482:
641:
587:
745:. It packs the same level of bigotry and insensitivity for Native Americans as any other racial slur. We cannot tolerate the NFLâs continued commitment to normalizing this demeaning characterization of Native Americans. The success of the Washington football franchise does not depend on the name of its team, but rather the talent of its players and leadership. The NFL must abandon its tone-deaf culture as it relates to people of color and change the hurtful name of this team.
707:. Use of these terms by some members of minority communities does not mean that these words may be used by outsiders. Ross also notes that while activism on the issue may be from a minority of Native Americans, this is due to most being concerned with more immediate issues, but also says "The presentation of the name 'Redskins' is problematic for many Native Americans because it identifies Natives in a way that the vast majority of Natives simply don't identity ourselves."
861:
references to "scalping" made by sportswriters for sixty years when reporting the
Redskins loss of a game, and passages from movies made from the 1940s to the 1960s using "redskin" to refer to Native Americans as a savage enemy. A linguistics expert for the team unsuccessfully argued that the name is merely a descriptive term no different than other uses of color to differentiate people by race. The linguistic expert for the petitioners,
392:, in which he is recorded as stating, "My Father â Restrain your feelings, and hear camly what I shall say. I shall tell it to you plainly, I shall not speak with fear and trembling. I feel no fear. I have no cause to fear. I have never injured you, and innocence can feel no fear. I turn to all, red skins and white skins, and challenge an accusation against me." This speech was published widely, and Goddard speculates that it reached
540:' support indicates that the belief is widespread. Goddard denies any direct connection to scalping, and says there is a lack of evidence for the claim. C. Richard King argues that the lack of direct evidence for the assertion does not mean that those making the claim are "wrong to draw an association between a term that empathizes an identity based upon skin color and a history that commodified Native American body parts".
366:, was recorded as having said, "I am a red-skin, but what I say is the truth, and notwithstanding I came a long way I am content, but wish to return from here." However, while these usages may have been earliest, they may not have been disseminated widely. While the 1812 meeting with President Madison was contemporaneously recorded, the records were not published until 2004.
1195:
3942:
408:(1826), both Native American and white characters use the term. These novels were widely distributed, and can be credited with bringing the term to "universal notice". The first time the term appears in Bartlett's "Dictionary of Americanisms" (in 1858), Goddard notes, the illustrative reference is to
464:
states it is difficult for historians to document anything with certainty since Native
Americans, as a non-literate society, did not produce the written sources upon which historians rely. Instead, what is cited as Native American usage was generally attributed to them by European writers. Any use of
116:
as an identifier by Native
Americans for themselves emerged in the context of Indian-European diplomacy in the southeastern region of North America, becoming common usage in the 1720s. Subsequently, variations of "red men" were adopted by Europeans, becoming a generic label for all Native Americans.
1435:
and "referred not to the natural skin color of the
Delaware, but to their use of vermilion face paint and body paint". Goddard pointed out that OED had mis-dated the source, the letter was in fact a piece of historical fiction written in 1900.The OED agreed with Goddard's findings, stating that the
979:
Some communities have been sharply divided, with long-term residents seeking to keep the mascot while newcomers being open to change. In Driggs, Idaho, the deciding factor was the participation of local tribes advocating change. Other school districts made changes with little opposition. The school
869:
was a slur at the time of the trademark registrations, based upon the passages from books and newspapers and movie clips, in which the word is inevitably associated with contempt, derision, condescension, or sentimental paeans to the noble savage. Although the USPTO decision was upheld upon appeal,
825:
which found that 49% of self-identified Native
Americans responded that the Washington Redskins name was offensive or very offensive, while only 38% were not bothered by it. In addition, for study participants who were heavily engaged in their native or tribal cultures, 67% said they were offended,
295:
Goddard's alternative etymology is that the term emerged from the speech of Native
Americans themselves, and that the origin and use of the term in the late 18th and early 19th century was benign. When it first appeared "it came in the most respectful context and at the highest level. ... These are
693:. The principal of Red Mesa said in 2014 that use of the word outside American Indian communities should be avoided because it could perpetuate "the legacy of negativity that the term has created." In 2014, Wellpinit High School voted to keep the Redskins name. Native American writer and attorney
860:
is disparaging to a "substantial composite of Native
Americans", and this is demonstrated "by the near complete drop-off in usage of 'redskins' as a reference to Native Americans beginning in the 1960s". Evidence of disparagement submitted by the petitioners in the TTAB case include the frequent
817:
produced the same results, that 90% of the self-identified Native
American respondents were "not bothered" by the team's name. However, in a commentary published soon after the 2004 poll, fifteen Native American scholars collaborated on a critique that stated that there were so many flaws in the
911:
The number of high schools using the
Redskins name has been in steady decline (some of which closed or merged), with 36 remaining. In a survey conducted in 2013, 40% had local efforts to change the name, while 28 high schools in 18 states had done so. By December 2017, the number of high school
497:
were significantly more frequent than positive ones. However, the use of the word "Indian" in a similarly selected set of books was nearly the same, with more frequent negative than positive contexts, indicating that it was not the term "redskin" that was loaded pejoratively, but that its usage
136:. The choice of red rather than other colors may have been due to cultural associations, rather than skin color. Red and white were a dichotomy that had pervasive symbolic meanings in southeastern Native cultures which was less prevalent among northern tribes. While there was occasional use of
87:
The origin of the choice of red to describe Native
Americans in English is debated. While related terms were used in anthropological literature as early as the 17th century, labels based on skin color entered everyday speech around the middle of the 18th century. "At the start of the eighteenth
660:
style guide advises that "the term redskin evokes an even more objectionable stereotype" than the use of red as a racial adjective by outsiders, while others urge writers to use the term only in a historical context. In modern dictionaries of American English it is labeled "usually offensive",
513:, in his paper "Slurring Words", argues that for a word to be a slur, the word must communicate ideas beyond identifying a target group, and that slurs are offensive because the additional data contained in those words differentiates those individuals from otherwise accepted groups.
472:
Sociologist James V. Fenelon makes a more explicit statement that Goddard's article is poor scholarship, given that the conclusion of the origin and usage by Natives as "entirely benign" is divorced from the socio-historical realities of hostility and racism from which it emerged.
818:
Annenberg study that rather than being a measure of Native American opinion, it was an expression of white privilege and colonialism. Similar objections were made after the 2016 poll, mainly with regard to the use of self-identification to select Native American respondents.
192:(1847). Early explorers and later Anglo-Americans termed Native Americans "light-skinned", "brown", "tawny", or "russet", but not "red" prior to the 19th century. Many did not view Natives as distinctly different in color from themselves, and thus could be assimilated into
790:
and team management announced a process of review of the name. On July 13, 2020, the team made an official statement that their review would result in the retirement of the Redskins name and logo. The new name, Washington Commanders was announced on February 2, 2022.
8075:
887:
2755:
2136:
980:
board for Cuyahoga Heights Ohio voted unanimously to retire their mascot following the decision by the Cleveland Indians to become the Guardians. The Wichita school board followed the recommendations of a committee appointed to examine the issue.
3082:
3113:
3814:
8054:
88:
century, Indians and Europeans rarely mentioned the color of each other's skins. By midcentury, remarks about skin color and the categorization of peoples by simple color-coded labels (red, white, black) had become commonplace."
340:
enters wider English usage only in the first half of the 19th century. However, in an interview, Goddard admitted that it is impossible to verify whether the French translations of the Miami-Illinois language were accurate.
8182:
2159:
3043:
3722:
619:
was a slur at that time based upon passages from books and newspapers and movie clips, in which the word is inevitably associated with contempt, derision, condescension, or sentimental paeans to the noble savage.
3498:
762:
team from 1933 to 2020. Public protest of the name began in 1968, with a resolution by the National Congress of American Indians. Native American groups and their supporters argue that since they view the word
2870:
2747:
2128:
2040:
1452:
3875:
2521:
8207:
7595:
994:
144:
was translated into the native languages there as "men", "real people", or "original people". Usage in the northeast region by Europeans may have been largely limited to descriptions of tribes such as the
3074:
2606:
2249:
3105:
7845:
3412:
2194:
3806:
3143:
7547:
381:
against Indians in the Illinois and Mississippi territories: "The expedition will be 40 days out, and there is no doubt but we shall have to contend with powerful hordes of red skins ..."
3626:
3934:
8167:
6729:
2913:
1641:
1436:
quotation was "subsequently found to be misattributed; the actual text was written in 1900 by an author claiming, for purposes of historical fiction, to be quoting an earlier letter".
4003:
1916:
571:, on October 9, 1885, tells of the settlers' "hunt for redskins, with a view of obtaining their scalps", worth $ 250. In his early career as the owner of a newspaper in South Dakota,
3752:
7563:
2645:
878:
violated the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause. Both the Native American petitioners and the Justice Department withdrew from any further litigation, the legal issue being moot.
493:
arguably begins as soon as its introduction in the early 19th century. A linguistic analysis of 42 books published between 1875 and 1930 found that negative contexts for the use of
229:
has a number of possible meanings in Choctaw, one of which is "humma, an addition to a man's name which gives him some distinction, calling on him for courage and honor." The name
3783:
288:. Goddard begins by pointing out that what had previously been considered the earliest English use of the term, a letter purported to have been written to an Englishman living in
469:
in its various forms, including redskin, by Native Americans to refer to themselves reflected their need to use the language of the times in order to be understood by Europeans.
103:
3531:
8263:
3965:
3236:
3908:
2167:
3051:
2336:
3714:
3488:
2666:
423:
was used by the tribe for self-identification. Similarly, they identified others as "whiteskins" or "blackskins". Goddard's evidence for indigenous usage includes a 1914
7949:
7934:
7873:
3214:
8248:
7838:
1341:
2882:
2030:
1442:
721:
Numerous civil rights, educational, athletic, and academic organizations consider any use of native names/symbols by non-native sports teams to be a harmful form of
498:
represents a generally negative attitude towards its referent. The word was first listed in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary in 1898 as "often contemptuous."
8253:
3867:
2748:"NAACP Leading National Civil Rights and Racial Justice Organizations Announce Joint Opposition to Washington NFL Team Locating New Stadium in District of Columbia"
2525:
8268:
3688:
1488:
826:
for young people 60%, and those with tribal affiliations 52%. These results are similar to that found in a study by the Center for Indigenous Peoples Studies at
7507:
2848:
362:) to Madison's speech included the statement, "I know the manners of the whites and the red skins," while French Crow, principal chief of the Wahpekute band of
2701:
1239:
611:, the main issue was the meaning of the term in the period when the trademark registrations were issued, 1967â1990. The linguistic expert for the petitioner,
7890:
6722:
3347:
2216:
J. Gordon Hylton (2010). "Before the Redskins Were the Redskins: The Use of Native American Team Names in the Formative Era of American Sports, 1857â1933".
8187:
7980:
7831:
3165:
D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark (2005). "Indigenous Voice and Vision as Commodity in a Mass-Consumption Society: The Colonial Politics of Public Opinion Polling".
2614:
827:
3984:
2239:
7499:
3402:
2190:
3135:
7523:
853:
3465:
3438:
1947:
770:
After decades of opposition to the name of the team by Native Americans, major sponsors responded to opponents of systemic racism in the wake of the
6953:
3322:
1977:
3845:
3560:
1730:
8044:
6980:
6715:
6241:
1510:
929:
1827:
64:, it is labeled as offensive, disparaging, or insulting. Although the term has almost disappeared from contemporary use, it remains in use as a
3618:
7944:
7115:
6942:
4126:
972:. In April, 2022 the Sandusky Community Schools Board of Education voted to retire its mascot at the end of the school year. In June 2024, the
800:
3657:
2905:
2583:
1631:
1410:
84:. School administrators and alumni assert that their use of the name is honoring their local tradition and not insulting to Native Americans.
7939:
7700:
4449:
4429:
4405:
4080:
4050:
2878:
2071:
1571:
843:
608:
537:
525:
378:
193:
109:
41:
1908:
1215:
1013:
830:. A survey of 400 individuals, with 98 individuals positively identified as Native Americans, found that 67% agreed with the statement that
8243:
8017:
7929:
3744:
3653:
734:
69:
3592:
2637:
1262:
3271:
2555:
2378:
1277:(1847), i.e. White (Caucasian), Dusky (Indian), Orange-colored (Malay), Yellow (Mongoloid), Red (Carib and American) and Black (Negroid).
758:
The controversy regarding Native mascots in general, and use of the name Redskins, was most prominent in the name used by the Washington
296:
white people and Indians talking together, with the white people trying to ingratiate themselves". The word later underwent a process of
8238:
7902:
7812:
7667:
6958:
6227:
3775:
953:
1609:
1126:
72:, who resisted decades of opposition before retiring the name in 2020 following renewed attention to racial justice in the wake of the
7997:
7854:
4413:
4365:
3521:
2726:
1763:
822:
716:
281:
3240:
1668:
7571:
7515:
5883:
5867:
5516:
4739:
4144:
2408:
2098:
2000:
1803:
1183:
1052:
941:
834:
is offensive and racist. The response from non-natives was almost the opposite, with 68% responding that the name is not offensive.
583:
in order to secure the safety of white settlers, and because "better that they die than live the miserable wretches that they are."
3900:
140:
in Indian-European diplomacy in the northeast, it was still rare there even after it had become common in the southeast. Instead,
8177:
7539:
4399:
2814:
2463:
849:
2961:
2332:
8233:
5630:
2670:
2432:
516:
Some Native American activists in the 21st century, in contradiction of the etymological evidence discussed above, assert that
3210:
7789:
7531:
7395:
7345:
7330:
6968:
6768:
6380:
6306:
5664:
5655:
2790:
2372:
2316:
1858:
1289:
921:
810:
2723:"Legislative efforts to eliminate native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos: Slow but steady progress post-APA resolution"
2496:
2104:
1769:
2280:
1333:
509:, are by nature derogatory, emphasizing the difference between the speaker and the target. However, Luvell Anderson of the
7780:
7736:
7555:
6773:
2935:
389:
3376:
1287:
Vaughan, Alden T. (1982-10-01). "From White Man to Redskin: Changing Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian".
7455:
7120:
4896:
4854:
3136:"Washington Post poll of Native Americans on Redskins' team name â Survey conducted December 16, 2015 to April 12, 2016"
1478:
1363:
961:
905:
767:
as offensive, it is inappropriate for an NFL team to continue to use it, regardless of whether any offense is intended.
312:
territories in the 18th century. He cites as the earliest example a 1769 set of "talks", or letters, from chiefs of the
8070:
7170:
7135:
7085:
5135:
4166:
3680:
3015:
2840:
185:
65:
2693:
1158:
555:, printed an announcement: "The state reward for dead Indians has been increased to $ 200 for every red-skin sent to
128:
based upon their origin stories, the general use of the term was in response to meeting people who called themselves
809:
was directly relevant to the controversy, with supporters pointing to public opinion polls. Both a 2004 poll by the
673:
Three predominantly Native American schools use the name for their athletic teams, two of which serve reservations:
8049:
7765:
7587:
7481:
7300:
6755:
6111:
4119:
2782:
2026:
1636:
1438:
1236:
242:
97:
80:. While the usage by other teams has been declining steadily, 37 high schools in the United States continue to be
7693:
7265:
7215:
6987:
5490:
5306:
5119:
4715:
3343:
3167:
2722:
2364:
1427:
957:
937:
648:. The town proclaims itself to be the "Indian Capital of the Nation", and its population is 41% Native American.
7637:
7405:
7230:
6918:
6798:
6738:
6651:
989:
759:
404:
363:
27:
912:"Redskins" had continued to decline from 62 to 49, including four affected by a 2015 California law. In 2019,
457:
in identifying themselves did not refer to skin color, but to their origin stories as the "red-earth" people.
8136:
8027:
7095:
5432:
5321:
5299:
5003:
4433:
4409:
4244:
1562:
285:
45:
524:
or other body part collected for bounty. While this claim is associated in the media with litigants in the
481:
8258:
8172:
7440:
7195:
7055:
6354:
5459:
4914:
3461:
3434:
1939:
1515:
771:
560:
424:
317:
73:
3294:
1969:
1275:
Description de mammifÚres et d'oiseaux récemment découverts; précédée d'un Tableau sur les races humaines
7921:
7579:
7435:
7415:
7360:
6992:
6286:
5044:
4112:
3837:
3553:
1726:
751:
686:
678:
656:
is regarded as a racial epithet by some, but as neutral by others, including some Native Americans. The
640:
510:
393:
289:
77:
7220:
1520:
928:
retired the name. The rate of change increased following the decision by the Washington Football Team,
856:(USPTO) cancelled the six trademarks held by the team in a two-to-one decision that held that the term
336:", which was translated as 'all the redskins'. The term here refers to warriors specifically. The term
1819:
888:
List of secondary school sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples § Redskins
8032:
7686:
7632:
7350:
7315:
7130:
5539:
4985:
4674:
4279:
4201:
4135:
3935:"Cuyahoga Heights removing 'Redskins' nickname, effective immediately, after board of education vote"
2244:
2163:
674:
398:
4097:
1425:
The letter supposedly contains both "ye Red Skin Men" and "ye Red Skins". Based on this source, the
19:"Red people" redirects here. For the Malaysian online supergroup and artist management company, see
8141:
7975:
7959:
7340:
7295:
7245:
7190:
7075:
7070:
6806:
6127:
5988:
5713:
4340:
3649:
3493:
3295:"Unpacking the Mascot Debate: Native American Identification Predicts Opposition to Native Mascots"
3293:
Fryberg, Stephanie A.; Eason, Arianne E.; Brady, Laura M.; Jessop, Nadia; Lopez, Julisa J. (2020).
3020:
2579:
1483:
1407:
722:
625:
461:
169:
1554:
1212:
8131:
7897:
7885:
7720:
7460:
7390:
7250:
7205:
7105:
6881:
6537:
5559:
4004:"CNY school district unveils new mascot while holding on to history of 'beloved' former nickname"
3407:
3314:
3192:
3184:
1707:
1381:
1314:
1118:
1017:
973:
893:
645:
576:
5500:
3370:"Survey on Redskins team name found most American Indians believe it to be offensive and racist"
3044:"Most Indians Say Name of Washington "Redskins" Is Acceptable While 9 Percent Call It Offensive"
1970:"Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse"
3585:
2988:
2547:
2358:
586:
8126:
8116:
8106:
8091:
7760:
7603:
7491:
7450:
7375:
7290:
7260:
7175:
7160:
7029:
7002:
6975:
6876:
6747:
5637:
4838:
4076:
4046:
4040:
3263:
2786:
2404:
2368:
2312:
2094:
2067:
1854:
1799:
1759:
1306:
1048:
969:
945:
925:
913:
548:
533:
529:
450:
428:
125:
4070:
3715:"Amid dueling student protests, a high school will retire its Redskins mascot after 90 years"
1595:
1259:
7878:
7709:
7430:
7425:
7400:
7380:
7145:
6856:
6402:
6386:
5873:
5743:
5727:
4971:
4293:
4228:
3306:
3176:
2035:
1887:
1699:
1447:
1432:
1298:
1110:
1095:
933:
901:
862:
612:
568:
321:
246:
61:
628:, had compared the evolution of the name into a slur to that of other racial terms such as
8146:
8022:
7465:
7420:
7310:
7280:
7155:
7140:
7080:
7017:
6913:
6637:
6575:
5787:
5256:
5233:
1664:
1600:
1414:
1266:
1243:
1219:
1187:
600:
370:
369:
The earliest known appearance of the term in print occurred in 1813, in an article in the
6370:
2004:
1180:
607:
was often used to refer to Native Americans when war was imminent or in progress. In the
3985:"Sandusky Community Schools votes to retire its mascot, will drop the Redskins nickname"
3776:"Forest Hills School District Board votes to retire Anderson High School logo, nickname"
2160:"Seeking $ 250 Reward, Settlers Hunted for 'Redskin Scalps' During Extermination Effort"
595:, 1914 silent film. The Native American roles were played by Native and Japanese actors.
8121:
8037:
7868:
7410:
7370:
7320:
7305:
7285:
7235:
7200:
7185:
7165:
7150:
7022:
6963:
6816:
6627:
6416:
6396:
6276:
6247:
6220:
6050:
6040:
5903:
5857:
5474:
5448:
5351:
5142:
4802:
4596:
4519:
4487:
4237:
3526:
1605:
1270:
690:
621:
591:
353:
189:
2871:"NCAI Response to the Washington Football Team's Commitment to Addressing Name Change"
8227:
8212:
8096:
7992:
7823:
7642:
7445:
7385:
7355:
7335:
7275:
7240:
7225:
7210:
7180:
7125:
7050:
6861:
6841:
6831:
6558:
6450:
6330:
6147:
6105:
6034:
5839:
5523:
5506:
5209:
4681:
4582:
4554:
4473:
4384:
4333:
4286:
3318:
3196:
2806:
2457:
1892:
1875:
1041:
917:
787:
572:
345:
177:
2424:
547:
was, in fact used in conjunction with scalp hunting in the 19th century. In 1863 a
8151:
7794:
7770:
7622:
7325:
7110:
6896:
6851:
6846:
6788:
6763:
6486:
5529:
5063:
5053:
4992:
4882:
4702:
4575:
4464:
1940:"A 'Redskin' Is the Scalped Head of a Native American, Sold, Like a Pelt, for Cash"
1690:
Jones, William (1901). "Episodes in the Culture-Hero Myth of the Sauks and Foxes".
1550:
1181:"Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espÚces ou races qui l'habitent"
871:
349:
277:
234:
7034:
5612:
60:
through the 19th to early 20th centuries and in contemporary dictionaries of
6707:
4039:
Nafziger, James A. R.; Paterson, Robert Kirkwood; Renteln, Alison Dundes (2010).
2607:"Redskins controversy? High school with debated name just wants to be left alone"
2488:
2129:"A brief history of the word 'redskin' and how it became a source of controversy"
2088:
1753:
449:'one with white skin, white person' was used to refer to Europeans. However, the
8111:
7985:
7662:
7652:
7255:
7065:
7012:
6886:
6826:
6821:
6364:
6027:
5970:
5605:
5407:
5344:
5277:
5188:
5174:
5101:
4937:
4589:
4272:
3264:"Washington Redskins' name, Native mascots offend more than previously reported"
2272:
870:
on June 19, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in another case,
374:
157:
2309:
Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States
8192:
8101:
7799:
7732:
7726:
7657:
7647:
7365:
7270:
7100:
7090:
7060:
6903:
6871:
6836:
6778:
6504:
6458:
6454:
6348:
6183:
6141:
5767:
5580:
5393:
5070:
5033:
4875:
4695:
4561:
4319:
4251:
3868:"Union School Board Votes Unanimously To Discontinue Use Of 'Redskins' Mascot"
3807:"Clinton Schools Drops Redskins Nickname, Leaving Just Three Left in Michigan"
3369:
1043:
A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America
875:
779:
694:
373:
quoting a letter dated August 27, 1813. It concerned an expedition during the
313:
297:
165:
149:
of Newfoundland, whose practice of painting their bodies and possessions with
57:
20:
3310:
1665:"The use of words meaning 'redskin' and 'whiteskin' in the Meskwaki language"
1555:""I Am A Red-Skin": The Adoption of a Native American Expression (1769â1826)"
1310:
505:
identifiers for ethnic groups based upon physical characteristics, including
7954:
7746:
6908:
6530:
6150:
6080:
6004:
5851:
5797:
5689:
4965:
4540:
4493:
4354:
4173:
2116:
Hunting redskins for the time being became a popular sport in New England...
897:
556:
3180:
3075:"New poll finds 9 in 10 Native Americans aren't offended by Redskins name"
1150:
7627:
7007:
6678:
6270:
5553:
5484:
5441:
5019:
4930:
4347:
4194:
4180:
3462:"60 Years of Shocking Redskins Headlines: A sampling of violent wordplay"
949:
521:
416:
385:
309:
305:
280:, linguist and curator emeritus in the Department of Anthropology of the
206:
3681:"California schools barred from using 'Redskins' as team name or mascot"
2459:
The American HeritageÂź Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
8197:
7775:
6930:
6925:
6891:
6866:
6692:
6671:
6665:
6591:
6474:
6467:
6432:
6264:
6193:
6062:
5897:
5827:
5737:
5644:
5598:
4923:
4658:
4648:
4568:
4503:
4388:
4265:
3554:"Memorandum Opinion and Order, Pro-Football, Inc. v. Blackhorse, et al"
3489:"Here are some of the movie clips cited in the Redskins trademark case"
3188:
1364:"Full text of "A dictionary of the Choctaw language" by Cyrus Byington"
1318:
1122:
783:
559:. This sum is more than the dead bodies of all the Indians east of the
348:
and a delegation of chiefs from western tribes. There, the response of
330:", which was translated as 'if any redskins', and the second included "
238:
146:
3344:"New Study Finds 67% Of Native Americans Find Redskins Name Offensive"
2638:"In debate over Redskins name, is the 'R-word' for racism or respect?"
1711:
6997:
6811:
6686:
6620:
6568:
6439:
6177:
5997:
5963:
5938:
5707:
5414:
5400:
5379:
5358:
5337:
5250:
5243:
5202:
5181:
5156:
5095:
4958:
4951:
4809:
4788:
4709:
4664:
4628:
4614:
4526:
4509:
4480:
4374:
4326:
4307:
4258:
2524:. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Archived from
742:
703:
682:
49:
3966:"Saranac Community Schools to select new mascot after retiring name"
3106:"How The Washington Post conducted the survey on the Redskins' name"
2827:
n. Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American.
2476:
n. Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American.
1632:"'Redskins' name has complicated history for Meskwaki, other tribes"
1302:
1114:
300:, by which it gained a negative connotation. Goddard suggests that
120:
Linguistic evidence indicates that, while some tribes may have used
7678:
2509:
noun, Slang: Disparaging and Offensive. 1. a North American Indian.
1703:
892:
College teams that formerly used the name changed voluntarily; the
344:
The term was used in an August 22, 1812, meeting between President
7784:
7740:
6612:
6601:
6551:
6520:
6425:
6300:
6234:
6168:
6117:
6087:
5977:
5945:
5753:
5671:
5468:
5386:
5372:
5365:
5227:
5195:
4944:
4753:
4642:
4547:
4533:
4443:
4380:
4311:
4300:
4187:
4159:
3901:"Wichita BOE votes to discontinue 'Redskin' mascot for North High"
2906:"Washington Redskins move toward changing controversial team name"
1431:(OED) had suggested that the term was specifically applied to the
775:
662:
639:
585:
502:
480:
384:
Goddard suggests that a key usage was in a 20 July 1815 speech by
150:
37:
8208:
Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
7597:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
3016:"Washington Football Team announces 'Commanders' as its new name"
995:
Stereotypes of indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
6513:
6493:
6323:
6257:
6211:
5781:
4868:
4781:
4767:
4725:
4032:
In the Game: Race, Identity, and Sports in the Twentieth Century
3237:"NAJA and UNITY respond to recent Washington NFL team name poll"
965:
7827:
7682:
6711:
4108:
4104:
2962:"The Washington Football Team is now the Washington Commanders"
1334:"If Redskins change name, should Oklahoma change its name too?"
786:
advocated changing the name. On July 3, 2020, Washington owner
632:
which also acquired implied meanings associated with contempt.
6585:
6316:
6293:
6200:
5920:
5913:
5421:
5026:
5012:
4208:
3619:"Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name"
3175:(1/2 (WinterâSpring)). University of Nebraska Press: 228â238.
304:
emerged from French translations of Native American speech in
2694:""Redskins": A Native's Guide To Debating An Inglorious Word"
3437:. United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 18, 2014.
3403:"U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration"
1406:
vol. 19, no. 4, December,1941. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
7483:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
2989:"Washington announces new team name: Washington Commanders"
2360:
The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style
2191:"L. Frank Baum Advocated Extermination Of Native Americans"
1269:, listing "Red Race" as one of the six races identified by
4072:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions
813:
at the University of Pennsylvania, and a May 2016 poll by
3745:"Michigan school scraps Redskins mascot, citing division"
1755:
Redskins?: Sport Mascots, Indian Nations and White Racism
1151:"The Beothuk Indians â "Newfoundland's Red Ochre People""
443:'one with red skin' were used to refer to Indians, while
415:
Johnathan Buffalo, historic preservation director of the
8168:
Contemporary Native American issues in the United States
4042:
Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and Indigenous
2811:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2090:
Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's War
579:
in which he advocates the annihilation of all remaining
203:
asserted that Oklahoma should change its name. The name
2968:(Press release). NFL Enterprises, LLC. February 2, 2022
2333:"How Many Native Americans Think 'Redskins' is a Slur?"
697:
compares Native American use of variations of the word
7565:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
2904:
Maese, Rick; Maske, Mark; Clarke, Liz (July 3, 2020).
2462:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011.
199:
In the modern debate over sports teams with the name,
6657:
usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized
2305:
is regarded as highly offensive" to Native Americans
104:
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
2942:(Press release). NFL Enterprises, LLC. July 13, 2020
2667:"School board votes to keep name Wellpinit Redskins"
701:
with African-American use of variations of the word
8160:
8084:
8063:
8010:
7968:
7920:
7913:
7861:
7615:
7474:
7043:
6941:
6797:
6754:
6503:
6449:
6415:
6340:
6210:
6167:
6097:
6072:
6014:
5987:
5955:
5930:
5814:
5699:
5681:
5654:
5622:
5590:
5572:
5458:
5431:
5329:
5320:
5291:
5269:
5219:
5166:
5127:
5118:
5087:
5043:
5002:
4913:
4846:
4837:
4830:
4606:
4463:
4364:
4227:
4218:
4151:
3042:Kathleen Hall Jamieson Ph.D. (September 24, 2004).
6479:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)
2445:Definition of REDSKIN (offensive): American indian
2093:. New York: WW Norton & Company. p. 237.
1851:Unkind Words: Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to WASP
1040:
3648:Zielonka, Adam; Sinn, Dylan (December 19, 2017).
2399:Yopp, Jan Johnson; McAdams, Katherine C. (2003).
1472:
1470:
615:, successfully argued that whatever its origins,
153:led Europeans to refer to them as "Red Indians".
3211:"NCAI Response to New Poll on R*skins Team Name"
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1072:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
3617:Shapira, Ian; Marimow, Ann E. (June 29, 2017).
2233:
2231:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1479:"A Linguist's Alternative History of 'Redskin'"
739:
603:were most popular, roughly 1920â1970, the term
3104:Clement, Scott; Guskin, Emily (May 19, 2016).
444:
438:
432:
7839:
7694:
7509:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
6723:
4120:
2936:"Statement From The Washington Football Team"
501:Sociologist Irving Lewis Allen suggests that
224:
218:
212:
204:
196:, beginning with conversion to Christianity.
8:
3928:
3926:
3401:Belson, Ken; Wyatt, Edward (June 18, 2014).
3299:Social Psychological and Personality Science
2401:Reaching Audiences: A Guide to Media Writing
1789:
1787:
331:
325:
8264:Anti-indigenous racism in the United States
8188:Native American mascot laws and regulations
4045:. Cambridge University Press. p. 644.
3650:"More than a Mascot: Redskins High Schools"
3435:"USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185"
2574:
2572:
1796:Redskins: Racial Slur or Symbol of Success?
828:California State University, San Bernardino
624:, an associate professor of linguistics at
485:"Pawnee the Redskin Giant", 1906 photograph
357:
7917:
7846:
7832:
7824:
7701:
7687:
7679:
7501:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
6730:
6716:
6708:
5326:
5124:
4843:
4834:
4224:
4127:
4113:
4105:
3895:
3893:
1563:European Review of Native American Studies
904:(of Ohio) became the RedHawks in 1997 and
741:The R-word is the moral equivalent of the
563:are worth." A news story published by the
16:Pejorative slang term for Native Americans
7525:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
4100:. Capitol News Service. 13 December 2017.
4075:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 93â.
3522:"Dan Snyder and the Redskins Take a Loss"
1891:
1254:Charles Hamilton Smith, Samuel Kneeland,
1070:Edmund Pendleton Gaines: Frontier General
1016:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
854:United States Patent and Trademark Office
750:Marc H. Morial, President and CEO of the
211:translates from Choctaw as 'red people' (
3708:
3706:
2669:. KXLY-TV. June 19, 2014. Archived from
1256:The Natural History of the Human Species
976:high school mascot became the Skyhawks.
8249:Anti-indigenous racism in North America
5257:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians
1849:Allen, Irving Lewis (August 27, 1990).
1005:
874:, that the disparagement clause of the
233:was created in 1866 by Principal Chief
188:(1779), and eventually simply "red" by
8254:National Football League controversies
7116:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
3911:from the original on February 10, 2021
3660:from the original on December 23, 2017
3441:from the original on February 14, 2015
2252:from the original on February 21, 2017
2158:Moya-Smith, Simon (January 26, 2015).
2043:from the original on 17 September 2014
2031:"The Real History of the Word Redskin"
2003:. Indian Country Today. Archived from
1830:from the original on December 22, 2017
1733:from the original on September 4, 2014
1491:from the original on November 13, 2012
1455:from the original on 17 September 2014
1443:"The Real History of the Word Redskin"
801:Washington Redskins name opinion polls
8269:Stereotypes of Native American people
3878:from the original on December 3, 2020
3848:from the original on October 31, 2020
3838:"La Veta RE-2 votes to change mascot"
3725:from the original on February 3, 2020
3691:from the original on February 7, 2020
3468:from the original on October 25, 2017
3350:from the original on November 1, 2017
2879:National Congress of American Indians
2499:from the original on October 27, 2014
2435:from the original on October 25, 2014
2283:from the original on October 14, 2015
1727:"Why the 'Redskins' is a Racist Name"
1344:from the original on October 13, 2019
1047:. New York: Oxford University Press.
844:Washington Redskins trademark dispute
609:Washington Redskins trademark dispute
575:wrote an editorial upon the death of
538:National Congress of American Indians
526:Washington Redskins trademark dispute
42:Native Americans in the United States
7:
8018:NCAA Native American mascot decision
3945:from the original on August 27, 2021
3654:Philip Merrill College of Journalism
3217:from the original on August 26, 2016
3014:Jhabvala, Nicki (February 2, 2022).
2851:from the original on 4 November 2012
2817:from the original on October 6, 2014
2466:from the original on October 6, 2014
2311:. Intercultural Press. p. 197.
2271:McWhorter, John (October 12, 2015).
1772:from the original on October 7, 2021
1014:"What is the definition of redskin?"
865:, argued that whatever its origins,
735:Washington Redskins name controversy
7813:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
7668:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
5057:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people)
3786:from the original on August 9, 2020
3755:from the original on March 10, 2020
3679:Mason, Melanie (October 11, 2015).
2839:Masters, Brooke A. (3 April 1999).
2758:from the original on 25 August 2018
2238:Nunberg, Geoffrey (June 23, 2014).
2189:Sutherland, JJ (October 27, 2010).
1919:from the original on 28 August 2017
1907:Leiby, Richard (November 5, 1994).
954:Union High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
520:refers directly to the bloody, red
390:treaty council at Portage des Sioux
68:. The most prominent was the NFL's
7874:Tomahawk chop and name controversy
7855:Native American mascot controversy
5136:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)
3983:Welper, Brenden (April 20, 2022).
3964:Sasiela, Evan (October 28, 2021).
3836:Orr, Conner (September 17, 2020).
3817:from the original on July 22, 2020
3534:from the original on July 14, 2014
3520:Jay Caspian Kang (June 18, 2014).
3501:from the original on July 13, 2015
3382:from the original on June 20, 2014
3274:from the original on June 25, 2020
3262:Anwar, Yasmin (February 4, 2020).
3116:from the original on July 11, 2016
3048:The Annenberg Public Policy Center
2916:from the original on July 13, 2020
2727:American Psychological Association
2586:from the original on June 15, 2013
2339:from the original on June 17, 2014
1999:Suzan Shown Harjo (17 June 2005).
1980:from the original on June 22, 2014
1794:Stapleton, Bruce (March 6, 2001).
1725:Reid, Darren R. (28 August 2014).
1477:Gugliotta, Guy (October 3, 2005).
944:changing immediately, followed by
908:became the Crimson Storm in 1998.
882:College and secondary school teams
717:Native American mascot controversy
282:National Museum of Natural History
124:to refer to themselves during the
14:
7573:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
7493:The Outline of History of Mankind
3629:from the original on 30 June 2017
3598:from the original on 19 June 2017
3566:from the original on July 9, 2015
3146:from the original on May 24, 2016
3073:Cox, John Woodrow (19 May 2016).
2636:Peirano, Michelle (May 1, 2013).
2197:from the original on 16 June 2017
1874:Anderson, L.; Lepore, E. (2013).
1612:from the original on 22 July 2014
1039:Shoemaker, Nancy (2004). "Race".
160:writers used a variety of terms;
8178:Indigenous intellectual property
7541:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
6643:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia
3487:Steinberg, Dan (June 18, 2014).
3460:Adler, Lindsey (June 18, 2014).
3415:from the original on May 1, 2017
3085:from the original on 19 May 2016
2987:Shook, Nick (February 2, 2022).
2403:. Allyn and Bacon. p. 198.
2066:. University of Nebraska Press.
1938:Holmes, Baxter (June 17, 2014).
1893:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2010.00820.x
1692:The Journal of American Folklore
1671:from the original on May 3, 2017
1644:from the original on 6 July 2015
1161:from the original on 12 May 2016
850:Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
661:"disparaging", "insulting", or "
8045:Fighting Sioux name controversy
5631:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
4002:McClendon, James (2024-06-11).
3774:Planalp, Brian (July 2, 2020).
3713:Bogage, Jacob (July 17, 2019).
3325:from the original on 2020-12-14
2841:"Redskins are denied trademark"
2704:from the original on 2014-11-12
2648:from the original on 2014-02-21
2605:Lacitis, Erik (June 30, 2014).
2558:from the original on 2014-10-08
2381:from the original on 2014-06-29
2139:from the original on 2017-08-18
2107:from the original on 2021-06-02
1950:from the original on 8 May 2017
1577:from the original on 2017-07-29
1132:from the original on 2017-07-31
685:, and Wellpinit High School in
8076:List of secondary school teams
7533:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
6739:Historical definitions of race
6228:Jewish-American princess (JAP)
4759:non-Spanish speaking Hispanics
3933:Goul, Matt (August 26, 2021).
3346:. Buzzfeed.com. June 4, 2014.
3239:. May 20, 2016. Archived from
2881:. July 3, 2020. Archived from
2777:Rosier, Paul C. (2003-01-01).
2273:"Why 'Redskins' Is a Bad Word"
2087:Leach, Douglas Edward (1958).
1608:. 9 October 1813. p. 98.
1290:The American Historical Review
1103:The American Historical Review
811:Annenberg Public Policy Center
681:where the student body is 99%
1:
8050:San Diego State Aztec Warrior
7950:Original Americans Foundation
7557:The Passing of the Great Race
6133:eastern and central europeans
5507:English-speaking Welsh people
2813:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1382:"History of Oklahoma Emblems"
260:Origins of redskin in English
7456:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
3805:Paul, Tony (July 21, 2020).
1233:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
962:Cuyahoga Heights High School
906:Southern Nazarene University
725:which should be eliminated.
8244:Ethno-cultural designations
8071:Sports teams named Redskins
7171:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
7136:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
7086:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
6538:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.
4794:Central and South Americans
2240:"When Slang Becomes a Slur"
1604:. Vol. 5, no. 6.
1332:Doney, Ed (June 19, 2014).
1096:"How Indians Got to Be Red"
968:and Saranac High School in
489:The pejoration of the term
388:Chief Black Thunder at the
8285:
8239:Ethnic and religious slurs
7766:Color terminology for race
2783:Greenwood Publishing Group
2692:Ross, Gyasi (2013-10-16).
2552:Collins English Dictionary
2335:. CBSDC. October 8, 2013.
2064:Redskins: Insult and Brand
1752:Fenelon, James V. (2016).
885:
841:
798:
732:
714:
691:Spokane Indian Reservation
669:Use among Native Americans
437:'one with brown skin' and
243:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
101:
98:Color terminology for race
95:
92:Red as a racial identifier
25:
18:
7981:name and logo controversy
7891:name and logo controversy
7862:Professional sports teams
7808:
7756:
7716:
7266:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
6745:
4142:
4069:Zografos, Daphne (2010).
3168:American Indian Quarterly
2365:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
2062:King, C. Richard (2016).
1758:. Routledge. p. 40.
1428:Oxford English Dictionary
1094:Shoemaker, Nancy (1997).
1068:Silver, James W. (1949).
958:Wichita North High School
938:Clinton Community Schools
460:Historian Darren Reid of
446:waapeshkinameshkaanichini
419:, said that in the 1800s
264:The first combination of
112:indicate that the use of
7638:History of anthropometry
7406:Charles Gabriel Seligman
7231:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
6919:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
5148:westernized South Asians
4060:Rosier, Paul C. (2003).
3656:. Capital News Service.
3311:10.1177/1948550619898556
2582:. Capitol News Service.
1402:Meserve, John Bartlett.
1231:Blumenbach, J. F. 1779.
990:Historical race concepts
805:The meaning of the term
760:National Football League
405:The Last of the Mohicans
402:(published in 1823) and
327:si quelques peaux Rouges
28:Redskin (disambiguation)
8028:Florida State Seminoles
7096:Daniel Garrison Brinton
4902:westernized East Asians
4860:westernized East Asians
4245:Black American princess
3989:Port Huron Times Herald
3970:Ionia Sentinel-Standard
3586:"15-1293 Martal V. Tam"
2548:"Definition of redskin"
2522:"definition of redskin"
2425:"Definition of REDSKIN"
2307:Herbst, Philip (1997).
2218:North Dakota Law Review
1853:. Praeger. p. 18.
644:The Redskin Theater in
565:Atchison Daily Champion
445:
439:
433:
358:
324:. One letter included "
292:in 1699, was spurious.
286:Smithsonian Institution
225:
219:
213:
205:
8234:Native American topics
8173:Cultural appropriation
8064:Youth and school teams
7441:Thomas Griffith Taylor
7196:Reginald Ruggles Gates
6355:Indigenous Australians
4062:Native American Issues
3842:Huerfano World Journal
2995:. NFL Enterprises, LLC
2779:Native American issues
1909:"Bury My Heart at RFK"
1516:OxfordDictionaries.com
1408:Chronicles of Oklahoma
1404:Chronicles of Oklahoma
1392:(3): 349. Autumn 1957.
1386:Chronicles of Oklahoma
848:On June 18, 2014, the
772:murder of George Floyd
747:
652:In the United States,
649:
596:
486:
425:phonetic transcription
332:
326:
320:an English officer at
276:, is dated to 1769 by
74:murder of George Floyd
8055:List of college teams
7998:Golden State Warriors
7935:Name change advocates
7581:Annihilation of Caste
7485:in Different Climates
7436:William Graham Sumner
7416:Samuel Stanhope Smith
7361:James Cowles Prichard
6993:Racial discrimination
6672:non-Jewish boy or man
6287:Rootless cosmopolitan
3243:on September 29, 2017
3181:10.1353/aiq.2005.0039
2367:. 2005. p. 399.
1020:on September 16, 2016
842:Further information:
799:Further information:
752:National Urban League
733:Further information:
715:Further information:
687:Wellpinit, Washington
679:Teec Nos Pos, Arizona
643:
589:
511:University of Memphis
484:
396:. In Cooper's novels
394:James Fenimore Cooper
333:tout les peaux rouges
290:Hadley, Massachusetts
102:Further information:
96:Further information:
8033:Osceola and Renegade
7633:Great chain of being
7351:Ludwig Hermann Plate
7316:Samuel George Morton
7131:Samuel A. Cartwright
6981:in the United States
5560:Scottish Highlanders
5491:Welsh-speaking elite
4541:Hillbilly / Hilljack
4496:of European descent)
4098:"More than a Mascot"
3907:. February 8, 2021.
3874:. November 9, 2020.
2580:"The Other Redskins"
2245:The Atlantic Monthly
2164:Indian Country Today
2029:(18 December 2013).
1826:. November 1, 2013.
1820:"Redskin â Trending"
1441:(18 December 2013).
1413:May 7, 2006, at the
1192:Journal des Sçavants
930:Anderson High School
675:Red Mesa High School
410:Last of the Mohicans
176:(reddish, ruddy) by
26:For other uses, see
7960:Washington Redhawks
7922:Washington Redskins
7589:The Races of Europe
7517:The Races of Europe
7296:Dominick McCausland
7246:Thomas Henry Huxley
7191:Stanley Marion Garn
7071:Robert Bennett Bean
6799:Historical concepts
4977:westernized Chinese
3719:The Washington Post
3623:The Washington Post
3494:The Washington Post
3140:The Washington Post
3110:The Washington Post
3054:on October 14, 2013
3021:The Washington Post
2910:The Washington Post
2301:"Slang epithet ...
2133:The Washington Post
1913:The Washington Post
1601:The Weekly Register
1596:"Events of the War"
1484:The Washington Post
1157:. 6 December 2006.
1155:Historica Canadiana
946:La Veta High School
922:Paw Paw High School
815:The Washington Post
729:Washington Redskins
723:ethnic stereotyping
626:Columbia University
462:Coventry University
440:meeshkwinameshkaata
272:, to form the term
252:means "people" and
245:states that in the
184:("copper-red") by
108:Documents from the
70:Washington Redskins
8132:Mary Kathryn Nagle
7898:Kansas City Chiefs
7886:Chicago Blackhawks
7461:Alexander Winchell
7391:Henric Sanielevici
7251:Calvin Ira Kephart
7221:Hans F. K. GĂŒnther
7206:Arthur de Gobineau
7106:Alice Mossie Brues
7003:Racial stereotypes
4888:Chinese and Korean
4424:Redskin/Red Indian
4030:Bass, Amy (2005).
3408:The New York Times
2754:. 24 August 2018.
2673:on August 18, 2016
2528:on October 6, 2014
2007:on 10 October 2007
2001:"Dirty Word Games"
1640:. 11 August 2014.
1265:2018-03-17 at the
1242:2018-03-17 at the
1218:2012-11-08 at the
1186:2018-03-16 at the
974:Oriskany, New York
920:and in March 2020
894:University of Utah
650:
646:Anadarko, Oklahoma
601:Hollywood westerns
597:
577:Chief Sitting Bull
487:
434:eesaawinameshkaata
241:, 1826â1885). The
8221:
8220:
8127:Jacqueline Keeler
8117:Suzan Shown Harjo
8107:Stephanie Fryberg
8092:Amanda Blackhorse
8006:
8005:
7976:Cleveland Indians
7940:Trademark dispute
7821:
7820:
7761:Fitzpatrick scale
7676:
7675:
7605:The Race Question
7451:John H. Van Evrie
7376:William Z. Ripley
7346:Charles Pickering
7291:Felix von Luschan
7261:Robert E. Kuttner
7161:Charles Davenport
7030:Whiteness studies
6756:Color terminology
6748:Scientific racism
6705:
6704:
6163:
6162:
5858:Northern Italians
5316:
5315:
5287:
5286:
5234:Northeast Indians
5114:
5113:
4826:
4825:
4082:978-1-84980-633-6
4052:978-0-521-86550-0
3751:. March 9, 2020.
3685:Los Angeles Times
2611:The Seattle Times
2073:978-0-8032-7864-6
1976:. June 19, 2014.
1194:, 24 April 1684,
970:Saranac, Michigan
914:Teton High School
658:American Heritage
551:, newspaper, the
549:Winona, Minnesota
534:Suzan Shown Harjo
530:Amanda Blackhorse
429:Meskwaki language
352:chief "No Ears" (
318:Col. John Wilkins
223:'red'). However,
132:and their slaves
126:pre-Columbian era
8276:
8085:Change advocates
7993:Edmonton Eskimos
7930:Name controversy
7918:
7903:name controversy
7879:Chief Noc-A-Homa
7848:
7841:
7834:
7825:
7747:Dark/Black/Ebony
7727:Light/White/Fair
7710:Human skin color
7703:
7696:
7689:
7680:
7484:
7431:Lothrop Stoddard
7426:Morris Steggerda
7401:Ilse Schwidetzky
7396:Heinrich Schmidt
7381:Alfred Rosenberg
7341:Isaac La PeyrĂšre
7146:Carleton S. Coon
7121:Charles Caldwell
7076:François Bernier
6959:in Latin America
6732:
6725:
6718:
6709:
6698:
6697:
6693:non-Jewish woman
6682:
6676:
6661:
6660:
6647:
6646:
6633:
6632:
6616:
6610:
6597:
6596:
6581:
6580:
6564:
6563:
6547:
6546:
6533:
6526:
6525:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6481:
6470:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6408:
6407:
6403:Pacific Islander
6392:
6391:
6387:Pacific Islander
6376:
6375:
6360:
6359:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6311:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6281:
6260:
6253:
6252:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6188:
6156:
6155:
6137:
6136:
6123:
6122:
6090:
6083:
6065:
6058:
6057:
6046:
6045:
6030:
6023:
6007:
6000:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5948:
5941:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5908:
5893:
5892:
5879:
5878:
5863:
5862:
5847:
5842:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5807:
5806:
5803:Anglophile Irish
5793:
5792:
5777:
5776:
5773:Anglophile Irish
5763:
5762:
5759:Irish Travellers
5749:
5748:
5744:Irish Travellers
5733:
5732:
5728:Irish Protestant
5719:
5718:
5692:
5674:
5667:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5583:
5565:
5564:
5549:
5548:
5535:
5534:
5519:
5512:
5511:
5496:
5495:
5480:
5479:
5451:
5444:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5327:
5309:
5302:
5292:Southeast Asians
5280:
5262:
5261:
5246:
5239:
5238:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5159:
5152:
5151:
5138:
5125:
5107:
5106:
5080:
5079:
5066:
5059:
5058:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4980:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4906:
4905:
4892:
4891:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4844:
4835:
4819:
4818:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4784:
4777:
4776:
4763:
4762:
4749:
4748:
4735:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4690:
4677:
4670:
4669:
4654:
4653:
4638:
4637:
4624:
4623:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4499:
4498:
4483:
4476:
4456:
4455:
4439:
4438:
4419:
4418:
4395:
4393:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4225:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4101:
4086:
4065:
4056:
4035:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3213:. May 19, 2016.
3207:
3201:
3200:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3050:. Archived from
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2885:on July 13, 2022
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2613:. Archived from
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2170:on March 3, 2016
2166:. Archived from
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1876:"Slurring Words"
1871:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1559:
1547:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1519:. Archived from
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1433:Delaware Indians
1423:
1417:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1284:
1278:
1252:
1246:
1229:
1223:
1205:
1199:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1100:
1091:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1010:
902:Miami University
863:Geoffrey Nunberg
821:A 2020 study at
754:
613:Geoffrey Nunberg
592:The Redskin Duel
569:Atchison, Kansas
553:Daily Republican
453:Meskwaki use of
448:
442:
436:
361:
335:
329:
322:Fort de Chartres
247:Choctaw language
228:
222:
216:
210:
194:colonial society
170:François Bernier
66:sports team name
62:American English
8284:
8283:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8156:
8147:Charlene Teters
8080:
8059:
8023:Chief Illiniwek
8002:
7964:
7909:
7857:
7852:
7822:
7817:
7804:
7752:
7712:
7707:
7677:
7672:
7611:
7549:Castes in India
7470:
7466:Ludwig Woltmann
7421:Herbert Spencer
7311:Lewis H. Morgan
7281:Cesare Lombroso
7156:Jan Czekanowski
7141:Sonia Mary Cole
7081:Renato Biasutti
7039:
7018:Nazism and race
6937:
6914:Proto-Mongoloid
6793:
6750:
6741:
6736:
6706:
6701:
6689:
6685:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6650:
6640:
6636:
6623:
6619:
6604:
6600:
6588:
6584:
6571:
6567:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6516:
6512:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6411:
6399:
6395:
6383:
6379:
6367:
6363:
6351:
6347:
6336:
6329:
6324:Zhyd / Zhydovka
6322:
6315:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6180:
6176:
6159:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6126:
6108:
6104:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5882:
5870:
5866:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5810:
5800:
5796:
5788:Irish Catholics
5784:
5780:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5752:
5740:
5736:
5724:
5722:
5710:
5706:
5695:
5688:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5586:
5579:
5568:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5538:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5503:
5501:Dic SiĂŽn Dafydd
5499:
5487:
5483:
5471:
5467:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5283:
5276:
5265:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5230:
5226:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5162:
5155:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5110:
5098:
5094:
5083:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4909:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4857:
4853:
4822:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4724:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4661:
4657:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4613:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4506:
4502:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4459:
4450:Native American
4446:
4442:
4430:Native American
4426:
4422:
4414:American Indian
4406:Native American
4402:
4398:
4377:
4373:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4334:Queen / Queenie
4332:
4325:
4318:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4220:
4219:North and South
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4147:
4138:
4133:
4096:
4093:
4083:
4068:
4059:
4053:
4038:
4029:
4026:
4024:Further reading
4021:
4012:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3079:Washington Post
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2845:Washington Post
2838:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2617:on 3 March 2017
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2438:
2436:
2429:Merriam-Webster
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1824:Merriam-Webster
1818:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:Goddard, Ives.
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1415:Wayback Machine
1401:
1397:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1303:10.2307/1857900
1286:
1285:
1281:
1267:Wayback Machine
1253:
1249:
1244:Wayback Machine
1230:
1226:
1220:Wayback Machine
1211:ed. 10 Vol. 1.
1206:
1202:
1188:Wayback Machine
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1115:10.2307/2171504
1098:
1093:
1092:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1003:
986:
890:
884:
846:
840:
803:
797:
756:
749:
737:
731:
719:
713:
671:
638:
479:
379:Benjamin Howard
377:led by General
371:Weekly Register
262:
201:Oklahoma News 4
110:colonial period
106:
100:
94:
76:and subsequent
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8282:
8280:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8226:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8122:Adrienne Keene
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8038:Sammy Seminole
8035:
8025:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7926:
7924:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7869:Atlanta Braves
7865:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7744:
7730:
7724:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7683:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7601:
7593:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7561:
7553:
7545:
7537:
7529:
7521:
7519:(Ripley, 1899)
7513:
7505:
7497:
7489:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7411:Giuseppe Sergi
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7371:Gustaf Retzius
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7321:Josiah C. Nott
7318:
7313:
7308:
7306:Ashley Montagu
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7286:Bertil Lundman
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7236:Earnest Hooton
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7201:George Gliddon
7198:
7193:
7188:
7186:Francis Galton
7183:
7178:
7176:Anténor Firmin
7173:
7168:
7166:Joseph Deniker
7163:
7158:
7153:
7151:Georges Cuvier
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7023:Racial hygiene
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6956:
6947:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6683:
6662:
6648:
6634:
6617:
6598:
6582:
6565:
6548:
6534:
6527:
6509:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6471:
6463:
6461:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6393:
6377:
6361:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6261:
6254:
6248:Ashkenazi Jews
6238:
6231:
6224:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6138:
6124:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6047:
6031:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5904:South Italians
5894:
5880:
5864:
5848:
5843:
5836:
5831:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5794:
5778:
5764:
5750:
5734:
5720:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5550:
5536:
5520:
5513:
5497:
5481:
5475:English people
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5449:Turco-Albanian
5445:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5333:
5331:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5247:
5240:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5168:
5167:Bengali Hindus
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5139:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5067:
5060:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4893:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4850:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4806:
4799:
4785:
4778:
4764:
4750:
4736:
4722:
4716:Newfoundlander
4706:
4699:
4692:
4678:
4671:
4655:
4639:
4625:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4500:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4440:
4420:
4396:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4238:Alligator bait
4233:
4231:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4091:External links
4089:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4036:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:
3994:
3975:
3956:
3922:
3889:
3859:
3828:
3797:
3766:
3736:
3702:
3671:
3640:
3609:
3577:
3545:
3527:The New Yorker
3512:
3479:
3452:
3426:
3393:
3361:
3335:
3285:
3254:
3228:
3202:
3157:
3127:
3096:
3065:
3034:
3006:
2979:
2966:Commanders.com
2953:
2940:Commanders.com
2927:
2896:
2862:
2847:. p. A1.
2831:
2798:
2791:
2769:
2739:
2714:
2684:
2658:
2628:
2597:
2568:
2539:
2513:
2493:Dictionary.com
2480:
2449:
2416:
2409:
2391:
2373:
2350:
2324:
2317:
2294:
2263:
2227:
2208:
2181:
2150:
2135:. 1863-09-25.
2120:
2099:
2079:
2072:
2054:
2027:Skinner, David
2018:
1991:
1974:Democracy Now!
1961:
1930:
1899:
1866:
1859:
1841:
1811:
1804:
1783:
1765:978-1315520674
1764:
1744:
1717:
1704:10.2307/533350
1698:(55): 225â39.
1682:
1655:
1623:
1587:
1533:
1502:
1466:
1439:Skinner, David
1418:
1395:
1373:
1355:
1324:
1279:
1247:
1224:
1200:
1172:
1142:
1075:
1060:
1053:
1031:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
992:
985:
982:
883:
880:
852:(TTAB) of the
839:
838:Trademark case
836:
796:
795:Public opinion
793:
738:
730:
727:
712:
709:
670:
667:
637:
634:
622:John McWhorter
478:
475:
431:in which both
261:
258:
93:
90:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8281:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8259:English words
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8214:
8213:Tomahawk chop
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8183:List of teams
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8097:Brett Chapman
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8011:College teams
8009:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7945:Opinion polls
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7844:
7842:
7837:
7835:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7697:
7692:
7690:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7643:Miscegenation
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7446:Paul Topinard
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:Benjamin Rush
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7356:Alfred Ploetz
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:Oscar Peschel
7334:
7332:
7331:Roger Pearson
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:John Mitchell
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7276:Carl Linnaeus
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7241:Julian Huxley
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7226:Ernst Haeckel
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7211:Madison Grant
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7181:Eugen Fischer
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7126:Petrus Camper
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7051:Louis Agassiz
7049:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6882:Mediterranean
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6728:
6726:
6721:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6695:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:Christ killer
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6107:
6106:Bulgarophiles
6103:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5884:Sheep shagger
5881:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5524:Sheep shagger
5521:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5104:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4816:
4811:
4810:Yank / Yankee
4807:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:Trailer trash
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:First Nations
4431:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:First Nations
4407:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:Black Diamond
4164:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3944:
3940:
3939:Cleveland.com
3936:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3505:September 10,
3500:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3472:September 10,
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3354:September 10,
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3273:
3269:
3268:Berkeley News
3265:
3258:
3255:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3058:September 27,
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2785:. p. 4.
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2729:. August 2010
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2642:Cronkite News
2639:
2632:
2629:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2410:9780205359226
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2100:9780881508857
2096:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1805:0-595-17167-2
1801:
1798:. iUniverse.
1797:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1745:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1551:Goddard, Ives
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1523:on 2013-06-30
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:(3): 625â44.
1108:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1054:9780195167924
1050:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
881:
879:
877:
873:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
824:
819:
816:
812:
808:
802:
794:
792:
789:
788:Daniel Snyder
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
761:
755:
753:
746:
744:
736:
728:
726:
724:
718:
710:
708:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
666:
664:
659:
655:
647:
642:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
593:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
573:L. Frank Baum
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
496:
492:
483:
476:
474:
470:
468:
463:
458:
456:
452:
447:
441:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
360:
355:
351:
347:
346:James Madison
342:
339:
334:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
257:
256:means "red."
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
221:
215:
209:
208:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
115:
111:
105:
99:
91:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:First Nations
43:
39:
35:
29:
22:
8202:
8152:Philip Yenyo
8137:Robert Roche
7623:Ethnogenesis
7604:
7596:
7591:(Coon, 1939)
7588:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7532:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7482:
7475:Publications
7326:Karl Pearson
7216:John Grattan
7111:Halfdan Bryn
6976:in Singapore
6943:Sociological
6783:
6691:
6670:
6656:
6642:
6638:Reffo / Balt
6625:
6607:non-believer
6606:
6590:
6573:
6556:
6542:
6518:
6478:
6401:
6385:
6369:
6353:
6305:
6275:
6269:
6246:
6182:
6146:
6132:
6116:
6110:
6054:
6038:
5902:
5888:
5872:
5856:
5802:
5786:
5772:
5758:
5742:
5726:
5712:
5558:
5545:Welsh people
5544:
5530:Welsh people
5528:
5505:
5489:
5473:
5255:
5232:
5147:
5120:South Asians
5100:
5076:also Chinese
5075:
5064:Gaoli bangzi
5054:Ban-jjokbari
4976:
4970:
4901:
4887:
4859:
4814:
4793:
4772:
4758:
4744:
4730:
4714:
4686:
4663:
4647:
4633:
4619:
4576:Swamp Yankee
4508:
4491:
4448:
4428:
4423:
4404:
4400:Indian/Injun
4379:
4145:by ethnicity
4136:Ethnic slurs
4071:
4061:
4041:
4031:
4011:. Retrieved
4007:
3997:
3988:
3978:
3969:
3959:
3949:September 9,
3947:. Retrieved
3938:
3915:September 9,
3913:. Retrieved
3904:
3882:September 9,
3880:. Retrieved
3871:
3862:
3852:September 9,
3850:. Retrieved
3841:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3811:Detroit News
3810:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3748:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3718:
3693:. Retrieved
3684:
3674:
3664:December 20,
3662:. Retrieved
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3622:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3548:
3538:November 14,
3536:. Retrieved
3525:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3492:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3464:. BuzzFeed.
3455:
3443:. Retrieved
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3406:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3302:
3298:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3267:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3205:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3109:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3078:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3052:the original
3047:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3019:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2992:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2965:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2939:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:the original
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2844:
2834:
2826:
2819:. Retrieved
2810:
2801:
2778:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2731:. Retrieved
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2697:
2687:
2677:September 5,
2675:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2641:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:the original
2610:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2560:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2516:
2508:
2501:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2475:
2468:. Retrieved
2458:
2452:
2444:
2437:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
2400:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2359:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2327:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2276:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2243:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2115:
2109:. Retrieved
2089:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2047:20 September
2045:. Retrieved
2034:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1943:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1912:
1902:
1886:(1): 25â48.
1883:
1879:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1834:December 17,
1832:. Retrieved
1823:
1814:
1795:
1776:December 18,
1774:. Retrieved
1754:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1720:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1675:November 14,
1673:. Retrieved
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1567:
1561:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1514:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1482:
1459:20 September
1457:. Retrieved
1446:
1426:
1421:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1255:
1250:
1232:
1227:
1208:
1203:
1191:
1179:Anonymous ,
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1106:
1102:
1069:
1063:
1042:
1034:
1024:September 3,
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1008:
978:
910:
891:
872:Matal v. Tam
866:
857:
847:
831:
820:
814:
806:
804:
769:
764:
757:
748:
740:
720:
711:Sports teams
702:
698:
672:
657:
653:
651:
629:
616:
604:
598:
590:
580:
564:
552:
544:
542:
517:
515:
506:
500:
494:
490:
488:
471:
466:
459:
454:
420:
414:
409:
403:
399:The Pioneers
397:
383:
368:
364:Santee Sioux
343:
337:
301:
294:
278:Ives Goddard
273:
269:
265:
263:
253:
249:
235:Allen Wright
230:
200:
198:
181:
173:
161:
158:ethnographic
155:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
119:
113:
107:
86:
81:
53:
33:
32:
8112:Deb Haaland
7986:Chief Wahoo
7969:Other teams
7914:Prior usage
7743:(IIIâIVâV.)
7733:Beige/Olive
7729:(IâIIâIII.)
7663:Pre-Adamite
7653:Multiracial
7256:Robert Knox
7066:John Beddoe
7013:Master race
6969:in Colombia
6857:East Baltic
6307:German Jews
6277:Crypto-Jews
6112:Macedonians
6055:(Mercheros)
5714:Republicans
5606:China Swede
5189:Danchi babu
5102:Benshengren
4938:Ching chong
4839:East Asians
4590:White trash
4273:House Negro
3027:February 2,
2532:November 7,
2503:November 7,
2470:November 7,
2439:November 7,
2287:October 14,
1637:The Gazette
1368:Archive.com
1348:October 13,
1271:René Lesson
1198:–140.
1165:3 September
896:became the
823:UC Berkeley
636:Current use
451:pre-contact
375:War of 1812
217:'people' +
190:René Lesson
52:. The term
8228:Categories
8193:Pretendian
8102:Gregg Deal
7658:Polygenism
7648:Monogenism
7366:Otto Reche
7271:Fritz Lenz
7101:Paul Broca
7091:Franz Boas
7061:Erwin Baur
7056:John Baker
6950:By region
6807:Australoid
6349:Blackfella
6331:ƻydokomuna
6142:Yestonians
6073:Ukrainians
5889:Sardinians
5874:Sardinians
5868:Sardegnolo
5834:Greaseball
5581:Cheesehead
5394:Mat Salleh
5307:Vietnamese
5270:Pakistanis
5071:Sangokujin
5034:Xiao Riben
4876:Sangokujin
4731:Oklahomans
4696:Half-breed
4562:Peckerwood
4366:Indigenous
4320:Pickaninny
4252:Black Buck
4013:2024-06-11
3790:August 29,
3329:2020-05-20
3247:October 1,
3120:October 1,
2792:0313320020
2733:2022-01-12
2708:2014-11-10
2652:2014-02-06
2562:2013-06-09
2385:2016-03-23
2374:0618604995
2318:1877864978
2224:: 879â903.
2111:2020-11-02
2011:1 November
1860:0897892208
1737:August 29,
1581:2017-05-12
1527:2013-06-09
1495:August 21,
1297:(4): 918.
1209:Syst. Nat.
1207:Linnaeus,
1136:2017-08-14
1001:References
886:See also:
876:Lanham Act
695:Gyasi Ross
477:Pejoration
314:Piankeshaw
298:pejoration
186:Blumenbach
182:kupferroth
58:pejoration
56:underwent
21:RED People
7955:Chief Zee
7035:NĂ©gritude
6964:in Brazil
6909:Mongoloid
6817:Caucasoid
6543:immigrant
6531:Barbarian
6505:Outsiders
6341:Oceanians
6271:Conversos
6151:Estonians
6148:Russified
6015:Spaniards
6005:Serbomans
5852:Polentone
5798:West Brit
5690:Grecomans
5613:FinnjÀvel
5433:Albanians
5322:Europeans
5300:Filipinos
5088:Taiwanese
4966:Jook-sing
4815:Americans
4745:Americans
4634:Canadians
4494:Bahamians
4355:Uncle Tom
4221:Americans
4174:Boerehaat
3872:News On 6
3780:Fox19.com
3759:March 15,
3749:MLive.com
3729:March 15,
3695:March 15,
3319:216371787
3221:August 8,
3197:154986058
2807:"Redskin"
2489:"Redskin"
2256:March 11,
2174:August 8,
1511:"redskin"
1311:0002-8762
900:in 1972,
898:Utah Utes
689:, on the
561:Red River
557:Purgatory
543:The term
162:olivastre
151:red ochre
40:term for
8142:Sundance
7628:Eugenics
7008:Colorism
6954:in India
6862:Ethiopid
6842:Atlantid
6832:Armenoid
6679:Shkutzim
6576:Japanese
6184:Shi'ites
6041:Catalans
6028:GachupĂn
5956:Russians
5815:Italians
5554:Teuchter
5485:Crachach
5408:Wasi'chu
5020:Jjokbari
5004:Japanese
4972:overseas
4931:Chinaman
4773:Chileans
4649:Mestizos
4620:Mexicans
4348:Tar-Baby
4280:Jim Crow
4195:Golliwog
4181:Choc ice
4152:Africans
4008:syracuse
3943:Archived
3909:Archived
3876:Archived
3846:Archived
3821:July 22,
3815:Archived
3784:Archived
3753:Archived
3723:Archived
3689:Archived
3658:Archived
3627:Archived
3593:Archived
3561:Archived
3532:Archived
3499:Archived
3466:Archived
3445:June 18,
3439:Archived
3419:March 3,
3413:Archived
3386:June 22,
3377:Archived
3348:Archived
3323:Archived
3305:: 3â13.
3272:Archived
3215:Archived
3144:Archived
3114:Archived
3083:Archived
2999:July 12,
2972:July 12,
2946:July 12,
2914:Archived
2889:July 12,
2875:NCAI.org
2849:Archived
2821:July 20,
2815:Archived
2756:Archived
2702:Archived
2698:Deadspin
2646:Archived
2590:June 16,
2584:Archived
2556:Archived
2497:Archived
2464:Archived
2433:Archived
2379:Archived
2343:June 19,
2337:Archived
2281:Archived
2250:Archived
2195:Archived
2143:June 28,
2137:Archived
2105:Archived
2041:Archived
1984:June 19,
1978:Archived
1948:Archived
1917:Archived
1828:Archived
1770:Archived
1731:Archived
1669:Archived
1642:Archived
1616:23 March
1610:Archived
1606:H. Niles
1572:Archived
1553:(2005).
1489:Archived
1453:Archived
1411:Archived
1342:Archived
1338:KFOR.com
1263:Archived
1258:(1851),
1240:Archived
1235:vol. 1,
1216:Archived
1184:Archived
1159:Archived
1127:Archived
984:See also
950:Colorado
942:Michigan
926:Michigan
867:redskins
858:redskins
832:redskins
630:Oriental
617:redskins
605:redskins
581:redskins
545:red-skin
421:redskins
417:Meskwaki
386:Meskwaki
359:Tetobasi
310:Missouri
306:Illinois
231:Oklahoma
207:Oklahoma
180:(1758),
178:Linnaeus
172:(1684),
82:Redskins
78:protests
8203:Redskin
8198:Redface
8161:Related
7776:Caboclo
7749:(VâVI.)
7616:Related
7044:Writers
6988:Passing
6931:Negrito
6926:Negroid
6897:Turanid
6892:Semites
6867:Hamites
6852:Dinaric
6847:Caspian
6666:Shegetz
6628:Chinese
6592:non-Jew
6475:Gypsies
6468:Didicoy
6397:Coconut
6265:Marrano
6194:Raghead
6081:Khokhol
6063:Xarnego
6051:Quinqui
5898:Terrone
5828:Goombah
5768:Shoneen
5738:Knacker
5656:Germans
5645:Gabacho
5599:Chukhna
5460:British
5352:Cracker
5330:General
5220:Indians
5143:Coconut
5128:General
5045:Koreans
4924:Ah Beng
4915:Chinese
4897:Twinkie
4847:General
4803:Wetback
4675:Greaser
4659:Coonass
4569:Redneck
4520:Cracker
4504:Coonass
4389:Unangan
4266:Colored
3633:30 June
3602:19 June
3570:July 8,
3278:May 20,
3189:4138809
3150:May 24,
2993:NFL.com
2920:July 4,
2855:20 July
2762:7 April
2303:Redskin
2193:. NPR.
1944:Esquire
1370:. 1915.
1319:1857900
1237:pp. 63f
1123:2171504
807:redskin
784:PepsiCo
765:redskin
699:Redskin
654:redskin
518:redskin
507:redskin
495:redskin
491:redskin
427:of the
338:redskin
302:redskin
284:at the
274:redskin
239:Choctaw
147:Beothuk
54:redskin
34:Redskin
7790:Bronze
7721:Albino
7607:(1950)
7599:(1943)
7583:(1936)
7575:(1930)
7567:(1920)
7559:(1916)
7551:(1916)
7543:(1911)
7535:(1907)
7527:(1899)
7511:(1855)
7503:(1849)
7495:(1785)
7487:(1744)
6998:Racism
6887:Nordic
6877:Iranid
6827:Arabid
6822:Alpine
6812:Capoid
6769:Bronze
6687:Shiksa
6652:Savage
6621:Laowai
6613:Kuffar
6569:Gaijin
6559:Romani
6457:, and
6451:Romani
6440:Kanake
6433:Mongol
6381:Kanaka
6242:Khazar
6178:Rafida
6098:Others
6035:Polaco
5998:Shkije
5964:Moskal
5939:Polack
5846:Guinea
5708:Fenian
5682:Greeks
5623:French
5442:Ć iptar
5415:Wigger
5401:Redleg
5380:Gweilo
5359:Farang
5338:Ang mo
5251:Keling
5244:Coolie
5228:Chinki
5210:Mayang
5203:Malaun
5182:Bongal
5157:Coolie
5096:Tai Ke
4986:Locust
4959:Coolie
4952:Chinky
4883:Toku-A
4855:Banana
4831:Asians
4789:Sudaca
4740:Pindos
4710:Newfie
4687:Cubans
4682:Gusano
4665:Cajuns
4629:Canuck
4615:Beaner
4607:Others
4597:Whitey
4527:Gringo
4510:Cajuns
4481:Buckra
4465:Whites
4375:Eskimo
4327:Rastus
4308:Nigger
4287:Macaca
4259:Cocolo
4202:Kaffir
4079:
4049:
3317:
3195:
3187:
3089:19 May
2789:
2407:
2371:
2315:
2201:20 May
2097:
2070:
1954:14 May
1923:7 June
1857:
1802:
1762:
1712:533350
1710:
1648:5 July
1317:
1309:
1196:p. 133
1121:
1051:
782:, and
743:N-word
704:nigger
683:Navajo
536:, the
156:Early
142:Indian
50:Canada
7800:Olive
7795:Black
7785:Pardo
7781:Brown
7771:White
7741:Pardo
7737:Brown
6904:Malay
6872:Indid
6837:Aryan
6789:White
6779:Olive
6774:Brown
6764:Black
6677:(pl.
6611:(pl.
6602:Kafir
6552:Gadjo
6521:Arabs
6487:Nawar
6426:Kebab
6417:Turks
6371:MÄori
6301:Yekke
6235:Kafir
6169:Arabs
6128:Hunky
6118:Serbs
6088:Ukrop
5989:Serbs
5978:Tibla
5946:Pshek
5931:Poles
5840:Guido
5754:Pikey
5700:Irish
5672:Kraut
5591:Finns
5573:Dutch
5540:Taffy
5469:Limey
5387:Honky
5373:Guizi
5366:Guiri
5196:Dkhar
4993:Shina
4945:Chink
4754:Pocho
4643:Cholo
4555:Karen
4548:Honky
4534:Haole
4488:Conch
4474:Becky
4452:women
4444:Squaw
4385:Yupik
4381:Inuit
4341:Sambo
4312:Nigga
4301:Negro
4294:Mammy
4229:Black
4188:Cushi
4160:Abeed
3596:(PDF)
3589:(PDF)
3564:(PDF)
3557:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3373:(PDF)
3315:S2CID
3193:S2CID
3185:JSTOR
2752:NAACP
2621:3 May
2036:Slate
1708:JSTOR
1575:(PDF)
1570:(2).
1558:(PDF)
1448:Slate
1315:JSTOR
1260:p. 47
1213:p. 21
1130:(PDF)
1119:JSTOR
1099:(PDF)
918:Idaho
776:FedEx
663:taboo
599:When
522:scalp
503:slang
354:Osage
350:Osage
268:with
254:humma
226:humma
220:humma
174:rufus
168:) by
166:olive
134:black
130:white
38:slang
36:is a
7723:(I.)
6626:non-
6574:non-
6557:non-
6519:non-
6514:Ajam
6494:Zott
6365:Hori
6258:Kike
6212:Jews
6115:and
6022:Dago
5822:Dago
5782:Taig
5638:Frog
5345:Bule
5278:Paki
5175:Bong
4869:Gook
4782:Spic
4768:Roto
4726:Okie
4703:Naco
4077:ISBN
4047:ISBN
3951:2021
3917:2021
3905:KWCH
3884:2021
3854:2021
3823:2020
3792:2020
3761:2020
3731:2020
3697:2020
3666:2017
3635:2017
3604:2017
3572:2015
3540:2014
3507:2017
3474:2017
3447:2014
3421:2017
3388:2014
3356:2017
3280:2020
3249:2016
3223:2016
3152:2016
3122:2016
3091:2016
3060:2014
3029:2022
3001:2022
2974:2022
2948:2022
2922:2020
2891:2022
2857:2012
2823:2012
2787:ISBN
2764:2019
2679:2017
2623:2017
2592:2013
2534:2014
2505:2014
2472:2014
2441:2014
2405:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2345:2014
2313:ISBN
2289:2015
2277:Time
2258:2017
2203:2017
2176:2017
2145:2017
2095:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2049:2014
2013:2013
1986:2014
1956:2017
1925:2017
1880:Noûs
1855:ISBN
1836:2017
1800:ISBN
1778:2017
1760:ISBN
1739:2014
1677:2017
1650:2015
1618:2016
1497:2011
1461:2014
1350:2019
1307:ISSN
1167:2016
1049:ISBN
1026:2016
966:Ohio
936:and
934:Ohio
780:Nike
532:and
308:and
270:skin
250:Okla
214:okla
44:and
6784:Red
6586:Goy
6459:Lom
6455:Dom
6317:Yid
6294:Wog
6201:Wog
5971:Orc
5921:Wog
5914:Wop
5723:Hun
5665:Hun
5517:Pom
5422:Wog
5027:Nip
5013:Jap
4209:Wog
3307:doi
3177:doi
1888:doi
1700:doi
1299:doi
1111:doi
1107:102
964:in
952:.,
948:in
940:in
932:in
924:in
916:in
677:in
665:".
567:in
467:red
455:red
316:to
266:red
138:red
122:red
114:red
48:in
8230::
6675:)
6609:)
6453:,
6274:/
4975:/
4432:/
4412:/
4408:/
4387:/
4383:/
4006:.
3987:.
3968:.
3941:.
3937:.
3925:^
3903:.
3892:^
3870:.
3844:.
3840:.
3813:.
3809:.
3782:.
3778:.
3747:.
3721:.
3717:.
3705:^
3687:.
3683:.
3652:.
3625:.
3621:.
3591:.
3559:.
3530:.
3524:.
3497:.
3491:.
3411:.
3405:.
3375:.
3321:.
3313:.
3303:12
3301:.
3297:.
3270:.
3266:.
3191:.
3183:.
3173:29
3171:.
3142:.
3138:.
3112:.
3108:.
3081:.
3077:.
3046:.
3018:.
2991:.
2964:.
2938:.
2912:.
2908:.
2877:.
2873:.
2843:.
2825:.
2809:.
2781:.
2750:.
2725:.
2700:.
2696:.
2644:.
2640:.
2609:.
2571:^
2554:.
2550:.
2507:.
2495:.
2491:.
2474:.
2443:.
2431:.
2427:.
2377:.
2363:.
2279:.
2275:.
2248:.
2242:.
2230:^
2222:86
2220:.
2162:.
2131:.
2114:.
2103:.
2039:.
2033:.
1972:.
1946:.
1942:.
1915:.
1911:.
1884:47
1882:.
1878:.
1822:.
1786:^
1768:.
1729:.
1706:.
1696:14
1694:.
1667:.
1634:.
1598:.
1568:19
1566:.
1560:.
1536:^
1513:.
1487:.
1481:.
1469:^
1451:.
1445:.
1390:35
1388:.
1384:.
1366:.
1340:.
1336:.
1313:.
1305:.
1295:87
1293:.
1273:,
1190:,
1153:.
1125:.
1117:.
1105:.
1101:.
1078:^
960:,
956:,
778:,
774:.
528:;
412:.
356::
7847:e
7840:t
7833:v
7783:/
7739:/
7735:-
7702:e
7695:t
7688:v
6731:e
6724:t
6717:v
6696:)
6690:(
6681:)
6669:(
6659:)
6655:(
6645:)
6641:(
6631:)
6624:(
6615:)
6605:(
6595:)
6589:(
6579:)
6572:(
6562:)
6555:(
6545:)
6541:(
6524:)
6517:(
6406:)
6400:(
6390:)
6384:(
6374:)
6368:(
6358:)
6352:(
6310:)
6304:(
6280:)
6268:(
6251:)
6245:(
6187:)
6181:(
6154:)
6145:(
6135:)
6131:(
6121:)
6109:(
6043:)
6039:(
5907:)
5901:(
5891:)
5887:(
5877:)
5871:(
5861:)
5855:(
5805:)
5801:(
5791:)
5785:(
5775:)
5771:(
5761:)
5757:(
5747:)
5741:(
5731:)
5725:(
5717:)
5711:(
5563:)
5557:(
5547:)
5543:(
5533:)
5527:(
5510:)
5504:(
5494:)
5488:(
5478:)
5472:(
5260:)
5254:(
5237:)
5231:(
5150:)
5146:(
5105:)
5099:(
5078:)
5074:(
4979:)
4969:(
4904:)
4900:(
4890:)
4886:(
4862:)
4858:(
4817:)
4813:(
4796:)
4792:(
4775:)
4771:(
4761:)
4757:(
4747:)
4743:(
4733:)
4729:(
4719:)
4713:(
4689:)
4685:(
4668:)
4662:(
4652:)
4646:(
4636:)
4632:(
4622:)
4618:(
4513:)
4507:(
4492:(
4454:)
4447:(
4437:)
4427:(
4417:)
4403:(
4394:,
4392:)
4378:(
4314:)
4310:(
4128:e
4121:t
4114:v
4085:.
4064:.
4055:.
4034:.
4016:.
3991:.
3972:.
3953:.
3919:.
3886:.
3856:.
3825:.
3794:.
3763:.
3733:.
3699:.
3668:.
3637:.
3606:.
3574:.
3542:.
3509:.
3476:.
3449:.
3423:.
3390:.
3358:.
3332:.
3309::
3282:.
3251:.
3225:.
3199:.
3179::
3154:.
3124:.
3093:.
3062:.
3031:.
3003:.
2976:.
2950:.
2924:.
2893:.
2859:.
2795:.
2766:.
2736:.
2711:.
2681:.
2655:.
2625:.
2594:.
2565:.
2536:.
2413:.
2388:.
2347:.
2321:.
2291:.
2260:.
2205:.
2178:.
2147:.
2076:.
2051:.
2015:.
1988:.
1958:.
1927:.
1896:.
1890::
1863:.
1838:.
1808:.
1780:.
1741:.
1714:.
1702::
1679:.
1652:.
1620:.
1584:.
1530:.
1499:.
1463:.
1352:.
1321:.
1301::
1222:.
1169:.
1139:.
1113::
1057:.
1028:.
237:(
164:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.