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August special election, which was a
Democratic ploy to disfranchise the black vote. The Democrat and Red Shirts felt that if they could "demoralize black leaders", the black vote would decrease. On the day of the disfranchisement election in August, one prominent black leader, Abe Middleton, a former Republican county chairman of Duplin County, was symbolically "killed" when his wife found a "pasteboard coffin" in their garden. During a post-election hearing, Middleton testified that there was an increase in shooting near his home. Though the incidents did not faze Middleton, members of the black community saw this activity and refrained from voting. The intimidation activities of the Red Shirts were so successful that many African Americans abandoned their homes, some seeking refuge in swamps, as recounted by Dave Kennedy, a black voter of
635:(R) said that along the southern edge of the state, "armed and lawless" men had taken over due to the increase in crimes and violent activities. The Red Shirts often disrupted many non-Democratic political meetings via "threats, intimidation, and actual violence". Through their intimidation, the Red Shirts successfully deterred many members of the counties from registering to vote in the 1898 state election. Due to the citizens being fearful to register, Gov. Russell issued a proclamation on October 26, 1898, asking all "Ill-disposed persons ... to immediately desist from all unlawful practices ... Turbulent conduct, and to preserve peace." Governor Russell's proclamation did not sit well with the Red Shirts; they increased their activity.
713:, in an August 2, 1900, article, noted that the day before the election, the Red Shirts disrupted the speech of Mr. Teague and demolished the platform on which he spoke. The Red Shirts were indirectly supported by many law enforcement officials, who failed to take action against them in most counties throughout the state. Later, as Teague was traveling to Dunn County, during his canvassing tour of the state, he was kidnapped by the Red Shirts and driven out of town. Among other prominent non-Democratic speakers, Marion Butler and others were disrupted by the throwing of rotten eggs. Due to the increasingly disruptive activities of the Red Shirts, the Republican Party chairman of Johnson County sent a request for troops to Gov. Russell.
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604:, a prominent South Carolina Red Shirts leader, gave a speech that was followed by a plethora of Red Shirt activities in the state of North Carolina. The North Carolina Red Shirts were a conglomerate of all social classes, including teachers, farmers, merchants and some elite members of the Democratic Party. From that day on, Red Shirts chapters were particularly active in the southeastern part of North Carolina, including "New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, and Robeson counties", all of which geographically lie next to the South Carolina border and had large black populations.
523:, which had gained control of the state legislature in the 1894 election and elected a Republican governor in 1896. Such biracial coalitions had also occurred in other states across the South, in some cases overturning or threatening white Democratic control of state legislatures. The majority of the White population feared the empowerment of Blacks made possible by Republican-Populist electoral fusion. To break up the coalition, white Democrats used intimidation and outright violence to reduce black Republican voting and regained control of the state legislature in 1896.
628:(R), wrote to Pres. McKinley asking "Will you send deputy United States Marshal to preserve the peace?" The Red Shirts used the tactics of intimidation and sometimes violence to suppress voting by non-Democrats. With the rise in intimidation by the Red Shirts, both blacks and threatened whites were buying weaponry to protect themselves. Pritchard noted in his letter that the Red Shirts were most active "in counties where colored people predominate", and the paramilitary group targeted blacks.
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The election of 1900 was a special election because there was one held in August and another held in
November. The white supremacy theme was repeated, with sayings such as "White Rule for TarHeels", "White Supremacy", and "No Negro Rule". The Red Shirts and Democrats would ensure their win during the
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During the
November 8, 1898, election, Red Shirts enforced their previous activities by riding around the voting precincts on their horses, with rifles and shotguns ready, to deter all Republicans, Fusionists and African Americans from the polls. The Red Shirts' activity helped the Democrats win with
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did not seem able to provide. Few freedmen voted for
Hampton, and most remained loyal to the Republican Party of Abraham Lincoln. The 1876 campaign was the "most tumultuous in South Carolina's history". "An anti-Reconstruction historian later estimated that 150 Negroes were murdered in South Carolina
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Red Shirts sought to intimidate both white and black voters into voting for the
Democrats or not at all. Their goal was to restore Democratic rule and white supremacy. The Red Shirts and similar groups were especially active in those states with an African American majority. They broke up Republican
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in
Orlando, Florida called the March of the Red Shirts. In February 2024, the group held a much less successful march in Nashville, Tennessee that quickly dispersed. Since the Carolina Red Shirts have been almost completely forgotten today, it is unclear if these neo-Nazi groups had knowingly named
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Due to the feelings of political devaluation among many white
Democrats in North Carolina, the Democratic party and Red Shirts made it their goal to restore full and total power. The Red Shirts intimidated black voters by threat and outright attack, and practically eliminated the black vote in the
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On the day of the 1900 election, the Red Shirts were even more obvious than in 1898. They rode around the voting polls with their guns and horses, intimidating blacks and other
Republicans. The success of the disfranchisement of black votes in the August 1900 election, ultimately resulted in the
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movements of 1898 and 1900. These arose in reaction to the increase in election of numerous local and state black government officials in the State of North
Carolina between the years of 1894 and 1897. This increase in the number of black officials forced the "frightened and desperate Democratic
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According to their membership application form, Red Shirt goals include conservative ideals such as implementing "God's laws as the acceptable standard of behavior"; eliminating all federal "control and influence in South
Carolina"; reducing the size and scope of government at all levels; and
304:(1947), the red shirt was adopted in Mississippi in 1875 by "southern brigadiers" of the Democratic Party who were opposed to black Republicans. The Red Shirts disrupted Republican rallies, intimidated or assassinated black leaders, and discouraged and suppressed black voting at the polls.
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After the Democratic win in November, the Red Shirts disappeared from public view. Because their members were primarily poor whites, the Democratic Party of elitist whites parted ways with the group. Thus the prevalence of Red Shirts declined upon the inauguration of Governor Aycock.
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in United States history. After overthrowing the government, the mob attacked black areas of the city and killed numerous blacks, burning down houses, schools and churches. So many blacks left Wilmington permanently that the demographics changed, resulting in a white-majority city.
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From 1896 to 1904, black voter turnout in North Carolina was reduced to near zero by the combination of such voter registration provisions together with more complicated rules for voting. This followed a pattern of similar state actions across the South, starting with the state of
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In Wilmington, a biracial coalition of Republicans won the offices of mayor and aldermen in 1898. The mayor and two-thirds of the aldermen were white, elected from a black-majority city. But local white Democrats wanted power and took it six days after the election in the
616:, the Red Shirts collaborated only with the Democratic Party. They operated openly, as they wanted the North Carolina population and non-Democrats to know the identities of their members. By the end of the election in 1898, they proved to be a potent political force.
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Red Shirts were active again around the 1896 and 1898 elections, allied with the Democrats' appeals to voters to support white supremacy, in an effort to avoid voters moving to the Populist fusion candidate, as some had done in the 1896 gubernatorial election.
284:. They used organization, intimidation and force to achieve political purposes of restoring the Democrats to power, overturning Republicans, and repressing civil and voting rights of freedmen. During the 1876, 1898, and 1900 campaigns in
341:, who used emotional accounts of injustices done to Northern soldiers and carpetbaggers to bolster support for the Republicans' Reconstruction policies in South Carolina. The red shirt symbolism quickly spread. Suspects accused in the
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shirts and made other garments of red. It also became fashionable for women to wear red ribbons in their hair or about their waists. Young men adopted the red shirts to express militancy after being too young to have fought in the
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While sometimes engaging in violent acts of terrorism, the Red Shirts, the White League, rifle clubs, and similar groups in the late nineteenth century worked openly and were better organized than the underground
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Armed and mounted Red Shirts accompanied Hampton on his tour of the state. They attended Republican meetings and would demand equal time, but they usually only stood in silence. At times, Red Shirts would hold a
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electrified the people today. It created enthusiasm among the whites and consternation among the Negroes. The whole town turned out to see it. It was an enthusiastic body of men. Otherwise it was quiet and
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and other Democrats spoke, the Red Shirts would respond enthusiastically, shouting the campaign slogan "Hurrah for Hampton". This created a massive spectacle that united and motivated his followers.
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412:, freedmen who voted were driven from their homes and whipped, while some of their leaders were murdered. During the 1876 presidential election, Democrats in Edgefield and
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stopped voting from fear, and others voted for Democrats under pressure. The Red Shirts did not hesitate to use violence, nor did the other private militia groups. In the
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659:. Their goal was "to show their determination to rid themselves of Negro rule". The paper reported that "many Negroes taken their names from the registration list."
575:, which raised barriers to voter registration. In 1900, the amendment was adopted by a statewide popular referendum in which turnout of black voters was suppressed.
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Intimidation and violence against blacks increased prior to the 1898 election throughout the state, especially in black-majority counties. On November 4, 1898, the
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in 1875, when anti-Reconstruction private terror units adopted red shirts to make themselves more visible and threatening to Southern Republicans, both whites and
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speakers canceled their engagements; the entire Republican Fusion ticket withdrew in New Hanover County. A few days before the election on November 2, 1898, the
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After the election on November 7, a protracted dispute between Chamberlain and Hampton ensued as both claimed victory. Because of the massive election fraud,
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Beeby, James M. "Red Shirt Violence, Election Fraud, and the Demise of the Populist Party in North Carolina's Third Congressional District, 1900",
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of South Carolina has a specialized membership category known as "Red Shirts". The Red Shirts have organized demonstrations in support of the
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The week before the 1898 election, the Red Shirts' activities were non-stop, and the threats were so recurrent that many Republicans and
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Wearing a red shirt became a source of pride and resistance to Republican rule for white Democrats in South Carolina. Women sewed red
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as the fiery speaker. The rally involved 1,000 men with red shirts who marched for 10 miles in the predominantly black areas of
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Hampton positioned himself as a statesman, promising support for education, and offering protection from violence that Governor
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counties from the House. Word spread through the state. By December 3, approximately 5,000 Red Shirts assembled at the
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Party" to initiate the white supremacy campaign in which the Red Shirts would become integral partners. Unlike the
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333:. "Waving the bloody shirt" became an idiom in the South, attributed to rhetoric by Republican politicians such as
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from the state on April 3, 1877. The white Democrats completed their political takeover of South Carolina. In the
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over Adams, the Republican. The vote of 186,650 to 126,296 was noted as "the largest majority ever given to a
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The Red Shirts were part of a Democratic campaign to oppose the interracial coalition of Republicans and
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White Democrats controlling the state legislature drafted an amendment to the state constitution that
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of Massachusetts, in which he was falsely claimed to have held up a shirt stained with the blood of a
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1458:"Nazi groups march on Orlando, blasting white supremacist chants Labor Day weekend [Photos]"
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groups that were active in the late 19th century in the last years of, and after the end of, the
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The Red Shirts also continued to attack white Republicans and other opponents to the Democrats.
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state. Red Shirts were first spotted in North Carolina during the October 21, 1898, rally in
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1675:"White Men Show Their Determination to Rid themselves of Negro Rule: A thousand Red Shirts"
1279:"White Men Show Their Determination to Rid themselves of Negro Rule: A Thousand Red Shirts"
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nearby to lure Republicans and try to convince them to vote for the Democratic ticket.
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meetings, disrupted their organizing, and intimidated black voters at the polls. Many
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Among the most prominent Red Shirts were the supporters of Democratic Party candidate
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1304:"Riots in North Carolina: Red Shirts Drive Off Populist Speakers and Destroy Stand."
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1689:"Riots in North Carolina: Red Shirts Drive Off Populist Speakers and Destroy Stand"
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During the initial reign of Red Shirts terror, the senator of North Carolina, Sen.
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311:, on August 25, 1876, during a Democratic torchlight parade. This was to mock the
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The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
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1610:
754:, and against politicians they regard as "scalawags" and "carpetbaggers" such as
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to defend the Democrats. Hampton appealed for calm and the Red Shirts dispersed.
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587:, many people forgot that North Carolina once had thriving middle-class blacks.
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But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction
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Hurrah for Hampton!: Black Red Shirts in South Carolina during Reconstruction
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most African Americans and many poor whites by establishing requirements for
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counties voted "early and often", while freedmen were barred from the polls.
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newspaper of Wilmington reported a large rally with the Red Shirt affiliate
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481:, proudly claimed their association in their youth with the Red Shirts as a
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1292:, 2 November 1898, Special Star Telegram: p. 1. Accessed November 7, 2009.
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770:. They supported the congressional candidacy of the far-right libertarian
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1974:
1952:
1502:
A boy's recollections of the Red Shirt campaign of 1876 in South Carolina
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1085:, New York: Harper & Row, 1988; Perennial Classics, 2002, pp. 574–575
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promoting and instituting "Southern culture relying on Biblical truth".
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1178:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 148–172.
836:
List of Ku Klux Klan organizations. Reconstruction Era paramilitaries
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953:"A field guide to the racists commemorated inside the U.S. Capitol"
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Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
1621:
Hampton and his Red shirts; South Carolina's deliverance in 1876
1009:, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Paperback, 2007, p. 76.
1702:
1535:, Chapel Hill, NC:The University of North Carolina Press, 1951.
1199:
Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon",
1158:
Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon",
1113:, New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, Paperback, 2007, p. 174
1638:
The State That Forgot: South Carolina's Surrender to Democracy
1176:
Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908
1065:
The State That Forgot: South Carolina's Surrender to Democracy
1853:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
1472:"Neo-Nazis march in Nashville, leave after being challenged"
245:. Similar groups in the Carolinas also adopted red shirts.
4621:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
1532:
The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901
1097:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
1082:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
536:
The first Red Shirt parade on horseback ever witnessed in
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As a result of a national political compromise, President
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Technological and industrial history of the United States
345:
wore red shirts as they marched on September 5 to their
1067:, Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 158.
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African American founding fathers of the United States
4692:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
1858:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
1614:
Columbia, S.C., Press of the R.L. Bryan company, 1926.
1602:(Durham: The University of North Carolina Press, 1932)
473:
Future South Carolina Democratic politicians, such as
34:
Southern US paramilitary organization (post-Civil War)
4933:
Right-wing militia organizations in the United States
3364:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
1665:"The Red Shirt Movement in North Carolina 1898–1900"
860:"The Red Shirt Movement in North Carolina 1898–1900"
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A large celebration on November 15 was organized by
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993:, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132
607:Their early activities were part of initiating the
583:'s new constitution in 1890. After a generation of
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64:
39:
3615:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
1414:Calling All Red Shirts to the Burning of Columbia,
3406:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
1100:, New York: Perennial Classics, 2002, pp. 572–573
922:. New York: Liveright Publishing Co. p. 40.
4928:Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
1235:
1233:
1231:
806:themselves after the 1800s Carolina Red Shirts.
774:against the more moderate Inglis and conducted
1247:
1245:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
3750:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
1654:, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon",
1321:"About The South Carolina League of the South"
671:Red Shirts in Laurinburg on election day, 1898
254:South Carolina gubernatorial elections of 1876
3724:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
1714:
1640:. Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merril Company.
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
8:
1611:Ousting the carpetbagger from South Carolina
1111:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
1007:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
4968:Democratic backsliding in the United States
1310:, 2 August 1900. Accessed November 7, 2009.
4453:
3334:
2080:
1740:
1721:
1707:
1699:
816:1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election
36:
4282:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
1025:The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox
722:November Democratic gubernatorial win of
688:and rescuing the state from Negro-rule".
4805:History of the United States (1865–1917)
1585:(Greer: The Chas P. Smith Company, 1940)
1499:Ball, W. W. 1868–1952. (William Watts),
1300:
1298:
1624:. Walker, Evans & Cogswell Company.
847:
831:Reconstruction era of the United States
793:In September 2023, the neo-Nazi groups
676:a 25,000 majority, as headlined in the
441:South Carolina House of Representatives
380:organized parades and rallies in every
235:Reconstruction era of the United States
4464:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
3510:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
1581:Some Reasons Why Red Shirts Remembered
1543:. University of South Carolina Press.
1140:
1129:
503:"Red Shirt" uniform displayed, at the
4888:History of the Southern United States
4749:Women's suffrage in the United States
3438:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
1600:South Carolina During Reconstruction,
1592:(Atlanta: Ruralist Press, Inc., 1940)
826:History of the Southern United States
260:. The Red Shirts were one of several
7:
3856:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
3544:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
3356:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
911:
909:
853:
851:
4893:Military wings of political parties
4712:United Daughters of the Confederacy
3843:American Woman Suffrage Association
3838:National Woman Suffrage Association
3765:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
2064:Women during the Reconstruction era
307:Men wearing red shirts appeared in
59:, on Election Day, November 8, 1898
18:Red Shirts (Southern United States)
4918:1875 establishments in Mississippi
4754:Labor history of the United States
3790:South Carolina readmitted to Union
3787:North Carolina readmitted to Union
3770:Impeachment managers investigation
3709:Constitutional conventions of 1867
3385:National Women's Rights Convention
1416:Vol. IX Issue 4 Autumn 2006, p. 14
1350:Vol. XII, Issue IV Aug. 2010 p. 4"
1028:. New York: Viking. pp. 1–5.
25:
4963:Far-right terrorist organizations
4913:Organizations established in 1875
3995:United States expedition to Korea
3702:Reconstruction military districts
1646:North Carolina Historical Review.
1393:Vol. IX Issue 3 Summer 2006 p. 22
237:. Red Shirt groups originated in
4898:Democratic Party (United States)
3549:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1843:African-American representatives
1561:Reconstruction in South Carolina
1513:. University of Arkansas Press.
505:North Carolina Museum of History
45:
4551:Black Reconstruction in America
4424:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
4334:1876 State of the Union Address
4261:1875 State of the Union Address
4188:1874 State of the Union Address
4112:1873 State of the Union Address
4051:1872 State of the Union Address
4000:1871 State of the Union Address
3939:1870 State of the Union Address
3888:1869 State of the Union Address
3883:First transcontinental railroad
3822:1868 State of the Union Address
3729:1867 State of the Union Address
3564:1865 State of the Union Address
3489:1864 State of the Union Address
3463:1863 State of the Union Address
3372:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
750:, against the establishment of
657:Richmond County, North Carolina
551:Wilmington Insurrection of 1898
302:The South During Reconstruction
204:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
4953:Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina
4948:Ku Klux Klan in South Carolina
3624:Petition for Universal Freedom
3605:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1630:Journal and newspaper articles
1598:& Woody, Robert Hilliard
1346:"'The Red Shirts Ride Again',
951:DeBonis, Mike (23 June 2015).
468:gubernatorial election of 1878
437:Edmund William McGregor Mackey
1:
4943:Neo-Confederate organizations
4671:A Visit from the Old Mistress
4370:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
4236:Specie Payment Resumption Act
3861:Board of Indian Commissioners
3793:Louisiana readmitted to Union
3755:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
3619:Tennessee readmitted to Union
3453:Women's Loyal National League
2156:Straight-Out Democratic Party
1927:Confederate States of America
439:, a Republican member of the
252:during the campaigns for the
4297:Battle of the Little Bighorn
3781:Arkansas readmitted to Union
3687:Knights of the White Camelia
3649:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
3595:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
3569:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
3527:Special Field Orders No. 15
3350:Slavery in the United States
1636:Ball, William Watts (1932).
1618:Williams, Alfred B. (1935).
1063:Ball, William Watts (1932).
864:The Journal of Negro History
4958:White nationalist terrorism
4815:Race (human categorization)
4205:United States v. Cruikshank
3796:Alabama readmitted to Union
3784:Florida readmitted to Union
1427:"South Carolina Red Shirts"
1391:The South Carolina Patriot,
1348:The South Carolina Patriot,
1124:Raleigh News & Observer
916:Rothstein, Richard (2017).
752:Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
529:Raleigh News & Observer
462:ordered the removal of the
57:Old Hundred, North Carolina
4984:
4016:General Mining Act of 1872
3985:New York custom house ring
3975:Meridian race riot of 1871
3919:Naturalization Act of 1870
1671:62.2 (1977): 174–184. Web.
1564:. Negro University Press.
1558:Reynolds, John S. (1969).
1203:, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 12–13
335:Oliver Hazard Perry Morton
309:Charleston, South Carolina
262:paramilitary organizations
26:
4883:History of North Carolina
4878:History of South Carolina
4852:
4608:Been in the Storm So Long
4528:William Archibald Dunning
4488:The American Commonwealth
4158:Election Massacre of 1874
3866:Public Credit Act of 1869
3805:Fourth Reconstruction Act
3714:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
3458:New York City draft riots
3428:Emancipation Proclamation
2103:National Union Convention
1848:Reconstruction Amendments
1838:African-American senators
1657:Constitutional Commentary
1648:85.1 (2008): 1–28. Print.
1578:Sheppard, William Arthur
1509:Drago, Edmund L. (1998).
1201:Constitutional Commentary
1160:Constitutional Commentary
858:Prather, H. Leon (1977).
821:History of South Carolina
553:, the largest recognized
495:North Carolina Red Shirts
373:South Carolina Red Shirts
44:
29:Redshirt (disambiguation)
4324:Safe burglary conspiracy
4211:Civil Rights Act of 1875
3990:Civil service commission
3590:Memphis massacre of 1866
3585:Civil Rights Act of 1866
3401:Confiscation Act of 1862
3396:Confiscation Act of 1861
2151:Liberal Republican Party
1833:Conservative Republicans
1669:Journal of Negro History
1606:Thompson, Henry Tazewell
1541:South Carolina A History
1174:Perman, Michael (2001).
1164:, accessed 10 March 2008
801:held a large march near
784:William Tecumseh Sherman
429:Daniel Henry Chamberlain
382:county of South Carolina
319:Benjamin Franklin Butler
4820:Reconstruction Treaties
4639:A Nation Under Our Feet
4587:From Slavery to Freedom
4417:Williams v. Mississippi
4401:United States v. Harris
4292:Great Sioux War of 1876
4231:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
4133:Battle of Liberty Place
4021:Crédit Mobilier scandal
3970:Alcorn State University
3909:Enforcement Act of 1870
3775:Articles of impeachment
3682:Indian Peace Commission
3600:Swing Around the Circle
3537:Freedmen's Bureau bills
3379:Seneca Falls Convention
2108:Radical Democracy Party
2059:Freedman's Savings Bank
1596:Simkins, Francis Butler
738:Contemporary Red Shirts
724:Charles Brantley Aycock
314:waving the bloody shirt
4923:History of Mississippi
4795:Forty acres and a mule
4518:Walter Lynwood Fleming
4303:United States v. Reese
3960:Second Enforcement Act
2190:Prohibition Convention
1922:Southern United States
1590:Red Shirts Remembered,
1539:Edgar, Walter (1998).
1403:"The Red Shirt Report"
1380:"The Red Shirt Report"
1205:, accessed 10 Mar 2008
1162:, Vol. 17, 2000, p. 27
672:
543:
508:
432:during the campaign."
221:Southern United States
4769:Civil rights movement
4705:The Birth of a Nation
4314:Centennial Exposition
4168:Black Hills Gold Rush
4083:Slaughter-House Cases
3955:Ku Klux Klan hearings
3433:General Order No. 143
2052:James Mitchell Ashley
1683:Special Star Telegram
978:The Day Freedom Died,
670:
534:
502:
351:Aiken, South Carolina
292:Origins and symbolism
4908:Clothing in politics
4350:Electoral Commission
4226:Clifton Riot of 1875
3980:Treaty of Washington
3672:Tenure of Office Act
3630:National Labor Union
3345:American Indian Wars
2195:Electoral Commission
2185:Greenback Convention
1948:Free people of color
1888:Federal bureaucracy
1828:Moderate Republicans
799:Goyim Defense League
27:For other uses, see
4699:D. W. Griffith
4684:The Leopard's Spots
4574:The American Crisis
4508:Columbia University
4475:The Prostrate State
4469:James Shepherd Pike
4386:Posse Comitatus Act
4309:Trader post scandal
4097:Coinage Act of 1873
3871:Black Friday (1869)
3719:Peonage Act of 1867
3697:Reconstruction Acts
3677:Command of Army Act
3412:Militia Act of 1862
1823:Radical Republicans
1771:Rutherford B. Hayes
1681:, 2 November 1898,
1494:Books and pamphlets
1480:. 19 February 2024.
1126:. November 4, 1898.
744:League of the South
697:Before the election
639:Before the election
460:Rutherford B. Hayes
280:groups such as the
132:Active regions
4903:Reconstruction Era
4718:Gone with the Wind
4581:John Hope Franklin
4437:Disenfranchisement
4409:Plessy v. Ferguson
4393:Civil Rights Cases
4355:Compromise of 1877
4246:Wheeler Compromise
4163:Vicksburg massacre
4148:Timber Culture Act
4138:Coushatta massacre
4077:Timber Culture Act
4031:Star Route scandal
3914:Justice Department
3811:Georgia v. Stanton
3800:Opelousas massacre
3391:American Civil War
2200:Compromise of 1877
1902:Justice Department
1866:Federal judiciary
1745:Federal government
1730:Reconstruction era
1685:: p. 1. Print
1408:2013-07-21 at the
1385:2013-08-06 at the
1307:The New York Times
1284:2010-06-20 at the
1020:Budiansky, Stephen
711:The New York Times
678:News and Observer.
673:
509:
331:Reconstruction Era
88:Dates of operation
4865:
4864:
4848:
4847:
4774:American frontier
4628:Kenneth M. Stampp
4445:
4444:
4287:Ellenton massacre
4128:Brooks–Baxter War
3877:Ex parte McCardle
3643:Ex parte Milligan
3532:Freedmen's Bureau
3448:National Bank Act
3326:
3325:
2161:Victoria Woodhull
2072:
2071:
1943:African Americans
1914:State governments
1897:Freedmen's Bureau
1663:Prather, H.Leon.
1652:Richard H. Pildes
1528:Edmonds, Helen G.
1139:Missing or empty
1109:Nicholas Lemann,
1035:978-0-670-01840-6
989:George C. Rable,
929:978-1-63149-285-3
633:Daniel L. Russell
600:. At this rally
591:Rise of the group
507:, circa 1898–1900
298:E. Merton Coulter
225:white supremacist
209:
208:
190:African Americans
16:(Redirected from
4975:
4938:Benjamin Tillman
4731:Race and Reunion
4678:Thomas Dixon Jr.
4568:William R. Brock
4558:C. Vann Woodward
4545:W. E. B. Du Bois
4535:Charles A. Beard
4495:Claude G. Bowers
4454:
4277:Hamburg massacre
4256:Pratt & Boyd
4221:Mississippi Plan
4178:Anti-Moiety Acts
4173:Sanborn incident
3965:Ku Klux Klan Act
3636:Ex parte Garland
3443:Ten percent plan
3335:
2081:
2032:Thaddeus Stevens
2017:Republican Party
2010:Samuel J. Tilden
2000:Bourbon Democrat
1995:Democratic Party
1766:Ulysses S. Grant
1741:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1695:, 2 August 1900.
1641:
1625:
1575:
1554:
1524:
1482:
1481:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1432:. Archived from
1431:
1423:
1417:
1400:
1394:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1355:. Archived from
1354:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1323:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1206:
1196:
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981:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
948:
942:
941:
919:The Color of Law
913:
904:
903:
855:
748:Confederate flag
692:Election of 1900
684:to commemorate "
682:Josephus Daniels
620:Election of 1898
602:Benjamin Tillman
479:Ellison D. Smith
475:Benjamin Tillman
343:Hamburg Massacre
200:Hamburg massacre
196:Battles and wars
186:Republican Party
101:Democratic Party
89:
77:Josephus Daniels
73:Ellison D. Smith
69:Benjamin Tillman
51:Red Shirts at a
49:
37:
21:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4844:
4835:White supremacy
4778:
4737:
4725:David W. Blight
4653:
4563:Joel Williamson
4540:Howard K. Beale
4441:
4430:Giles v. Harris
4374:
4365:Desert Land Act
4338:
4265:
4192:
4116:
4102:Long Depression
4072:Colfax massacre
4055:
4036:Salary Grab Act
4004:
3943:
3924:Kirk–Holden war
3892:
3826:
3733:
3660:
3573:
3554:Shaw University
3493:
3479:Wade–Davis Bill
3467:
3416:
3322:
3276:
2298:
2252:
2206:
2086:
2068:
2005:Horatio Seymour
1931:
1915:
1908:
1756:Abraham Lincoln
1746:
1732:
1727:
1635:
1632:
1617:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1538:
1521:
1508:
1496:
1491:
1489:Further reading
1486:
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1410:Wayback Machine
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1387:Wayback Machine
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1003:Nicholas Lemann
1001:
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984:
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957:Washington Post
950:
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930:
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907:
876:10.2307/2717177
857:
856:
849:
844:
812:
780:Abraham Lincoln
766:, and attorney
740:
719:
699:
694:
686:white supremacy
665:
641:
626:Jeter Pritchard
622:
609:white supremacy
593:
585:white supremacy
497:
489:white supremacy
378:State Democrats
375:
325:whipped by the
294:
202:
155:
153:White supremacy
116:White supremacy
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4523:Dunning School
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4505:
4501:The Tragic Era
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4457:Historiography
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3904:15th Amendment
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3484:1864 elections
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3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3281:U.S. elections
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Lyman Trumbull
2034:
2029:
2027:Charles Sumner
2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Andrew Johnson
1758:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:New York Times
1686:
1672:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1603:
1593:
1586:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1449:
1418:
1395:
1372:
1337:
1312:
1294:
1271:
1253:
1241:
1207:
1191:
1184:
1166:
1150:
1115:
1102:
1087:
1069:
1056:
1034:
1011:
995:
982:
976:Charles Lane,
969:
943:
928:
905:
870:(2): 174–184.
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
811:
808:
756:Lindsey Graham
739:
736:
718:
715:
698:
695:
693:
690:
664:
661:
653:Claude Kitchin
640:
637:
621:
618:
592:
589:
573:literacy tests
496:
493:
374:
371:
293:
290:
286:North Carolina
264:, such as the
207:
206:
197:
193:
192:
183:
179:
178:
165:
161:
160:
158:Reconstruction
150:
144:
143:
133:
129:
128:
126:South Carolina
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
98:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
81:Claude Kitchin
66:
62:
61:
50:
42:
41:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4980:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Habeas corpus
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:Winslow Homer
4663:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:After Slavery
4592:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Nez Perce War
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:Delano affair
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:Red River War
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Comstock laws
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Panic of 1873
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:New Departure
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:Gubernatorial
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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53:polling place
48:
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38:
30:
19:
4840:Whitecapping
4810:Paramilitary
4783:Other topics
4764:Jim Crow era
4729:
4716:
4703:
4690:
4682:
4669:
4645:
4637:
4619:
4606:
4602:Leon Litwack
4593:
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4513:John Burgess
4499:
4486:
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4428:
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4407:
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4241:Whiskey Ring
4215:
4203:
4153:White League
4089:
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3929:Shoffner Act
3875:
3848:
3809:
3692:Pulaski riot
3641:
3634:
3622:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3198:
3190:
2085:Presidential
2047:John Bingham
1989:
1985:White League
1970:Ku Klux Klan
1737:Participants
1692:
1682:
1679:Morning Star
1678:
1668:
1655:
1645:
1637:
1620:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
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1540:
1530:
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1466:
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1421:
1413:
1398:
1390:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1347:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:the original
1315:
1305:
1290:Morning Star
1289:
1274:
1251:Edmonds 1951
1239:Prather 1977
1200:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1141:|title=
1123:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1094:Eric Foner,
1090:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1024:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
985:
977:
972:
962:24 September
960:. Retrieved
956:
946:
918:
867:
863:
803:Disney World
792:
788:
741:
732:
730:candidate".
720:
717:Election day
710:
708:
700:
677:
674:
663:Election day
649:Morning Star
648:
642:
630:
623:
614:Ku Klux Klan
606:
598:Fayetteville
594:
577:
562:
554:
547:
544:
535:
527:
525:
514:
510:
482:
472:
457:
434:
426:
418:
400:counties of
390:
386:Wade Hampton
376:
359:
327:Ku Klux Klan
323:carpetbagger
312:
306:
301:
295:
282:Ku Klux Klan
274:
266:White League
250:Wade Hampton
247:
228:paramilitary
216:
212:
210:
176:White League
172:Ku Klux Klan
138:(especially
122:Headquarters
4633:Steven Hahn
4482:James Bryce
4041:Amnesty Act
3522:Black Codes
2211:U.S. Senate
1958:Politicians
1880:Waite Court
1875:Chase Court
1870:Taney Court
1752:Presidents
1049:16 November
795:Blood Tribe
776:mock trials
768:Morris Dees
764:John McCain
581:Mississippi
556:coup d'état
453:State House
355:Martin Gary
347:arraignment
329:during the
239:Mississippi
4872:Categories
4759:Gilded Age
4615:Eric Foner
4319:Cattellism
4216:Red Shirts
3331:Key events
2257:U.S. House
1990:Red Shirts
1443:2013-05-20
1366:2013-05-20
1331:2013-05-20
1269:Beeby 2008
1185:080784909X
1077:Eric Foner
772:John Cobin
760:Bob Inglis
569:poll taxes
538:Wilmington
521:Fusionists
464:Union Army
317:speech by
213:Red Shirts
97:Allegiance
92:1875–1900s
40:Red Shirts
4379:Aftermath
4090:Virginius
4026:Modoc War
2077:Elections
2022:Stalwarts
1980:Redeemers
1779:Congress
1132:cite news
1044:173350931
938:959808903
900:224836399
884:0022-2992
645:Fusionist
519:, dubbed
517:Populists
484:bona fide
445:Edgefield
406:Edgefield
367:Civil War
278:terrorist
270:Louisiana
231:terrorist
217:Redshirts
182:Opponents
168:Redeemers
105:Redeemers
4857:Category
4825:Suffrage
3760:Timeline
1975:Scalawag
1953:Freedman
1608:, 1859–
1477:NBC News
1406:Archived
1383:Archived
1282:Archived
1022:(2008).
810:See also
541:orderly.
422:barbecue
410:Barnwell
398:Piedmont
394:freedmen
243:freedmen
148:Ideology
4450:Aspects
3849:Alabama
3515:Address
3338:Prelude
2294:1876–77
2289:1874–75
2284:1872–73
2279:1870–71
2274:1868–69
2269:1866–67
2264:1864–65
2248:1876–77
2243:1874–75
2238:1872–73
2233:1870–71
2228:1868–69
2223:1866–67
2218:1864–65
1588:ibid.,
892:2717177
532:noted,
449:Laurens
414:Laurens
362:flannel
337:in the
219:of the
112:Motives
65:Leaders
4742:Legacy
4734:(2001)
4721:(1939)
4708:(1915)
4695:(1905)
4687:(1902)
4674:(1876)
4658:Memory
4650:(2019)
4642:(2003)
4624:(1988)
4611:(1979)
4598:(1965)
4590:(1947)
4577:(1963)
4554:(1935)
4504:(1929)
4491:(1888)
4478:(1874)
4433:(1903)
4420:(1898)
4412:(1896)
4404:(1883)
4396:(1883)
4388:(1878)
4092:Affair
3851:Claims
3408:(1862)
3387:(1850)
3381:(1848)
3375:(1839)
3367:(1838)
3359:(1792)
1936:Others
1568:
1547:
1517:
1505:, 1911
1182:
1042:
1032:
936:
926:
898:
890:
882:
408:, and
339:Senate
164:Allies
3175:1876
3113:1875
3041:1874
2984:1873
2897:1872
2830:1871
2763:1870
2696:1869
2614:1868
2562:1867
2500:1866
2443:1865
2381:1864
2309:1863
1437:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
896:S2CID
888:JSTOR
842:Notes
631:Gov.
402:Aiken
223:were
156:Anti-
4343:1877
4270:1876
4197:1875
4121:1874
4060:1873
4009:1872
3948:1871
3897:1870
3831:1869
3738:1868
3665:1867
3578:1866
3498:1865
3472:1864
3421:1863
3318:1876
3313:1874
3308:1872
3303:1870
3298:1868
3293:1866
3288:1864
3199:Nov.
3191:Apr.
2170:1876
2136:1872
2117:1868
2093:1864
1566:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1145:help
1051:2011
1040:OCLC
1030:ISBN
964:2016
934:OCLC
924:ISBN
880:ISSN
797:and
782:and
742:The
571:and
487:for
477:and
447:and
258:1878
256:and
211:The
3197:CT
3189:CT
2180:RNC
2175:DNC
2146:RNC
2141:DNC
2127:RNC
2122:DNC
2098:DNC
872:doi
778:of
349:in
300:in
268:in
215:or
55:in
4874::
3270:WV
3265:VT
3260:SC
3255:RI
3250:NC
3245:MO
3240:MI
3235:ME
3230:MA
3225:LA
3220:KS
3215:IN
3210:IL
3205:FL
3184:CO
3179:AL
3167:WI
3162:OH
3157:OH
3152:MN
3147:ME
3142:MD
3137:MA
3132:KY
3127:IA
3122:CT
3117:CA
3105:VT
3100:SC
3095:OR
3090:NV
3085:NJ
3080:MO
3075:MI
3070:ME
3065:MA
3060:KS
3055:DE
3050:CT
3045:AL
3033:WI
3028:VA
3023:TX
3018:OH
3013:MS
3008:MN
3003:ME
2998:MA
2993:IA
2988:CT
2976:WV
2971:VT
2966:SC
2961:RI
2956:PA
2951:NC
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2941:MI
2936:ME
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2926:LA
2921:IN
2916:IL
2911:FL
2906:CT
2901:AL
2889:WI
2884:RI
2879:OH
2874:NJ
2869:MN
2864:ME
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2834:CA
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2817:VT
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2807:RI
2802:OR
2797:MO
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2787:ME
2782:MA
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2715:ME
2710:MA
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2606:WI
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2566:CA
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2529:NC
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2477:OH
2472:NJ
2467:MN
2462:MA
2457:LA
2452:FL
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2435:WV
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2328:KY
2323:CT
2318:CA
2313:AL
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1813:44
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