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Female red flour beetles are also known to store sperm after mating. More sperm is stored by the first mating, which leads to less sperm stored in subsequent matings. However, amount of stored sperm does not stop the last male mate from fertilizing the egg. This is due to the fact that with each mating, males can remove previously stored sperm thus giving their own sperm an advantage to fertilize the egg.
31:
411:. Polygamy in less genetically diverse populations is a means of avoiding fertilization between beetles that are closely related since they may be genetically incompatible. The more partners that a male or female has, the higher the chances that at least one of the matings is with an unrelated partner and the greater the genetic diversity in the offspring. In this way,
261:, are "the two most common secondary pests of all plant commodities in store throughout the world." A research on hermetic storage of wheat and maize flour protects against red flour beetle (2017) was conducted that found 12 days under hermetic storage results in 100% RFB mortality and confirms that hermetic environments are sufficient for controlling insect pests.
286:. It has, as a consequence, a more southern distribution, though both species are worldwide in heated environments. The adult is long-lived, sometimes living more than three years. Although previously regarded as a relatively sedentary insect, it has been shown in molecular and ecological research to disperse considerable distances by flight.
379:, maintained fitness for up to 20 generations. By contrast, lineages derived form populations that experienced either weak or no sexual selection exhibited rapid fitness decline under inbreeding, and all such populations became extinct within 10 generations. These results indicated that sexual selection reduces
444:
In polygamous beetles, the male that last fertilizes the female ends up having a higher fertilization success. Polygamy can thus be seen as an evolutionary result as males compete to be the last to fertilize the female's egg and contribute more to the next generation. Sperm precedence is thus a means
325:
The availability of resources and population size can greatly affect how many matings each individual participates in. Increased population size within a given area with fixed resources can limit how many offspring can survive. This can result in heavy competition between males to be a female's last
522:
gene. E-cadherin is a membrane bound protein of epithelial cells involved in cell-cell adhesion. This resulted in developmental issues in dorsal closure. RNAi knock-down of E-cadherin shows the same effect. This shows that CRISPR technology and gene editing are viable options for studying the red
428:
During mating, red flour beetles are known to engage in polygamous behavior. Male flour beetles have been known to recognize their relatives while the females do not have this capability. Lack of the ability to recognize their relatives has led females to mate with any male within the population.
307:
Although multiple mating events may also increase the likelihood of finding genetically compatible sperm, genetic compatibility is not always a major factor driving polyandrous behavior. Increased embryo viability due to increased genetic compatibility did not significantly increase the number of
362:
Mate choice also varies among male beetles, though they generally prefer mature, virgin females (identified by the absence of any scent from secretions left by previous mates). If a female beetle has only one mate, and his sperm count is sufficient, that male has a very high chance of siring
419:
In some studies, however, it has been noted that fertilization can still occur when related beetles mate. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that there is a significantly lower number of offspring produced when inbred beetles mate than when the matings are between out-bred partners. Successful
298:
mating behavior. Within a single copulation period, a female will mate with multiple males. Any one male may have a low sperm count, having depleted its supply through prior matings, so mating with several increases the female's likelihood of obtaining an adequate amount of sperm.
330:
as ejaculate from one mating can be removed during subsequent matings. When resources are limited, increased cannibalism among competing males can ultimately decrease fitness for the population as a whole, as it decreases both offspring production and survival.
1187:
Lumley AJ, Michalczyk Ł, Kitson JJ, Spurgin LG, Morrison CA, Godwin JL, Dickinson ME, Martin OY, Emerson BC, Chapman T, Gage MJ. Sexual selection protects against extinction. Nature. 2015 Jun 25;522(7557):470-3. doi: 10.1038/nature14419. Epub 2015 May 18. PMID
343:) is genetically based. Higher attractiveness does not, however, correlate with higher fitness of offspring. Genes for more attractive pheromones are not a reliable indicator that the male also has genes which will improve offspring survival.
415:
is reduced and diversity is increased in a population. For this reason, females copulate with more males when genetic diversity is low in order to attain fertilization success and also increase fitness in their subsequent offspring.
424:
in red flour beetles. Even though there is successful fertilization, it is observed that a lower number of total offspring is produced, which can be argued to be a type of inbreeding depression since it lowers reproduction fitness.
248:
The red flour beetle attacks stored grain and other food products including flour, cereals, pasta, biscuits, beans, and nuts, causing loss and damage. The United
Nations, in a recent post-harvest compendium, estimated that
351:
Females from different populations of red flour beetles are highly polyandrous, while others avoid having multiple mates. This may indicate that the overall advantage or disadvantage likewise varies across environments.
467:. The red flour beetle and the fruit fly share about 10,000-15,000 genes. Despite their shared genes, they do have their differences. During development, anterior-posterior patterning is normally regulated by the
394:
in red flour beetles is a behavior common to both males and females of this species. Polyandry is thus polygamy in the female members of a population as discussed in the section above. On the other hand,
441:
depression, especially when there is competition from other males. There is a higher fertilization success in out-bred males when they compete with inbred males to fertilize the same female.
308:
adult beetles over time, which indicates that it did not play a significant role in the fitness of the overall population. However, increased genetic compatibility could increase the
363:
offspring with her. Males with a greater ability to identify preferred mates have an advantage, as do males with more strongly scented secretions that better deter subsequent males.
407:
In red flour beetles, females that engage in polygamous behavior produce more offspring than those that are less polygamous. Polygamy is mostly seen in populations that lack
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Kumar, H. Panigrahi, M. Chhotaray, S. 2018. Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum): From population genetics to functional genomics. Veterinary World. 11(8): 1043-1046
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In red flour beetles, males are known to engage in polygamous behavior. Research largely shows that Male red flour beetles engage in polygamous behavior to avoid
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Adult beetles are small, around 3–4 mm long (1/8 inches), of a uniform rust, brown or black color. Head and pronotum are sometimes darker than rest of body.
1822:
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Gilles, A. Schinko, J. Averof, M. 2015. Efficient CRISPR-mediated gene targeting and transgene replacement in the beetle
Tribolium castaneum. Development.
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The red flour beetle has played an important role as a model organism serving as a model for development and functional genomics. Compared to
757:
1081:
Boake, Christine R. B. (1985). "Genetic
Consequences of Mate Choice: A Quantitative Genetic Method for Testing Sexual Selection Theory".
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Grünwald, S.; et al. (2013). "The Red Flour Beetle
Tribolium castaneum as a Model to Monitor Food Safety and Functionality".
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fertilization observed in a small portion of research in related beetles has led some biologists to claim that there may be no
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Richards, S. Gibbs, R. Weinstock, G. 2008. The genome of the model beetle and pest
Tribolium castaneum. Nature. 452: 949-955.
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Pai, Aditi; Bennett, Lauren; Yan, Guiyun (2005). "Female multiple mating for fertility assurance in red flour beetles (
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359:– the use of multiple sperm receptacles to store sperm from different males, allowing a later choice of which to use.
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1288:"Inbreeding depresses sperm competitiveness, but not fertilization or mating success in male Tribolium castaneum"
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The beetle is of Indo-Australian origin and less able to survive outdoors than the closely related species
1911:
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831:"Hermetic storage of wheat and maize flour protects against red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst)"
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459:, the red flour beetle more closely represents the development of other insects. In 2008, the genome of
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Lewis, Jutkiewicz (1998). "Sperm
Precedence and sperm storage in multiply mates red flour beetles".
511:
508:, RNAi has a greater response in the red flour beetle, making it ideal for knock-down experiments.
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of evolutionary competition through which the males try to achieve greater reproductive success.
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990:"Variation in polyandry and its fitness consequences among populations of the red flour beetle,
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200:, the darkling beetles. The red flour beetle, and other closely related beetles like the
1337:"The dynamics of second- and third-male fertilization precedence in Tribolium castaneum"
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of a population, which can be advantageous in situations of rapid environmental change.
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for multiple years became resilient to extinction, and furthermore, when subjected to
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Yan, Yan; Williams, Scott B.; Murdock, Larry L.; Baributsa, Dieudonne (2017-09-26).
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1467:(Herbst, 1797) (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed conservation by the suppression of
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Experimental populations of red flour beetles that had been subjected to strong
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Mate choice strategies vary among female beetles. Moreover, they are capable of
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Welsh
Jennifer. (2011)."Inbreeding makes female beetles frisky." Live Science.
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Arnaud, Haubruge, L,E (1999). "Mating
Behavior and Male Mate Choice in
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1447:. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 498
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1134:"Female influence over offspring paternity in the red flour beetle
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Michalczyk, L; Martin, O; Millard, A; Emerson, B; Gage, M (2010).
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transcripts to show a knock-down of gene function. Compared to in
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was sequenced, analyzed, and compared to other organisms such as
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Ridley, A.; et al. (2011). "The spatiotemporal dynamics of
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In red flour beetles, a male's ability to attract females (via
518:. In one experiment, researchers used CRISPR to knock out the
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by some authors but they actually refer to other species:
500:(RNA interference) experiments. RNAi is RNA that degrades
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1450:. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
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refers to polygamy practiced by males in a population.
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load, and by doing so improves population viability.
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Red flour beetles are particularly useful for doing
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1505:Granousky, T. A. 1997. "Stored Product Pests". In:
607:The following names have been cited as synonyms of
514:technology has been shown to be useful in studying
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Polygamy in populations that lack genetic diversity
477:. However, in the red flour beetle, there is no
1212:"Why do so many flour beetle copulations fail?"
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988:Pai, Aditi; Feil, Stacy; Yan, Guiyun (2007).
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1066:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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783:"The flour beetles of the genus Tribolium"
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1335:Arnaud, L; Gage, M; Haubruge, E (2001).
816:In Compendium on Post-harvest Operations
1341:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1216:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
900:(Herbst): adult flight and gene flow".
809:"Insect damage: damage on post-harvest"
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1132:Fedina, T. Y.; Lewis, S. M. (2004).
1475:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1253:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1292:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
481:orthologue, but instead the genes
433:Polygyny and fertilization success
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294:Female red flour beetles exhibit
208:of stored products, particularly
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1229:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2012.01292.x
914:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05049.x
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1544:Confused and red flour beetles.
1471:(Fabricius, 1775) Z.N.(S.)2575"
1443:The flour beetles of the genus
1210:Tyler, F; Tregenza, T (2012).
1040:(Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)".
721:Home stored product entomology
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1103:10.1126/science.227.4690.1061
271:as shown under the microscope
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856:10.1371/journal.pone.0185386
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1403:Reference, Genetics Home.
1887:Beetles described in 1797
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39:Scientific classification
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1507:Handbook of Pest Control
781:Good, Newell E. (1936).
493:in anterior patterning.
276:Distribution and habitat
1922:Insect pests of millets
1558:"Rust Red Flour Beetle"
1409:Genetics Home Reference
1054:10.1163/156853999500677
413:genetic incompatibility
316:Potential disadvantages
1892:Household pest insects
1304:10.1098/rspb.2010.0514
1154:10.1098/rspb.2004.2731
742:Yellow Biotechnology I
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1547:University of Florida
1265:10.1007/s002650050503
807:Sallam, M.N. (2008).
664:Tenebrio bifoveolatus
583:Tribolium ferrugineum
422:inbreeding depression
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259:confused flour beetle
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1917:Beetles of Australia
1732:Fauna Europaea (new)
1488:10.5962/bhl.part.470
998:Evolutionary Ecology
688:Trogosita ferruginea
672:Tenebrio ferrugineus
328:carries an advantage
303:Potential advantages
1636:Tribolium_castaneum
1622:Tribolium castaneum
1592:Tribolium castaneum
1539:species comparison.
1521:Tribolium castaneum
1465:Tribolium castaneum
1461:Pope, R.D. (1986).
1440:Good, M.E. (1936).
1298:(1699): 3483–3491.
1148:(1546): 1393–1399.
1136:Tribolium castaneum
1095:1985Sci...227.1061B
1089:(4690): 1061–1063.
1038:Tribolium castaneum
992:Tribolium castaneum
950:Tribolium castaneum
898:Tribolium castaneum
847:2017PLoSO..1285386Y
750:10.1007/10_2013_212
680:Tenebrio ochraceous
533:Tribolium castaneum
516:Tribolium castaneum
461:Tribolium castaneum
449:As a model organism
269:Tribolium castaneum
251:Tribolium castaneum
202:Gnatocerus cornutus
189:Tribolium castaneum
148:Tribolium castaneum
1563:Bayer Crop Science
1528:2016-03-01 at the
648:Margus ferrugineus
575:Tenebrio castaneus
543:Colydium castaneum
283:Tribolium confusum
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255:Tribolium confusum
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204:, are a worldwide
192:) is a species of
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701:Uloma rubens
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1797:NatureServe
1758:iNaturalist
1616:Wikispecies
1532:Beetlebase.
1405:"CDH1 gene"
1361:2268/217833
1222:: 199–206.
790:USDA Report
347:Mate choice
296:polyandrous
228:Description
224:research.
222:food safety
218:ethological
210:food grains
1881:Categories
1570:2021-03-08
1414:2019-05-30
727:References
520:E-cadherin
506:Drosophila
475:Drosophila
465:Drosophila
456:Drosophila
439:inbreeding
381:mutational
377:inbreeding
341:pheromones
96:Coleoptera
76:Arthropoda
1537:Tribolium
1445:Tribolium
1347:: 55–64.
1048:: 67–77.
1042:Behaviour
865:1932-6203
487:hunchback
290:Polyandry
124:Species:
117:Tribolium
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1902:Ethology
1802:2.748115
1776:11063371
1667:BugGuide
1643:BioLib:
1601:Wikidata
1526:Archived
1369:86760911
1322:20554548
1238:67763257
1188:25985178
1172:15306338
1119:30311676
1111:17794229
930:37630378
922:21375637
883:28949983
835:PLOS ONE
768:23748350
710:See also
536:(Herbst)
527:Synonyms
473:gene in
397:polygyny
392:Polygamy
387:Polygamy
212:, and a
165:Synonyms
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
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1750:4990338
1685:1041702
1607:Q837947
1523:genome.
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1273:7316245
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1091:Bibcode
1083:Science
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843:Bibcode
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244:Ecology
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112:Genus:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
1864:148904
1835:NZOR:
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1763:232865
1724:281958
1711:295658
1698:TRIBCA
1672:478936
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512:CRISPR
491:bicoid
479:bicoid
470:bicoid
257:, the
194:beetle
156:Herbst
1851:23612
1771:IRMNG
1706:EUNIS
1659:30391
1646:14705
1365:S2CID
1269:S2CID
1234:S2CID
1115:S2CID
1014:S2CID
926:S2CID
812:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
538:are:
236:Adult
1828:7070
1823:NCBI
1784:ITIS
1745:GBIF
1693:EPPO
1654:BOLD
1550:IFAS
1318:PMID
1168:PMID
1107:PMID
1068:link
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918:PMID
879:PMID
861:ISSN
764:PMID
754:ISBN
502:mRNA
498:RNAi
485:and
253:and
220:and
216:for
206:pest
174:text
1810:NBN
1680:EoL
1631:AFD
1483:doi
1357:hdl
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