Red giant flying squirrel - Knowledge (XXG)

695: 352: 544: 209: 706: 1269:, less often the mid or lower canopy. The animal lands well below its launch height, as the typical glide angle is about 14–22°. Nevertheless, landing heights generally are more than 3 m (10 ft) above the ground and typically much higher. As long as the separation between remaining tall trees does not exceed its typical glide distance, this species survives well in degraded habitats, even willingly crossing highways. However, if distances between trees exceed the typical glide distance, it forms an efficient barrier for the species. 363: 1242: 426:. The tail is reddish-brown or orangish-brown and its tip is black. The feet/hands, rings around the eyes and area near the nose are black. The various subspecies in this group are generally quite similar, varying primarily in the exact hue of the upper- and underparts, and to a small degree their size. In the darkest, the upperparts have some black hairs intermixed with the reddish-brown. In Java, much of the tail (not just the tip) can be black. Two subspecies, 87: 535: 31: 62: 1154: 1400:) has been described as a "monotonous repeated wail" or a "loud, penetrating and drawn-out whine". Sometimes small groups may actively call out to each other over a longer period. Otherwise the species typically occurs alone, or in pairs. The mother or pair are sometimes accompanied by a young, as they forage together for a few to several months after birth. 514:

Yunnan giant flying squirrels as subspecies of another species; whether the nominate subspecies group is associated with the former or the latter is disputed. Merging the nominate subspecies group, southern China–perhaps Laos population, and the Formosan, white-bellied and Yunnan giant flying squirrels into a single species would however result in a strongly

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The Formosan giant flying squirrel is dark reddish-chestnut above, including the head, and the underparts, including the throat, are orange-ochre. Except for its reddish-chestnut base, the tail is black. It is relatively small in size, with measurements in the lower range of those reported for the

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has most often been included as a subspecies of the Indian giant flying squirrel, although sometimes of the red giant flying squirrel. In 2006, a genetic study revealed that it is fairly closely related to the red giant flying squirrel, but quite distantly related to other giant flying squirrels.

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subspecies group) and other giant flying squirrel species. Based on these data, each of these could be regarded as its own species. Alternatively, the southern China–perhaps Laos population and Formosan giant flying squirrel could be regarded as subspecies of one species and the white-bellied and

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The red giant flying squirrel is largely nocturnal, starting its activity just before dusk and retreating at dawn. On occasion it may stay out until the mid-morning. The day is typically spent in a hole in a tree that is 10 m (33 ft) or more above the ground, although sometimes in rock

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and longest squirrels. It has a head–and–body length of 28.5–55 cm (11 in – 1 ft 9.5 in), tail length of 34–63 cm (1 ft 1.5 in – 2 ft 1 in) and weighs about 990–3,200 g (2.2–7.1 lb). Within each region, males are generally somewhat

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to around one-fifth that density in conifer plantations, although there are also reports of home ranges in the latter habitat that are as small as, or even a bit smaller, than the average reported in the former habitat. It is often the most common species of giant flying squirrel in the Sundaic

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When only relatively poor food sources like older leaves are available, the red giant flying squirrel is still active, but less so compared to periods where richer food sources like young leaves and fruits are available. The populations that live in colder mountainous regions (for example,

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Yu, F.R.; F.H. Yu; J.F. Peng; C.W. Kilpatrick; P.M. McGuire; Y.X. Wang; S.Q. Lu; C.A. Woods (2006). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the Petaurista philippensis complex (Rodentia: Sciuridae), inter- and intraspecific relationships inferred from molecular and morphometric analysis".

1180:, historically known as Formosa, at altitudes of 100–2,500 m (330–8,200 ft), but mostly 500–2,000 m (1,600–6,600 ft). Although there is significant overlap and they do occur together, the Formosan giant flying squirrel tends to occupy lower altitudes than the 763:

in China, but this is now recognized as separate, see Yunnan giant flying squirrel). In Nepal it occurs at altitudes from 150 to 1,500 m (490–4,920 ft), but in Pakistan from 1,350 to 3,050 m (4,430–10,010 ft) with the upper limit equalling the

497:, a subspecies in the nominate group from the Thai-Malay Peninsula (far from China and Laos). Later studies that used these samples have typically only listed them as red giant flying squirrels from southern China and perhaps Laos without exact subspecies, although likely 1264:

The red giant flying squirrel usually travels between trees by long glides, up to at least 100–150 m (330–490 ft), reputedly even 450 m (1,480 ft). Most glides are no longer than 50 m (160 ft). Glides are most often launched from the upper

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Sanamxay, D.; B. Douangboubpha; S. Bumrungsri; C. Satasook; P.J.J. Bates (2014). "A taxonomy and distribution of the red giant flying squirrel, Petaurista petaurista (Sciuridae, Sciurinae, Pteromyini), in mainland Southeast Asia with the first record from Lao PDR".

489:. Using several of the same samples, a genetic study in 2004 came to another result, finding that Bornean red giant flying squirrels were very closely related to the southern China population, but more distant to the white-bellied giant flying squirrel ( 852:

Members of this group have dark reddish-chestnut upperparts, darker towards the upper back and head, a blackish tail with a greyish or reddish-chestnut base, and brown-black feet/hands, muzzle and around the eyes. The underparts are light

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Yu, F.; F. Yu; P.M. McGuire; C.W. Kilpatrick; J. Pang; Y. Wang; S. Lu; C.A. Woods (2004). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of woolly flying squirrel (Rodentia: Sciuridae), inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences".

1134:: In 1925, the population in southeastern China was described using this name. In 1949, the population in southeastern Sumatra (a part of red giant flying squirrel's nominate subspecies group) was described, also using the name 2205:"Why the Red Giant Gliding Squirrel Petaurista petaurista is often mistaken for the Namdapha Gliding Squirrel Biswamoyopterus biswasi (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India" 779:

with many whitish hairs resulting in a grizzled appearance. The underparts are pale buffy to whitish, and the throat and cheeks are whitish. The tail is brown, often with a black tip, and the feet/hands are blackish.

598:-brown above with the central parts, from the nape to the rump, with many whitish hairs resulting in a grizzled appearance. The underparts, including the throat, are whitish. The black-tipped tail is buffy-grey ( 1208:

This has been confirmed by other studies, and recent authorities have placed it as a subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel or recognized it as its own species, the Formosan giant flying squirrel (

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and the female has one, infrequently two, young per litter. Although declining locally due to habitat loss and to a lesser degree hunting, it remains overall common and it is not a threatened species.

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of India, a young was found in a nest in May and in Malaysia pregnant females have been recorded in February. The young suckle for an extended period of time after being born; more than two months in

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group, but quite distantly related to other giant flying squirrels. As a consequence, recent authorities often have recognized it as a separate species, the white-bellied giant flying squirrel (

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Krishna, M.C.; A. Kumar; O.P. Tripathi; J.L. Koprowski (2016). "Diversity, Distribution and Status of Gliding Squirrels in Protected and Non-protected Areas of the Eastern Himalayas in India".

1285:, and has been recorded feeding on the leaves of many plant species. Young leaves are preferred over older leaves. Other items recorded in its diet are shoots, flowers, fruits, nuts, seeds, 694: 351: 501:(at least in part) as all other groups found in southern China were listed separately. The southern China–perhaps Laos population is very close to the Formosan giant flying squirrel ( 473:

data is available for the nominate subspecies group. A study in 2002 found that Bornean red giant flying squirrels (a part of the nominate group) were relatively closely related to a

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can result in conflicts with humans in fruit plantations. Although not fully confirmed, there are strong indications that flower-feeding red giant flying squirrels may function as

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is generally agreed upon, but there is considerable uncertainty about the others, which variously have been included in this or other species, or recognized as their own species.

2431:"Geographic Variation of the Large Red Flying Squirrel, Petaurista albiventer (Gray, 1834) (Rodentia: Sciuridae), with a Description of a New Subspecies in Southwestern China" 788:

in Pakistan. The white-bellied giant flying squirrel is medium-large in size, with measurements in the mid to upper range of those reported for the red giant flying squirrel.

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Trivedi, K.; B. Nadolski; S. Waengsothorn; J. Goodyear (2018). "First Record of Red Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista petaurista) from Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand".

2129:"Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Petaurista Inferred from the Cytochrome b Gene, with Implications for the Taxonomic Status of P. caniceps, P. marica and P. sybilla" 338:), or their own separate species. Up until the 1980s, some authorities even listed the Indian giant flying squirrel itself as a subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel. 1360:

While some species of giant flying squirrels will supplement their diet with small animals, primarily insects, this has not been reported in the red giant flying squirrel.

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subspecies group. Although largely similar to the former group, they have some grizzling to the upperparts and more whitish to the head, thus approaching the latter group.

926:), but quite distantly related to other giant flying squirrels, leading several recent authorities to recognize it as its own species, the Yunnan giant flying squirrel ( 259:

squirrels, all populations have at least some reddish-brown above and pale underparts, but otherwise there are significant geographic variations in the colours. The

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35 m (115 ft) above the ground, while the remaining were between about 15 and 21 m (49–69 ft) above the ground. Red giant flying squirrels and

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Casanovas-Vilar, I. (2019). "The correct spelling of the nomen of the Yunnan giant flying squirrel Petaurista yunanensis Anderson, 1875 (Rodentia, Sciuridae)".

469:, leading some authors to recognize them as separate species. The other groups have ranges that are fully separated from the nominate subspecies group. Limited 849:

in China, Myanmar, northern Laos and northern Vietnam, although the extent of its range in the last three countries is labelled with considerable uncertainty.

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was recognized, variously as a subspecies of the red or the Indian giant flying squirrel, and often including several highly distinctive populations, notably

3258: 2760:"Nesting trees of the Red Giant Gliding Squirrel Petaurista petaurista (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in a tropical forest of Namdapha National Park, India" 2002:"A Preliminary Study on Molecular Phylogeny of Giant Flying Squirrels, Genus Petaurista (Rodentia, Sciuraidae) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Sequences" 606:). Much of the head, including the cheeks and forehead, is grey-white, but with blackish-red rings around the eyes. This is overall similar to the very rare 485:

subspecies group), but more distantly related to a clade that contains red giant flying squirrels from an unspecified location in southern China and perhaps

251:(squirrels). It is found in a wide variety of forest–types, plantations and more open habitats with scattered trees in Southeast Asia, ranging north to the 2700:"Phylogeography of two sympatric giant flying squirrel subspecies, Petaurista alborufus lena and P. philippensis grandis (Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Taiwan" 314:

and location. Roughly, it can be divided into the following subspecies groups, some of which variously have been regarded as part of this species, the

3308: 3217: 3072: 3111: 2957:"Home range and activity of the Indian giant flying squirrel (Petaurista philippensis) in Taiwan: influence of diet, temperature, and rainfall" 2630: 2590: 2338: 1914: 1699: 893:

subspecies group are medium-large in size, with measurements in the mid to upper range of that reported for the red giant flying squirrel.

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subspecies group are medium-large in size, with measurements in the mid to upper range of that reported for the red giant flying squirrel.

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should be considered subspecies of the white-bellied giant flying squirrel. An alternative option is to recognize it as its own species,

493:). The same southern Chinese and perhaps Laos specimens have been used in other genetic studies in 2004–2006 where they were labelled as 422:

Members of the nominate group are medium to dark reddish-brown above and the underparts, including the face, are light orangish-brown to

323: 845:, is found in highlands of northeast India (at least northern and eastern Arunachal Pradesh), far northwestern Yunnan and southeastern 461:

uncertainty exists for all populations (groups) outside the Sundaic region. Locally in Thailand, the nominate subspecies group and the

3303: 2398: 1882: 1591: 2798:"Gliding performance of the red giant gliding squirrel Petaurista petaurista in the tropical rainforest of Indian eastern Himalaya" 1102:(itself often considered a subspecies of the spotted giant flying squirrel). Despite their appearance, it was suggested in 2005 in 543: 1071:

They generally resemble typical members of the nominate subspecies group, but they have brown (not black) feet/hands, especially

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Although the members of the nominate subspecies group are quite similar and appear to be part of the same species, considerable

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is quite different from the red giant flying squirrel's others subspecies groups, but it is easily confused with the very rare

942:) of northwestern Yunnan is distinct and that individuals from southeastern Xizang should be recognized as the new subspecies 3155: 2921:"A New Pollination Syndrome - Squirrel Pollination in a Tropical Rainforest in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia" 1313:. When feeding extensively on bark it may kill trees in the process and for this reason it is sometimes considered a pest in 1099: 391:

and most other subspecies, excluding those mentioned in later groups). The distribution of this group essentially equals the

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Kakakti, K.; S. Srikant (2014). "First camera-trap record of Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalida trivirgata from India".

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does occur very close to the border with northern Laos and northern Vietnam, it has not been confirmed in either country.

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to southwestern Yunnan. Samples used in the 2006 genetic study (and a few other studies that used the same) actually were

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The taxonomic position of these Chinese taxa has been greatly disputed. In 2003 and 2008, Chinese authorities recognized

3288: 3278: 1181: 998: 902: 315: 3150: 647: 2085:

Oshida, T.; et al. (2010). "Phylogenetics of Petaurista in light of specimens collected from northern Vietnam".

2568: 2316: 861:, the central upperparts, from the top of the head and shoulders to the rump, have extensive scattered creamy-white 419:). They generally inhabit lowlands and foothills, typically below 900–1,000 m (3,000–3,300 ft) elevation. 86: 3298: 279: 3168: 2548:

Choudhury, A. (2007). "A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India".

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There is usually only one, infrequently two, young in a litter, as typical of giant flying squirrels. In Taiwan (

607: 556: 1357:) remain active even when there is deep snow on the ground, but during this time may move to lower altitudes. 3235: 2462:

Thapa, S.; H.B. Katuwal; S. Koirala; B.V. Dahal; B. Devkota; R. Rana; H. Dhakal; R. Karki; H. Basnet (2016).

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as a subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel. In the early 2000s, several genetic studies revealed that

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in the red giant flying squirrel or the red and white giant flying squirrel. Despite the close similarity,

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have otherwise frequently been treated very differently in terms of their taxonomy. For example, in 2005,

42: 2651:"Cranial morphometric study of four giant flying squirrels (Petaurista) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) from China" 2880:"Food Availability and Food Habits of Indian Giant Flying Squirrels (Petaurista philippensis) in Taiwan" 181: 2842:"Behaviour of Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista yunnanensis) at a mineral lick in Yunnan, China" 1241: 3059: 2140: 1415:), there are two breeding seasons per year, with most births in January–February and July–August. In 408: 677:

as a valid subspecies of it, although noting that its position requires further study. In contrast,

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was recognized as a separate species, but—partially affected by the review in 2005—opted to include

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being a subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel according to that review). In a review in 2012,

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and adjacent western Thailand, are located roughly in between the nominate subspecies group and the

362: 3313: 615: 51: 2979: 2901: 2819: 2721: 2680: 2497: 2176: 2102: 1826: 1775: 1531: 1527: 1477: 1473: 1138:. Consequently, if both are recognized as valid subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel, the 458: 443: 260: 198: 81: 3103: 2956: 2447: 2430: 3046: 2672: 2626: 2596: 2586: 2394: 2344: 2334: 2168: 2062: 1975: 1910: 1878: 1752: 1715:

Jackson, S.M. (1999). "Glide angle in the genus Petaurus and a review of gliding in mammals".

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crevices or a nest made of vegetation in a tree instead. In a study of seven nests in India's

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region in northeastern Afghanistan, through northern Pakistan and northern India, at least to

634: 576: 2281:"Occurrence of the red giant flying squirrel (Petaurista petarista: Sciuridae) in Bangladesh" 989:. In 2007 and 2009, two very similar new species were described from northeastern India: the 681:

was considered a subspecies of the red and white giant flying squirrel based on its colours.

2971: 2932: 2891: 2853: 2809: 2771: 2711: 2662: 2580: 2527: 2489: 2442: 2328: 2292: 2216: 2158: 2148: 2094: 2054: 2013: 1967: 1818: 1767: 1724: 1645: 1310: 1258: 1139: 776: 772: 734: 730: 595: 416: 271: 3129: 1941:

Systematics and Biogeography of Flying Squirrels in the Eastern and Western Trans-Himalayas

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Lee, P.-F. (1998). "Body Size Comparison of Two Giant Flying Squirrel Species in Taiwan".

1381: 303: 1753:"Reproductive Biology of the Red-Giant Flying Squirrel, Petaurista petaurista, in Taiwan" 2776: 2759: 2144: 2466:. Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 27–30. 2163: 2128: 1118:, which was repeated in another taxonomic review in 2012. The cranial morphometrics of 587:). Individuals in eastern Bangladesh are similar in their appearance, if not the same. 392: 264: 30: 3252: 3124: 2716: 2699: 2576: 2501: 2324: 1728: 1508: 1454: 1080: 785: 423: 383: 71: 66: 2983: 2905: 2823: 2725: 2389:

Datta, R.; R. Nandini (2015). "Sciurids". In A.J.T. Johnsingh; N. Manjrekar (eds.).

2180: 2106: 1830: 3208: 3051: 2684: 1153: 1076: 966: 958:. Although all are very similar in their general appearance, it was suggested that 515: 2667: 2153: 2018: 2001: 1380:), it varies from an average of around five animals per 20 ha (50 acres) in 614:), which has resulted in frequent misidentifications. Based on a small number of 575:

is found in Myanmar, northern Thailand, and northeastern India (at least eastern

3142: 3085: 3031: 2650: 2221: 2204: 2058: 1971: 1416: 1266: 435: 3022: 2531: 2000:

Oshida, T.; C.M. Shafique; S. Barkati; Y. Fujita; L.-K. Lin; R. Masuda (2004).

1822: 2975: 2493: 1649: 1503: 1449: 1388:

It has an oft-uttered call that especially is given at dusk, and in Himalaya (

1322: 862: 854: 781: 431: 311: 158: 2550:

Newsletter and Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India

2858: 2841: 2600: 2348: 1338: 1318: 1294: 1278: 1057: 765: 466: 412: 291: 275: 252: 248: 98: 2676: 2172: 2066: 1979: 571:

is found in central and southeastern Thailand and southern Laos. The taxon

2937: 2920: 2297: 2280: 3202: 3181: 3016: 2098: 1282: 1230: 915: 752: 584: 470: 287: 256: 148: 118: 1690:

Thorington Jr., R.W.; J.L. Koprowski; M.A. Steele; J.F. Whatton (2012).

3230: 3222: 3077: 1779: 1314: 1061: 1049: 1045: 869:, this is of more limited extent, mostly on the mid and lower back. In 447: 400: 372: 2814: 2797: 922:

is fairly closely related to the white-bellied giant flying squirrel (

3090: 1286: 1177: 1053: 846: 760: 726: 404: 244: 138: 128: 108: 2993: 2896: 2879: 1771: 1368:

Densities vary greatly in the red giant flying squirrel. In Taiwan (

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are restricted to China, with the former from the central states of

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has been recorded feeding on at least 30 species of plants from 19

1005:) of northeastern Arunachal Pradesh. In 2016, it was proposed that 2585:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. 2333:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. 1240: 1152: 1041: 963: 756: 580: 565: 474: 371:

Two museum specimens of the nominate subspecies group, upper from

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Oshida, T.; L.K. Lin; S.-W. Chang; Y.-J. Chen; J.-K. Lin (2011).

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

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should remain part of the Indian giant flying squirrel based on

486: 396: 217: 2997: 1694:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 116–122. 877:, this is essentially absent. Despite being distantly related, 283: 1130:

subspecies group. A secondary problem is related to the name

505:), but distant from the white-bellied giant flying squirrel ( 2393:. Vol. 2. Universities Press, India. pp. 513–573. 1196:). These are the only giant flying squirrels of the island. 1634:"Gliding Mammals – Taxonomy of Living and Extinct Species" 1098:

variously was placed as a subspecies of the Indian or the

221: 2279:

Kabir, M.T.; M.F. Ahsan; A. Khatoon; M.M. Rahman (2018).

1909:. Princeton University Press. pp. 150–152, 340–341. 1877:(3 ed.). The Sabah Society. pp. 102–103, 249. 1627: 1625: 1623: 1094:

as a subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel, while

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as a subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel, while

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have generally been included either as subspecies or as

1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 946:; thus effectively limiting the Chinese range of true 1293:, twigs, bark and in the northern part of its range 799:

is relatively closely related to the members of the

286:) long distances between trees by spreading out its 3192: 3006: 302:The red giant flying squirrel is among the largest 255:and southern and central China. One of the largest 310:It varies considerably in appearance depending on 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1052:, and the latter from the southeastern states of 2625:. Princeton University Press. pp. 177–179. 2543: 2541: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 2835: 2833: 2796:Krishna, M.C.; A. Kumar; O.P. Tripathi (2016). 2791: 2789: 2787: 2758:Krishna, M.C.; A. Kumar; O.P. Tripathi (2019). 2513: 2511: 1145:is used for the southeast Sumatran population. 729:("faded") museum specimen above, painting from 2236: 2234: 2232: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1751:Lee, P.-F.; Y.-S. Lin; D.R. Progulske (1993). 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2080: 2078: 2076: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1325:of certain trees. Some populations, at least 1087:is ferruginous or tawny (no black tail-tip). 8: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2475: 2473: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2127:Li, S.; K. He; F.-H. Yu; Q.-S. Yang (2013). 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1013:, but the taxonomic position of both it and 2919:Yumoto, T.; K. Momose; H. Nagamasu (2000). 2567:Thorington, R.W. Jr; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 2315:Thorington, R.W. Jr; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 1632:Jackson, S.M.; R.W. Thorington Jr. (2012). 1233:sometimes compete for the same tree holes. 415:(last Singaporean record in 1986, possibly 307:smaller, at least in weight, than females. 2994: 2950: 2948: 2873: 2871: 2869: 274:, the red giant flying squirrel is mostly 207: 60: 29: 20: 2936: 2895: 2857: 2813: 2775: 2715: 2704:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2666: 2644: 2642: 2520:Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy 2446: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2296: 2220: 2162: 2152: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2017: 1952: 1950: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 997:) of north-central Arunachal Pradesh and 791:Since the 1950s, most authorities placed 747:The white-bellied giant flying squirrel ( 2448:10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.4.1321.1328 1907:A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia 2310: 2308: 1440: 865:resulting in a grizzled appearance. In 1875:A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo 1586:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 112–135. 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1126:) differ distinctly from those of the 481:) and Yunnan giant flying squirrels ( 298:Distribution, appearance and taxonomy 7: 3236:F08ED95A-B240-4D99-B0B7-C43E865AF04C 2464:Sciuridae (Order: Rodentia) in Nepal 1638:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 1172:The Formosan giant flying squirrel ( 857:-buff and the throat is whitish. In 3259:IUCN Red List least concern species 2777:10.11609/jott.4384.11.6.13720-13726 2649:Li, S.; F.-H. Yu; X.-F. Lü (2012). 1509:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1455:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1337:, will visit specific locations to 1277:The red giant flying squirrel is a 938:(typically considered a synonym of 685:White-bellied giant flying squirrel 324:red and white giant flying squirrel 2840:Lian–Xian, H.; L. Harding (2013). 2621:Smith, A.T.; Y. Xie, eds. (2008). 2571:Petaurista philippensis yunanensis 2203:Krishna, C. M.; Kumar, A. (2014). 1114:should be regarded as synonyms of 751:) is from the western and central 387:is the nominate subspecies group ( 290:, skin between its limbs. It is a 14: 930:). In 2017, a review of Chinese " 881:is easily confused with the rare 841:), often incorrectly modified to 509:), Yunnan giant flying squirrel ( 477:that contains the white-bellied ( 3309:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas 2717:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01576.x 1873:Payne, J.; C.F. Francis (1998). 1729:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2000.00056.x 704: 693: 542: 533: 361: 350: 216:Range in red as reported by the 85: 2623:A Guide to the Mammals of China 883:Mount Gaoligong flying squirrel 784:individuals are known from the 739:Illustrations of Indian Zoology 2955:Kuo, C.-C.; L.-L. Lee (2012). 2878:Kuo, C.-C.; L.-L. Lee (2003). 1149:Formosan giant flying squirrel 1100:Chindwin giant flying squirrel 1083:above, and the entire tail of 887:Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis 411:, nearby smaller islands, and 381:The red giant flying squirrel 1: 2006:Russian Journal of Theriology 1257:, photographed in 1914–16 by 1226: 991:Mechuka giant flying squirrel 659:was regarded as a synonym of 332:spotted giant flying squirrel 2668:10.3724/SP.J.1141.2012.02119 2285:Nature Conservation Research 2262:Small Carnivore Conservation 2154:10.1371/journal.pone.0070461 2019:10.15298/rusjtheriol.03.1.04 1584:Gliding Mammals of the World 1341:directly from cliffs/earth. 1182:Taiwan giant flying squirrel 999:Mishmi giant flying squirrel 827:subspecies group (including 819:Yunnan giant flying squirrel 316:Indian giant flying squirrel 235:common giant flying squirrel 2222:10.11609/JoTT.o3727.6138-41 2059:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.002 1972:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.008 1845:"Red Giant Flying Squirrel" 1200:red giant flying squirrel. 1104:Mammal Species of the World 771:Its upperparts are reddish- 759:(formerly reported east to 648:Mammal Species of the World 3330: 2764:Journal of Threatened Taxa 2532:10.4404/hystrix-27.2-11688 2209:Journal of Threatened Taxa 1823:10.1515/mammalia-2014-0005 985:, or all as subspecies of 914:, as synonyms. In 2006, a 438:off the Thai mainland and 24:Red giant flying squirrel 3304:Mammals described in 1766 2976:10.1007/s13364-012-0076-y 2494:10.11646/bionomina.15.1.7 1650:10.5479/si.00810282.638.1 815:group as its subspecies. 342:Nominate subspecies group 282:(not actually fly like a 263:position of those in the 231:red giant flying squirrel 215: 206: 187: 180: 82:Scientific classification 80: 58: 49: 37: 28: 23: 2741:Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 2429:Li, S.; Z. Feng (2017). 2243:Tropical Natural History 1502:Duckworth, J.W. (2016). 1448:Duckworth, J.W. (2016). 1364:Social life and breeding 608:Namdapha flying squirrel 557:Namdapha flying squirrel 375:, lower without location 2859:10.4038/tapro.v5i1.5691 1943:, University of Florida 1504:"Petaurista petaurista" 1450:"Petaurista petaurista" 1317:plantations, while its 1168:with young on its chest 1017:require further study. 612:Biswamoyopterus biswasi 3264:Mammals of Afghanistan 2579:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2327:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 1905:Francis, C.M. (2008). 1692:Squirrels of the World 1582:Jackson, S.M. (2012). 1261: 1223:Namdapha National Park 1169: 625:Since the 1950s, both 43:Namdapha National Park 3038:Petaurista petaurista 3008:Petaurista petaurista 2938:10.3759/tropics.9.147 2391:Mammals of South Asia 2319:Petaurista petaurista 2298:10.24189/ncr.2018.011 2047:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol 1244: 1156: 1122:(data is lacking for 1064:and Yunnan. Although 594:subspecies group are 465:subspecies group are 240:Petaurista petaurista 191:Petaurista petaurista 3294:Rodents of Indonesia 3284:Rodents of Singapore 2884:Journal of Mammalogy 2099:10.3106/041.035.0107 1760:Journal of Mammalogy 1245:Gliding and perched 1225:, one tree hole was 896:Traditionally, only 409:Thai-Malay Peninsula 3289:Rodents of Malaysia 3279:Rodents of Pakistan 2145:2013PLoSO...870461L 1960:Mol Phylogenet Evol 1297:. In Taiwan alone, 52:Conservation status 3194:Sciurus petaurista 2770:(6): 13720–13726. 1530:}}: old-form url ( 1476:}}: old-form url ( 1262: 1170: 918:study showed that 889:). Members of the 811:or members of the 807:), sometimes with 243:) is a species of 173:P. petaurista 45:, northeast India 3299:Rodents of Borneo 3246: 3245: 3000:Taxon identifiers 2815:10.2981/wlb.00120 2632:978-0-691-09984-2 2592:978-0-8018-8221-0 2340:978-0-8018-8221-0 1916:978-0-691-13551-9 1847:. ecologyasia.com 1701:978-1-4214-0469-1 1203:Since the 1950s, 741:(1830–1835) below 620:barroni–candidula 618:, members of the 602:) or grey-brown ( 592:barroni–candidula 577:Arunachal Pradesh 523:Barroni–candidula 463:barroni–candidula 452:barroni–candidula 227: 226: 75: 16:Species of rodent 3321: 3274:Rodents of China 3269:Rodents of India 3239: 3238: 3226: 3225: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3185: 3184: 3172: 3171: 3159: 3158: 3146: 3145: 3133: 3132: 3120: 3119: 3107: 3106: 3094: 3093: 3081: 3080: 3068: 3067: 3055: 3054: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3027: 3026: 3025: 2995: 2988: 2987: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2890:(4): 1330–1340. 2875: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2817: 2802:Wildlife Biology 2793: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2719: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2670: 2655:Dongwuxue Yanjiu 2646: 2637: 2636: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2441:(4): 1321–1328. 2435:Pakistan J. Zool 2426: 2405: 2404: 2386: 2353: 2352: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2238: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2215:(8): 6138–6141. 2200: 2185: 2184: 2166: 2156: 2124: 2111: 2110: 2082: 2071: 2070: 2041: 2024: 2023: 2021: 1997: 1984: 1983: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1936: 1921: 1920: 1902: 1889: 1888: 1870: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1805: 1784: 1783: 1757: 1748: 1733: 1732: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1687: 1654: 1653: 1629: 1598: 1597: 1579: 1536: 1535: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1499: 1482: 1481: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1445: 1382:hardwood forests 1339:feed on minerals 1259:Richard Hingston 1228: 1140:replacement name 981:with subspecies 708: 697: 651:opted to regard 546: 537: 525:subspecies group 389:P. p. petaurista 365: 354: 304:flying squirrels 272:flying squirrels 211: 193: 90: 89: 69: 64: 63: 33: 21: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3188: 3180: 3177:Observation.org 3175: 3167: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3128: 3123: 3115: 3110: 3102: 3097: 3089: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3063: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3002: 2992: 2991: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2897:10.1644/BOS-039 2877: 2876: 2867: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2795: 2794: 2785: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2608: 2593: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2428: 2427: 2408: 2401: 2388: 2387: 2356: 2341: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2202: 2201: 2188: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2084: 2083: 2074: 2043: 2042: 2027: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1939:Yu, F. (2002), 1938: 1937: 1924: 1917: 1904: 1903: 1892: 1885: 1872: 1871: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1807: 1806: 1787: 1772:10.2307/1382437 1755: 1750: 1749: 1736: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1689: 1688: 1657: 1631: 1630: 1601: 1594: 1581: 1580: 1539: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1501: 1500: 1485: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1366: 1275: 1239: 1218: 1151: 1030: 995:P. mechukaensis 821: 745: 744: 743: 742: 711: 710: 709: 700: 699: 698: 687: 590:Members of the 562: 561: 560: 559: 553:P. p. candidula 549: 548: 547: 539: 538: 527: 379: 378: 377: 376: 368: 367: 366: 357: 356: 355: 344: 320:P. philippensis 300: 202: 195: 189: 176: 84: 76: 65: 61: 54: 39:P. p. candidula 17: 12: 11: 5: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3227: 3214: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3173: 3160: 3147: 3134: 3121: 3108: 3095: 3082: 3069: 3056: 3043: 3028: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2970:(3): 269–276. 2944: 2931:(2): 147–151. 2911: 2865: 2829: 2783: 2750: 2731: 2710:(2): 404–419. 2690: 2661:(2): 119−126. 2638: 2631: 2606: 2591: 2559: 2537: 2507: 2469: 2454: 2406: 2399: 2354: 2339: 2304: 2271: 2252: 2228: 2186: 2112: 2072: 2053:(3): 755–766. 2025: 1985: 1966:(3): 735–744. 1946: 1922: 1915: 1890: 1883: 1858: 1836: 1817:(3): 305–314. 1785: 1766:(4): 982–989. 1734: 1707: 1700: 1655: 1644:(638): 1–117. 1599: 1592: 1537: 1483: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1365: 1362: 1281:, primarily a 1274: 1271: 1238: 1235: 1217: 1214: 1150: 1147: 1029: 1019: 1003:P. mishmiensis 820: 817: 713: 712: 703: 702: 701: 692: 691: 690: 689: 688: 686: 683: 551: 550: 541: 540: 532: 531: 530: 529: 528: 526: 520: 393:Sundaic region 370: 369: 360: 359: 358: 349: 348: 347: 346: 345: 343: 340: 299: 296: 265:Sundaic region 247:in the family 225: 224: 213: 212: 204: 203: 196: 185: 184: 178: 177: 170: 168: 164: 163: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 78: 77: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3326: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400:9788173715891 2396: 2392: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2249:(2): 150–153. 2248: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139:(7): e70461. 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884:967-99947-1-6 1880: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593:9780643092600 1589: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1009:is a part of 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:P. yunanensis 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967:morphometrics 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934:" found that 933: 929: 928:P. yunanensis 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 904: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 850: 848: 844: 840: 839: 834: 830: 826: 818: 816: 814: 810: 806: 805:P. albiventer 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 786:Kaghan Valley 783: 778: 774: 769: 767: 762: 758: 754: 750: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 707: 696: 684: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663: 658: 654: 650: 649: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567: 558: 554: 545: 536: 524: 521: 519: 517: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 385: 384:sensu stricto 374: 364: 353: 341: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 305: 297: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 223: 219: 214: 210: 205: 200: 194: 192: 186: 183: 182:Binomial name 179: 175: 174: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 100: 97: 94: 93: 88: 83: 79: 73: 68: 67:Least Concern 57: 53: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3193: 3007: 2967: 2964:Acta Theriol 2963: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2887: 2883: 2852:(1): 87–88. 2849: 2845: 2805: 2801: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2658: 2654: 2622: 2581: 2577:Wilson, D.E. 2570: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2523: 2519: 2488:(1): 66–68. 2485: 2481: 2463: 2457: 2438: 2434: 2390: 2329: 2325:Wilson, D.E. 2318: 2291:(1): 97–99. 2288: 2284: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2212: 2208: 2136: 2132: 2090: 2087:Mammal Study 2086: 2050: 2046: 2012:(1): 15–24. 2009: 2005: 1963: 1959: 1940: 1906: 1874: 1849:. Retrieved 1839: 1814: 1810: 1763: 1759: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1691: 1641: 1637: 1583: 1517:. Retrieved 1513: 1507: 1463:. 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