75:
50:
31:
477:
466:
737:. However, the small size of the red stingray limits its economic importance. Annual catches reported by Japanese fisheries have steadily declined from 20,000 tons in 1950 to varying between 3,959 and 5,388 tons from 1997 to 2004. Such apparent depletion, coupled with continuing heavy fishing pressure and a slow reproductive rate, have led the
518:
between and behind the eyes, and a row of thorns along the midline of the back. There are 1–6 tubercles in front of the tail spine, and numerous small denticles behind. This species is plain brown above, often with yellow or orange coloring before the eyes, behind the spiracles, around the disc
513:
The tail is whip-like and measures 1–1.5 times as long as the disc is wide. A long, serrated spine originates in the first third of the tail, and is followed by a low dorsal keel and a ventral fin fold. Young rays have smooth skin, while adults have a patch of small
489:
The red stingray can grow to 2 m (6.6 ft) long and 0.66 m (2.2 ft) across, though most do not exceed 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. The maximum recorded weight is 10.7 kg (24 lb). It has a diamond-shaped
519:
margin, and laterally on the tail in front of the spine. The tail darkens to nearly black towards the tip and on the ventral fin fold. The underside is white with bright orange-red patches. The
1094:
Yang W.C.; Liu G.C. & Lin Y.G. (January 1995). "Two new species of cestode (Lecanicephalidea: Lecanicephalidae) from marine fishes in Xiamen, south Fujian, P.R. of China".
305:
from its bright orange-red underside; there may also be patches of orange at various spots on its upper surface. Most individuals are no more than 1 m (3.3 ft) long.
1665:
1660:
1604:
1498:
380:
for the red stingray include brown stingray, estuary stingaree, Japanese red stingray, Japanese stingray, red skate, whip ray, whip stingray, and yellow stingray.
1645:
738:
329:
724:, and line gear. It is valued as food in Japan, especially in the Tokyo Bay area where it is consumed in autumn and winter; it may be prepared hard boiled, with
1524:
774:
Rigby, C.L.; Walls, R.H.L.; Derrick, D.; Dyldin, Y.V.; Herman, K.; Ishihara, H.; Jeong, C.-H.; Semba, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Volvenko, I.V.; Yamaguchi, A. (2021).
1128:
Timofeeva, T.A. (1983). "New representatives of monocotylids (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from cartilaginous fishes of the South China and Yellow Seas".
1591:
1472:
1511:
506:
pattern into a pavement-like surface. Females and juveniles have blunt teeth, while adult males have pointed, recurved teeth. There is a row of 3
494:
disc wider than long, with nearly straight front margins converging to a triangular snout. The small eyes are slightly elevated, and followed by
324:, with females giving birth to 1 or up to 10 pups at a time. The red stingray is valued as food in Japan; large numbers are caught as
1384:
1359:
1335:
959:
1617:
1537:
1670:
851:
607:. During courtship, the male follows the female and bites at her pectoral fin disc, using his pointed teeth to gain a grip for
1151:(=Rhopalobdella japonica) (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) based on specimens from the type locality in India and from Australia".
885:
Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and behaviour, and the status of fisheries.
507:
1516:
349:
236:
210:
1451:
819:
1213:
Fang W.Z. & Luo D.M. (August 2006). "Description of a new ascarid species in elasmobranchs from Taiwan Strait".
328:
and brought to market, which has seemingly led to a population decline in this unprolific species. As a result, the
74:
1071:
Wang Y.H.; Yang W.C.; Liu S.F. & Li L.W. (July 2003). "A new genus record of
Phyllobothriidae from marine fish
520:
1529:
1650:
615:
at a disc width of 35–40 cm (14–16 in), and females at a disc width of 50–55 cm (20–22 in).
1113:
Ho, J. & P.S. Perkins (1980). "Monogenea from fishes of the Sea of Japan part 1: Order
Monopisthocotylea".
345:
232:
206:
593:
1401:
495:
581:
604:
440:
has yet to be determined. The red stingray is commonly encountered in sandy areas close to shore and in
321:
189:
587:
373:
1622:
1542:
1433:
883:(Elasmobranchii, Dasyatididae) from the North Pacific." in Pratt, H.L., S.H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi.
608:
575:
911:
798:
1655:
39:
1277:
1238:
1176:
1030:
705:
405:
219:
69:
365:
1609:
1503:
1578:
1459:
1380:
1355:
1331:
1230:
1168:
1013:, a new whiptailed stingray (family Dasyatidae), from the Mekong River of Laos and Thailand".
955:
700:
once used the dried tail spine, with the toxic sheath intact, as a weapon. This species is an
156:
531:
counts to this species, but differs in disc shape, denticle coverage, and dorsal coloration.
510:
across the floor of the mouth, sometimes with up to 2 pairs of accessory papillae alongside.
1269:
1222:
1160:
1022:
991:
927:
793:
599:
267:
742:
612:
515:
333:
263:
146:
54:
1438:
1052:
from marine fishes in Xiamen, Fujian, China (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothridae)".
413:
294:
126:
116:
775:
1639:
847:
784:
544:
540:
393:
317:
274:
59:
1281:
1242:
1194:
Mozgovoi, A.A. (1950). "Contribution to the
Anisakid fauna of fishes and reptiles".
1180:
1034:
995:
1583:
1464:
1323:
713:
491:
298:
1569:
1485:
1260:
Kroyer, 1838 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on
Pacific elasmobranchs".
979:
721:
697:
498:
that are almost twice as large. There is a thick flap of skin between the large
425:
401:
377:
302:
554:
445:
309:
270:
166:
30:
1424:
1354:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2006. p. 76.
444:
at a depth of 10 m (33 ft) or more, but also inhabits muddy flats,
725:
638:
570:
558:
449:
369:
313:
86:
1379:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 21–23.
1234:
1172:
611:. The litter size has been variously reported as only 1 or up to 10. Males
476:
527:) is also characterized by orange ventral coloration and has some similar
482:
The red stingray has orange coloration on its dorsal and ventral surfaces.
465:
1563:
1418:
932:
860:
733:
709:
656:
623:
619:
562:
550:
547:
528:
503:
421:
389:
136:
106:
1596:
1477:
1273:
1226:
1026:
717:
701:
696:
tail spine of the red stingray is potentially injurious to humans. The
667:
566:
325:
290:
259:
1164:
1115:
Annual Report of the Sado Marine
Biological Station Niigata University
1490:
1446:
678:
433:
417:
96:
1395:
1352:
FAO Yearbook
Fishery Statistics: Capture Production 2004, Volume 98
693:
674:
649:
499:
409:
397:
286:
282:
278:
1147:
Burreson, E.M. (August 2006). "A redescription of the fish leech
822:. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on December 4, 2009.
557:
are the most important component of its diet, followed by small
429:
1399:
289:, and possibly elsewhere. It primarily inhabits shallow, sandy
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
441:
344:
The original description of the red stingray was published by
1305:
Contributions from the
Biological Laboratory Kyoto University
1048:
Wang Y.H. & Yang W.C. (July 2001). "Two new species of
1303:(Crustacea, Isopoda) from Sado Island, the Sea of Japan".
912:"Dental sexual dimorphism and food habits in the stingray
879:
Nishida, K. and K. Nakaya (1990). "Taxonomy of the genus
920:
Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries
553:, the red stingray plays a significant ecological role.
591:
for juveniles; the most important fish prey species is
1256:
Deets, G.B. & M. Dojiri (1989). "Three species of
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
316:, the red stingray plays a key ecological role as an
875:
873:
871:
1553:
1408:
980:"A Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes of Japan"
887:NOAA Technical Report, NMFS 90. pp. 327–346.
436:. However, whether these records truly represent
984:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
420:. This species has been reported from as far as
799:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T60148A104113935.en
910:Taniuchi, T. & M. Shimizu (January 1993).
739:International Union for Conservation of Nature
330:International Union for Conservation of Nature
8:
1096:Journal of Xiamen University Natural Science
1077:Journal of Xiamen University Natural Science
1054:Journal of Xiamen University Natural Science
603:. Like other stingrays, the red stingray is
293:close to shore, and has been known to enter
354:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen
1666:Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
1396:
1295:Nunomura, N. & Y. Honma (July 2004). "
1009:Roberts, T.R. & J. Karnasuta (1987). "
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
48:
29:
20:
945:
943:
931:
797:
973:
971:
712:and other bottom-dwelling fishes, using
573:, important crustacean prey species are
297:. The red stingray has a diamond-shaped
978:Fowler, H.W.; Fowler, Henry W. (1903).
753:
1377:Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade
1646:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1328:Advances in Marine Biology, Volume 21
7:
320:in its environment. Reproduction is
1661:Taxa named by Johannes Peter MĂĽller
952:Reef Sharks & Rays of the World
785:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
372:for this species was designated by
820:Catalog of Fishes (Online Version)
360:, based on an earlier account of "
14:
741:(IUCN) to assess this species as
1102:(1 Supplement Sum 124): 109–112.
1060:(4 Supplement Sum 163): 943–948.
622:of the red stingray include the
502:. The teeth are arranged with a
475:
464:
73:
1130:Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta
1015:Environmental Biology of Fishes
996:10.5479/si.00963801.26-1324.593
954:. Sea Challengers. p. 83.
1330:. Academic Press. p. 62.
635:Tetragonocephalum akajeinensis
1:
1299:, a new species of the genus
627:Acanthobothrium macrocephalum
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
273:, found in the northwestern
1687:
521:Mekong freshwater stingray
332:(IUCN) has assessed it as
396:; it is found throughout
225:
218:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
864:. December 2009 version.
850:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
642:Dendromonocotyle akajeii
631:Rhodobothrium pulvinatum
569:are seldom consumed. In
388:The red stingray may be
384:Distribution and habitat
1375:Vannuccini, S. (1999).
1262:Systematic Parasitology
1215:Journal of Parasitology
1153:Journal of Parasitology
594:Sardinops melanostictus
1671:Fish described in 1841
1117:. Supplement 10: 1–10.
950:Michael, S.W. (1993).
916:from Tokyo Bay, Japan"
792:: e.T60148A104113935.
646:Heterocotyle chinensis
408:, and also occurs off
605:aplacental viviparous
322:aplacental viviparous
933:10.2331/suisan.59.53
706:commercial fisheries
400:coastal waters from
392:to the northwestern
1196:Trud. Gel'mint. Lab
664:Terranova amoyensis
660:Porrocaecum laymani
582:Oratosquilla ijimai
535:Biology and ecology
301:disc and gains its
40:Conservation status
1274:10.1007/BF00015217
1227:10.1645/GE-694R1.1
1027:10.1007/BF00004951
1011:Dasyatis zaosensis
688:Human interactions
673:, and the pranzia
308:Feeding mainly on
1633:
1632:
1402:Taxon identifiers
1322:Blaxter, J.H.S.;
1297:Gnathia capillata
1165:10.1645/GE-802R.1
1149:Pterobdella amara
990:(1324): 593–674.
778:Hemitrygon akajei
682:Gnathia capillata
653:Pterobdella amara
588:Anisomysis ijimai
585:for females, and
255:Hemitrygon akajei
246:
245:
240:
199:Hemitrygon akajei
63:
1678:
1651:Fish of Thailand
1626:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1006:
1000:
999:
975:
966:
965:
947:
938:
937:
935:
907:
888:
877:
866:
865:
844:
823:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
801:
771:
702:incidental catch
600:Conger myriaster
516:dermal denticles
479:
468:
374:Marinus Boeseman
362:Pastinaca akajei
231:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1452:dasyatis-akajei
1450:
1445:
1439:Dasyatis_akajei
1437:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:Dasyatis akajei
1404:
1394:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1326:, eds. (1984).
1321:
1320:
1316:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1073:Dasyatis akajei
1070:
1069:
1065:
1050:Acanthobothrium
1047:
1046:
1042:
1008:
1007:
1003:
977:
976:
969:
962:
949:
948:
941:
914:Dasyatis akajei
909:
908:
891:
878:
869:
854:Dasyatis akajei
846:
845:
826:
818:
814:
804:
802:
773:
772:
755:
751:
743:Near Threatened
690:
671:Trebius akajeii
613:mature sexually
576:Crangon affinis
537:
487:
486:
485:
484:
483:
480:
471:
470:
469:
458:
386:
376:in 1947. Other
366:Heinrich BĂĽrger
356:under the name
350:Friedrich Henle
346:Johannes MĂĽller
342:
334:Near Threatened
214:
203:
197:
184:
147:Myliobatiformes
72:
64:
55:Near Threatened
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1443:
1430:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1367:
1360:
1343:
1336:
1314:
1287:
1248:
1221:(4): 822–825.
1205:
1186:
1159:(4): 677–681.
1139:
1120:
1105:
1086:
1063:
1040:
1021:(3): 161–167.
1001:
967:
960:
939:
889:
867:
848:Froese, Rainer
824:
812:
752:
750:
747:
689:
686:
597:, followed by
536:
533:
481:
474:
473:
472:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
457:
454:
414:mainland China
385:
382:
352:in their 1841
341:
338:
295:brackish water
244:
243:
242:
241:
223:
222:
216:
215:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
181:H. akajei
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
127:Elasmobranchii
124:
120:
119:
117:Chondrichthyes
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1683:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1555:Trygon akajei
1552:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1386:92-5-104361-2
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:92-5-005515-3
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1337:0-12-026121-9
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1311:(4): 343–349.
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:(2): 81–101.
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1083:(4): 542–544.
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
972:
968:
963:
961:0-930118-18-9
957:
953:
946:
944:
940:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
915:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
872:
868:
863:
862:
857:
855:
849:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:
800:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
779:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
728:
723:
719:
715:
714:bottom trawls
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
687:
685:
683:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
563:annelid worms
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
541:apex predator
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
478:
467:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Pacific Ocean
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Trygon akajei
355:
351:
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
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492:pectoral fin
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378:common names
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299:pectoral fin
254:
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250:red stingray
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207:J. P. MĂĽller
198:
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133:Superorder:
18:
1486:iNaturalist
1075:in China".
805:17 November
639:monogeneans
579:for males,
559:bony fishes
555:Crustaceans
456:Description
446:coral reefs
426:Philippines
314:bony fishes
310:crustaceans
303:common name
1656:Hemitrygon
1640:Categories
1202:: 102–118.
749:References
708:targeting
609:copulation
271:Dasyatidae
168:Hemitrygon
157:Dasyatidae
123:Subclass:
1570:Q28776851
657:nematodes
624:tapeworms
620:parasites
571:Tokyo Bay
561:and then
551:food webs
545:nearshore
496:spiracles
450:estuaries
438:D. akajei
370:lectotype
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1610:10781763
1564:Wikidata
1504:11297688
1419:Wikidata
1282:45745111
1243:21313455
1235:16995401
1181:21573250
1173:16995381
1136:: 35–47.
1035:29725251
881:Dasyatis
861:FishBase
734:kamaboko
731:, or as
722:set nets
718:gillnets
710:flounder
694:venomous
567:molluscs
565:, while
548:demersal
529:meristic
508:papillae
504:quincunx
422:Thailand
402:HokkaidĹŤ
398:Japanese
340:Taxonomy
291:habitats
264:stingray
220:Synonyms
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1597:8358477
1478:2419518
1425:Q135458
1301:Gnathia
1258:Trebius
677:of the
668:copepod
406:Okinawa
390:endemic
326:bycatch
266:in the
260:species
258:) is a
213:, 1841)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1623:322197
1543:271425
1517:564336
1447:ARKive
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679:isopod
675:larvae
666:, the
655:, the
648:, the
637:, the
633:, and
618:Known
539:As an
448:, and
434:Tuvalu
432:, and
424:, the
418:Taiwan
285:, and
268:family
239:, 1841
235:&
233:MĂĽller
209:&
1618:WoRMS
1605:IRMNG
1584:7CXYW
1538:WoRMS
1530:31902
1499:IRMNG
1491:49198
1465:6CC4V
1278:S2CID
1239:S2CID
1177:S2CID
1031:S2CID
650:leech
500:nares
410:Korea
364:" by
287:China
283:Korea
279:Japan
237:Henle
211:Henle
1592:GBIF
1525:NCBI
1512:ITIS
1473:GBIF
1381:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1231:PMID
1169:PMID
956:ISBN
807:2021
790:2021
729:soup
727:miso
698:Ainu
692:The
662:and
644:and
442:bays
430:Fiji
416:and
368:. A
348:and
312:and
277:off
248:The
1579:CoL
1460:CoL
1434:ADW
1270:doi
1223:doi
1161:doi
1134:121
1023:doi
992:doi
928:doi
794:doi
704:of
543:in
404:to
262:of
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