435:
482:. This could also be countered by Red Shrimp. Despite the change in role, there was no change in the Vulcan ECM fit. There was little development of this for the next twenty years and it became increasingly less effective. Situational awareness of the threat was reasonable, but ability to counter it was reduced. Most obviously, the Red Shrimp jammers were mounted on the underside, facing downwards. At low level, they were masked by the same terrain which the aircraft was using to shield itself and so the area over which they could radiate became inconsequentially small. One important advance which was installed was a
188:(ECM) fitment which would become standard for the V bombers had been developed. Equipment was mounted in a series of sealed cylindrical drums, each weighing around 200 lbs, the limit of what could be manhandled for servicing. These were installed in the tail of the aircraft and slid into place on an overhead trolley rail. A water-glycol cooling system, the Vapour Cycle Cooling Pack (VCCP), was used to cool the equipment, with a large external cooling air intake. An additional AC power system was added to supply enough electrical power. Rather than being engine-driven, this was an air-powered turbo-alternator.
27:
303:
204:, which had developed the role post-war. These seven were the only ECM-equipped Valiants. The initial intention for these aircraft was that they would be used for training UK air defences, simulating a Soviet ECM-using threat. Any idea of a war role for them, as an ECM escort for an attack force of Valiant bombers, developed later. This also required 18 Squadron to start training for the same
215:-based US-made AN/APT-16A jammer. This was a much simpler and less capable system, without the frequency agility of the carcinotron devices. The Carpet 4 (ARI 18030, AN/APT-5) spot jammer, had been trialled in Lincolns and also the 18 Squadron Valiants, but it was unreliable and ineffective, so never used.
502:, the Vulcan and its ECM equipment were considered obsolete. Green Palm and Blue Diver at least, although there was still some respect for Red Shrimp. However Red Shrimp was a barrage noise jammer, for which twenty years of countermeasures had developed solutions. The anticipated Argentinian threat of
218:
The electrical supply of the
Valiant was also a limitation. The Valiant and first Vulcans had a 112 V DC electrical system, although the trials aircraft had a more powerful 240 V AC system. The DC system was not powerful enough to supply active ECM, such as Red Shrimp, and so those aircraft
558:
Controls for Red Shrimp, the control unit Type 9422, were simple and amounted to little more than switches to turn it on and off, to switch the two automatic operating modes, and to monitor its performance, current draw and temperature. It was controlled by a small panel on the AEO's lower desk, at
159:
The Red Shrimp antenna was quite small and housed in a downward-pointing hemispherical dome, approximately 6 inches in diameter. These were of dielectric material coloured black or dark grey and unpainted. Their signal was broadcast downwards as a cone of around 45° included angle. Later on, as the
549:
recommended the provision of an X-band carcinotron, such as Red Shrimp, in the aircraft, or at least the provision of space for one. However budget constraints led to this provision being removed from the formal requirement. Naval / Air Staff Target 830 for future jamming provision was still under
446:
was an interim design, converted from B.1 aircraft. ECM was a planned part of the new B.2 aircraft with their extended Phase 2C wing, and although there was great urgency to the delivery of the new B.2 aircraft and the first would arrive before the first B.1A, the simpler conversion would permit
245:
As it became clear that the new low-level penetration role would involve bombers travelling singly, each bomber would need its own ECM fit. The squadron retained a development and training role for some time, but this could be performed by simpler aircraft, such as
126:(BWO) valve. This is a variable frequency voltage-controlled wide-range oscillator. Changing the control voltage, without requiring any mechanical adjustment, could produce a high-power jamming signal which could be adjusted rapidly to jam any radar frequency.
334:
The Red Shrimp antennae were arranged on panels added between the engines, usually the 3 & 4 engines (starboard). Some aircraft had three on one side, others two and one on each. Blue Diver also used a blade aerial in early years, later wingtip aerials.
330:
was inside a hatch on the top, now visible as an external bulge. The nine sealed and pressurised drums of the ECM equipment were arranged in two rows within this tail, with access through hatches in the bottom.
463:. A combination of this change of role, and the increasing effectiveness of Soviet anti-aircraft missiles at high altitude, led to the V-bomber force being re-tasked from a high-level attack to a
87:
could be changed. They rapidly swept through all of the frequencies used by enemy radars, hitting their operational frequencies hundreds of times a second. These would be plotted on the radar's
1282:
1272:
712:
691:
467:
profile with a low-level approach. The B.1 aircraft were re-tasked from Spring 1963, the B.2s from 1964. Visible evidence for this was Mod.1877, repainting from
294:
was fitted, as for the trial
Valiant WP214. This Turbo Alternator TGA 30 Mk 1 was mounted internally and driven by an air inlet near the port engine air intake.
550:
consideration at the time the TSR2 project was cancelled. The likelihood was that TSR2 would use pylon-carried external equipment, if the mission required it.
230:, a Czech-born sergeant with the BCDU in the ECM servicing section of the base, together with his wife Jana, supplied photographs of the ECM manual set to the
851:
322:
tail-warning receiver, rather than the pointed cone of the B.1. A large rectangular box-like duct on the starboard side was the cooling air duct for the
286:
X-band radar jammer. Each system was designed to be as self-contained as possible, with the minimum of additional installation around the airframe. The
434:
239:
219:
were limited to the radar warning receivers and chaff dispensers. This omission was never upgraded, as the
Valiant's service life was so short.
1277:
777:
719:
33:
displaying in 2012. Red Shrimp can just be seen as the two black dots between the tailpipes of 3 & 4 engines, uppermost in this photo.
1116:
1043:
962:
918:
274:
Additional equipment could be carried along the side walls of the bomb bay, in a series of up to nine containers. These included the
1220:
1143:
1016:
822:
160:
aircraft switched to operating at extremely low level, this gave a ground coverage patch barely larger than the aircraft's shadow.
94:
Red Shrimp remained operational on the V-bomber fleet through its entire history. Although it was still operational during the
314:
and B.1A both used an extended rear fuselage, extended into a more bulbous tailcone. The end of this was now a hemispherical
80:
26:
106:
Red Shrimp (or ARI 18076) was a wide-coverage jammer for radar between 2.5–3 GHz. This is in what was described as
537:
had the same EW fit as the Vulcan, with Red Steer, Blue Saga, Green Palm, Blue Diver, Red Shrimp and chaff dispensers.
185:
178:
459:
at the end of 1962, Britain's primary nuclear deterrent was to switch to the Royal Navy and the submarine-launched
745:
323:
247:
231:
287:
123:
483:
290:
engines at this time had insufficient electrical generating capacity for such an ECM fit and so an internal
88:
181:. The BCDU was a development unit which operated Valiant WP214 from the end of 1955 as a trials aircraft.
514:
were expected to be capable of defeating it, at least at close range. The
Vulcans thus borrowed US-made
1292:
568:
518:
479:
283:
1287:
499:
205:
201:
279:
130:
534:
464:
268:
197:
153:
49:
662:
Polaris' takeover of this role took several years to implement and did not take place until 1969.
227:
653:
Although the first B.1, XH533 did not receive one, the first full-specification B.2 being XH534.
369:
353:
302:
275:
142:
1248:
412:
200:
operated as a dedicated ECM squadron, having been formed from the
Valiant-equipped C flight of
1216:
1139:
1133:
1112:
1039:
1012:
1006:
958:
914:
908:
862:
818:
773:
525:
range. As a result, the Black Buck missions left Red Shrimp unused and relied on the Dash 10.
327:
30:
1210:
1033:
952:
812:
632:
X band, 6,200 – 10,900 MHz. This is the old NATO designation for X band, now split into
511:
503:
468:
456:
460:
447:
thirty ECM-equipped aircraft to enter service more quickly than a similar number of B.2s.
291:
174:
235:
507:
223:
138:
1266:
698:
637:
633:
522:
495:
377:
115:
111:
95:
53:
41:
576:
or 'Winkle', a passive-detection system intended to counteract carcinotron jamming
611:
WP213, WZ365, WZ372, WP212, WP215, WP216 & WP211, in order of conversion at
515:
443:
119:
72:
68:
64:
45:
612:
311:
264:
242:, the training unit for Vulcan crews, was also based at Finningley from 1961.
150:
134:
20:
1195:
866:
546:
399:
319:
267:
had a fairly simple ECM fit, with little more than chaff dispensers and the
212:
76:
475:
573:
84:
791:
789:
438:
Counterpoise panel between engines, showing two Red Shrimp hemispheres
641:
315:
107:
234:. He was arrested for this in 1971, after betrayal by the defector
640:, with X band also used for a different but overlapping band. See
433:
301:
25:
486:(TFR), with a small thimble radome added to the nose, from 1966.
91:, filling it with so many "blips" that the bomber was invisible.
250:, than the Valiants and so 18 Squadron was disbanded in 1963.
146:
110:
at the time (1 GHz - 3 GHz), but is now termed the
878:
876:
623:
Blue Diver and Red Steer were the systems most affected.
852:"EW In The Early Post-War Years – Lincolns To Valiants"
772:. Haynes Publishing. 2016. pp. 106, 108, 110–111.
208:'scramble' exercises as the Bomber Command main force.
933:
795:
671:
As evidenced by the Garry Powers U2 shootdown in 1960.
211:
The S band jammer of the 18 Squadron
Valiants was the
271:
tail warning receiver from the
Canberra and Valiant.
98:, it was considered obsolete and not used in combat.
1008:
High Stakes: Britain's Air Arms in Action 1945-1990
602:Termed RCM at the time, for Radar Counter Measures
1283:Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
559:the right of the rear cockpit (facing the rear).
1000:
998:
83:and could be tuned as quickly as a single input
545:Design studies during the early development of
946:
944:
942:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
806:
804:
222:From 1958, the new 18 Squadron were based at
8:
533:From the twenty four B.1A conversions, the
1273:Military electronics of the United Kingdom
1235:
1082:
1070:
1215:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 70–71.
685:
683:
282:, an early carcinotron-based jammer, and
71:introduced in 1953 by the French company
1212:TSR2: Britain's Lost Cold War Strike Jet
764:
762:
337:
238:, and sentenced to 12 years for spying.
129:The main target for the jamming was the
1094:
989:
977:
894:
882:
837:
679:
586:
1058:
910:Traitor: British Double Agents 1930-80
850:Wing Commander ‘Jeff’ Jefford (2003).
746:"Early Warning During the V-Force Era"
173:The first Red Shrimp fitment was to a
133:, the target acquisition radar of the
1182:
1170:
1158:
817:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45.
478:missile was now in service, with its
7:
1249:"Vulcan Cockpit (XL426) - In Detail"
521:pods and trained with them over the
226:, South Yorkshire, as was the BCDU.
1111:. Casemate Publishers. p. 46.
471:to a two-colour camouflage scheme.
118:frequency bands. It was based on a
60:, for Airborne Radio Installation.
753:Royal Air Force Historical Society
14:
1138:. Corgi. pp. 199, 211, 331.
744:Wg Cdr Rod Powell (Winter 2005).
278:VHF voice communications jammer,
713:"MOD Acronyms and Abbreviations"
593:ARI: Airborne Radio Installation
179:Bomber Command Development Unit
40:was an airborne high-bandwidth
1011:. Pen and Sword. p. 182.
141:) surface-to-air missile. The
1:
1238:, pp. 106, 108, 110–111.
1109:RAF Strike Command, 1968-2007
814:Valiant Units of the Cold War
1278:Electronic warfare equipment
690:Prof. Steve Roberts (2014).
423:later replaced by ARI 18228
364:later replaced by ARI 18146
63:Red Shrimp was based on the
907:Turner, John Frayn (2012).
692:"Radar & EW in the RAF"
186:Electronic Counter-Measures
75:. The carcinotron produced
1309:
934:RAF Historical Society, 28
796:RAF Historical Society, 28
232:Czech Intelligence Service
52:. The name was one of the
18:
1196:"The Handley Page Victor"
1032:Dancey, Peter G. (2014).
913:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
755:: 8–11 – via XM655.
1209:Brookes, Andrew (2017).
1038:. Fonthill. p. 96.
811:Brookes, Andrew (2012).
124:backward-wave oscillator
56:, its official name was
1132:White, Rowland (2007).
484:terrain-following radar
89:plan position indicator
1005:Flintham, Vic (2008).
859:RAF Historical Society
439:
307:
34:
1107:Darling, Kev (2012).
951:Darling, Kev (2007).
569:List of Rainbow Codes
437:
305:
145:jammers targeted its
29:
500:Operation Black Buck
19:For other uses, see
954:Avro Vulcan, Part 1
407:Tail warning radar
154:early warning radar
980:, pp. 35, 56.
440:
308:
196:From 1958 to 1963
35:
1255:. 1 October 2009.
1253:UK Airshow Review
1085:, pp. 23–24.
897:, pp. 45–48.
840:, pp. 45–46.
779:978-1-78521-083-9
519:deflection jammer
427:
426:
328:braking parachute
326:of the VCCP. The
306:Extended ECM tail
1300:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1002:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
968:
948:
937:
931:
925:
924:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
871:
870:
856:
847:
841:
835:
829:
828:
808:
799:
793:
784:
783:
766:
757:
756:
750:
741:
724:
723:
717:
709:
703:
702:
696:
687:
672:
669:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
630:
624:
621:
615:
609:
603:
600:
594:
591:
504:Super Fledermaus
469:anti-flash white
457:Nassau Agreement
361:VHF Comms Jammer
338:
184:By mid-1958 the
67:, a new type of
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1035:The Avro Vulcan
1031:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1004:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
965:
950:
949:
940:
932:
928:
921:
906:
905:
901:
893:
889:
881:
874:
854:
849:
848:
844:
836:
832:
825:
810:
809:
802:
794:
787:
780:
768:
767:
760:
748:
743:
742:
727:
715:
711:
710:
706:
694:
689:
688:
681:
676:
675:
670:
666:
661:
657:
652:
648:
631:
627:
622:
618:
610:
606:
601:
597:
592:
588:
583:
565:
556:
543:
531:
492:
461:Polaris missile
453:
432:
300:
292:ram air turbine
261:
256:
194:
171:
166:
104:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1236:Haynes, Vulcan
1228:
1221:
1201:
1187:
1185:, p. 331.
1175:
1173:, p. 211.
1163:
1161:, p. 199.
1151:
1144:
1124:
1118:978-1848848986
1117:
1099:
1095:Darling (2007)
1087:
1083:Haynes, Vulcan
1075:
1071:Haynes, Vulcan
1063:
1061:, p. 100.
1051:
1045:978-1781552322
1044:
1024:
1017:
994:
990:Darling (2007)
982:
978:Darling (2007)
970:
964:978-1847992376
963:
957:. p. 35.
938:
926:
920:978-1780967295
919:
899:
895:Brookes (2012)
887:
883:Brookes (2012)
872:
842:
838:Brookes (2012)
830:
823:
800:
785:
778:
758:
725:
704:
678:
677:
674:
673:
664:
655:
646:
625:
616:
604:
595:
585:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
571:
564:
561:
555:
552:
542:
539:
530:
527:
510:AA cannon and
491:
488:
480:Low Blow radar
452:
449:
431:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
402:
396:
395:
394:(~3 GHz)
392:
389:
386:
382:
381:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
359:
356:
350:
349:
347:
344:
342:
299:
296:
280:Indigo Bracket
260:
257:
255:
252:
224:RAF Finningley
193:
190:
170:
167:
165:
162:
139:SA-2 Guideline
131:Fan Song radar
103:
100:
79:across a wide
44:fitted to the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1305:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1222:9781472822482
1218:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1145:9780552152297
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1097:, p. 37.
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:, p. 27.
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:Dancey (2014)
1055:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1018:9781844158157
1014:
1010:
1009:
1001:
999:
995:
992:, p. 43.
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
971:
966:
960:
956:
955:
947:
945:
943:
939:
936:, p. 69.
935:
930:
927:
922:
916:
912:
911:
903:
900:
896:
891:
888:
885:, p. 46.
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:. Journal 28.
868:
864:
860:
853:
846:
843:
839:
834:
831:
826:
824:9781849087544
820:
816:
815:
807:
805:
801:
798:, p. 77.
797:
792:
790:
786:
781:
775:
771:
765:
763:
759:
754:
747:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:. p. 32.
721:
714:
708:
705:
701:. p. 24.
700:
699:RAF Cranfield
693:
686:
684:
680:
668:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
629:
626:
620:
617:
614:
608:
605:
599:
596:
590:
587:
580:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
560:
553:
551:
548:
540:
538:
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:Falklands War
490:Falklands War
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:high-low-high
462:
458:
450:
448:
445:
436:
429:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
391:S-Band Jammer
390:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
269:Orange Putter
266:
263:The original
258:
253:
251:
249:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
182:
180:
176:
168:
163:
161:
157:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
99:
97:
96:Falklands War
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
54:Rainbow Codes
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
28:
22:
1293:Rainbow code
1252:
1243:
1231:
1211:
1204:
1190:
1183:White (2007)
1178:
1171:White (2007)
1166:
1159:White (2007)
1154:
1134:
1127:
1108:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1034:
1027:
1007:
985:
973:
953:
929:
909:
902:
890:
858:
845:
833:
813:
769:
752:
707:
667:
658:
649:
628:
619:
607:
598:
589:
557:
544:
532:
493:
473:
454:
441:
333:
309:
273:
262:
244:
236:Josef Frolík
221:
217:
210:
202:199 Squadron
195:
183:
172:
158:
128:
105:
93:
62:
57:
42:radar jammer
37:
36:
16:Radar jammer
1288:Avro Vulcan
770:Avro Vulcan
516:AN/ALQ-101D
494:During the
474:The Soviet
444:Vulcan B.1A
430:Vulcan B.1A
420:Passive RWR
380:UHF Jammer
288:Olympus 104
228:Nick Prager
198:18 Squadron
192:18 Squadron
120:carcinotron
73:Thomson-CSF
69:vacuum tube
65:carcinotron
1267:Categories
1135:Vulcan 607
613:RAF Watton
581:References
455:After the
385:Red Shrimp
370:Blue Diver
354:Green Palm
312:Vulcan B.2
298:Vulcan B.2
284:Red Carpet
276:Green Palm
265:Vulcan B.1
259:Vulcan B.1
151:Knife Rest
143:Blue Diver
135:S-75 Dvina
77:microwaves
38:Red Shrimp
21:Red shrimp
867:1361-4231
861:: 58–68.
523:Spadeadam
451:Low-level
417:ARI 18105
413:Blue Saga
400:Red Steer
388:ARI 18076
374:ARI 18075
358:ARI 18074
324:condenser
320:Red Steer
248:Canberras
213:magnetron
102:Operation
81:bandwidth
58:ARI.18076
563:See also
554:Controls
508:Skyguard
476:SA-3 Goa
404:ARI 5919
346:Function
318:for the
574:RX12874
240:230 OCU
177:of the
175:Valiant
169:Valiant
164:Fitment
137:(NATO:
85:voltage
1219:
1142:
1115:
1042:
1015:
961:
917:
865:
821:
776:
642:X band
638:I band
634:H band
535:Victor
529:Victor
512:Roland
378:B-band
316:radome
254:Vulcan
149:-band
108:S band
50:Victor
46:Vulcan
855:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
716:(PDF)
695:(PDF)
31:XH558
1217:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1013:ISBN
959:ISBN
915:ISBN
863:ISSN
819:ISBN
774:ISBN
636:and
547:TSR2
541:TSR2
498:and
442:The
341:Name
310:The
114:and
48:and
720:MOD
206:QRA
147:UHF
122:or
1269::
1251:.
997:^
941:^
875:^
857:.
803:^
788:^
761:^
751:.
728:^
718:.
697:.
682:^
506:,
156:.
1225:.
1198:.
1148:.
1121:.
1048:.
1021:.
967:.
923:.
827:.
782:.
644:.
116:E
112:D
23:.
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