Reform of the House of Lords

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achieved for 100% elected than that achieved for 80% elected. However, examination of the names of MPs voting at each division in the Commons shows that, of the 305 who voted for the 80% elected option, 211 went on to vote for the 100% elected option. Given that this vote took place after the vote on 80% – whose result was already known when the vote on 100% took place – this shows a clear preference in the Commons for a fully elected Upper House over the only other option that passed, since any MP who favoured 80% over 100% would have voted against the latter motion, having already secured their preferred outcome (76 MPs – including Jack Straw, his shadow Theresa May and Opposition Leader David Cameron – did exactly that). Had all the votes been held in the contrary order, those 211 would have voted against the 80% motion, which would consequently have fallen.

973:. All elections and appointments would take place on a five-year cycle, with one third of the House admitted at each intake to a fixed fifteen-year term; this term would be non-renewable, to ensure members' independence. A further measure would prohibit former members of the reformed House from seeking election to the House of Commons before a minimum amount of time had elapsed after the expiry of their term in the reformed House – the Government suggested five years. The aim of this measure was to prevent aspiring politicians from using the reformed House as a base to launch a Parliamentary career. The Government proposed that elections and appointments should be held on the same day as elections for Britain's 1960:. Proponents suggest the combination would allow an appointed element to retain the skills and experience of the present House and elections would make it democratic without the problems of being fully elected which would allow the Upper House to challenge the primacy of the Commons. Opponents say that the two types of members will inevitably conflict, voting for part of the House will have little support amongst an already sceptical electorate, and the lack of synergy will make it worse than either a fully elected or fully appointed house. Various proposals on the exact percentage of those elected and appointed have been produced: 22: 1795:"Central to the future House of Lords is its composition. For the Lords to act with legitimacy as an effective and balanced second chamber, it must have the right form to deliver the range of roles and functions it needs". With 1101 submissions to the first consultation, several hundred to the second and many articles in the newspapers and various discussions, there were many different views on reform of the House of Lords. It is only possible to give a broad outline of the many different proposals and even then only those where the proposals were mentioned by a number of respondents. 832:, the Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Constitutional Affairs, said "the overwhelming reaction I have is a feeling of contempt and betrayal". On 18 March 2004 (before the statistical analysis had been published), the BBC reported that the government would not proceed with legislation to enact the proposals in the consultation. Although this suggested a lack of support for their proposals from the consultation, when the statistical analysis was published on 22 April 2004 the report stated that on the main issue (2a): 401:. In the debate in the Commons on 19 June 2000 the Government announced the establishment of a Joint Committee of both houses to consider the Royal Commission's work. But in a written reply on 6 March 2001 the Government stated there was little prospect of a Joint Committee being established in the present Parliament due to a failure of cross-party discussions. On 26 April 2001 the Queen confirmed her intention to create 15 new non-party-political members of the House of Lords termed " 853:, all three parties included statements on reform of the House of Lords in their manifestos with the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats promising "substantially"/"predominantly" elected Chambers. In December 2005, the Constitution Unit, part of the University College of London's School of Public Policy, released research findings showing "surprising levels of support from MPs and the public for the Lords to vote down government proposals": 992:). The white paper also recommended that at least 20% of members be non-party-political appointees: for example, under the white paper's proposal of a 50–50 split between elected and appointed members, the remaining 30% appointed members would be party political; under the 80%–20% elected/appointed option, there would be no party-political appointees. The 20% non-party-political element would include a reduced number of 144: 2312:

mandate and so the Commons will remain supreme. Critics however see a single vote as a choice between voting for an MP or voting for the upper house; if large numbers choose to vote for the upper house instead of their MP it would undermine the mandate of the Commons and create a confused election (for example MPs might be ousted by a poor performance of their party in the Upper House and vice versa).

1426:, while 19 more abstained. On 6 August 2012, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced that the Government was abandoning the bill due to the opposition from Conservative backbench MPs, claiming that the Conservatives had "broken the coalition contract". However, David Cameron disputed this view, saying that the agreement contained no specific promise to enact reform of the House of Lords. 2173:

high portion of hereditary peers that sat as crossbenchers relative to the amount of independents in the House of Commons is also cited as verification of this fact and that hereditary peers generally take a more long-term perspective on legislative matters, unlike Members of Parliament who are statistically more likely to vote in favour of populist policies for electoral purposes.

966:, Leader of the House of Commons. The consensus position adopted by the paper called for a House composed of elected members and members appointed by a new Statutory Appointments Commission. The new commission would select non-party-political appointees; party-political appointees would be nominated by party leaders in the House of Commons and vetted by the commission. 273:, these two acts enable the Commons (in exceptional circumstance) to pass legislation without approval from the Lords but subject to certain time delays. In effect, they give the House of Lords the power to delay legislation but not to prevent it. Since 1911 there have been various attempts to reform the Lords, but none tackled the powers of the House except the 1422:

bill and said it would vote against the programme motion, along with several Conservative MPs. On 10 July 2012, it became clear that the Government was going to lose the vote on the programme motion and it was withdrawn. At the vote that evening on whether to give the bill a second reading, 91 Conservative MPs voted against the

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interest rules than at present". The Senate would retain existing powers and conventions. It follows that, after each general election, the new cohort of 150 senators would have a similar party make-up to the Commons, whilst the other 300 senators would continue in post, unaffected by contemporary electoral swings.

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chamber should match that of the country as expressed in votes cast at the most recent general election but it should not be capable of being dominated by any one political party and continue to include people who can help it to maintain a philosophical, moral or spiritual perspective on public policy issues.

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MP) as has occurred in other countries with bicameral parliaments. Various proposals have been put forward to prevent this happening, including a five-year ban on former members of the Lords seeking election to the Commons. Others are concerned that the upper house may be filled by MPs who lose their

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Steel suggested the "Senate" nomenclature "so that so-called Lords are spared the embarrassment of the title". Whether his ideas might lead to changing the name of the House of Commons remains to be seen, as presumably any adoption of Steel's Senate proposals might consequently permit the aristocracy

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Elections by Regional Development Agencies and voluntary regional chambers, the London Assembly "would demonstrate a direct connection between these other bodies and the central institutions at Westminster" and because "many of these bodies had themselves been elected ... it could therefore reinforce

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agreed following the 2010 general election clearly outlined a provision for a wholly or mainly elected second chamber, elected by a proportional representation system. These proposals sparked a debate on 29 June 2010. As an interim measure, it was agreed that the appointment of new peers will reflect

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stated that the powers of the chamber, the method of election, financial packages and the number of members would yet again be discussed by a cross-party working group. The opposition's response was to suggest that "the real message in your statement today that Lords reform is on ice until after the

1306:

He said that the figure was £300 million; in fact, for the latest year it is £468.8 million. For that, see the Written Answer from the noble Lord, Lord McKenzie of Luton, ... that is only the minor error. The major error is that he compared my costing for a full 15-year period with the annual cost of

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The paper also started a second consultation, on the Appointments Commission for the House of Lords requesting submissions on how the Appointments Commission itself would be appointed, even though no other alternatives to an appointed Commission had been considered. Reaction to the paper was hostile:

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and thus do not have an upper house. Instead, scrutiny is carried out by parliamentary committees. A minority of MPs voted for the outright abolition of the upper house in 2003, and it was Labour party policy until the late 1980s. One of the most well known MPs to advocate the abolition of the House

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Jack Straw in July 2008, containing proposals to create a wholly elected second chamber. The proposals did not move forward to become legislation. While a renewed white paper was pointed to in 2009, none was published before the general election in 2010. The Labour Party's manifesto at that election

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On 11 December 2002, the Joint Committee published its first report, which set out "an inclusive range of seven options for the composition of a reformed House of Lords". In January 2003, the House of Lords and Commons debated the report. The debate in the Lords was dominated by contributors arguing

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The Commons should be the principal political forum, should have the final say in respect of all major public policy issues, including those expressed in the form of proposed legislation. The second chamber should have sufficient power, and the associated authority, to require the Government and the

179:

enabled the appointment of a new class of peers, who could sit and vote in the House of Lords, but the honour and rights would not be hereditary. These were intended to be merit-based, letting in 'the great and the good' from various backgrounds of expertise and experience and ending the exclusively

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Lord Steel's proposal would have an upper house, "The Senate", comprising 450 members, to be known as "senators". Immediately after the 5-yearly general elections, 150 senators would be elected for 15 years. Voting would not be by universal suffrage: this electorate would be the newly elected MPs,

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are particularly cited by proponents of this idea in that the House of Lords no longer has power of veto, merely a power of delay, making the assertion of democratic accountability being required for legislators redundant, in their eyes, as the Lords has no power to force its will upon the House of

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Various questions have been asked about House of Lords reform by opinion polling companies. The following table includes a selection of polls of the general public summarised by whether respondents support the abolition of the House of Lords, a partially or fully elected second chamber or the House

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debated the proposals in the 2007 white paper and voted on a similar series of motions to those voted on in 2003. Unexpectedly, the House of Commons voted by a large majority for an all-elected Upper House. One week later, the House of Lords retorted by voting for an all-appointed House by a larger

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system (also known as instant-runoff voting). Using the alternative vote for legislative proposals would have been a new precedent for the UK Parliament. Resistance by Members on all sides of the House of Commons caused Leader of the House of Commons Jack Straw to drop this proposal on 19 February.

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We cannot accept the removal of the remaining hereditary peers on its own, but only as part of much wider measures of reform to create a democratic and accountable second chamber. ... We therefore see no role which the joint committee can usefully play in achieving the reformed House of Lords which

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We, together with other members of the committee, issued a statement at the same time stating our belief that the committee could not continue to act in the absence of an indication of the government's preferred route to achieve its manifesto commitment to a more representative and democratic House

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Since the House of Commons rejected the option of a fully appointed Second Chamber by a large majority on 4th February it would be absurd and unacceptable to introduce legislation which would have that effect. Simply evicting the hereditary peers, and placing the appointments process on a statutory

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It was to include a significant minority of independent members. Its political membership should be broadly representative of the main parties' relative voting strengths as reflected in the previous general election. Membership was to be separated from the peerage which would continue as an honour.

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A credible and effective second chamber is vital to the health of Britain's democracy ... The Government is determined to proceed with this wider reform of the House of Lords. The Royal Commission offered an excellent way forward and the Government has a clear electoral mandate to undertake it. Our

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have devolved powers over areas like Health and Education. The Scottish Parliament and Senedd do not have upper chambers but instead MSPs and MSs scrutinise legislation in committee systems. This means that, for example, legislation on English health and education is subject to the House of Lords,

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The bill, introduced by Nick Clegg, was given its first reading on 27 June 2012. On 9 July 2012, the bill began to be debated. The Government also tried to introduce a programme motion, which would have limited the amount of time available to debate the bill. Labour called for more scrutiny of the

731:

We should go home and sleep on this interesting position. That is the most sensible thing that anyone can say in the circumstances. As the right honourable Gentleman knows, the next stage in the process is for the Joint Committee to consider the votes in both Houses. Heaven help the members of the

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The result was that an unprecedented 1101 submissions were made to the consultation and both the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties published their own proposals during the consultation in January 2002. In May 2002, the Government published a statistical analysis. The Government proposed to

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The Government accept the principles underlying the main elements of the Royal Commission's proposals on the future role and structure of this House, and will act on them. That is, we agree that the Second Chamber should clearly be subordinate, largely nominated but with a minority elected element

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The new second chamber should have the capacity to offer counsel from a range of sources. It should be broadly representative of society in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 21st century. It should work with the House of Commons to provide an effective check upon the Government. It should

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Lord Steel suggested this would be "simple, inexpensive and likely to produce a less London-centric chamber than at present", adding "such a fundamental, democratically reformed upper chamber would maintain the existing revising role, be part-time and unpaid, though needing tougher declaration of

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Many hereditary members of the Lords were suggested to have voted on legislation through matters of conviction as their chances of achieving high office was extremely unlikely therefore they were not compelled to vote on party lines under the threat of being deprived of ministerial promotion. The

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Many countries have directly elected Upper Chambers but they try to make their electoral systems for the second chamber as distinct as possible from the first chamber by holding elections on a different cycle or electing only a proportion of members on each occasion. Politicians such as Tony Benn

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Under this proposal, a jury would appoint some or all members of the chamber so retaining the skills and experience of the present House and also making its selection more democratic; the jury being considered to give democratic legitimacy to the appointments without the problems of mandating the

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The Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 regulates the procedure for women bishops to enter the House of Lords as Lords Spiritual. It stipulates that whenever a vacancy arises among the Lords Spiritual during the decade after the passing of the act, this vacancy is to be filled by a female bishop, if

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leaving amongst the majority of appointed Peers a rump of 92 Hereditary Peers until the second phase of reform was complete. These 92 were elected from within those who had a right to be members of the House of Lords as a result of their hereditary status. This arrangement was stated to be purely

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After the Commons vote, it was speculated by political commentators that some MPs supporting a fully appointed House had voted tactically for a fully elected House as the option likely to be least acceptable to the House of Lords. This called into question the significance of the larger majority

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On 22 January 2007 the Power Inquiry launched a campaign for greater citizen involvement and provided statistics showing that 68% of the public felt a jury of the general public should decide "the future of the House of Lords", 17% thought elected politicians should decide and 9% appointed civil

845:

Moreover, as the government published most of the responses to both consultations, it is possible to see that many of these responses were highly critical of both the Government's proposal and the consultation process; some even went on to complain that the UK government breached its own code of

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The House of Lords should contain a substantial proportion of people who are not professional politicians, who have continuing experience in a range of different walks of life and who can bring a broad range of expertise to bear on issues of public concern. Representation of the reformed second

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that the Commons, as the elected chamber, has a mandate to pass anything in manifesto without Lords' veto. This was necessary as the Conservative Party had an absolute majority in the House of Lords, and it was seen as inappropriate for them to use this to block the Labour government's policies

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The advantages of this system are claimed to be that: there would be only one election campaign to fund, it does not waste votes because votes for minority parties will count in the Upper House and so it should improve voter turnout, and as the upper house has no direct vote it has no separate

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Jack Straw now faced an enormous challenge. Although seen as very modest reforms, the removal of most Hereditary Peers and rebalancing of the political make up of the House (Labour Peers now formed the largest political party) were making the House increasingly confident of its own legitimacy.

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to have moved to delay plans to abolish the House of Lords until after its first term, instead implementing "only limited reforms to the Lords in order to focus on economic priorities", such as that announced in April 2024 that would "swiftly abolish all hereditary peers" within a first term.

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On 29 January 2003, then Prime Minister Tony Blair added his own support to a fully appointed House by arguing against the creation of a hybrid House. On 4 February 2003, the Commons and House of Lords voted on the seven options proposed by the joint committee and the Commons also voted on an

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flies in the face of public opinion and of the commitment made by all three major parties at the last general election. ... A veto on constitutional reform by the House of Lords is not acceptable. It is now up to the House of Commons to assert its primacy. The Liberal Democrats' 100-year-old

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Despite the unelected basis of the Lords these results make clear that it enjoys support from MPs and the general public to block policies that are perceived as unpopular. Far from clashing with the Commons it may even inflict government defeats with the silent approval of Labour MPs. Whilst

1866:(random selection). Proposals varied from a House chosen completely at random from the whole electorate to those where allotment was applied to smaller groups such as those volunteering or those selected in another way. Most proposals referred to the allotment of the governing juries in the 180:

hereditary (and exclusively male) composition. Since 1965, almost all peerages appointed have been life peerages. However, the system has come under criticism in 'cash for honours' scandals in which those who donate significant sums to political parties may be able to gain membership of the

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The great strength of the Lords is that it contains not just a bunch of experienced retired MPs but a whole raft of individuals with specialist knowledge and experience from the worlds of commerce, medicine, the services, the civil service, academia, the unions – the list is

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Life peers, created hereditary peers and 16 bishops would have been able to be voting members of the House, if they attended at least one third of the sittings and were under 72 years old at the start of a new parliament. Number of bishops would have been decreased from 26 to 16 through

81:. On 7 November 2001 the government undertook a public consultation. This helped to create a public debate on the issue of Lords reform, with 1,101 consultation responses and numerous debates in Parliament and the media. However, no consensus on the future of the upper chamber emerged. 2393: 1292:

Prior to the debate Lord Lipsey, former Economics Editor of the Sunday Times, estimated the cost of the plans in the white paper at £1.092 billion over a 15-year term. The government dismissed this as "back-of-an-envelope calculations" and Jack Straw told the House of Commons that

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The House of Lords Reform Act 2014 allowed members to resign from the House; previously there was no mechanism for this. It also allowed for the (non-retrospective) exclusion of any peer convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to a term of imprisonment of one year or more.

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The makeup of the Lords does not reflect the social and demographic diversity of the UK, with under-representation of ethnic minorities and women when compared with the House of Commons, and relative over-representation of people from South East England and people over

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allowed hereditary peers to disclaim their peerage, allowing them to vote and stand for elections to the House of Commons. It also permitted hereditary peers in the Peerage of Scotland and female hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords without the election of

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The House of Lords would remain subject to the pre-eminence of the House of Commons in discharging its functions; its principal function should continue to be to consider and revise legislation, to scrutinise the executive, and to debate and report on public

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The name. Were the link between peerages and membership of the upper house to end, the name of the upper house might also change as a consequence. The Liberal Democrats, and more recently the Conservatives, have proposed that the upper house converts to the

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Detailed proposals for Lords reform including a draft House of Lords Reform Bill were published on 17 May 2011. These include a 300-member hybrid house, of which 80% are elected. A further 20% would be appointed, and reserve space would be included for some

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Yes, we are certainly prepared to agree to a proposal that would allow us to remove the hereditary peers altogether, in two stages. We are perfectly prepared to agree that in the first stage one in 10 hereditaries stays, and in the second stage they go

1297:

May I say that Lord Lipsey's estimate is absolute utter balderdash and nonsense? It cannot be the case that a partly elected other place would cost £1 billion when the total cost of this place, according to the most extravagant analysis, is £300

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The white paper invited comments from interested parties stating the government intended to introduce legislation "incorporating decisions on the issues raised in the consultation" and listed the following as the main points of consultation:

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and the lower classes. Moreover, in practice, the hereditary peers had a natural bias on certain issues, such as a socially conservative outlook and unwillingness to support liberal and socialist legislation. (In the events which led to the

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With widely differing views in the Joint Committee, its report on 9 May 2003 effectively passed the initiative back to the Government. But nine members of the Joint Committee issued a statement coinciding with the publication which stated:

879:. It came into force on 1 October 2009, when the new court started work. Most of the Law Lords became its first justices, but retained their peerages. A peerage is no longer required to sit in the UK's court of last resort. 131:...whereas it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of hereditary basis, but such substitution cannot be immediately brought into operation 1906:) still retained an appointed second chamber in 1997 was that it was widely accepted that it worked effectively. In particular the large number of cross bench peers would be impossible to achieve in most electoral systems. 426:

mission is to equip the British people with a Parliament and a constitution fit for the 21st century. A reformed second chamber has an indispensable role to play, and this White Paper prepares the way for its introduction.

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House through elections which might lead to a potential conflict with the Commons. It was a minority "grass roots option" not seen before the second consultation where it was supported by around 10% of submissions.

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I can think of nothing more destructive of the present harmonious atmosphere in the Lords. Elected members would be justifiably incensed if the votes of appointed members happened to determine any issue before the

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87 percent of respondents dealing with issue 2 (a) were in favour of a Commission composed of representatives of the three main political parties and the cross-benchers and a number of independently appointed

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to stand for parliament. Also, transitional arrangements would have to be made to decide which existing members of the House of Lords would stay on, for five or ten years respectively, as the "sitting 300".

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With such an apparently high level of support, it is unclear why the government chose not to proceed. The only insight available is unofficial reports putting the actual level of support at closer to third.

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Establishment of a statutory independent Appointments Commission accountable to Parliament which would determine numbers and timings of appointments, select independent members of the House to oversee party

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The House of Lords must be reformed. As an initial, self-contained reform, not dependent on further reform in the future, the right of hereditary Peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords will be ended by

2078:: It may challenge the supremacy of the Commons on the strength of its own electoral mandate – a conflict that may be difficult to resolve given the largely unwritten constitution of the UK. 380:: a wholly or largely directly elected second chamber; indirect election from the devolved institutions (or local government electoral colleges) or from among British MEPs; random selection, or co-option. 223:

The Parliament (No. 2) Bill, which embodied proposals of the white paper, was introduced in December 1968. Prime Minister announced in April 1969 that the Government would not proceed with the bill.

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removed the ability of the House of Lords to veto money bills; with any other bills, the House of Commons was given powers to overrule the Lords' veto after three parliamentary sessions. In 1917 the

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On 15 March Lord Steel published a proposed bill approved by a large meeting of peers and MPs of all parties who had been working on these proposals for some time with proposals for four reforms:

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Currently, members of the House of Lords are not elected but appointed to the chamber by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. Which of the following statements is closest to your view?

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The appointments process, which has often been described as undemocratic. The current process means the House of Lords remains fully unelected and allows peers to hold their seats until death.

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we suggested in the 1999 White Paper that a Joint Committee of both Houses would be a suitable means of considering the parliamentary aspects of the reform proposals. That is still our view.

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temporary until the second stage of reform was completed. This led to some claims (perhaps not all serious) that the elected Hereditary Lords were the only democratic members of the House.

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I have decided to appoint the following people, on the recommendation of the selection panel, as the independent Chairman and members of the Interim House of Lords Appointments Commission.

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basis, would result in that soundly rejected option. Those who argue that the Commons must remain predominant – including Ministers – should surely respect the outcome of that vote by MPs.

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Hereditary peers by succession sitting at the time would have remained as non-voting members with all other rights of a member. Their heirs would have been excluded from future membership.

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maintained that elections are necessary to be democratic, stating, "Democracy means an elected second chamber", however Tony Benn later advocated for the abolition of the House of Lords.

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The statutory Appointments Commission would manage the balance and size of the House, appoint the independent members, and to assure the integrity of those nominated by political parties.

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and no party would have a majority; party appointments would be tied to general election results; a "two-out, one-in" programme of departures to make reductions towards the target size.

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included a promise to "establish a committee to bring forward proposals for a wholly or mainly elected upper chamber on the basis of proportional representation". Deputy Prime Minister

1779:

The House of Lords is often criticised for being too large, and thus too expensive. With almost 800 members it is the second-largest legislative house in the world, second only to the

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Whether elections to the Lords should be linked to general elections, those for the European Parliament, or over time linked to those from devolved and regional bodies within the UK;

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By far the most commonly suggested proposal for reform amongst politicians is a combination of an elected and appointed House and this was the original proposal recommended by the

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The remaining 92 hereditary peers were to be removed, the number of peers to be capped after 10 years at 600 and 120 members to be elected to represent the nations and the regions.

1499:, reported on 31 October 2017, chiefly recommending a reduction to 600 members. To that end, the report recommended: members be appointed to 15 year terms; at least 20% would be 438:

There should be increased representation of women and those from ethnic minority backgrounds. No group in society should in future have privileged hereditary access to the House.

996:, whose appointment would not go through the Statutory Appointments Commission. The total size of the House was proposed to be 540 members – with 180 introduced at each intake. 3095: 2341:

The future of peerages. One proposal is that peerages should remain, as part of the honours system, but that they should no longer be linked to membership of the upper house.

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would abolish the House of Lords and replace it with an "Assembly of the Nations and Regions" consisting of 200 elected members. In February 2024, Labour was reported in the

2213:. The electoral college often consists of members of local authorities or regional assemblies, and may include members of the primary chamber. There are various proposals: 2134:

which did not elect either the Upper House or assembly. (The Athenian Upper House was a court allotted from all citizens, and any citizen was able to attend the assembly.)

1894:. Opposition is based either on the practical need for some expertise amongst members of the upper chamber or on a belief that "democracy means an elected second chamber". 1783:

of China, and is much larger than Upper Houses in comparable countries. The physical capacity of the chamber is only about 400 seats, which has led to "jostling for space".

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on 27 June 2012 which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011. However, this Bill was abandoned by the Government on 6 August 2012 following opposition from within the

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seats. Proposals to deal with this problem include lifetime disqualification for membership of the House of Commons as a condition of a place in a reformed upper house.

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The upper House should ensure that changes to the constitution are not made without full and open debate and that there is increased scrutiny of secondary legislation

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These criticisms have led some to question whether there is a need for a second house at all, and whether the bicameral system in British politics is still useful.

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would be removed, but the white paper left open whether they would be removed at one stroke or allowed a gradual removal by "natural wastage". The link between the

946:

Paradoxically, far from making the Lords more submissive, more and more the House of Lords was willing to be assertive in its actions and confront the government.

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affair together with recent attempts by the Lords to block, water down, or add safeguards to (according to viewpoint) recent controversial legislation such as the

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Originally, the two Houses of Parliament had equal legislative powers. The agreement of both was necessary before a bill could be submitted to the Monarch for

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Research has suggested that parliaments including randomly selected members are likely to be more efficient and to result in greater benefits to society.

2613: 1830: 2945: 2304:) whereby the share of each party's votes at each general election is aggregated and each party is allocated a number of places proportionately using a 1321:

Authorise the government to proceed with a retirement package which should reduce the average age and decrease the present House of 740 by possibly 200.

1015:, but would neither entail nor follow automatically from a seat in the House. The question of a possible new name for the reformed House was left open. 3681: 2126:

people when compared the House of Commons and other elected bodies in the UK. A move to an elected chamber would be likely to diminish this diversity.

3476: 2189:, which did not serve their interests, as it was built to help the middle and lower classes, while taxing land owners and the "idle rich", promising 1315:

End the by-elections for hereditary peers and turn the remaining ones into de facto life peers and finally end hereditary entry into our Upper House.

3585: 3559: 872: 385: 156: 4160: 3210: 2967: 117: 4638: 2130:

Many submissions from the public rejected the notion that an elected Upper House would be democratic, basing their assertion on the model of the

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was set up to consider House of Lords reform proposals. The commission's recommendations were rejected by a vote in the House of Lords. The

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would be allowed to stand for election to the Upper House, but members of the Upper House would not be immediately allowed to become MPs.

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give the United Kingdom's constituent nations and regions, for the first time, a formally constituted voice in the Westminster Parliament.

4475: 2661: 2350: 1648: 1302:("Other place" is Commons jargon for the House of Lords.) In response Lord Lipsey accused Jack Straw of misleading the House of Commons: 4501: 2552: 2477: 2190: 1716:

Which of these do you personally think should happen to the House of Lords? Please indicate which one option best represents your view.

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When in 2003 Lord Falconer of Thoroton signalled the government's preference for an all appointed House of Lords, three members of the

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On any bill extending the maximum term of the House of Commons beyond five years, the House of Lords retained equal legislative powers.

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government may wish to tame the powers of the Lords, these results suggest that voters are really quite happy with things as they are.

4132: 3103: 2639: 1874:

I mean, for example, that it is thought to be democratic for the offices to be assigned by lot, for them to be elected is oligarchic.

66: 4754: 4732: 4659: 3782: 2765: 974: 3188: 1724: 430:

In the white paper, although the government said it "strongly endorsed" the Royal Commission's views, it listed its own proposals:

4798: 3305: 2757: 2425: 1526: 1450: 829: 54: 2061:: An elected House is likely to have more younger people in it than a nominated one and therefore be more reflective of society. 1808:

Many legislatures, such as the parliaments of Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Denmark, Israel and New Zealand (and within the UK, the

1678:

Thinking about the future of the House of Lords, which of the following would you most like to see? 4% stated 'something else'.

1018:

The white paper also proposed avoiding the risk of all options being rejected, as had occurred in the 2003 debate, by using the

21: 1456:

there are any eligible. This followed the Bishops and Priests (Consecration and Ordination of Women) Measure 2014, whereby the

1416: 1387: 911:. Following the failure of the previous public consultations, to endorse the Government's proposals for reform, in April 2006, 393:

and with a particular responsibility to represent the regions. We agree there should be a statutory appointments commission ...

97: 2363: 1435: 1396:

The Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform published its final report on 23 April 2012 and made the following suggestions:

1346: 935: 919: 915:

announced the government would now "consult privately" with the other main political parties on the membership of the House.

868: 105: 58: 4606: 3955: 2308:

system. Each elector would have one vote which would both determine their local MP and the composition of the Upper House.

1003:

forced to retire before death, but with the possibility of a redundancy package should they choose to do so. The remaining

205:'s Labour Government published a white paper on reform of the House of Lords. Main proposals made in the white paper were: 3003:, but, as it only involves electing a single winning candidate or option, it is not a form of proportional representation. 2165: 2003: 1780: 1283:

There was strong opinion about the votes. Lord McNally, the Liberal Democrat leader in the Lords said the Lords' decision

4278: 723:

After this series of votes, where the Commons failed to back a single option and the Lords only a fully appointed House,

2686: 1541: 3408: 89: 2996: 2254: 2142: 1488: 330: 4580: 2912:

Russell, Meg; Sciara, Maria (2006). "Parliament: The House of Lords — A More Representative and Assertive Chamber?".

3531: 2512: 4382: 1544:, introduced a bill to extend the Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 by 5 years to 18 May 2030. On 5 September 2024, 1537: 1496: 3356: 2426:"The House of Lords Completing the Reform; A Government White Paper Presented to Parliament by the Prime Minister" 2262: 2201:

About 30% of overseas second chambers are elected by indirect methods, including the upper houses of France, the

2123: 1817: 496:

Plainly, the dominant view of this House expressed over the past two days is in favour of an all-appointed House.

4359: 3455: 4634: 4309: 3867: 2751: 2531: 2378: 2176:

However, a hereditary right passing down the generations was argued as promoting a divided society between the

2007: 1919:

Those supporting a fully appointed House reject the idea of a composite partly elected, party appointed House:

1610: 1032: 248: 2953: 2280:, but, just like hereditary peers, presumably bishops would no longer have any reserved seats in the Senate. 483:

establish a Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform to try to take matters forward and achieve a consensus.

2893:

Constitution Unit press release, "Lords should block government bills, say public and MPs", 12 December 2005

2589: 2148: 1838: 963: 939: 904: 317: 101: 78: 61:

for more than a century. Multiple governments have attempted reform, beginning with the introduction of the

1393:

The proposals were considered by a Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform made up of both MPs and Peers.

4639:"The Reform of the House of Lords: The Submission of the Electoral Reform Society to the Royal Commission" 3611: 2228: 2164:

It has been suggested by some that the hereditary peerage ought to be restored to the House of Lords. The

1557: 1500: 1036: 1012: 778: 752:

In June 2003, Tony Blair announced the creation of a new department to oversee constitutional change with

259:

Money bills which, failing consent from the Lords within one month, could receive royal assent without it.

176: 4408: 3162: 1964:

In January 2002, the Conservatives unveiled plans for a 300-member "Senate", with 240 members elected by

1474:

The House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 authorised the House to expel or suspend members.

887:

In March 2006, the House of Lords reform was again under discussion. This new interest resulted from the

163:, however, amended the 1911 act reducing the time the Lords could delay a bill from two sessions to one. 4618: 4167: 3862: 3000: 2617: 2090:: An elected House would have more younger people than a nominated one which would have less experience. 1019: 2491: 846:

conduct for consultations by failing to mention many of the new ideas arising from both consultations.

4771: 4642: 4212: 3738: 2349:

system, as is constituted in several other English-speaking countries. Labour, in the report from its

2049:: Membership of the second chamber would be seen as a job with specific and important duties attached. 1941:

maintaining the status and independence of the Lords without endangering the supremacy of the Commons;

3985: 3280: 1976: 1380: 1324:

Enable peerages to be removed from those guilty of serious offences on the same basis as the Commons.

167: 4003: 1640:

Thinking about the future of the House of Lords, which of the following would you most like to see?

984:

Whilst the white paper made recommendations for a half-elected, half-appointed House, it proposed a

356:

House of Commons to reconsider proposed legislation and take account of any cogent objections to it.

3247: 3218: 2322: 2258: 2202: 2182: 2152: 1965: 1834: 1809: 1760:

A number of other opinion polls on House of Lords reform have been reported between 2007 and 2012.

978: 274: 270: 252: 240: 160: 152: 136: 62: 4711: 4251: 4106: 4081: 1890:

However, at present within the UK this form of selection is mainly restricted to the allotment of

3837: 3788: 2455: 2333:

There are some concerns that a reformed upper house may be "a feeder body" into the lower house (

2131: 1867: 900: 2394:

List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted without the House of Lords' consent

2186: 1318:

Create a Statutory Appointments Commission to replace Prime Ministerial patronage for new peers.

3633: 2814:

Statement included in Liberal Democrat press release: 'Don't Tinker with the Lords', 9 May 2003

1379:. Under the proposals, members would also serve single non-renewable terms of 15 years. Former 1011:

and membership of the House would be broken: peerages could still potentially be awarded as an

4750: 4728: 4655: 4479: 3778: 2925: 2761: 2593: 2289: 1911:

endless – none of whom would be likely to be available to stand for election. (

1862:

There was a considerable number of proposals in the consultation for an Upper House chosen by

1846: 1457: 1403:

Peers with the least attendance should be the first to be removed from a mainly elected House.

1373: 888: 402: 236: 70: 34: 30: 4509: 2084:: It would be virtually impossible to retain any independent, non-party element in the House. 1841:(SNP) favours abolition, and as such has no members of the House of Lords. In November 2022, 4596: 4544: 4446: 4413: 3829: 3770: 3536: 2917: 2398: 2334: 2011: 2006:

proposed a 70% elected second chamber, elected in thirds at each general election using the

1932:

achieving a range of representation, bringing in those with skills and experience, allowing

1903: 1495:), launched the inquiry of his new committee on the House's size. The committee, chaired by 1004: 896: 185: 104:. A successful attempt to pursue minor reform of the House was made on 14 May 2014 when the 2112:: Elections, proper salaries and research facilities would considerably increase the costs. 1947:

preventing the possibility of a constitutional clash between appointed and elected members.

1533:

from the House of Lords, and introduce mandatory retirement for Lords at 80 years of age.

767:

to replace the existing system of Law Lords operating as a committee of the House of Lords.

219:

The right of the House to delay a bill would have been reduced from one year to six months.

4742: 4528: 3481: 3042: 2859: 2824: 2373: 2277: 2119: 2097: 1972: 1530: 1423: 1376: 993: 931: 281:

there was still no consensus on comprehensive reform of the upper chamber of Parliaments.

2532:"Proposals for the Reform of the Composition and Powers of the House of Lords, 1968–1998" 2137:

The main variation between proposals for an elected Upper House is the form of election:

4705: 4694: 3981: 4721: 4685: 4677: 2992: 2388: 2245:

The huge expense of (i) further national elections and of (ii) full-time salaried peers

1991: 1957: 334: 294: 216:

Sitting government would have got a right to a majority of voting members of the House.

181: 127:

The Liberal Government elected in 1910 included a foreword in the Parliament Act 1911:

26: 3662: 3313: 2429: 143: 4807: 4781: 4673: 4669: 3908: 3841: 3792: 3117: 3069: 3013: 2300: 912: 202: 2067:: It is an unequivocal sign the Government was committed to a bicameral legislature. 2055:: All parts of the country and all shades of political opinion could be represented. 1341:

On 14 May 2008 Gordon Brown announced that the government intended to publish a new

421:

On 7 November 2001, the government launched a white paper and consultation stating:

4549: 4451: 4217: 4137: 3707: 3460: 3413: 1842: 1553: 1545: 1504: 1492: 333:, to examine proposals for Lords Reform and make recommendations. It published its 277:

which reduced the suspensory veto to two sessions and one year. By the time of the

232: 3889: 3428: 2036:

According to the Government report, the advantages of an elected Upper House are:

1363:

shares of the vote secured by the political parties in the last general election.

370:

Provisions should be in place to permit ministers to be drawn from the Upper House

4610: 3833: 3763:

Kippin, Sean; Campion, Sonali (2018). "How undemocratic is the House of Lords?".

3723: 3648: 2118:: the current membership of the House of Lords has a higher proportion of women, 4650:

Marriott, John Arthur Ransome (1969). "XIII: The Reform of the House of Lords".

4208: 4055: 4030: 3503: 3381: 2305: 2295: 2206: 1342: 959: 50: 4622: 478:

Whether there should be a change from an expenses-based system of remuneration.

409:, all three main parties included statements on House of Lords reform in their 4386: 4238:

Conservative Party Press Notice: 'Conservatives call for a new elected Senate'

3243:"Jack Straw sets out plans for 'unfinished business' of House of Lords reform" 2614:"A House for the Future; Royal Commission on the Reform of the House of Lords" 2232: 1995: 1987: 1934: 1912: 1821: 1334: 1000: 724: 410: 313: 312:

In 1999, the Government completed a deal with the Lords to remove most of the

93: 1870:, where selection by lot was considered to be more democratic than election: 1023:

The free vote was therefore held under traditional Parliamentary procedures.

397:

On 4 May 2000 the Prime Minister announced the membership of a non-statutory

84:

All three of the main parties promised to take action on Lords reform in the

4777:

Joint Select Committee on the Draft House of Lords Reform Bill (23 Apr 2012)

3686: 2921: 1980: 1863: 1826: 985: 290: 341:

It should have around 550 members of which 65, 87 or 195 should be elected.

3636:. The Government of the United Kingdom and King Charles III. 17 July 2024. 4786: 4279:"Lords reform: the Lords is more diverse and democratic than the Commons" 3941:

Modernising Parliament, Reforming the House of Lords, HMSO, December 1998

3508: 2383: 2235:

proposed a solution to avoid four identified pitfalls of reform, namely:

1406:

Up to 12 Lords Spiritual should be retained in a reformed House of Lords.

262:

Other bills on which the House of Lords could exercise a suspensory veto.

3815:"'A More Representative Chamber': Representation and the House of Lords" 388:

expressed the government's broad acceptance of the commission's report:

3989: 3909:"Legitimacy and Bicameral Strength: A Case Study of the House of Lords" 3739:"Public Attitudes Towards the House of Lords and House of Lords Reform" 3357:"Report of the Joint Committee on the Draft House of Lords Reform Bill" 1008: 364: 4704:

Moran, Thomas Francis (1908). "XI: The proposed reform of the House".

2583: 3774: 3703:"Ministers introduce plans to remove all hereditary peers from Lords" 2346: 1048:

Parliamentary votes for an appointed House of Lords, 7/14 March 2007

2946:"7 in 10 think ordinary citizens should decide on democratic reform" 1350:

proposed a referendum on an elected House of Lords by October 2011.

4799:

Professor Dawn Oliver: What is to be done about the House of Lords?

3764: 2106:: The transition to a fully elected House would be most disruptive. 463:

members, and the balance between political and independent members;

2452:"The House of Lords Completing the Reform; Consultation Responses" 1552:

in House of Commons to remove all hereditary peers, including the

922:, governmental responsibility for this topic was transferred from 142: 3612:"Labour's Manifesto / Serving the country: Constitutional reform" 2507: 2505: 962:

following discussions of a cross-party working group convened by

760:

Establishment of an independent Judicial Appointments Commission.

756:

as its first Secretary of State. The department was tasked with:

492:

for a fully appointed House, so much so that Lord Irvine stated:

4056:"Commons Speaker Sir Lindsay Hoyle opposes Labour's Lords plans" 3663:"Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 (Extension) Bill [HL]" 1891: 773:

New arrangements for the conduct of Scottish and Welsh business.

3682:"House of Lords reform to remove hereditary peers in 18 months" 1768:

There are several criticisms of the House of Lords, including:

1386:

Many of the details of the proposal were incorporated into the

475:

What grounds should lead to statutory expulsion from the House;

16:

Proposed reforming of the upper house of the British Parliament

4161:"Stephen Fry has the solution to the Franco Debono debacle..." 4133:"Improbable research: why random selection of MPs may be best" 2185:

to reduce their power, the House of Lords were opposed to the

2353:

has suggested the name "Assembly of the Nations and Regions".

2248:

The loss of experience and expertise among independent peers.

1837:

announced her support for abolishing the House of Lords. The

4383:"Why the Hereditary Peers should stay in the House of Lords" 3913:

PSA Parliaments and Legislatures Specialist Group Conference

367:

should no longer be a necessary qualification for membership

4255: 4107:"Labour plans to axe hereditary peers in UK House of Lords" 2276:

Steel's outline proposals did not specifically mention the

4607:"Constitutional Reform: Next steps for the House of Lords" 2253:

MEPs, and Members of the three devolved legislatures: the

2242:

Territorial peers threatening the role of constituency MPs

2043:: A directly elected body would have a democratic mandate. 1596:

Support appointed members with term limit of 10 years (%)

871:

received Royal Assent. It provides for replacement of the

1525:, the Labour Party detailed plans to extend the expiring 337:

in 2000 with 132 recommendations of which the main were:

184:, undermining its credibility as a revising chamber. The 4652:

Second Chambers: An Inductive Study in Political Science

3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3477:"Coalition shaken as Cameron ducks out of vote on Lords" 810:

Constitutional Reform: Next Steps for the House of Lords

193:

as had been the procedure in Scotland prior to the Act.

4609:. Department for Constitutional Affairs. Archived from 4595:. Department for Constitutional Affairs. Archived from 4545:"Tory plan for senate 'recipe for gridlock' says Blair" 2753:

Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform – First Report

2330:

whilst Scottish and possibly Welsh legislation are not.

2218:

the democratic nature of an otherwise nominated House".

1288:

commitment to an elected House of Lords remains intact.

4478:. United Kingdom: History & Policy. Archived from 3766:

The UK's Changing Democracy: The 2018 Democratic Audit

3586:"Reduce House of Lords to 600 Members, says committee" 3560:"Inquiry launched into the size of the House of Lords" 1354:

The Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition government

969:

Any elected element would be elected under a regional

3956:"We should abolish the House of Lords, not reform it" 999:

The paper provided for a gradual transition, with no

3724:"Labour launches bid to get rid of hereditary peers" 3382:"Landale online: Plans to cut Lords to 300 rejected" 2151:

have called for the second chamber to be elected by

2100:

by the Government of the day, removing independence.

1400:

The reformed House of Lords should have 450 members.

981:– which also take place on a fixed five-year cycle. 4723:

Reforming the House of Lords: Lessons from overseas

4502:"A 100 Day Action Plan to save Britain's Democracy" 3949: 3947: 3456:"Labour reform: Labour to reject any Lib Dem deals" 3454:Watt, Nicholas; Mulholland, Hélène (10 July 2012). 3429:"Bishops must stay in the Lords, MPs and peers say" 2513:"Proposals for a reformed House of Lords published" 1902:The reason that the UK almost uniquely (except for 958:On 8 February 2007, the Government published a new 459:The overall balance between elected, nominated and 384:In a debate in the House of Lords on 7 March 2000, 4720: 2995:, incorrectly referred to the proposed system as " 1944:maintaining the low cost of the present House; and 1470:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 1464:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 988:of MPs among seven options as to composition (see 4707:The Theory and Practice of the English Government 4623:"How to Preserve the House of Lords (S491: 1894)" 1360:Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement 501:amendment to abolish the upper house completely: 307:Labour Party, Labour Party Manifesto 1997, p32–33 247:arose that the House of Lords would defer to the 3504:"Nick Clegg: Lords reform plans to be abandoned" 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 1983:supports a predominantly elected second chamber. 1938:members and ensuring a continuity of membership; 770:Reform of the Speakership of the House of Lords. 505:Results of parliamentary votes, 4 February 2003 329:In 1999 a Royal Commission was appointed, under 4654:. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 198–226. 4579:. House of Lords. 19 April 2000. Archived from 4435:The "i" newspaper, Friday 22 June 2012, page 11 4187: 4185: 4082:"Labour delays plans to abolish House of Lords" 3649:"King's Speech summary: Key points at a glance" 3409:"Lazy peers to face axe first in Lords reforms" 3037: 3035: 1986:In 2005, a cross party group of MPs chaired by 1872: 299: 175:following their landslide victory in 1945. The 129: 4385:. London: Free Life Commentary. Archived from 4356:"In defence of the Hereditary Peerage, Part 1" 3151:Hansard, Lords, 13 March 2007 : Col. 639. 2082:Loss of independents and ex officio membership 4476:"What is to be done with the second chamber?" 4004:"House of Lords should be scrapped, says SNP" 3336:"The Coalition: our programme for government" 1590:Support partial or fully elected chamber (%) 928:Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs 8: 4605:Lord Falconer of Thoroton (September 2003). 4577:"Reform and proposals for reform since 1900" 1569:of Lords remaining as an appointed chamber. 819:Removal of the remaining 92 hereditary peers 2585:What's Wrong with the British Constitution? 2369:Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom 2294:A system proposed by musician and activist 2010:. This proposal was largely adopted by the 893:Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 4794:Australian Government information bulletin 4745:; Wolfram Kaiser, eds. (1 November 2000). 4524:"Tories to turn Lords into elected Senate" 1571: 251:on measures to raise and spend money. The 4447:"Billy Bragg presents Lords reform plans" 4193:Democracy means an elected second chamber 4031:"Labour would abolish the House of Lords" 2796:HC Hansard, 29 January 2003, cols. 877-78 873:Appellate Committee of the House of Lords 4621:(January 1894). Charles H. Smith (ed.). 4246: 4244: 4203: 4201: 3982:"We're fed up of the Westminster bubble" 3614:(Press release). Labour Party (UK). 2024 2914:Palgrave Review of British Politics 2005 1390:introduced to the Commons in June 2012. 1345:on lords reform. This was issued by the 1046: 989: 503: 20: 3178:Commons Hansard, 19 July 2007, col. 451 2410: 469:The length of term for elected members; 118:History of reform of the House of Lords 25:The House of Lords Chamber as drawn by 4772:House of Lords reform – House of Lords 1550:House of Lords (Hereditary Peers) Bill 1517:House of Lords (Hereditary Peers) Bill 147:Labour Party campaign poster from 1910 123:Reform and reform attempts before 1997 4445:Press Association (9 February 2004). 2999:". The alternative vote is a form of 2902:HL Hansard, 25 April 2006, cols 91–92 2805:HC Hansard, 4 February 2003, col. 243 2787:HL Hansard, 22 January 2003, Col. 831 2732:HC Hansard 12 May 2002, cols. 516–533 2519:. Deputy Prime Minister. 17 May 2011. 1831:2020 Labour Party leadership election 806:Department for Constitutional Affairs 749:Department for Constitutional Affairs 732:Committee, because they will need it. 7: 4358:. London: ResPublica. Archived from 4354:Menzies, Dwayne (15 December 2010). 3189:"HC Hansard, Vol 475 No 94 Col 1389" 3142:Hansard, Commons, 7/3/07; col. 1554. 2968:"The House of Lords: Reform Cm 7027" 2141:Most proponents support a system of 1523:2024 United Kingdom general election 909:Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 812:, which gave as its main proposals: 235:, which if granted made the bill an 57:, has been a topic of discussion in 4727:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4710:. Longmans, Green, and co. p. 3890:"House of Lords: Does size matter?" 3680:Wright, Oliver (5 September 2024). 3370:from the original on 26 April 2012. 2741:HL Hansard 12 May 2002, cols. 12–23 2239:Conflict between two elected houses 1799:Proposals are listed alphabetically 727:, the leader of the Commons, said: 346:independent Appointments Commission 4543:White, Michael (14 January 2002). 4308:. York: The Yorker. Archived from 4306:"Restore all the hereditary peers" 3822:The Journal of Legislative Studies 3701:Courea, Eleni (4 September 2024). 3532:"PM: We haven't broken 'contract'" 3306:"Summary of House of Lords debate" 2076:Conflict with the House of Commons 1915:, former Alliance leader, in 2007) 417:White paper and first consultation 255:divided Bills into three classes. 77:, the Blair government passed the 14: 4166:. 11 January 2012. Archived from 3980:@RLong_Bailey (12 January 2020). 3722:Francis, Sam (5 September 2024). 3270:"The Labour Party Manifesto 2010" 3118:"MPs back all-elected Lords plan" 3096:"Lords reform to cost £1 billion" 3043:"Peers reject Lords reform plans" 3014:"MPs back all-elected Lords plan" 2952:. 22 January 2007. Archived from 2860:"Blair puts Lords reform on hold" 2582:McLean, Iain (12 November 2009). 2428:. 7 November 2001. Archived from 1460:first recognised female bishops. 1367:May 2011 proposals and draft bill 348:responsible for all appointments. 4409:"Let's mark the People's Budget" 4131:Abrahams, Marc (16 April 2012). 4029:Wells, Ione (20 November 2022). 3907:Russell, M.; Sciara, M. (2006). 3068:Assinder, Nick (14 March 2007). 2758:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2222: 1527:Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 1451:Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 1445:Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 816:A fully appointed House of Lords 55:Parliament of the United Kingdom 4381:Gabb, Sean (25 November 1998). 3279:. 13 April 2010. Archived from 1417:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 1411:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 1388:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 920:Cabinet reshuffle on 5 May 2006 197:Parliament (No. 2) Bill 1968–69 98:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 4474:Lawrence, Jon (January 2007). 4254:. Allot.org.uk. Archived from 3813:Bochel, H.; Defty, A. (2012). 3475:Grice, Andrew (11 July 2012). 3312:. 29 June 2010. Archived from 2712:"HC Hansard, Vol 364 Col 200W" 2662:"HC Hansard, Vol 349 Col 181W" 2530:Deadman, Hugo (14 July 1998). 2364:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 2094:Composed of simply politicians 1829:. In January 2020, during the 1730:Electoral Reform Society (ERS) 1436:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1430:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1347:Secretary of State for Justice 936:Leader of the House of Commons 869:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 106:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1: 4782:Lords reform left in disarray 4749:. United Kingdom: Routledge. 4719:Russell, Meg (January 2000). 4601:with the 2003 White Paper at: 4304:Paton, James (22 July 2012). 3737:Cruse, Ian (29 August 2021). 3647:Seddon, Paul (17 July 2024). 3241:Prince, Rosa (14 July 2008). 3070:"Where now for Lords reform?" 2849:HL Hansard, 18 September 2003 2825:"Lords reform hits new delay" 2640:"HL Hansard, Vol 610 Col 912" 2553:"HC Hansard, Vol 321 Col 874" 2492:"Summary Agenda 27 June 2012" 2351:Commission on the UK's Future 2223:Lord Steel's reform proposals 2197:Indirect election/appointment 2166:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 1548:'s government introduced the 790:Ministers responded, saying: 191:Scottish representative peers 4814:Reform of the House of Lords 4790:. Published 5 February 2003. 4333:"Work of the House of Lords" 3863:"Replace the House of Lords" 3834:10.1080/13572334.2012.646714 3407:Helm, Toby (25 March 2012). 3161:Lord Steel (15 March 2007). 2687:"HC Hansard, Vol 352 Col 55" 2539:House of Lords Library Notes 2071:The main disadvantages are: 1845:stated that if elected, the 1542:Leader of the House of Lords 1031:In March 2007 the Houses of 289:The Labour Party had in its 67:incumbent Liberal Government 47:reform of the House of Lords 4696:The House of Lords Question 4195:, SCGN December 1999 no.149 3954:Benn, Tony (12 July 2012). 3211:"An Elected Second Chamber" 2997:proportional representation 2991:At least one news service, 2255:National Assembly for Wales 2143:Proportional Representation 2096:: Politicians who would be 1868:democracy of Ancient Greece 1329:The Brown Labour government 285:The Blair Labour government 4832: 4747:Reforming the Constitution 4508:. May 2009. Archived from 4277:Low, Colin (9 July 2012). 2478:"Programme for Government" 2454:. May 2002. Archived from 2287: 1781:National People's Congress 1538:Baroness Smith of Basildon 1514: 1467: 1448: 1433: 1414: 800:Second public consultation 386:Baroness Jay of Paddington 293:the promise to reform the 227:Powers as of 1997 election 115: 4213:"Don't destroy the Lords" 2263:Northern Ireland Assembly 2124:black and minority ethnic 2104:Transitional difficulties 1818:Northern Ireland Assembly 1511:Starmer Labour government 1262: 1243: 1058: 1055: 1052: 994:Church of England bishops 924:Lord Facloner of Thoroton 754:Lord Falconer of Thoroton 702: 515: 512: 509: 450:First public consultation 245:constitutional convention 172:constitutional convention 4635:Electoral Reform Society 3868:Electoral Reform Society 3634:"The King's Speech 2024" 3222:. London. 26 August 2009 2379:Disestablishmentarianism 2008:single transferable vote 472:The term of appointment; 4589:"House of Lords Reform" 4335:. London: parliament.uk 4331:House of Lords (2013). 3345:. May 2010. p. 27. 2922:10.1057/9780230598157_9 2884:2nd Consultation report 2590:Oxford University Press 2209:, South Africa and the 2065:Entrenched bicameralism 1839:Scottish National Party 1593:Support status quo (%) 905:Identity Cards Act 2006 804:In September 2003, the 399:Appointments Commission 318:House of Lords Act 1999 88:, and following it the 79:House of Lords Act 1999 4619:Wallace, Alfred Russel 3020:. London. 7 March 2007 2399:Canadian Senate reform 2211:pre-1913 United States 1926: 1917: 1885: 1587:Support abolition (%) 1558:Lord Great Chamberlain 1309: 1300: 1290: 867:On 24 March 2005, the 860: 839: 797: 788: 744: 734: 498: 487:Votes of February 2003 428: 395: 310: 177:Life Peerages Act 1958 148: 141: 42: 4693:Reid, Andrew (1898). 4593:Constitutional Policy 3163:"House of Lords Bill" 3106:on 28 September 2007. 2618:The Stationery Office 2191:wealth redistribution 1928:The main issues are: 1921: 1908: 1858:Allotment (sortition) 1578:Polling organisation 1521:During and following 1478:Second May government 1307:the House of Commons. 1304: 1295: 1285: 855: 851:2005 general election 834: 792: 783: 739: 729: 494: 423: 407:2001 general election 390: 316:Peers and passed the 279:1997 general election 146: 108:gained Royal Assent. 86:2010 general election 75:1997 general election 73:came to power in the 24: 4613:on 30 November 2003. 2950:makeitanissue.org.uk 2916:. pp. 122–136. 2760:. 11 December 2002. 2183:original legislation 1977:New Politics Network 1791:The range of options 1263:Remove hereditaries 781:issued a statement: 168:Salisbury Convention 4682:Reform of the Lords 4627:Contemporary Review 4599:on 4 December 2003. 4389:on 9 September 2012 4258:on 10 February 2007 4211:(5 February 2007). 3310:Re-constitution.org 3219:The Daily Telegraph 3001:preferential voting 2432:on 22 December 2003 2323:Scottish Parliament 2259:Scottish Parliament 2203:Republic of Ireland 2153:First Past the Post 2019:Appointment by jury 1975:campaign set up by 1966:first past the post 1835:Rebecca Long-Bailey 1810:Scottish Parliament 1721:17–20 October 2017 1049: 1027:Votes of March 2007 979:European Parliament 506: 378:could not recommend 344:There should be an 275:Parliament Act 1949 271:Parliament Act 1949 253:Parliament Act 1911 241:English Restoration 161:Parliament Act 1949 153:Parliament Act 1911 137:Parliament Act 1911 90:Coalition Agreement 63:Parliament Act 1911 39:Microcosm of London 4645:on 3 October 2006. 4532:. 12 January 2002. 4170:on 13 January 2012 4062:. 21 December 2022 2132:Athenian democracy 1764:Reasons for reform 1047: 901:Terrorism Act 2006 763:Creation of a new 504: 269:Together with the 149: 102:Conservative Party 43: 4680:(December 1954). 4312:on 17 August 2013 4164:ramonadepares.com 3896:. 28 August 2015. 3592:. 31 October 2017 3566:. 25 January 2017 3366:. 26 April 2012. 2931:978-1-349-28083-4 2599:978-0-19-172003-1 2559:. 2 December 1998 2298:(and endorsed by 2290:Secondary mandate 2284:Secondary mandate 2116:Loss of diversity 2047:Status of members 1758: 1757: 1536:On 30 July 2024, 1487:In January 2017, 1458:Church of England 1374:Church of England 1281: 1280: 1244:Retain bicameral 889:Cash for Peerages 779:Liberal Democrats 721: 720: 237:Act of Parliament 112:History of reform 31:Thomas Rowlandson 4821: 4760: 4738: 4726: 4715: 4700: 4689: 4665: 4646: 4641:. 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February 2007 2970: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2956:on 4 July 2007. 2944: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2866:. 19 March 2004 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2562: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2498:. 27 June 2012. 2490: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2412: 2407: 2374:Democratisation 2360: 2318: 2292: 2286: 2278:Lords Spiritual 2225: 2199: 2187:People's Budget 2162: 2030: 2021: 1973:Elect the Lords 1954: 1900: 1884: 1878: 1860: 1851:Financial Times 1806: 1793: 1766: 1645:23–24 May 2018 1566: 1564:Opinion polling 1519: 1513: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1466: 1453: 1447: 1438: 1432: 1424:three line whip 1419: 1413: 1369: 1356: 1331: 1029: 956: 932:Lord Chancellor 885: 865: 802: 489: 452: 419: 376:The commission 327: 309: 306: 287: 229: 199: 140: 135: 125: 120: 114: 96:introduced the 17: 12: 11: 5: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4766:External links 4764: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4739: 4733: 4716: 4701: 4690: 4686:Fabian Society 4678:Donald Chapman 4666: 4660: 4647: 4637:(April 1999). 4631: 4615: 4602: 4585: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4535: 4515: 4493: 4482:on 22 May 2013 4466: 4437: 4428: 4400: 4373: 4346: 4323: 4296: 4269: 4240: 4231: 4197: 4181: 4152: 4123: 4098: 4073: 4047: 4021: 4010:. 28 July 2015 3995: 3988:) – via 3972: 3943: 3925: 3899: 3881: 3854: 3805: 3783: 3755: 3729: 3714: 3693: 3672: 3654: 3639: 3625: 3603: 3577: 3551: 3523: 3495: 3467: 3446: 3420: 3399: 3373: 3348: 3343:Cabinet Office 3327: 3297: 3261: 3233: 3202: 3180: 3171: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3124:. 7 March 2007 3109: 3087: 3060: 3031: 3005: 2993:Channel 4 News 2984: 2959: 2937: 2930: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2851: 2842: 2831:. 17 July 2003 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2766: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2714:. 6 March 2001 2703: 2689:. 19 June 2000 2678: 2653: 2642:. 7 March 2000 2631: 2620:. January 2000 2605: 2598: 2574: 2544: 2522: 2501: 2483: 2469: 2443: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2389:Gunpowder Plot 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2342: 2339: 2331: 2317: 2314: 2288:Main article: 2285: 2282: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2198: 2195: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2128: 2127: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2053:Representation 2050: 2044: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2000:Dr Tony Wright 1992:Kenneth Clarke 1990:consisting of 1984: 1969: 1958:Wakeham Report 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1899: 1896: 1876: 1859: 1856: 1805: 1802: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692:We, The People 1689: 1684: 1683:6–17 May 2018 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599:Undecided (%) 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1565: 1562: 1515:Main article: 1512: 1509: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1468:Main article: 1465: 1462: 1449:Main article: 1446: 1443: 1434:Main article: 1431: 1428: 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1368: 1365: 1355: 1352: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1028: 1025: 955: 952: 884: 881: 864: 861: 825: 824: 820: 817: 801: 798: 775: 774: 771: 768: 761: 719: 718: 713: 710: 707: 704: 700: 699: 694: 691: 686: 683: 680: 676: 675: 670: 667: 662: 659: 656: 652: 651: 646: 643: 638: 635: 632: 628: 627: 624: 621: 616: 613: 610: 606: 605: 602: 599: 594: 591: 588: 584: 583: 580: 577: 572: 569: 566: 562: 561: 556: 553: 550: 545: 542: 538: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 518: 517: 514: 511: 488: 485: 480: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 451: 448: 447: 446: 443: 439: 435: 418: 415: 405:". 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