535:, there can be found considerations about social assistance from the state. There, in talking about the importance of a restrictive kind of security (the one against physical privation) in front of one that necessarily needs to control or abolish the market, Hayek poses that "there can be no doubt that some minimum of food, shelter, and clothing, sufficient to preserve health and the capacity to work, can be assured to everybody". Providing this type of security is for Hayek compatible with individual freedom as it does not involve planning. But already in this early work, he acknowledges the fact that this provision must keep the incentives and the external pressure going and not select which group enjoys security and which does not, for under these conditions "the striving for security tends to become higher than the love of freedom". Therefore, fostering a certain kind of security (the one that for him socialist economic policies follow) can entail growing insecurity as the privilege increases social differences. Notwithstanding, he concludes that "adequate security against severe privation, and the reduction of the avoidable causes of misdirected effort and consequent disappointment, will have to be one of the main goals of policy".
214:, which these people will be behind. The veil prevents the people from knowing what particular preferences they will have by concealing their talents, objectives, and, most importantly, where in society they themselves will end up. The veil, on the other hand, does not conceal general information about the society, and the people are assumed to possess societal and economic knowledge beyond the personal level. Thereby, such veil creates an environment for negotiations where the evaluation of the distribution of goods is based on general considerations, regardless of place in society, rather than biased considerations based on personal gains for specific citizen positions. By this logic, the negotiations will be sensitive to both those who are worst off, given that a risk of being in that category yourself will incentivize protection of these people, but also the rest of society, as one would not wish to hinder maximal utilisation for these in case you would end up in higher classes.
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material resources to every person of a given society. The principle of strict equality therefore holds that even if an unequal distribution would make everyone better off, or if an unequal distribution would make some better off but no one worse off, the strictly egalitarian distribution should be upheld. This notion of distributive justice can be critiqued because it can result in Pareto suboptimal distributions. Thus, the Pareto norm suggests that principles of distributive justice should result in allocations in which it is no longer possible to make anyone better off without making anyone else worse off. This illustrates a concern for the equality of welfare, which is an ex post conception of equality as it is concerned with the equality in outcomes. This conception has been critiqued by those in favour of ex ante equality, that is equality in people´s prospects, which is captured by alternative conceptions of equality such as those that demand equality of opportunity.
357:, Roland Pierik presents a synthesis combining the two branches. In his synthesis, he argues that instead of focusing on compensations for unjust inequalities in society via redistribution of primary goods, egalitarianism scholars should instead, given the fundamental notion upon which the theory is built, strive to create institutions that creates and promotes meaningful equal opportunities from the get-go. Pierik thus moves egalitarianism's otherwise reactive nature by emphasising a need for attention to the development of fundamentally different institutions that would eradicate the need for redistribution and instead focus on the initial equal distribution of opportunities from which people then themselves be able to shape their lives.
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to him in exchange for something, or as a gift. For him, "there is no more a distributing or distribution of shares than there is a distribution of mates in a society in which persons choose whom they shall marry". This means that there can be no pattern to which to conform or aim. The market and the result of individual actions provided the conditions for libertarian principles of just acquisition and exchange (contained in his
Entitlement Theory) will have as a result a distribution that will be just, without the need for considerations about the specific model or standard it should follow.
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distributive fairness and the values that govern economic activity, and the fact that it is impossible to gather all the individual information in a single pursuit for social and distributive justice results in realizing the fact that it cannot be pursued. Lastly, Hayek claims for the incompatibility between the free market and social justice, for, in essence, they are different kinds of inequalities. The former is one determined by the interaction of free individuals and the latter by the decision of an authority. Hayek will, on ethical grounds, choose the former.
60:. Theorists have developed widely different conceptions of distributive justice. These have contributed to debates around the arrangement of social, political and economic institutions to promote the just distribution of benefits and burdens within a society. Most contemporary theories of distributive justice rest on the precondition of material scarcity. From that precondition arises the need for principles to resolve competing interest and claims concerning a just or at least morally preferable distribution of scarce resources.
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market system that should yield spontaneous outcomes. Justice has an individual component for Hayek, is only understood in the aggregation of individual actions which follow common rules, social and distributive justice are the negative opposite as they need a command economy. Secondly, following Tebble's (2009) view, the concept of social justice is for Hayek a reminiscence of an atavistic view towards society, that has been overcome by the survival capacity of the catallactic order and its values.
192:(according to Rawls, the primary goods include freedoms, opportunities, and control over resources). These people are assumed to be guided by self-interest, while also having a basic idea of morality and justice, and thus capable of understanding and evaluating a moral argument. Rawls then argues that procedural justice in the process of negotiation will be possible via a nullification of temptations for these people to exploit circumstances so as to favor their own position in society.
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takes place, egalitarianism evaluates the justification for a certain distribution based on how the society and its institutions have been shaped, rather than what the outcome is. Attention is mainly given to ways in which unchosen person circumstances affect and hinder individuals and their life opportunities. As
Elizabeth Anderson defines it, "the positive aim of egalitarian justice is...to create a community in which people stand in relation of equality to others."
410:(OCBs) are employee actions in support of the organization that are outside the scope of their job description. Such behaviors depend on the degree to which an organization is perceived to be distributively just. As organizational actions and decisions are perceived as more just, employees are more likely to engage in OCBs. Perceptions of distributive justice are also strongly related to the withdrawal of employees from the organization.
312:. With disputes over this fundamental aspect, utilitarianism is evidently a broad term embracing many different sub-theories under its umbrella, and while much of the theoretical framework transects across these conceptualisations, using the different conceptualisation have clear implications for how we understand the more practical side of utilitarianism in distributive justice.
241:, addresses how the arrangement of social and economic inequalities, and thus the just distribution should look. Firstly, Rawls argues that such distribution should be based on a reasonable expectation of advantage for all, but also to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged in society. Secondly, the offices and positions attached to this arrangement should be open to all.
234:, is the equal access to basic rights and liberties for all. With this, each person should be able to access the most extensive set of liberties that is compatible with similar schemes of access by other citizens. Thereby, it is not only a question of positive individual access but also of negative restrictions so as to respect others’ basic rights and liberties.
67:, distributive justice is defined as perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by (distributed across) group members. For example, when some workers work more hours but receive the same pay, group members may feel that distributive justice has not occurred. To determine whether distributive justice has taken place, individuals often turn to the
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96:: Members' outcomes should be based upon their inputs. Therefore, an individual who has invested a large amount of input (e.g. time, money, energy) should receive more from the group than someone who has contributed very little. Members of large groups prefer to base allocations of rewards and costs on equity.
449:
Distributive justice in an environmental context is the equitable distribution of a society's technological and environmental risks, impacts, and benefits. These burdens include exposure to hazardous waste, land appropriation, armed violence, and murder. Distributive justice is an essential principle
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he stresses how the term distributive justice is not a neutral one. In fact, there is no central distributor that can be regarded as such. What each person gets, he or she gets from the outcomes of
Lockean self-ownership (a condition that implies one's labor mixed with the world), or others who give
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in the post-WWII decades, Friedrich von Hayek was one of the most famous opposers of the idea of distributive justice. For him, social and distributive justice were meaningless and impossible to attain, on the grounds of being within a system where the outcomes are not determined deliberately by the
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as a hypothetical idea of how to establish "a fair procedure so that any principles agreed on will be just." In his envisioning of the original position, it is created from a judgement made through negotiations between a group of people who will decide on what a just distribution of primary goods is
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Hayek dismisses an organizational view that ascribes certain outcomes to an intentional design, which would be contrary to his proposed spontaneous order. For this, Hayek famously firstly regards the term social (or distributive) justice as meaningless when it is applied to the results of a liberal
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Based on a fundamental notion of equal worth and moral status of human beings, egalitarianism is concerned with equal treatment of all citizens in both respect and in concern, and in relation to the state as well as one another. Egalitarianism focuses more on the process through which distribution
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Centred on individual utility and welfare, utilitarianism builds on the notion that any action which increases the overall welfare in society is good, and any action that decreases welfare is bad. By this notion, utilitarianism's focus lies with its outcomes and pays little attention to how these
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The main issue with egalitarian conceptions of distributive justice is the question concerning what kind of equality should be pursued. This is because one kind of equality might imply or require inequality of another kind. Strict egalitarianism, for instance, requires the equal allocation of
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The third
Hayekian critique is about the unfeasibility of attaining distributive justice in a free market order and this is defended on the basis of the determinate goal that all distributive justice aims to. In a catallactic order, the individual morality should freely determine what are
169:, constituting the fundamental rules in society, which shape the social and economic institutions, as well as the governance. This basic structure is what shapes the citizens’ life opportunities. According to Rawls, the structure is based on principles about
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In this original position, the main concern will be to secure the goods that are most essential for pursuing the goals of each individual, regardless of what this specific goal might be. With this in mind, Rawls theorizes two basic
90:: Regardless of their inputs, all group members should be given an equal share of the rewards/costs. Equality supports that someone who contributes 20% of the group's resources should receive as much as someone who contributes 60%.
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40:, goods, opportunity in a society. It is concerned with how to allocate resources fairly among members of a society, taking into account factors such as wealth, income, and social status. Often contrasted with
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327:, based on an attempt to create a more universal list of conditions required for human prosperity. Opposite this, another path focuses on a subjective evaluation of happiness and satisfaction in human lives.
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The listed theories below are three of the most prominent Anglo-American theories within the field. With this in mind, the list is in no way to be considered exhaustive for distributive justice theory.
108:: Those in greatest needs should be provided with resources needed to meet those needs. These individuals should be given more resources than those who already possess them, regardless of their input.
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Distributive justice theory argues that societies have a duty to individuals in need and that all individuals have a duty to help others in need. Proponents of distributive justice link it to
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theories are concerned with an equitable society. What unites them is the mutual interest in achieving the best possible results or, in terms of the example above, the best possible
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While the basic notion that utilitarianism builds on seems simple, one major dispute within the school of utilitarianism revolved around the conceptualisation and measurement of
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473:. Many governments are known for dealing with issues of distributive justice, especially in countries with ethnic tensions and geographically distinctive minorities. Post-
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and regulatory policies have been at the center environmental discussions since the rise of environmental justice. Environmental burdens fall disproportionately upon the
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of environmental justice because there is evidence that shows that these burdens cause health problems, negatively affect quality of life, and drive down property value.
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outcomes are shaped. This idea of utilisation maximisation, while being a much broader philosophical consideration, also translates into a theory of justice.
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Laczniak, Gene R., and
Patrick E. Murphy. 2008: “Distributive Justice: Pressing Questions, Emerging Directions, and the Promise of Rawlsian Analysis.”
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the principles of the priority of liberty, wherein basic liberties only can be restricted if this is done for the sake of protecting liberty either:
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and duties that any self-interested, rational individual would accept in order to further his/her own interests in a context of social cooperation.
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of their group. If rewards and costs are allocated according to the designated distributive norms of the group, distributive justice has occurred.
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Distributive justice affects performance when efficiency and productivity are involved. Improving perceptions of justice increases performance.
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Distributive justice considers whether the distribution of goods among the members of society at a given time is subjectively acceptable.
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Karriker, J. H., and M. L. Williams. 2009. "Organizational
Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Mediated Multifoci Model."
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is an example of a country that deals with issues of re-allocating resources with respect to the distributive justice framework.
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Deutsch, M. 1975. "Equity, equality, and need: What determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice?."
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focus on intellectual pleasures as the most beneficial contribution to societal welfare. Another path has been painted by
1556:"Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System"
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Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
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102:: Those with more authority, status, or control over the group should receive more than those in lower level positions.
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excessive saving either balances out or lessens the gravity of hardship for those who do not traditionally benefit.
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an arrangement of economic inequalities focused on benefit maximisation for those who are least advantaged.
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McGurty, Eileen (1997). "From NIMBY to Civil Rights: The
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Cohen-Charash, Y., and P. E. Spector. 2001. "The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis."
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inequality of opportunity, and the priority of efficiency & welfare, can only be acceptable if:
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outlines his famous theory about justice as fairness. The theory consists of three core components:
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Knight, Carl (20 Feb 2014). "Theories of
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These principles of justice are then prioritised according to two additional principles:
1899:(1980), "Beyond Fairness: A Theory of Allocation Preferences", in Mikula, Gerald (ed.),
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people but contrarily spontaneity is the norm. Therefore, distributive justice,
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1017:"The Meaning of Distributive Justice for Aristotle's Theory of Constitutions"
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1053:"Theories of distributive justice and post-apartheid South Africa"
989:. 41, 2014 - Issue 1: 3–4 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
794:"Theories of Distributive Justice and Post-Apartheid South Africa"
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outlook toward distributive justice is Robert Nozick. In his book
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From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
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by strengthening “the total system of liberties shared by all;” or
165:, Rawls bases his work on an idea of justice being rooted in the
1699:
Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy
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1954:
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586:
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461:, while benefits are primarily accrued to the Global North.
27:
Concept relating to distribution of rewards to group members
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Sumner 1996 as referred to in, Carl Knight (20 Feb 2014).
52:). This subject has been given considerable attention in
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Bentham originally conceptualised this according to the
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Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
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48:, distributive justice concentrates on outcomes (
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488:Distributive justice is also fundamental to the
349:While much academic work distinguishes between
146:the equality of people in rights and liberties;
79:Five types of distributive norm are defined by
1875:Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology
1246:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 604–606.
1183:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 159–160.
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1808:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
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720:The Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice
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1895:Leventhal, Gerald S.; Karuza, Jurgis Jr.;
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387:He who does not work, neither shall he eat
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1112:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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369:" refers to distributive justice in
1934:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1385:Downey, Liam (November 20, 2010).
551:One of the major exponents of the
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1832:Principle of Distributive Justice
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187:Rawls presents the concept of an
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517:Within the context of Western
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1391:Organization and Environment
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792:Knight, Carl (20 Feb 2014).
667:Rule According to Higher Law
496:, inspiring such figures as
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1468:Global Environmental Change
687:Teaching for social justice
75:Types of distributive norms
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1873:; House, James S. (eds.),
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1785:Journal of Macromarketing
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1275:Husami, Ziyad I. (1978).
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455:environmental degradation
230:The first principle, the
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779:Journal of Social Issues
677:Service recovery paradox
622:Distribution (economics)
612:Constitutional economics
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397:Application and outcomes
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1747:Nozick, Robert (1974).
1732:Nozick, Robert (1974).
1145:University of Amsterdam
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304:Conceptualising welfare
69:behavioral expectations
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1929:"Distributive Justice"
1452:CP32-163/2-1-2019E-PDF
1214:"Distributive Justice"
1139:Pierik, Roland. 2020.
692:Transformative justice
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210:is realised through a
206:This nullification of
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1903:, New York City, NY:
1797:Beyond Intractability
1513:Environmental History
1372:Journal of Management
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445:Environmental justice
439:Environmental justice
427:Not all advocates of
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177:The original position
1942:Distributive Justice
1907:, pp. 167–218,
1822:Distributive Justice
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957:Rawls, John (1999).
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532:The Road to Serfdom
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351:luck egalitarianism
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292:published his book
135:A Theory of Justice
128:Justice as fairness
81:Donelson R. Forsyth
1574:– via JSTOR.
602:Citizen's dividend
321:John Stuart Mill's
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578:Philosophy portal
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379:Marxism-Leninism
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682:Social dividend
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1867:Cook, Karen S.
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1840:. 28 Feb 2009.
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1736:. Basic Books.
1724:
1705:(4): 581–604.
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1615:www.vatican.va
1602:
1596:978-0809143153
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1397:(4): 417–445.
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1002:Utilitarianism
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383:Vladimir Lenin
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337:Egalitarianism
335:Main article:
332:
331:Egalitarianism
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290:Jeremy Bentham
284:Utilitarianism
282:Main article:
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2015:Interactional
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39:
36:
35:socially just
33:concerns the
32:
19:
2101:Reproductive
2005:Distributive
2004:
1932:
1900:
1874:
1859:Academia.edu
1853:
1835:
1821:
1806:
1796:
1783:
1766:
1748:
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1727:
1702:
1698:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1586:
1580:
1566:(1): 39–59.
1563:
1559:
1549:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1429:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1352:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1284:
1280:
1270:
1243:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1207:
1180:
1158:
1152:
1140:
1116:. Retrieved
1111:
1102:
1088:cite journal
1066:(1): 23–38.
1063:
1059:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1001:
995:
986:
960:
952:
937:
929:
914:
894:
858:
838:
800:
787:
777:
772:
760:
719:
712:
597:Distributism
550:
541:
537:
530:
529:In his book
528:
516:
487:
478:South Africa
471:human rights
468:
459:Global South
452:
448:
426:
423:
405:
385:the slogan "
365:The slogan "
364:
348:
344:
340:
314:
307:
293:
287:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
221:
211:
205:
188:
186:
171:basic rights
166:
160:
133:
132:In his book
131:
122:
111:
105:
99:
93:
87:
78:
62:
42:just process
30:
29:
2146:Utilitarian
2111:Retributive
2106:Restorative
2045:Recognition
2000:Commutative
1788:28(1):5–11.
1357:86:278–321.
1147:. p. 16-17.
672:Rule of law
553:libertarian
498:Dorothy Day
465:In politics
208:temptations
2182:Categories
2035:Procedural
1992:philosophy
1760:References
1620:2018-11-03
1474:: 102104.
1240:"Equality"
782:31:137–49.
652:John Rawls
418:See also:
140:John Rawls
54:philosophy
2198:Resources
1981:Types of
1719:145380847
1541:143296214
1332:31 August
1306:31 August
1293:0048-3915
1080:154627483
1060:Politikon
1027:: 57–97.
1021:Πηγη/Fons
987:Politikon
817:154627483
801:Politikon
637:Injustice
508:Criticism
475:apartheid
393:society.
391:communist
375:Karl Marx
325:Aristotle
288:In 1789,
2162:Frontier
2116:Resource
2091:Military
2081:Fairness
2076:Equality
2066:Criminal
2040:Victor's
1818:(1966).
1572:24707236
1498:32801483
1421:21909231
1223:11 March
564:See also
402:Outcomes
88:Equality
56:and the
2188:Justice
2126:Spatial
2061:Climate
2025:Natural
1983:justice
1533:3985352
1489:7418451
1412:3169238
1375:35:112.
1301:2264878
1118:May 15,
592:Justice
371:Marxism
361:Marxism
310:welfare
2167:Poetic
2131:Speedy
2121:Social
2096:Racial
2086:Gender
2020:Global
2010:Divine
1911:
1905:Plenum
1885:
1717:
1593:
1570:
1539:
1531:
1496:
1486:
1444:
1419:
1409:
1299:
1291:
1258:
1195:
1078:
871:
815:
735:
414:Wealth
94:Equity
2155:Other
2136:Trade
2054:Areas
1715:S2CID
1568:JSTOR
1537:S2CID
1529:JSTOR
1438:(PDF)
1297:JSTOR
1076:S2CID
1056:(PDF)
946:-119.
867:-15.
813:S2CID
797:(PDF)
704:Notes
377:. In
100:Power
1909:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1494:PMID
1442:ISBN
1417:PMID
1334:2024
1308:2024
1289:ISSN
1256:ISBN
1225:2023
1193:ISBN
1120:2020
1094:link
969:-12.
923:-55.
869:ISBN
733:ISBN
587:Law
500:and
353:and
106:Need
44:and
1990:In
1944:on
1834:."
1795:."
1773:doi
1707:doi
1521:doi
1484:PMC
1476:doi
1407:PMC
1399:doi
1248:doi
1185:doi
1068:doi
1029:doi
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