996:,” thus violating their rights. Additionally, the court found that "persons relocated to Rwanda may be at risk of detention and treatment not following international standards should they express dissatisfaction or protest at their conditions after arrival.” Once in Rwanda, migrants might not be able to seek legal recourse as Rwanda operates outside the jurisdiction of the ECtHR, and there is an "absence of any legally enforceable mechanism for the applicant’s return to the United Kingdom in the event of a successful merits challenge before the domestic courts." In November 2023, the
51:
503:. But the U.S. government, and later also Canada, refused to allow the ship to dock and refused to accept any passengers. With conditions on the ship deteriorating and seemingly nowhere else to go, the ship returned to Europe, where approximately thirty percent of those passengers were later murdered in the Holocaust. Switzerland refused entry to nearly 20,000 French Jews who sought asylum there after the
557:) and interpretations of various international treaties in the 1980s, the European Commission on Human Rights shifted preference away from preserving state sovereignty and towards protecting persons who might be refouled. This interpretation permitted no abridgments of non-refoulement protections, even if the state was concerned a refugee may be a terrorist or pose other immediate threats to the state.
894:(Italy's former interior minister) allegedly breached its obligation of non-refoulement by refusing to rescue 93 migrants fleeing Libya and consequently organising a "privatised push-back", that is sending back migrants using merchant ships as proxy; which in this case resulted in the migrants being returned to the port of
796:
to permit them to remain permanently, only an obligation not to send them back to a region in which they face likely danger. Refugee relocation agreements between countries must ensure they are not sent back by the new host country. The new host country does not have to be party to the 1951 Convention, however.
795:
This approach involves international systems designed to process the asylum claim in the country in which a person initially seeks asylum and redistribute them among other countries. This approach relies on the logic that
Article 33 does not include language requiring states receiving asylum seekers
649:
2. "The benefit of the present provision may not, however, be claimed by a refugee whom there are reasonable grounds for regarding as a danger to the security of the country in which he is, or who, having been convicted by a final judgment of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the
802:
This approach is not an interpretation of
Article 33, but a way around it. It combines the strict and collectivist approaches. States using this approach establish non-sovereign areas within their borders, primarily at travel hubs. Asylum seekers presenting themselves at such areas are then sent to
788:
This interpretation holds that only certain refugees are legally entitled to non-refoulement protection. If the country receiving an asylum seeker does not find that their "life or freedom would be threatened" by refoulement, this interpretation holds that they can be legitimately returned to their
533:
Non-refoulement presents an inherent conflict with state sovereignty, as it infringes on a state's right to exercise control over its own borders and those who reside within them. In legal proceedings immediately following World War II, non-refoulement was viewed as a distinct right, which could be
837:
in 1994 have been alleged to have violated the non-refoulement principle. During the height of the crisis, when the refugee flows rose to the level of a "mass exodus", the
Tanzanian government closed its borders to a group of more than 50,000 Rwandan refugees fleeing genocidal violence. In 1996,
773:
Though the principle of non-refoulement is a non-negotiable aspect of international law, states have interpreted
Article 33 of the 1951 Convention in various ways, and they have constructed their legal responses to asylum seeker in corresponding manners. The four most common interpretations are:
720:
No one seeking asylum in accordance with these
Principles should, except for overriding reasons of national security or safeguarding the populations, be subjected to measures such as rejection at the frontier, return or expulsion which would result in compelling him to return to or remain in a
615:
contained the first mention of non-refoulement in international law, and prevented party states from expelling legally-residing refugees or turning away refugees at the borders of their home countries. This treaty was ratified by only a few states and gained little traction in international
684:
2. For the purpose of determining whether there are such grounds, the competent authorities shall take into account all relevant considerations including, where applicable, the existence in the State concerned of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights.
763:
Any asylum-seeker must be able to lodge an application at the frontier. The application may then be examined to establish, prior to the decision on admission, whether it is manifestly unfounded. However, where there is a host third country, there may be exceptions to the principle of
1846:
International legal standards for the protection from refoulement - a legal analysis of the prohibitions on refoulement contained in the
Refugee Convention, the European Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention against
569:
is the most effective method of dispatching refugees thought to present a credible threat. While recent treaties typically include specific obligations that prevent refoulement under essentially any circumstances, the interest of national security has led individual states and the
675:
781:
This interpretation holds that non-refoulement laws only apply to asylum seekers who have physically entered a state's borders. States using this interpretation often enact policies and procedures designed to block asylum seekers from reaching their
507:. The Swiss argued the "boat is full" with respect to refugees during the War, and they were not obligated under existing law to accept French Jews for resettlement. As a result the Jews were forced to return to France, where most were killed.
378:") any person to any country in which their "life or freedom would be threatened" on account of "race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion". The only exception to non-refoulement according to
752:
and
Article 4(5) of the 1981 Inter-American Convention on Extradition, the principle of non-refoulement also applies to extradition cases in which the person believes they will be tried or biased based specifically on one of the protected
447:, of 28 October 1933 was ratified by nine States, including France and (with a caveat) the United Kingdom. It was by virtue of this Convention that the principle of non-refoulement acquired the status of international treaty law.
731:
593:
has been a common practice by the US government in particular, raising the question of whether
Article 33 requires a refugee to be within a country or simply within the power of a country to trigger the right against
1393:
Jastram, Kate; Achiron, Marilyn (2001). Refugee
Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law. Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2001.
588:
One of the grey areas of law that is most hotly debated within signatory circles is the interpretation of
Article 33 of the 1951 Convention. Interdiction of potential refugee transporting vessels on the
1627:
681:
1. No State Party shall expel, return ("refouler") or extradite a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture.
1252:
Lynch, Timothy E., Refugees, Refoulement, and Freedom of Movement: Asylum Seekers' Right to Admission and Territorial Asylum, Georgetown Immigration Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2021, p. 74-75.
853:
government has been accused by the UNHCR, as well as more than 50 Australian legal scholars, of violating the principle of non-refoulement by returning 41 Tamil and Singhalese refugees to the
612:
444:
626:
1. No Contracting State shall expel or return ('refouler') a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his
601:
A prohibition of rejection at the border would imply a right of entry for any asylum seeker, which explains the reluctance for some states to endorse non-rejection at the border.
1122:
Coleman, Nils. "Non-Refoulement Revised-Renewed Review of the Status of the Principle of Non-Refoulement as Customary International Law." Eur. J. Migration & L. 5 (2003): 23.
1135:"Limitations of the Customary International Principle of Non-refoulement on Non-party States: Thailand Repatriates the Remaining Hmong-Lao Regardless of International Norms"
803:
another country to have their asylum claims processed. As with traditional collectivism, the asylum seeker cannot be sent to a country in which they face likely danger.
545:, this linkage rendered the prohibition on refoulement absolute and challenged the legality of refoulement for the purposes of state security. Through court cases (see
1736:
1073:
Trevisanut, Dr. Seline (September 1, 2014). "International Law and Practice: The Principle of Non-Refoulement And the De-Territorialization of Border Control at Sea".
932:
nationals, despite a court order temporarily halting the repatriation amid concerns the group could be at risk if they were returned to military-ruled Myanmar.
712:
668:
620:
578:
410:
379:
367:
872:(Cth). That Act provides that "for the purposes of removal from Australia of an unlawful non-citizen, Australia's non-refoulement obligations are irrelevant".
823:, on 12 June 1979, is considered to be a classic example of refoulement. The refugees were forced at gunpoint across the border and down a steep slope into a
690:
495:, where the passengers expected to find refuge. However, Cuba admitted only twenty-eight passengers and refused to admit the rest. The ship then set sail for
664:
1275:
Padmanabhan, Vijay M. (October 1, 2011). "To Transfer or not to Transfer: Identifying and Protecting Relevant Human Rights Interests in Non-Refoulement".
1331:
565:
Following terror attacks in the United States and Europe, states have renewed calls for permitting refoulement in the interest of national security, as
913:, on claims that they had committed murder. The move was condemned by human rights activists as the two would likely face execution upon their return.
582:
423:(jus cogens) of international law, where non-refoulement must always be applied without any adjustment for any purpose or under any circumstances (
1019:
1000:
ruled that the policy is illegal under UK domestic law and international obligations because the policy continues to violate non-refoulement.
1695:
941:
311:
700:) and with this convention non-refoulement to countries with risk of torture and inhumane treatment is considered an absolute right as well.
1883:
1544:
1563:
Sixth periodic report submitted by Australia under article 19 of the Convention pursuant to the optional reporting procedure, due in 2018
450:
The principle of non-refoulement is important because of its role in an international collective memory of the failure of nations during
1844:
1488:
Rodolfo Marques, Non-refoulement under the Inter-American Human Rights System, London: RLI Working Paper Series, 6 March 2017, pp. 58-69
997:
989:
743:
establishes danger to an asylum seeker's "right to life or personal freedom" as the threshold for non-refoulement among American states.
740:
538:
1653:
749:
1046:
655:
1399:
1303:
1134:
492:
957:
386:, which applies only to those who can prove a well-grounded fear of political persecution, non-refoulement refers to the generic
264:
530:
for its indiscriminate targeting of civilians, many of whom had never been Soviet citizens, fleeing Russia near the end of WW2.
721:
territory if there is a well-founded fear of persecution endangering his life, physical integrity or liberty in that territory.
1382:
1155:
981:
474:
727:
715:'s (then known as the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee) 1996 Principles Concerning Treatment of Refugees states:
478:
249:
1575:
1476:
Cambridge University Press, The Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-Refoulement: Opinion, June 2003, available at:
382:
are "reasonable grounds" of "danger to the security of the country" or "danger to the community of that country". Unlike
623:. Article 33 contains the following two paragraphs that define the prohibition of the expulsion or return of a refugee:
1902:
858:
627:
500:
406:
116:
1829:
JUDGMENT R (on the application of AAA (Syria) and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) United Kingdom Supreme Court
1912:
1907:
1884:
Vladislava Stoyanova, "The Principle of Non-Refoulement and the Right of Asylum Seekers to Enter State Territory."
1711:
950:
121:
1670:
1530:
1498:
Council Resolution of 20 June 1995 on minimum guarantees for asylum procedures [Official Journal C 274, 19.09.1996
992:
because once in Rwanda, migrants “would not have access to fair and efficient procedures for the determination of
534:
abridged under certain circumstances, such as those spelled out in Article 33, Section 2 of the 1951 Convention.
304:
259:
1922:
553:
547:
1346:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1014:
523:
467:
1545:"Sri Lankan asylum seekers facing criminal investigation after being handed back by Australian authorities"
1497:
491:
sailed from Germany with over 900 Jewish passengers who were fleeing Nazi persecution. The ship sailed for
1927:
936:
918:
906:
65:
1654:
FORENSIC OCEANOGRAPHY, THE NIVIN CASE - Migrants' resistance to Italy's strategy of privatized push-back
865:
734:, signed in 1969, makes provisions for asylum seekers fleeing war, colonial dominance, or social unrest.
172:
1107:
50:
1737:"Supreme Court order allowing deportation of Rohingyas shows that India hasn't shed Partition baggage"
1601:
827:. Those who refused were shot by Thai soldiers. Approximately 3,000 refugees (about 7 percent) died.
590:
297:
34:
1212:
842:
had reached an appropriate level of stability, around 500,000 refugees were returned to Rwanda from
758:
European Union Council Resolution of 20 June 1995 on minimum guarantees for asylum procedures :
969:
870:
Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Act 2014
820:
816:
691:
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 3
218:
126:
75:
1438:
1235:
1090:
973:
961:
678:
held that non-refoulement emanated from larger protections from torture and inhumane treatment.
511:
432:
254:
167:
70:
1628:"A Saudi woman seeking asylum in Australia has been 'kidnapped' and returned home by her family"
1452:
M. Cherif Bassiouni. (Autumn 1996) "International Crimes: 'Jus Cogens' and 'Obligatio Erga Omnes
541:
recognized non-refoulement as a subsidiary of prohibitions on torture. As the ban on torture is
1917:
1691:
1395:
1378:
1299:
1121:
696:
The protection from torture and inhumane treatment is generally considered an absolute right (
463:
363:
208:
181:
1437:
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Egypt, France, Italy, Norway, Czechoslovakia (28 October 1933).
1227:
1193:
1184:
Bruin, Rene; Wouters, Kees (2003). "Terrorism and the Non-derogability of Non-refoulement".
1082:
876:
834:
504:
383:
330:
280:
228:
223:
192:
151:
1685:
1443:
English translation of official French text. Web page incorrectly shows date as 18 October.
854:
697:
643:
419:
233:
213:
136:
111:
91:
676:
Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
577:
Today, the principle of non-refoulement from countries that are signatories to the 1951
574:
to seek ways around non-refoulement protections that balance security and human rights.
993:
891:
571:
619:
The principle of "non-refoulement" was officially enshrined in Article 33 of the 1951
1896:
1403:
1239:
1094:
482:
414:
177:
1877:
1828:
880:
639:
566:
515:
487:
459:
451:
101:
435:
terror attacks in the United States as well as other terrorist attacks in Europe.
375:
1659:(Report). Forensic Architecture, Goldsmiths, University of London. December 2019.
799:
Collectivist, with laws preventing asylum seekers from reaching sovereign borders
1863:
Académie de Droit International de La Haye / Hague Academy of International Law
1854:
965:
946:
921:
who remain on its soil under a 1986 agreement with the North Korean government.
910:
902:
884:
635:
387:
371:
187:
146:
106:
96:
42:
1759:"What is the UK's plan to send asylum seekers to Rwanda and how many could go?"
1758:
1531:
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53220/ben-barber/feeding-refugees-or-war
1477:
1439:
Convention of 28 October, 1933 relating to the International Status of Refugees
581:, the 1967 Protocol Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, or the 1984
1231:
1086:
424:
1296:
Operation Keelhaul; The Story of Forced Repatriation from 1944 to the Present
514:, millions of refugees and prisoners from former Russia and the contemporary
1419:
Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. (2014). "The International Law of Refugee Protection".
850:
824:
527:
473:
During the war, several states had forcibly returned or denied admission to
1784:
1332:"Non-Refoulement: The Search for a Consistent Interpretation of Article 33"
17:
1197:
925:
895:
830:
812:
631:
455:
399:
391:
585:
depends on the interpretation of the Article 33 of the 1951 Convention.
1808:
1513:
929:
732:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
496:
354:
141:
656:
Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Article 33
1009:
977:
898:
in Libya, where they were beaten, tortured and in some cases killed.
839:
409:, where it applies even to states that are not parties to the 1951
1602:"Saudi woman seeking asylum in Australia returned to Saudi Arabia"
914:
843:
519:
522:
from the Soviet government. The action nowadays is considered a
1156:
Jean Allain, 2001, "The jus cogens Nature of non‐refoulement",
1712:"Malaysia deports 1,086 Myanmar nationals despite court order"
1375:
UNHCR and Voluntary Repatriation of Refugees: A Legal Analysis
395:
285:
345:
1576:"Forcibly repatriated Saudi woman: 'My family will kill me'"
1441:(Report). League of Nations - Treaty Series 1935-1936. 3663.
1213:"On the history of the international protection of refugees"
1047:"Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees"
1421:
The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
613:
Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees
445:
Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees
336:
462:. Following the war, the need for international checks on
1512:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010, p. 175. Retrieved from
1878:
Defining the parameters of the non-refoulement principle
1735:
Nizamuddin Ahmad Siddiqui; Abu Zar Ali (18 April 2021).
667:
removed geographic and temporal limitations of the 1951
518:
were forcibly returned despite evidence they would face
988:(28774/22) that the UK government’s plan violates the
431:
nature of non-refoulement was rekindled following the
342:
1671:"South Korea Deports Two from North to Likely Abuse"
348:
333:
1809:"Supreme Court rules Rwanda asylum policy unlawful"
351:
339:
1687:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future
1510:Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975-1982
1404:http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/refugee_en.pdf
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
817:forcible repatriation of 45,000 Cambodian refugees
1690:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 169.
1108:Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 14
1525:Barber, Ben (1997). "Feeding Refugees, or War?"
1432:
1430:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1045:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
761:
718:
679:
624:
454:to provide a haven to refugees fleeing certain
417:. It is debatable whether non-refoulement is a
1886:Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law,
883:with the cooperation of the government of the
1377:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997; p. 147.
713:Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization
669:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
621:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
579:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
411:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
380:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
368:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
305:
8:
1860:, Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007 (prev. 1983, 1996)
1478:http://www.refworld.org/docid/470a33af0.html
1068:
1066:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
980:. The policy has faced legal challenges and
1117:
1115:
665:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
990:European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
312:
298:
29:
1785:"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights"
1339:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
1030:
1020:Monism and dualism in international law
272:
241:
200:
159:
83:
57:
41:
1865:Le droit d'asile = The right of asylum
1779:
1777:
1775:
1423:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
982:European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
1565:, UN Doc CAT/C/AUS/6 (28 March 2019).
1414:
1412:
1369:
1367:
1220:International Review of the Red Cross
942:Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India
466:over refugees became apparent to the
405:Non-refoulement is generally seen as
27:Principle of international asylum law
7:
1514:https://www.amazon.com/dp/0786445297
1186:International Journal of Refugee Law
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1158:International Journal of Refugee Law
1529:, July/August 1997. Retrieved from
1330:D'Angelo, Ellen F. (January 2009).
1298:. Devin-Adair Pub. pp. 82–90.
1139:Wisconsin International Law Journal
1075:Leiden Journal of International Law
741:American Convention on Human Rights
539:European Commission on Human Rights
1211:Jaeger, Gilbert (September 2001).
750:European Convention on Extradition
25:
857:in June or July 2014, as part of
1858:The refugee in international law
1508:Thompson, Larry Clinton (2010).
1160:, Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 533-558.
362:) is a fundamental principle of
329:
265:White genocide conspiracy theory
49:
1831:WLR 4433, 1 WLR 4433, UKSC 42
1543:March, Stephanie (2014-07-07).
1850:, Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2009
728:Organization for African Unity
1:
1458:Law and Contemporary Problems
785:Strict, with a narrow reading
748:Per Article 3(2) of the 1957
638:, membership of a particular
250:Criticism of multiculturalism
986:N.S.K. v. the United Kingdom
370:that forbids a country from
1867:, Dordrecht: Nijhoff (1990)
1561:Committee against Torture,
1133:Vang, Jerry (Summer 2014).
859:Operation Sovereign Borders
650:community of that country.
501:refuge in the United States
485:. In 1939, the ocean liner
407:customary international law
1944:
1853:Guy S. Goodwin-Gill &
1373:Zieck, Marjoleine (1997).
968:migrants who enter the UK
739:Article 22(8) of the 1969
583:Convention Against Torture
122:Indefinite leave to remain
1232:10.1017/S1560775500119285
1087:10.1017/S0922156514000259
548:Soering v. United Kingdom
260:Opposition to immigration
1460:. Vol. 59, No. 4, p. 68.
1345:(1): 279. Archived from
1294:Julius, Epstein (1973).
951:Rohingya Muslim refugees
554:Chahal v. United Kingdom
499:in the hopes of finding
1684:Cha, Victor D. (2013).
1200:– via HeinOnline.
1015:Impediment to expulsion
505:Nazi takeover of France
468:international community
1888:Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2008.
1402:(IPU). Retrieved from
984:ruled in June 2022 in
937:Supreme Court of India
907:North Korean defectors
833:'s actions during the
808:Examples of violations
766:
723:
695:
660:
611:Article 3 of the 1933
524:human rights violation
173:Immigrant assimilation
66:Immigration by country
919:North Korean refugees
866:Australian Parliament
726:Article II(3) of the
390:of people, including
242:Opposition and reform
974:“safe” third country
427:). The debate over
1673:. 13 November 2019.
1352:on 22 February 2017
1198:10.1093/ijrl/15.1.5
879:was forced back to
821:Prasat Preah Vihear
711:Article III of the
127:Migration diplomacy
76:Illegal immigration
1903:1933 introductions
1789:hudoc.echr.coe.int
1277:Fordham Law Review
962:Rwanda asylum plan
917:routinely deports
789:country of origin.
764:"non-refoulement".
537:In the 1960s, the
512:Operation Keelhaul
433:September 11, 2001
255:Immigration reform
201:Political theories
168:Social integration
71:Immigration policy
1913:League of Nations
1908:International law
1716:www.aljazeera.com
1697:978-0-06-199850-8
953:back to Myanmar.
644:political opinion
510:After WW2, under
464:state sovereignty
364:international law
322:
321:
273:Causes topics
209:Civic nationalism
182:Acculturation Gap
16:(Redirected from
1935:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1781:
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1708:
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1701:
1681:
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1613:
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1559:
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1523:
1517:
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1480:
1474:
1461:
1455:
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1444:
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1434:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1391:
1385:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1336:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1226:(843): 727-737.
1217:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1042:
998:UK Supreme Court
964:, which aims to
877:Dina Ali Lasloom
835:Rwandan genocide
693:
658:
458:at the hands of
398:zones and other
384:political asylum
366:anchored in the
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
314:
307:
300:
281:Economic migrant
229:Plurinationalism
224:Multiculturalism
193:Social exclusion
160:Social processes
152:Voluntary return
53:
30:
21:
1943:
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1811:. 2023-11-15
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1761:. 2022-06-13
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1739:. scroll.in
1356:21 February
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947:deportation
911:North Korea
903:South Korea
885:Philippines
868:passed the
636:nationality
596:refoulement
520:persecution
479:French Jews
388:deportation
376:refoulement
188:Persecution
107:Deportation
97:Citizenship
43:Immigration
18:Refoulement
1897:Categories
1838:Literature
1815:2024-05-16
1794:2024-05-16
1765:2024-05-16
1743:5 November
1721:2021-07-24
1383:9041104097
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1056:2017-03-27
1026:References
851:Australian
543:jus cogens
429:jus cogens
425:derogation
1240:145129127
1095:145445428
970:illegally
924:In 2021,
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875:In 2017,
825:minefield
674:The 1984
663:The 1967
591:high seas
528:war crime
402:locales.
372:deporting
1918:Refugees
1638:13 April
1612:13 April
1586:16 April
1549:ABC News
1004:See also
926:Malaysia
909:back to
896:Misurata
890:In 2018
831:Tanzania
813:Thailand
782:borders.
753:factors.
706:Regional
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632:religion
481:fleeing
456:genocide
400:disaster
392:refugees
219:Nativism
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1606:Reuters
930:Myanmar
838:before
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413:or its
142:Refugee
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475:German
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1051:UNHCR
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915:China
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