMA
328:the
297:and
289:and
257:The
50:Date
1283:doi
1244:doi
532:CAD
269:in
1522::
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332:(
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