88:
439:
1561:
63:
1547:
44:
290:
727:
597:
coloration. The greater presence of pigmented individuals suggests either a more recent entrance, an external source of carotenoids, or movement between surface and underground waters. Collectively, these potations make up the first recorded instances of troglodytic crayfish in Europe. The invasive crayfish have the potential to pose an environmental threat to native
1576:
596:
landscapes with extensive cave formations. The
Portuguese population is entirely depigmented, although pigmented specimens are present in nearby surface streams; the deepest recorded specimen was a male recovered at a depth of 240 metres (790 ft). 53% of Italian specimens displayed a blue-white
644:
were introduced to China to create markets for aquaculture and because they are better adapted to growing in a rice field than native fish species. Rice-fish farming originated in China and is once again growing as the yields from
712:, it caused a decrease in 6.3% of profits in rice fields. However, this was on a wet-seeded field. All negative effects of crayfish can be avoided if adult crayfish are separated from the seed and seedlings.
921:
1140:
Mazza, Giuseppe; Sofia, Ana; Reboleira, P.S.; Goncalves, Fernando; Aquiloni, Laura; Inghilesi, Alberto; Spigoli, Daniele; Stoch, Fabio; Taiti, Stefano; Gherardi, Francesca; Tricarico, Elena (2014).
430:(the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.
1030:"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species"
1382:
1263:
480:
grows quickly, and is capable of reaching weights over 50 g (1.8 oz) and sizes of 5.5–12 cm (2.2–4.7 in) long. It is also able to tolerate slightly
2765:
2760:
2569:
427:
1073:
Bonvillain, Christopher P.; D. Allen
Rutherford; William E. Kelso; Christopher C. Green (2012). "Physiological biomarkers of hypoxic stress in red swamp crayfish
2780:
2657:
1234:
Pedto M. Anastácio; Vasco S. Parente & Alexandra M. Correia (2005). "Crayfish effects on seeds and seedlings: identification and quantification of damage".
2750:
1618:
1447:
1294:
828:
supply. Louisiana crayfish remain in demand for local production and consumption. In 2018, 93% of crayfish farms in the US were located in
Louisiana.
649:
practices used to grow rice are no longer increasing, and resources such as land and water are becoming more limited. Crayfish are also cultivated as
2530:
1113:
2595:
2775:
2683:
1218:
1309:
1408:
1142:"A New Threat to Groundwater Ecosystems: First Occurrences of the Invasive Crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in European Caves"
629:
of rice and crayfish combination makes good use of land, resources, equipment and infrastructure already being used for rice production.
1201:
Miao Weimin (2010). "Recent
Developments in Rice-Fish Culture in China: A Holistic Approach for Livelihood Improvement in Rural Areas".
601:
fauna, due to the crayfish's recorded ability to prey on diverse sources of food and the highly restricted ranges of native cave fauna.
2491:
1270:
1346:
1174:
679:, where its success is attributable to its ability to colonize disturbed habitats that would be unsuitable for the native crayfish (
2722:
2543:
1611:
370:
spp. Individuals are reported to be able to cross many miles of relatively dry ground, especially in wet seasons, although the
315:
2770:
2600:
1588:
1580:
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and is able to grow quickly even in only seasonally present water, being able to tolerate dry spells of up to four months.
2644:
1361:
916:
209:
812:
In 1990, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish in the world, and consumed 70% locally. However, as early as 2003, Asian
809:. Many differing methods are used to season the dish, and there are an equal number of opinions on which one is correct.
1029:
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2582:
2426:
2341:
2235:
1604:
1509:
489:
87:
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2300:
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1236:
919:(1852). "A revision of the North American astaci, with observations on their habits and geographic distribution".
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2522:
1685:
940:
2130:
1825:
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in the 18th century, taking place in rice fields in a concurrent or alternate culture system. The concurrent
2281:
2356:
2111:
1937:
1909:
1798:
1661:
1495:
M. James
Norrocky (1991). "Observations on the ecology, reproduction and growth of the burrowing crayfish
1005:
252:
2293:
1678:
577:
512:
511:, and its feeding can disrupt native ecosystems. It may outcompete the native crayfish species and is a
192:
2431:
1182:
496:
is five years, although some individuals are known to have reached ages (in nature) of over six years.
765:, where the standard culinary terms vary between "crawfish", "crayfish", "crawdaddy" or "mudbug", and
2727:
2465:
2403:
2323:
2078:
1964:
1923:
1916:
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2144:
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52:
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2060:
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1888:
1874:
1706:
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666:
581:
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395:
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330:. It has also been introduced, sometimes deliberately, outside its natural range to countries in
260:
82:
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565:
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1958:
1944:
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1214:
1094:
632:
However, crayfish production has decreased in recent years due to an increase of imports from
465:
358:
is multiplying and actively colonizing new territories at the expense of the native crayfish,
323:
319:
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2408:
2018:
2004:
1997:
1951:
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770:
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366:
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produced more and continued to outpace production in any other part of the world. By 2018,
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2218:
2181:
2157:
2104:
2025:
1853:
1811:
1753:
1731:
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844:
806:
681:
538:
516:
403:
360:
351:
347:
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just below the head, and rows of bright red bumps on the front and side of the first leg.
248:
438:
282:
is typically dark red, with long claws and head, small or no spines on the sides of its
2517:
2504:
2317:
2260:
2254:
2151:
2117:
2072:
2055:
2011:
1818:
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1469:
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786:
530:
2744:
2608:
2311:
2306:
2287:
2137:
2097:
2090:
1758:
1249:
1006:"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission"
880:
871:
705:
618:
573:
549:
264:
72:
67:
2457:
2241:
2198:
2044:
1726:
1672:
1667:
1560:
1118:
766:
654:
561:
469:
383:
129:
43:
2548:
1546:
537:. Their burrowing activities may also be a threat to civil infrastructure such as
289:
17:
2709:
2649:
2631:
2556:
2388:
1930:
1210:
754:
650:
626:
169:
149:
2379:
1090:
726:
2329:
2275:
2084:
1542:
641:
534:
311:
241:
159:
2496:
2478:
2265:
817:
813:
778:
762:
758:
750:
658:
622:
598:
526:
500:
472:. It is considered to be the most ecologically plastic species in the order
461:
119:
99:
2587:
1478:
1098:
697:, including white, blue and orange, which are commonly sold in pet stores.
689:
is also marketed by biological supply companies for teaching and research.
580:. In 2011, another cave-dwelling population was discovered in caves in the
1575:
1437:
G. H. Yue; G. L. Wang; B. Q. Zhu; C. M. Wang; Z .Y. Zhu; L. C. Lo (2008).
2675:
2439:
2418:
2373:
2167:
798:
742:
738:
709:
557:
481:
473:
371:
343:
327:
283:
244:
139:
2444:
1158:
1141:
824:
crayfish production in the
Americas represented just 4% of total global
507:
can lead to damage to existing water courses and to crops, particularly
2535:
1748:
1530:
1460:
774:
773:
centered around eating the crustaceans. Louisiana crawfish are usually
636:, which is now the world's leading producer of farmed crayfish using a
375:
237:
452:
is most commonly found in warm freshwater bodies such as slow-flowing
2561:
2192:
2187:
2175:
1832:
1647:
1633:
1596:
1114:"Southern Crawfish Are the Newest Scourge to Northern Infrastructure"
802:
794:
746:
339:
335:
307:
109:
2350:
1522:
2483:
350:, the populations are self-maintaining but not expanding, while in
2270:
1804:
1638:
790:
725:
676:
633:
593:
589:
542:
457:
453:
437:
411:
399:
288:
2688:
1974:
984:
782:
614:
508:
331:
2470:
2354:
1600:
1383:"Global Aquaculture Production: Procambarus clarkii, 1990-2018"
922:
Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
865:
863:
861:
859:
761:. In the United States, crayfish are particularly popular in
704:
has also resulted in economic losses in some regions. In the
617:
account for a large majority of the crayfish produced in the
1345:
Larry W. de la
Bretonne Jr. & Robert P. Romaire (1990).
675:
has also been introduced elsewhere for cultivation, such as
1347:"Crawfish production: harvesting, marketing and economics"
1310:"Why Crawfish Are Louisiana's Culinary Gift to the Nation"
378:
may have hastened the spread in some areas (anglers using
1389:. Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1175:"Crawfish culture: A Louisiana aquaculture success story"
488:
are physiologically capable of tolerating relatively low
1439:"Discovery of four natural clones in a crayfish species
981:
Nonindigenous
Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL
1409:"Table 18. Crustacean Sales by Species: 2018 and 2013"
484:
water, which is unusual for a crayfish. Additionally,
293:
Male red swamp crayfish have bigger claws than females
2363:
2227:
2166:
1973:
1747:
1632:
975:Nagy, R.; A. Fusaro; W. Conard (17 November 2016).
386:are thought to have introduced it to the state of
843:, but research suggests it may also reproduce by
1418:. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service
1507:(Decapoda: Cambaridae) in North-central Ohio".
428:list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern
895:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153877A4557336.en
1612:
8:
1448:International Journal of Biological Sciences
267:and other continents), where it is often an
2351:
1619:
1605:
1597:
61:
42:
31:
1468:
1157:
1079:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
893:
621:and elsewhere. Crayfish farming began in
1173:W. Ray McClain & Robert P. Romaire.
1077:from field and laboratory experiments".
2766:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
2761:Freshwater crustaceans of North America
855:
390:). Attempts have also been made to use
1293:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1286:
970:
968:
966:
322:, as well as inland north through the
745:, Europe, Africa, the United States,
7:
2781:Arthropods of the Dominican Republic
2523:43e44bfc-3985-45cb-9e2e-67ea9ab7fac5
1362:Southern Regional Aquaculture Center
1203:Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture
949:FDA Acceptable Seafood Name Database
2751:IUCN Red List least concern species
881:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
398:organism, to reduce levels of the
25:
1146:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
1112:Metcalfe, John (31 August 2017).
1574:
1559:
1545:
1250:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01343.x
1052:Global Invasive Species Database
801:, etc.) and other items such as
86:
490:dissolved oxygen concentrations
247:native to freshwater bodies of
426:is included since 2016 in the
406:, leading to the dispersal of
1:
2776:Crustaceans described in 1852
1334:How to Season a Crawfish Boil
592:. Both localities consist of
402:involved in the lifecycle of
1308:Kiniry, Laura (1 May 2014).
2236:Austromegabalanus psittacus
1510:American Midland Naturalist
1211:10.1007/978-90-481-3087-0_2
943:Seafood List Search Returns
665:farms, or used to add into
2802:
2301:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1416:2018 Census of Agriculture
1091:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.04.015
777:in a large pot with heavy
730:Boiled crawfish, Louisiana
719:
492:. The average lifetime of
257:southeastern United States
2339:
1686:Macrobrachium rosenbergii
640:. A number of species of
298:Range and range expansion
224:, known variously as the
198:
191:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
2131:Portunus trituberculatus
1826:Metanephrops challengeri
1780:California spiny lobster
693:also exhibits different
2282:Lysiosquillina maculata
1593:at Animal Diversity Web
870:Crandall, K.A. (2010).
2112:Ovalipes australiensis
1938:Scyllarides herklotsii
1910:Panulirus penicillatus
1799:Japanese spiny lobster
1662:Cryphiops caementarius
1387:FAO Fisheries Division
731:
556:were found in central
446:
294:
2771:Crustaceans of Brazil
2294:Oratosquilla oratoria
1679:Litopenaeus setiferus
977:"Procambarus clarkii"
888:: e.T153877A4557336.
729:
525:, for crayfish virus
441:
342:and elsewhere in the
310:and far southeastern
292:
27:Species of crustacean
2518:Fauna Europaea (new)
2324:Tasmanian giant crab
2079:Hypothalassia acerba
1965:Tristan rock lobster
1924:Parribacus japonicus
1917:Panulirus versicolor
1903:Panulirus pascuensis
1738:Xiphopenaeus kroyeri
1585:at Wikimedia Commons
1314:Smithsonian Magazine
700:The introduction of
584:municipality in the
529:and for a number of
302:The native range of
2409:Procambarus_clarkii
2395:Procambarus clarkii
2365:Procambarus clarkii
2206:Procambarus clarkii
2145:Scylla paramamosain
2067:Gecarcinus ruricola
2039:Chinese mitten crab
2033:Chaceon quinquedens
1991:Callinectes similis
1984:Callinectes sapidus
1868:Panulirus echinatus
1840:Nephrops norvegicus
1774:Arctides guineensis
1590:Procambarus clarkii
1582:Procambarus clarkii
1441:Procambarus clarkii
1159:10.4311/2013LSC0115
1075:Procambarus clarkii
1046:Procambarus clarkii
874:Procambarus clarkii
841:reproduces sexually
837:Procambarus clarkii
737:is eaten in China,
667:organic fertilizers
663:Chinese edible frog
605:Economic importance
263:elsewhere (both in
221:Procambarus clarkii
202:Procambarus clarkii
53:Conservation status
36:Procambarus clarkii
2786:Edible crustaceans
2213:Orconectes virilis
2124:Portunus pelagicus
2061:Florida stone crab
2051:Declawing of crabs
1889:Panulirus longipes
1875:Panulirus guttatus
1707:Penaeus esculentus
1627:Edible crustaceans
1553:Crustaceans portal
1461:10.7150/ijbs.4.279
1237:Freshwater Biology
1205:. pp. 15–40.
1190:(4): 31–35, 60–61.
732:
582:San Giuliano Terme
578:Estremenho massiff
522:Aphanomyces astaci
466:irrigation systems
447:
410:in, for instance,
396:biological control
295:
230:Louisiana crawfish
226:red swamp crayfish
18:Red swamp crawfish
2738:
2737:
2697:Open Tree of Life
2357:Taxon identifiers
2348:
2347:
2248:Galathea strigosa
1959:Thymops birsteini
1945:Scyllarides latus
1896:Panulirus ornatus
1882:Panulirus homarus
1847:Palinurus elephas
1833:Thenus orientalis
1700:Pandalus borealis
1693:Palaemon serratus
1579:Media related to
1567:Arthropods portal
1220:978-90-481-3087-0
1183:World Aquaculture
771:social gatherings
638:rice-based system
324:Mississippi Basin
320:Florida Panhandle
306:is from northern
217:
216:
76:
16:(Redirected from
2793:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2704:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2650:NHMSYS0000377495
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2590:
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2577:
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2538:
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2525:
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2500:
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2422:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2352:
2019:Cancer productus
2005:Cancer bellianus
1998:Cancer irroratus
1952:Scyllarus arctus
1861:Panulirus cygnus
1786:Homarus gammarus
1768:American lobster
1621:
1614:
1607:
1598:
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1425:
1423:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1364:. Archived from
1354:SRAC Publication
1351:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1269:. Archived from
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1170:
1164:
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1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1109:
1103:
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1059:
1054:. March 31, 2006
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897:
867:
722:Crayfish as food
647:Green Revolution
586:Province of Pisa
367:Austropotamobius
204:
91:
90:
70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
21:
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2800:
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2682:
2674:
2671:Observation.org
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2402:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2223:
2219:Signal crayfish
2182:Astacus astacus
2162:
2158:Soft-shell crab
2105:Orithyia sinica
2026:Chaceon fenneri
1969:
1854:Panulirus argus
1812:Jasus edwardsii
1756:
1751:
1743:
1732:Whiteleg shrimp
1721:Processa edulis
1714:Penaeus monodon
1655:Crangon crangon
1637:
1628:
1625:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1523:10.2307/2426371
1494:
1491:
1489:Further reading
1486:
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1302:
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1266:
1264:"Archived copy"
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1171:
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934:
915:
914:
910:
900:
898:
869:
868:
857:
853:
845:parthenogenesis
834:
807:corn on the cob
724:
718:
682:Astacus astacus
607:
531:parasitic worms
517:crayfish plague
436:
420:
404:schistosomiasis
361:Astacus astacus
352:southern Europe
348:northern Europe
300:
277:
249:northern Mexico
213:
206:
200:
187:
184:P. clarkii
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2641:
2628:
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2605:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
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2505:Fauna Europaea
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1048:(crustacean)"
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574:Alviela River
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562:karst springs
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552:specimens of
551:
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68:Least Concern
58:
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45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
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2299:
2292:
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2242:Coconut crab
2234:
2211:
2205:
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2199:Paranephrops
2197:
2180:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2045:Chionoecetes
2043:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
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1957:
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1736:
1727:Shrimp paste
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
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1684:
1677:
1673:Indian prawn
1668:Dried shrimp
1660:
1653:
1646:
1589:
1581:
1517:(1): 75–86.
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1366:the original
1357:
1353:
1340:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:
1303:
1278:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1258:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1168:
1152:(1): 62–65.
1149:
1145:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1085:(1): 15–21.
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1051:
1045:
1038:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1010:ec.europa.eu
1009:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
980:
953:. Retrieved
948:
942:
935:
926:
920:
911:
899:. Retrieved
885:
879:
873:
836:
835:
832:Reproduction
825:
821:
811:
769:are popular
734:
733:
701:
699:
690:
686:
680:
672:
671:
631:
610:
609:Harvests of
608:
553:
547:
520:
504:
498:
493:
485:
477:
470:rice paddies
449:
448:
442:
423:
421:
418:Invasiveness
407:
391:
384:fishing bait
379:
365:
359:
355:
326:to southern
303:
301:
279:
278:
233:
229:
225:
220:
219:
218:
201:
199:
183:
182:
170:
130:Malacostraca
35:
29:
2710:SeaLifeBase
2632:NatureServe
2557:iNaturalist
2389:Wikispecies
1931:Sagmariasus
1501:Creaserinus
1125:1 September
1058:January 31,
901:19 November
755:New Zealand
651:animal feed
642:crustaceans
627:polyculture
572:and of the
570:Sicó massif
539:storm ponds
535:vertebrates
422:In Europe,
316:Gulf States
259:, but also
171:Procambarus
150:Pleocyemata
2756:Cambaridae
2745:Categories
2330:Thalassina
2276:Langostino
2085:Jonah crab
1280:2011-04-10
1015:2021-07-27
851:References
826:P. clarkii
822:P. clarkii
814:fish farms
735:P. clarkii
708:region of
702:P. clarkii
691:P. clarkii
687:P. clarkii
673:P. clarkii
659:fish farms
611:P. clarkii
599:stygobitic
554:P. clarkii
505:P. clarkii
494:P. clarkii
486:P. clarkii
478:P. clarkii
462:reservoirs
450:P. clarkii
443:P. clarkii
424:P. clarkii
408:P. clarkii
392:P. clarkii
388:Washington
380:P. clarkii
374:trade and
356:P. clarkii
312:New Mexico
304:P. clarkii
280:P. clarkii
275:Appearance
261:introduced
160:Cambaridae
146:Suborder:
120:Arthropoda
2266:King crab
917:C. Girard
839:normally
818:fisheries
779:seasoning
763:Louisiana
759:Caribbean
751:Australia
623:Louisiana
566:Rio Anços
548:In 2007,
527:vibriosis
501:burrowing
178:Species:
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
2637:2.117840
2575:11138498
2440:BugGuide
2416:BioLib:
2380:Q1133124
2374:Wikidata
2342:Category
2168:Crayfish
1749:Lobsters
1479:18781225
1422:21 March
1393:21 March
1319:21 March
1289:cite web
1099:22554447
955:July 17,
929:: 87–91.
803:potatoes
799:bay leaf
757:and the
743:Thailand
739:Cambodia
710:Portugal
558:Portugal
515:for the
474:Decapoda
372:aquarium
344:Americas
328:Illinois
284:carapace
253:southern
245:crayfish
242:cambarid
156:Family:
140:Decapoda
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
2536:2227300
1754:slipper
1752:(incl.
1531:2426371
1505:fodiens
1470:2532795
1119:Citylab
990:14 June
716:As food
576:in the
568:in the
564:of the
560:in the
519:fungus
458:marshes
434:Ecology
376:anglers
318:to the
238:species
236:, is a
212:, 1852)
166:Genus:
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
2728:465540
2689:465540
2614:153877
2510:238449
2497:258990
2484:PROMCL
2471:344571
2445:382306
2228:Others
2193:Cherax
2188:Marron
2176:Acocil
1757:&
1648:Acetes
1639:prawns
1634:Shrimp
1529:
1477:
1467:
1217:
1097:
951:. 2008
795:garlic
775:boiled
747:Canada
543:levees
513:vector
482:saline
454:rivers
400:snails
340:Europe
336:Africa
308:Mexico
251:, and
234:mudbug
210:Girard
2723:WoRMS
2715:26385
2702:79864
2676:10083
2621:NAS:
2601:97491
2588:67878
2570:IRMNG
2562:51221
2492:EUNIS
2458:7WLRT
2419:32922
2271:Krill
1975:Crabs
1805:Jasus
1759:spiny
1527:JSTOR
1412:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
791:lemon
677:Spain
634:China
594:karst
590:Italy
412:Kenya
394:as a
346:. In
2684:OBIS
2663:6728
2658:NCBI
2609:IUCN
2596:ITIS
2544:GISD
2531:GBIF
2479:EPPO
2432:8544
2427:BOLD
1475:PMID
1424:2021
1395:2021
1321:2021
1295:link
1215:ISBN
1127:2017
1095:PMID
1060:2010
992:2017
985:USGS
957:2010
903:2021
886:2010
816:and
805:and
783:salt
661:and
653:for
615:food
613:for
541:and
509:rice
499:The
468:and
364:and
332:Asia
255:and
2645:NBN
2624:217
2583:ISC
2549:608
2466:EoL
2453:CoL
2404:ADW
1519:doi
1515:125
1465:PMC
1457:doi
1246:doi
1207:doi
1154:doi
1087:doi
1083:163
890:doi
685:).
588:in
533:on
382:as
240:of
232:or
2747::
2725::
2712::
2699::
2686::
2673::
2660::
2647::
2634::
2611::
2598::
2585::
2572::
2559::
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