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Oeters, Franz; Ottow, Manfred; Meiler, Heinrich; LĂŒngen, Hans Bodo; Koltermann, Manfred; Buhr, Andreas; Yagi, Jun-Ichiro; Formanek, Lothar; Rose, Fritz; Flickenschild, JĂŒrgen; Hauk, Rolf; Steffen, Rolf; Skroch, Reiner; Mayer-Schwinning, Gernot; BĂŒnnagel, Heinz-Lothar; Hoff, Hans-Georg (2006). "Iron".
318:
that accomplished chemical reactions similar to those of oxygen. Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving the loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation state of a chemical species. Substances that have the ability to oxidize other substances (cause them to
514:
demonstrated that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as a gas. Later, scientists realized that the metal atom gains electrons in this process. The meaning of reduction then became generalized to include all processes involving a gain of electrons. Reducing equivalent refers to
29:
2301:) relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is governed by chemical reactions and biological processes. Early theoretical research with applications to flooded soils and
2339:
The key terms involved in redox can be confusing. For example, a reagent that is oxidized loses electrons; however, that reagent is referred to as the reducing agent. Likewise, a reagent that is reduced gains electrons and is referred to as the oxidizing agent. These
683:
The mechanisms of atom-transfer reactions are highly variable because many kinds of atoms can be transferred. Such reactions can also be quite complex, involving many steps. The mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions occur by two distinct pathways,
1098:
2305:
production was seminal for subsequent work on thermodynamic aspects of redox and plant root growth in soils. Later work built on this foundation, and expanded it for understanding redox reactions related to heavy metal oxidation state changes,
2128:. In these reactions, an electron detaches from a molecule and then re-attaches almost instantaneously. Free radicals are part of redox molecules and can become harmful to the human body if they do not reattach to the redox molecule or an
227:, and simultaneously, the oxidation state of oxygen decreases as it accepts electrons released by the iron. Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with forming oxides, other chemical species can serve the same function. In
3074:
The homogeneous proton-transfer reactions described are similar to homogeneous electron-transfer reactions in that the overall electron-transfer reaction can be decomposed into one electronation reaction and one deelectronation
208:â Only one (usually) electron flows from the atom, ion, or molecule being oxidized to the atom, ion, or molecule that is reduced. This type of redox reaction is often discussed in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials.
983:
The oxidation potential is a measure of the tendency of the reducing agent to be oxidized but does not represent the physical potential at an electrode. With this notation, the cell voltage equation is written with a plus sign
267:
gains electrons and is reduced. The pair of an oxidizing and reducing agent that is involved in a particular reaction is called a redox pair. A redox couple is a reducing species and its corresponding oxidizing form, e.g.,
469:
2215:
and regenerate the unchanged parent compound. The net reaction is the oxidation of the flavoenzyme's coenzymes and the reduction of molecular oxygen to form superoxide. This catalytic behavior has been described as a
3107:
IUPAC. Compendium of
Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk.
3086:
IUPAC. Compendium of
Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk.
258:
The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot occur independently. In redox processes, the reductant transfers electrons to the oxidant. Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or
197:
or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. The oxidation and reduction processes occur simultaneously in the chemical reaction.
2167:), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. Redox mechanisms also control some cellular processes. Redox proteins and their genes must be co-located for redox regulation according to the
1351:
In the above reaction, zinc metal displaces the copper(II) ion from the copper sulfate solution, thus liberating free copper metal. The reaction is spontaneous and releases 213 kJ per 65 g of zinc.
886:), or potential when the half-reaction takes place at a cathode. The reduction potential is a measure of the tendency of the oxidizing agent to be reduced. Its value is zero for H + e â
2092:
into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce
494:, reductants, or reducers. The reductant transfers electrons to another substance and is thus itself oxidized. Because it donates electrons, the reducing agent is also called an
323:, oxidants, or oxidizers. The oxidant removes electrons from another substance, and is thus itself reduced. Because it "accepts" electrons, the oxidizing agent is also called an
3297:
3206:
3177:
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3623:
2260:). These oxides must be reduced to obtain the corresponding metals, often achieved by heating these oxides with carbon or carbon monoxide as reducing agents.
2264:
are the reactors where iron oxides and coke (a form of carbon) are combined to produce molten iron. The main chemical reaction producing the molten iron is:
1131:
This spontaneous reaction releases 542 kJ per 2 g of hydrogen because the H-F bond is much stronger than the F-F bond. This reaction can be analyzed as two
2140:
2419:
which release stored electricity, and can be recharged with electricity. PANIC does not apply to cells that can be recharged with redox materials. These
2704:
490:
Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as
3587:
3560:
3523:
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3427:
3395:
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3018:
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2820:
2406:"LEORA says GEROA" â the loss of electrons is called oxidation (reducing agent); the gain of electrons is called reduction (oxidizing agent).
2771:
PingarrĂłn, JosĂ© M.; Labuda, JĂĄn; Barek, JiĆĂ; Brett, Christopher M. A.; CamĂ”es, Maria
Filomena; Fojta, Miroslav; Hibbert, D. Brynn (2020).
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3712:
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James, Bruce R.; Brose, Dominic A. (2012). "Oxidation-reduction phenomena". In Huang, Pan Ming; Li, Yuncong; Sumner, Malcolm E. (eds.).
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3314:
3131:"Teaching the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and the production and detection of reactive oxygen species"
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proposed the words electronation and de-electronation to describe reduction and oxidation processes, respectively, when they occur at
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Here the overall equation involves adding the reduction equation to twice the oxidation equation, so that the electrons cancel:
2427:, produce electricity from internal redox reactions. Here, the positive electrode is the cathode and the negative is the anode.
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3879:
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and cellular respiration are complementary, but photosynthesis is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cell respiration:
1846:
1062:
734:
689:
685:
4044:
2233:
586:, reduce by atom transfer: they transfer the equivalent of hydride or H. These reagents are widely used in the reduction of
2732:
4049:
2409:"RED CAT" and "AN OX", or "AnOx RedCat" ("an ox-red cat") â reduction occurs at the cathode and the anode is for oxidation
1744:. The sacrificial metal, instead of the protected metal, then corrodes. A common application of cathodic protection is in
457:
Oxidizers are oxidants, but the term is mainly reserved for sources of oxygen, particularly in the context of explosions.
255:
Oxidation is a process in which a substance loses electrons. Reduction is a process in which a substance gains electrons.
1682:
ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur (oxidation state 0) and
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3609:
2203:
that contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general, the electron donor is any of a wide variety of
4075:
2756:
2463:
2334:
850:
3236:
1831:
1047:
2412:"RED CAT gains what AN OX loses" â reduction at the cathode gains (electrons) what anode oxidation loses (electrons)
1899:
777:
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often contain metals in oxidized states, such as oxides or sulfides, from which the pure metals are extracted by
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580:
314:
Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. Later, the term was expanded to encompass
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2528:
2493:
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1886:
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with electron acceptors. The word reduction originally referred to the loss in weight upon heating a metallic
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Redox reactions are the foundation of electrochemical cells, which can generate electrical energy or support
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is frequently stored and released using redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of
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2945:
2538:
2513:
2112:
1675:
1576:, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion: it forms as a result of the oxidation of
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2816:
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refers to the electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen.
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366:
324:
205:
182:
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SchĂŒring, J.; Schulz, H. D.; Fischer, W. R.; Böttcher, J.; Duijnisveld, W. H., eds. (1999).
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processes involve redox reactions. Before some of these processes can begin iron must be
1717:
Thus one sulfur atom is reduced from +2 to 0, while the other is oxidized from +2 to +4.
327:. Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g.,
874:
The electrode potential of each half-reaction is also known as its reduction potential (
4080:
3746:
3735:
3155:
3130:
2568:
2558:
2448:
2144:
2081:
2037:
1984:
1915:
1783:
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1683:
1678:
reaction is one in which a single substance is both oxidized and reduced. For example,
1456:
830:
680:. Electron transfer reactions are generally fast, occurring within the time of mixing.
528:
495:
491:
485:
464:
260:
68:(strong oxidizing agent), a violent redox reaction accompanied by self-ignition starts.
3339:
2322:, and various methodological approaches for characterizing the redox status of soils.
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3994:
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3874:
3825:
3799:
3280:
2644:
2508:
2503:
2420:
2261:
2176:
2125:
1946:
1911:
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atom in a compound or solution is replaced by an atom of another metal. For example,
1302:
1132:
842:
622:
296:
228:
3216:
3187:
2151:. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g.,
1736:. A simple method of protection connects protected metal to a more easily corroded "
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3752:
3659:
3649:
2593:
2483:
2453:
2311:
2217:
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2117:
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steel, in which a sacrificial zinc coating on steel parts protects them from rust.
1149:
904:) and negative for oxidizing agents that are weaker than H (e.g., â0.763V for Zn).
770:
610:
524:
352:
252:
of the words "reduction" and "oxidation." The term "redox" was first used in 1928.
3306:
900:
by definition, positive for oxidizing agents stronger than H (e.g., +2.866 V for F
3552:
2773:"Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)"
1949:
is an example of a redox reaction that takes place in most fruits and vegetables.
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is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the
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However, the potential of the reaction at the anode is sometimes expressed as an
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3211:
3182:
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2192:
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2121:
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Oxidation is used in a wide variety of industries, such as in the production of
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solution connected with a wire and a porous disk to a copper electrode in a CuSO
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712:
618:
507:
458:
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2583:
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For a redox reaction that takes place in a cell, the potential difference is:
566:, are good reducing agents. These metals donate electrons relatively readily.
380:
3215:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
3186:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2937:
2240:
Minerals are generally oxidized derivatives of metals. Iron is mined as its
699:
in water allows calculation of the thermodynamic aspects of redox reactions.
3956:
3601:
3387:
3224:
3195:
2424:
2341:
2241:
1933:
1919:
1782:
uses redox reactions to coat objects with a thin layer of a material, as in
1565:
1097:
614:
563:
551:
3363:
Bartlett, Richmond J.; James, Bruce R. (1991). "Redox chemistry of soils".
3164:
300:
because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction.
72:
3570:
Tratnyek, Paul G.; Grundl, Timothy J.; Haderlein, Stefan B., eds. (2011).
2965:
https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch19/oxred_3.php#top
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2772:
3579:
2751:
2208:
2156:
2032:
The process of cell respiration also depends heavily on the reduction of
1894:
1881:
1778:
at high temperatures in the presence of a reducing agent. The process of
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1495:
1483:
1399:
1174:
1161:
1153:
1110:
1106:
591:
587:
520:
434:
427:
223:, the oxidation state of iron atoms increases as the iron converts to an
194:
190:
61:
36:
2228:
319:
lose electrons) are said to be oxidative or oxidizing, and are known as
3251:"Titles of Volumes 1â44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series"
2349:
2315:
2298:
2293:
reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and
1968:
1954:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1756:
1729:
1507:
1395:
838:
826:
737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
543:
441:
216:
2811:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2017).
2675:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002).
2253:
2196:
2104:(ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells,
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1991:
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1464:
1322:
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547:
448:
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232:
32:
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3439:
2211:. Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to
625:. They have not been widely adopted by chemists worldwide, although
594:. A related method of reduction involves the use of hydrogen gas (H
3055:. Vol. 1. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 494.
2868:
Whitten, Kenneth W.; Gailey, Kenneth D.; Davis, Raymond E. (1992).
527:. A reducing equivalent can be an electron or a hydrogen atom as a
2415:"PANIC" â Positive Anode and Negative is Cathode. This applies to
2227:
2085:
1995:
1941:
1741:
1550:
1506:
1452:
1318:
1292:
1096:
846:
626:
539:
510:
to extract the metal. In other words, ore was "reduced" to metal.
463:
224:
71:
46:
27:
2036:
to NADH and the reverse reaction (the oxidation of NADH to NAD).
3255:
Metals, Microbes, and
Minerals - the Biogeochemical Side of Life
2344:
are commonly used by students to help memorise the terminology:
1616:
1577:
1569:
1516:
1326:
677:
673:
559:
555:
454:) that can gain extra electrons by oxidizing another substance.
283:
270:
220:
16:
Chemical reaction in which oxidation states of atoms are changed
3605:
1551:
1305:
pictured. The battery is made out of a zinc electrode in a ZnSO
294:.The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a
3679:
3483:
Descriptive
Inorganic, Coordination, and Solid-State Chemistry
2637:"redox â definition of redox in English | Oxford Dictionaries"
2172:
2135:
The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of
1814:
1771:
1181:
The half-reactions are combined so that the electrons cancel:
1030:
706:
636:
503:
145:
28:
2844:
2252:). Titanium is mined as its dioxide, usually in the form of
629:
has recognized the terms electronation and de-electronation.
2980:. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. p. 429.
2310:
and morphology, organic compound degradation and formation,
1113:, hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced:
2096:(NAD) to NADH, which then contributes to the creation of a
105:
151:
111:
3448:
Phillips, John; Strozak, Victor; Wistrom, Cheryl (2000).
2872:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishin. p. 147.
672:
Redox reactions can occur slowly, as in the formation of
3009:. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp.
653:
43:. The sodium atom is oxidized, and fluorine is reduced.
3334:. Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 24. pp. 29â96.
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The stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon by oxygen, in
3422:. National Science Teachers Association. p. 82.
2813:
General
Chemistry: Principles and Modern applications
166:
157:
154:
126:
117:
114:
2120:
reactions are redox reactions that occur as part of
703:
Standard electrode potentials (reduction potentials)
263:
loses electrons and is oxidized, and the oxidant or
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142:
108:
102:
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3919:
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3726:
3703:
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Handbook of soil sciences: properties and processes
2918:Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM (January 1, 2017).
139:
99:
3002:
2735:. In K. Lee Lerner; Brenda Wilmoth Lerner (eds.).
2297:, quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential (
2739:(5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
1547:), form when oxygen combines with other elements.
825:), which is equal to the potential difference or
3049:Bockris, John O'M.; Reddy, Amulya K.N. (2013) .
3034:Bockris, John O'M.; Reddy, Amulya K. N. (1970).
1998:. The summary equation for cell respiration is:
3545:Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications
80:reaction between sodium and chlorine, with the
3486:. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 330.
3298:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
1135:. The oxidation reaction converts hydrogen to
3617:
1467:. Complete oxidation of materials containing
8:
3547:. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 246.
3411:
3409:
3407:
3118:https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/O04362
3097:https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05222
2539:Oxidative addition and reductive elimination
1584:, formed in the following chemical reaction:
64:(mild reducing agent) are added to powdered
1849:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1065:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
211:Atom transfer â An atom transfers from one
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2950:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1611:The oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by
534:Reductants in chemistry are very diverse.
523:in redox reactions. The term is common in
201:There are two classes of redox reactions:
3257:. De Gruyter. 2021. pp. xxiiiâxxiv.
3154:
2788:
1869:Learn how and when to remove this message
1354:The ionic equation for this reaction is:
1258:The protons and fluoride combine to form
1085:Learn how and when to remove this message
797:Learn how and when to remove this message
3574:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 1071.
3512:Zumdahl, Steven; Zumdahl, Susan (2009).
3386:(second ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
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2012:
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1459:, some partially oxidized forms such as
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1424:
1368:, it is seen that the zinc is oxidized:
1343:
1339:
1297:A redox reaction is the force behind an
1280:
1276:
1170:
1145:
1123:
1119:
676:, or rapidly, as in the case of burning
2606:
1478:, produces water and, successively: an
3650:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
2943:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2625:from the original on November 3, 2022.
3660:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
519:which transfer the equivalent of one
7:
3452:. Glencoe McGraw-Hill. p. 558.
3450:Chemistry: Concepts and Applications
2920:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
1967:, for instance, is the oxidation of
1847:adding citations to reliable sources
1063:adding citations to reliable sources
735:adding citations to reliable sources
3713:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
2815:(11th ed.). Toronto: Pearson.
1580:metal. Common rust often refers to
3680:Nucleophilic internal substitution
3670:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
3212:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
3183:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2922:(Seventh ed.). New York, NY.
2731:Haustein, Catherine Hinga (2014).
809:Each half-reaction has a standard
14:
3518:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 160.
2707:from the original on May 30, 2012
2143:in a biological system such as a
2094:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
602:Electronation and deelectronation
215:to another. For example, in the
193:change. Oxidation is the loss of
3332:The Chemistry of Submerged Soils
3129:Mailloux, Ryan J. (April 2015).
2737:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
2100:, which drives the synthesis of
1898:
1885:
1819:
1160:The reduction reaction converts
1101:Illustration of a redox reaction
1035:
711:
640:
498:. Electron donors can also form
135:
95:
3836:LindemannâHinshelwood mechanism
3038:. Plenum Press. pp. 352â3.
3005:Oxidations in Organic Chemistry
2978:Reductions in Organic Chemistry
2679:(8th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
722:needs additional citations for
633:Rates, mechanisms, and energies
617:. These words are analogous to
3885:Outer sphere electron transfer
3880:Inner sphere electron transfer
3690:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
3217:Outer-sphere electron transfer
3188:Inner-sphere electron transfer
2733:"Oxidation-reduction reaction"
695:Analysis of bond energies and
690:outer sphere electron transfer
686:inner sphere electron transfer
35:"gives" one outer electron to
1:
4050:Diffusion-controlled reaction
3340:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60633-1
3307:10.1002/14356007.a14_461.pub2
2641:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1519:, which consists of hydrated
2895:Fundamentals of Biochemistry
1402:in the presence of an acid (
1317:In this type of reaction, a
853:where hydrogen is oxidized:
3705:Electrophilic substitutions
3416:Robertson, William (2010).
3330:Ponnamperuma, F.N. (1972).
3147:10.1016/j.redox.2015.02.001
2757:Online Etymology Dictionary
2464:Chemical looping combustion
2379:"LEO the lion says GER " â
2335:List of chemistry mnemonics
2234:TĆinec Iron and Steel Works
2108:perform similar functions.
1721:Redox reactions in industry
1378:And the copper is reduced:
1236:
1209:
1188:
1027:Examples of redox reactions
851:standard hydrogen electrode
4102:
4015:Energy profile (chemistry)
3977:More O'FerrallâJencks plot
3642:Nucleophilic substitutions
3390:. pp. 14-1 -- 14-24.
3237:"Bond Energy and Enthalpy"
2777:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2332:
2224:Redox reactions in geology
2110:
1811:Redox reactions in biology
1449:internal combustion engine
1249:
1226:
1204:
483:
307:
237:transfer of hydrogen atoms
18:
4045:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
3263:10.1515/9783110589771-005
2544:Oxidative phosphorylation
2421:galvanic or voltaic cells
1541:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
1270:The overall reaction is:
1262:in a non-redox reaction:
1231:
598:) as sources of H atoms.
570:Hydride transfer reagents
500:charge transfer complexes
3972:Potential energy surface
3851:Electron/Proton transfer
3736:Unimolecular elimination
3001:HudlickĂœ, MiloĆĄ (1990).
2976:HudlickĂœ, MiloĆĄ (1996).
2846:. University of Maryland
2837:"Nitric Acid Fact Sheet"
2529:Nucleophilic abstraction
2494:Electron transport chain
2286:Redox reactions in soils
1471:produces carbon dioxide.
1105:In the reaction between
4020:Transition state theory
3821:Intramolecular reaction
3747:Bimolecular elimination
3572:Aquatic Redox Chemistry
3301:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3225:10.1351/goldbook.O04351
3196:10.1351/goldbook.I03052
3052:Modern Electrochemistry
3036:Modern Electrochemistry
1164:to the fluoride anion:
475:for oxidizing chemicals
39:, bonding them to form
3814:Unimolecular reactions
3775:Electrophilic addition
3480:Rodgers, Glen (2012).
2534:Organic redox reaction
2474:Electrochemical series
2277:+ 3 CO â 2 Fe + 3 CO
2237:
2102:adenosine triphosphate
1961:from the environment.
1950:
1686:(oxidation state +4).
1615:in the presence of an
1560:
1548:
1314:
1102:
476:
461:is a strong oxidizer.
87:
69:
66:potassium permanganate
44:
21:Redox (disambiguation)
4005:Rate-determining step
3937:Reactive intermediate
3795:Free-radical addition
3785:Nucleophilic addition
3728:Elimination reactions
3553:10013/epic.31694.d001
3419:More Chemistry Basics
2790:10.1515/pac-2018-0109
2439:Anaerobic respiration
2231:
2088:and the oxidation of
1990:and the reduction of
1945:
1554:
1510:
1503:Corrosion and rusting
1329:metal is placed in a
1296:
1100:
829:at equilibrium under
467:
75:
59:
31:
4000:Equilibrium constant
3580:10.1021/bk-2011-1071
3365:Advances in Agronomy
2171:for the function of
2161:beta-hydroxybutyrate
1965:Cellular respiration
1926:dehydroascorbic acid
1843:improve this section
1734:electrochemical cell
1658:+ 2 H â 2 Fe + 2 H
1299:electrochemical cell
1059:improve this section
845:considered, and the
835:electrochemical cell
731:improve this article
60:When a few drops of
19:For other uses, see
4086:Reaction mechanisms
4010:Reaction coordinate
3942:Radical (chemistry)
3927:Elementary reaction
3870:Grotthuss mechanism
3634:reaction mechanisms
2579:Reduction potential
2574:Reducing atmosphere
2519:Microbial fuel cell
2489:Electron equivalent
1726:Cathodic protection
1572:, the formation of
1423:+ 10 e + 12 H â N
1359:Zn + Cu â Zn + Cu
951:oxidation potential
831:standard conditions
811:electrode potential
697:ionization energies
179:oxidationâreduction
175:reductionâoxidation
78:reductionâoxidation
4076:Chemical reactions
4035:Arrhenius equation
3805:Oxidative addition
3767:Addition reactions
2647:on October 1, 2017
2514:Membrane potential
2417:electrolytic cells
2364:oss of electrons,
2238:
2232:Blast furnaces of
2220:or redox cycling.
2193:aromatic compounds
2191:Wide varieties of
2113:Membrane potential
1951:
1947:Enzymatic browning
1676:disproportionation
1670:Disproportionation
1561:
1549:
1331:copper(II) sulfate
1325:is deposited when
1315:
1289:Metal displacement
1103:
652:. You can help by
477:
415:), or else highly
88:
70:
45:
4058:
4057:
4030:Activated complex
4025:Activation energy
3987:Chemical kinetics
3932:Reaction dynamics
3831:Photodissociation
3589:978-0-8412-2652-4
3562:978-3-540-66528-1
3525:978-0-547-05405-6
3493:978-0-8400-6846-0
3459:978-0-02-828210-7
3429:978-1-936137-74-9
3397:978-1-4398-0305-9
3349:978-0-12-000724-0
3020:978-0-8412-1780-5
2987:978-0-8412-3344-7
2870:General Chemistry
2822:978-0-13-293128-1
2750:Harper, Douglas.
2701:"Redox Reactions"
2677:General Chemistry
2549:Partial oxidation
2469:Citric acid cycle
2459:Chemical equation
2291:Electron transfer
2078:Biological energy
1937:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1753:cleaning products
1738:sacrificial anode
1613:hydrogen peroxide
1476:organic chemistry
1394:The reduction of
1260:hydrogen fluoride
1254:
1253:
1095:
1094:
1087:
807:
806:
799:
781:
670:
669:
512:Antoine Lavoisier
325:electron acceptor
206:Electron-transfer
183:chemical reaction
57:
4093:
3962:Collision theory
3911:Matrix isolation
3865:Harpoon reaction
3742:E1cB-elimination
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3593:
3566:
3530:
3529:
3509:
3498:
3497:
3477:
3464:
3463:
3445:
3434:
3433:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3204:
3198:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3126:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2893:Jain JL (2004).
2890:
2884:
2883:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2808:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2643:. Archived from
2633:
2627:
2626:
2611:
2584:Thermic reaction
2499:Electrosynthesis
2479:Electrochemistry
2444:Bessemer process
2376:ain of electrons
2320:soil remediation
2281:
2236:, Czech Republic
2199:reduced to form
2073:
2028:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1823:
1815:
1768:electrosynthesis
1740:" to act as the
1713:
1704:+ 2 H â S + SO
1703:
1702:
1699:
1663:
1641:
1628:
1604:
1555:Iron rusting in
1543:(FeO(OH), Fe(OH)
1521:iron(III) oxides
1511:Oxides, such as
1447:, such as in an
1432:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1384:
1374:
1360:
1347:
1284:
1266:2 H + 2 F â 2 HF
1220:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1156:
1127:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1039:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1009:
998:
997:
979:
978:
967:
966:
945:
944:
933:
932:
921:
920:
895:
894:
890:
885:
884:
865:
864:
860:
841:reaction is the
824:
823:
802:
795:
791:
788:
782:
780:
739:
715:
707:
665:
662:
644:
637:
517:chemical species
414:
412:
411:
400:
398:
397:
389:
388:
377:
375:
374:
363:
361:
360:
349:
347:
346:
338:
337:
321:oxidizing agents
293:
291:
290:
280:
278:
277:
187:oxidation states
169:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
129:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
85:
58:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4040:Eyring equation
3981:
3952:Stereochemistry
3915:
3901:Solvent effects
3889:
3845:
3809:
3790:
3780:
3761:
3756:
3722:
3718:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3636:
3630:
3600:
3590:
3569:
3563:
3542:
3539:
3537:Further reading
3534:
3533:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3494:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3460:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3430:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3398:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3273:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3205:
3201:
3176:
3172:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3106:
3102:
3085:
3081:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2942:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2798:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2589:Transmetalation
2564:Redox potential
2524:Murburn concept
2434:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2295:redox potential
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2226:
2189:
2169:CoRR hypothesis
2139:, NAD/NADH and
2115:
2098:proton gradient
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1953:Many essential
1940:
1939:
1938:
1923:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1840:
1824:
1813:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1582:iron(III) oxide
1546:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1513:iron(III) oxide
1505:
1492:carboxylic acid
1461:carbon monoxide
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1404:denitrification
1391:
1383:Cu + 2 e â Cu
1382:
1373:Zn â Zn + 2 e
1372:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1312:
1308:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1172:
1168:
1147:
1143:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1056:
1040:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
992:
991:
977:
974:
973:
972:
965:
962:
961:
960:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
928:
927:
926:
919:
916:
915:
914:
903:
899:
892:
888:
887:
883:
880:
879:
878:
869:
862:
858:
857:
822:
819:
818:
817:
803:
792:
786:
783:
740:
738:
728:
716:
705:
666:
660:
657:
650:needs expansion
635:
604:
597:
584:
577:
536:Electropositive
492:reducing agents
488:
482:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
419:elements (e.g.
417:electronegative
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
396:
393:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
345:
342:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
331:
328:
312:
310:Oxidizing agent
306:
289:
287:
286:
285:
282:
276:
274:
273:
272:
269:
265:oxidizing agent
246:
235:are reduced by
181:) is a type of
167:
138:
134:
127:
98:
94:
81:
47:
41:sodium fluoride
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Soil chemistry
4063:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3920:Related topics
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3894:Medium effects
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3599:
3598:External links
3596:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3567:
3561:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3499:
3492:
3465:
3458:
3435:
3428:
3403:
3396:
3374:
3355:
3348:
3322:
3316:978-3527306732
3315:
3286:
3271:
3242:
3228:
3199:
3170:
3121:
3100:
3079:
3061:
3041:
3026:
3019:
2993:
2986:
2968:
2957:
2928:
2910:
2903:
2885:
2878:
2857:
2828:
2821:
2796:
2783:(4): 641â694.
2763:
2742:
2718:
2692:
2685:
2658:
2628:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Reducing agent
2566:
2561:
2559:Redox gradient
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Bioremediation
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2377:
2333:Main article:
2330:
2327:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2262:Blast furnaces
2257:
2249:
2245:
2225:
2222:
2188:
2185:
2126:microorganisms
2082:carbon dioxide
2075:
2074:
2038:Photosynthesis
2030:
2029:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1791:silver plating
1780:electroplating
1755:and oxidizing
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1684:sulfur dioxide
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:+ 2 e â 2 OH
1629:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1586:
1585:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1472:
1457:carbon dioxide
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1408:
1407:
1390:
1389:Other examples
1387:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1366:half-reactions
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1310:
1306:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1157:
1133:half-reactions
1129:
1128:
1093:
1092:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1006:
994:
981:
980:
975:
963:
947:
946:
941:
929:
917:
901:
897:
881:
872:
871:
867:
820:
805:
804:
719:
717:
710:
704:
701:
668:
667:
647:
645:
634:
631:
608:electrochemist
603:
600:
595:
582:
575:
496:electron donor
486:Reducing agent
484:Main article:
481:
478:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
408:
394:
385:
371:
357:
343:
334:
308:Main article:
305:
302:
288:
275:
261:reducing agent
245:
242:
241:
240:
209:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4098:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Rate equation
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Arrow pushing
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Marcus theory
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Isomerization
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Cycloaddition
3798:
3796:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3691:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3272:9783110588903
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:Redox Biology
3132:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:0-9678550-9-8
3111:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:0-9678550-9-8
3090:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3064:
3062:9781461574675
3058:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2929:9781464126116
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2904:81-219-2453-7
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2879:0-03-072373-6
2875:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2706:
2703:. wiley.com.
2702:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2686:0-13-014329-4
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Hydrogenation
2507:
2505:
2504:Galvanic cell
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:delineation,
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:free radicals
2198:
2197:enzymatically
2194:
2187:Redox cycling
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1930:oxidized form
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:ascorbic acid
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1859:December 2023
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1828:This section
1826:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:galvanization
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:chrome-plated
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1627:Fe â Fe + e
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1542:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1494:, and then a
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1346:(aq) + Cu (s)
1342:(aq) â ZnSO
1338:Zn (s) + CuSO
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1304:
1303:Galvanic cell
1300:
1295:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1075:December 2023
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:This section
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
987:
986:
985:
971:
959:
956:
955:
954:
952:
937:
925:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
877:
856:
855:
854:
852:
848:
844:
843:half-reaction
840:
837:in which the
836:
832:
828:
816:
812:
801:
798:
790:
787:December 2023
779:
776:
772:
769:
765:
762:
758:
755:
751:
748: â
747:
743:
742:Find sources:
736:
732:
726:
725:
720:This section
718:
714:
709:
708:
702:
700:
698:
693:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
664:
655:
651:
648:This section
646:
643:
639:
638:
632:
630:
628:
624:
623:deprotonation
620:
616:
612:
609:
601:
599:
593:
590:compounds to
589:
585:
578:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
479:
474:
471:
470:international
466:
462:
460:
455:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
413:
399:
376:
362:
348:
326:
322:
317:
311:
303:
301:
299:
298:
297:half-reaction
292:
279:
266:
262:
256:
253:
251:
248:"Redox" is a
243:
238:
234:
231:, bonds like
230:
229:hydrogenation
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:in which the
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
162:
132:
131:
122:
92:
84:
79:
76:Example of a
74:
67:
63:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3947:Molecularity
3859:
3571:
3544:
3514:
3482:
3449:
3418:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3331:
3325:
3296:
3289:
3254:
3245:
3231:
3210:
3202:
3181:
3173:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3103:
3082:
3073:
3066:. Retrieved
3051:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3004:
2996:
2977:
2971:
2960:
2919:
2913:
2897:. S. Chand.
2894:
2888:
2869:
2850:February 12,
2848:. Retrieved
2843:
2831:
2812:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2755:
2745:
2736:
2709:. Retrieved
2695:
2676:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2640:
2631:
2618:
2609:
2594:Sulfur cycle
2484:Electrolysis
2454:Calvin cycle
2400:
2399:lectrons is
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:lectrons is
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2338:
2324:
2312:free radical
2289:
2239:
2218:futile cycle
2205:flavoenzymes
2190:
2181:chloroplasts
2177:mitochondria
2165:acetoacetate
2134:
2124:and killing
2118:Free radical
2116:
2106:mitochondria
2076:
2055:light energy
2031:
1963:
1952:
1916:reduced form
1865:
1856:
1841:Please help
1829:
1765:
1750:
1724:
1716:
1673:
1532:
1445:hydrocarbons
1377:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1316:
1269:
1257:
1180:
1173:+ 2 e â 2
1159:
1130:
1104:
1081:
1072:
1057:Please help
1045:
1012:
1007:red(cathode)
1000:
988:
982:
969:
957:
950:
948:
935:
923:
911:
906:
875:
873:
814:
808:
793:
784:
774:
767:
760:
753:
741:
729:Please help
724:verification
721:
694:
682:
671:
658:
654:adding to it
649:
611:John Bockris
605:
568:
533:
525:biochemistry
489:
456:
313:
295:
257:
254:
247:
200:
178:
174:
90:
89:
82:
77:
25:
3906:Cage effect
3841:RRKM theory
3757:elimination
3141:: 381â398.
2554:Pro-oxidant
2314:chemistry,
2308:pedogenesis
2130:antioxidant
2122:homeostasis
1959:assimilated
1802:gold-plated
1761:nitric acid
1759:to produce
1680:thiosulfate
1574:iron oxides
1463:, and heat
1451:, produces
619:protonation
529:hydride ion
508:metal oxide
459:Nitric acid
250:portmanteau
244:Terminology
4065:Categories
3371:: 151â208.
2601:References
2425:fuel cells
2423:, such as
2391:xidation,
2303:paddy rice
2213:superoxide
2207:and their
2141:NADP/NADPH
2111:See also:
2027:O + Energy
1955:biological
1787:automotive
1746:galvanized
1592:4 Fe + 3 O
1441:combustion
1333:solution:
1250:2 H + 2 F
1205:2 H + 2 e
757:newspapers
661:April 2023
615:electrodes
572:, such as
542:, such as
538:elemental
506:such as a
480:Reductants
316:substances
3957:Catalysis
3853:reactions
3515:Chemistry
3388:CRC Press
3281:242013948
3075:reaction.
3068:March 29,
2946:cite book
2938:986827885
2368:eduction
2356:xidation
2342:mnemonics
2329:Mnemonics
2242:magnetite
2209:coenzymes
1934:Vitamin C
1920:Vitamin C
1830:does not
1566:corrosion
1564:The term
1313:solution.
1301:like the
1046:does not
1019:ox(anode)
564:aluminium
552:magnesium
473:pictogram
213:substrate
195:electrons
191:reactants
3165:25744690
2705:Archived
2623:Archived
2619:Bitesize
2615:"Metals"
2432:See also
2403:eduction
2157:pyruvate
2137:GSH/GSSG
1924:Bottom:
1776:smelting
1770:. Metal
1650:2 Fe + H
1496:peroxide
1484:aldehyde
1400:nitrogen
1162:fluorine
1111:fluorine
1107:hydrogen
592:alcohols
588:carbonyl
521:electron
304:Oxidants
86:mnemonic
62:glycerol
37:fluorine
3156:4348434
2752:"redox"
2651:May 15,
2621:. BBC.
2395:ain of
2383:oss of
2350:OIL RIG
2316:wetland
2299:voltage
2153:lactate
2019:â 6 CO
1969:glucose
1851:removed
1836:sources
1805:jewelry
1794:cutlery
1789:parts,
1757:ammonia
1730:cathode
1596:â 2 Fe
1570:Rusting
1480:alcohol
1396:nitrate
1364:As two
1283:â 2 HF
1137:protons
1126:â 2 HF
1067:removed
1052:sources
930:cathode
891:⁄
870:â H + e
861:⁄
839:cathode
827:voltage
771:scholar
746:"Redox"
544:lithium
217:rusting
189:of the
83:OIL RIG
3632:Basic
3586:
3559:
3522:
3490:
3456:
3426:
3394:
3346:
3313:
3279:
3269:
3163:
3153:
3112:
3091:
3059:
3017:
2984:
2936:
2926:
2901:
2876:
2819:
2711:May 9,
2683:
2254:rutile
2163:, and
2086:sugars
1992:oxygen
1732:of an
1557:pyrite
1539:O and
1488:ketone
1469:carbon
1465:energy
1323:copper
1221:+ 2 e
833:of an
773:
766:
759:
752:
744:
562:, and
548:sodium
540:metals
33:Sodium
4081:Redox
3860:Redox
3696:Acyl)
3277:S2CID
3207:IUPAC
3178:IUPAC
2840:(PDF)
2149:organ
2090:water
2084:into
2069:+ 6 O
2049:+ 6 H
2023:+ 6 H
2015:+ 6 O
1996:water
1983:) to
1910:Top:
1742:anode
1559:cubes
1486:or a
1482:, an
1453:water
1427:+ 6 H
1319:metal
1148:â 2
942:anode
849:is a
847:anode
778:JSTOR
764:books
627:IUPAC
581:LiAlH
225:oxide
170:-doks
91:Redox
3749:(E2)
3738:(E1)
3584:ISBN
3557:ISBN
3520:ISBN
3488:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3392:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3161:PMID
3110:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3070:2020
3057:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2952:link
2934:OCLC
2924:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2852:2024
2817:ISBN
2713:2012
2681:ISBN
2653:2017
2352:" â
2256:(TiO
2195:are
2179:and
2155:and
2145:cell
2057:â C
2053:O +
2045:6 CO
1834:any
1832:cite
1800:and
1772:ores
1617:acid
1578:iron
1517:rust
1490:, a
1439:The
1414:2 NO
1327:zinc
1227:2 F
1152:+ 2
1109:and
1050:any
1048:cite
995:cell
918:cell
821:cell
750:news
688:and
678:fuel
674:rust
621:and
606:The
579:and
574:NaBH
560:zinc
556:iron
468:The
221:iron
130:-oks
3719:Ar)
3676:Ar)
3576:doi
3549:hdl
3336:doi
3303:doi
3259:doi
3221:doi
3219:".
3192:doi
3190:".
3151:PMC
3143:doi
3011:456
2785:doi
2244:(Fe
2175:in
2173:DNA
2147:or
2034:NAD
1994:to
1932:of
1918:of
1845:by
1708:+ H
1515:or
1443:of
1398:to
1279:+ F
1241:+ F
1122:+ F
1061:by
976:red
968:= â
882:red
733:by
656:.
504:ore
404:OsO
367:CrO
353:MnO
233:C=C
219:of
177:or
168:REE
128:RED
4067::
3787:(A
3777:(A
3715:(S
3692:(S
3686:i)
3682:(S
3672:(S
3666:2)
3662:(S
3656:1)
3652:(S
3582:.
3555:.
3502:^
3468:^
3438:^
3406:^
3369:39
3367:.
3342:.
3309:.
3275:.
3265:.
3253:.
3209:,
3180:,
3159:.
3149:.
3137:.
3133:.
3116:.
3095:.
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