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2012:
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903:
Poutanen, Kaisa S; Kårlund, Anna O; Gómez-Gallego, Carlos; Johansson, Daniel P; Scheers, Nathalie M; Marklinder, Ingela M; Eriksen, Anne K; Silventoinen, Pia C; Nordlund, Emilia
Nordlund; Sozer, Nesli; Hanhineva, Kati J; Kolehmainen, Marjukka; Landberg, Rikard (2022).
123:
than refined grains. After processing, fiber is not added back to enriched grains. Enriched grains are nutritionally comparable to whole grains but only in regard to their added nutrients. Whole grains contain higher amounts of minerals including
108:) became more common in the United States. To correct this, the Congress passed the U.S. Enrichment Act of 1942 which requires that iron, niacin, thiamin and riboflavin have to be added to all refined grain products before they are sold.
85:. Refined grains are milled which gives a finer texture and improved shelf life. Because the outer parts of the grain are removed and used for animal feed and non-food use, refined grains have been described as less
1268:"The Effect of Replacing Refined Grains with Whole Grains on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials with GRADE Clinical Recommendation"
856:"Chapter 4 - Carbohydrate Basics: Sugars, Starches and Fibers in Foods and Health: Healthy Carbohydrate Choices, Roles and Applications in Nutrition, Food Science and the Culinary Arts"
1420:
1316:
1150:
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890:
115:
Refining grain includes mixing, bleaching, and brominating; additionally, folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron are added back in to nutritionally
210:
and total cholesterol there is insufficient evidence to recommend "whole grains as opposed to refined grains for the prevention and treatment of CVD".
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in diets consisting largely of maize products. Similar to whole grains, refined grains are a good source of starch, including
119:
the product. Enriched grains are refined grains that have been fortified with additional nutrients. Whole grains contain more
187:(2020–2025) advises people to limit their intake of refined grains to be no more than half of total daily grain consumption.
2300:
1810:
2081:
1783:
196:
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1219:"2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association"
1373:"Do Refined Grains Have a Place in a Healthy Dietary Pattern: Perspectives from an Expert Panel Consensus Meeting"
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1820:
1800:
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199:
have advised people to consume whole grains instead of refined grains to improve cardiovascular risk factors.
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207:
1074:
Slavin, J. L. (2000). "Whole grains, refined grains and fortified refined grains: What's the difference?".
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1166:"Review of whole grain and dietary fiber recommendations and intake levels in different countries"
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After refinement of grains became prevalent in the early 20th-century, nutritional deficiencies (
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Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, et al. (December 2021).
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163:(a chemical form of refinement) yields a considerable improvement in the bioavailability of
183:
The dietary guidance of many countries is to replace refined grains with whole grains. The
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1371:
Papanikolaou Y, Slavin JL, Clemens R, Brenna JT, Hayes D, Gaesser GA, Fulgoni VL. (2020).
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Marshall S, Petocz P, Duve E, Abbott K, Cassettari T, Blumfield M, Fayet-Moore F. (2020).
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A refined grain is defined as having undergone a process that removes the bran, germ and
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1332:"Evaluation of the evidence between consumption of refined grains and health outcomes"
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1111:"Definitions, regulations, and new frontiers for dietary fiber and whole grains"
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have been significantly modified from their natural composition, in contrast to
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45:. The modification process generally involves the mechanical removal of
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There is no strong scientific evidence associating refined grains with
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Culinary
Nutrition: The Science and Practice of Healthy Cooking
231:
Nutritional effects of refining or enriching wheat and rice
206:
found that although whole grains have been shown to improve
906:"Grains – a major source of sustainable protein for health"
69:, or starchy interior. Examples of refined grains include
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1907:
1207:. dietaryguidelines.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
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35:Cereal containing endosperm, but not bran nor germ
1434:USDA Standard Reference 17 Food Nutrient Database
1275:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
891:"Whole Grains, Refined Grains, and Dietary Fiber"
202:A 2020 review of controlled trials that used the
53:, either through grinding or selective sifting.
1000:
998:
996:
994:
1205:"Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020–2025)"
1923:
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1008:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 480-482.
8:
1419:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1149:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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31:White rice is an example of a refined grain
1930:
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1109:Korczak, Renee; Slavin, Joanne L. (2020).
1076:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1027:"Solution to vitamin B3 mystery challenge"
881:. myplate.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
229:
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977:Sizer, Frances; Whitney, Ellie. (2013).
893:. heart.org. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
847:
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1031:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
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979:Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies
7:
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1006:Food Science: An Ecological Approach
25:
1377:Current Developments in Nutrition
981:. Cengage Learning. pp. 125-126.
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2010:
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1349:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00452.x
1088:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2000.00171.x
185:Dietary Guidelines for Americans
112:(folic acid) was added in 1996.
854:Marcus, Jacqueline B. (2013).
1:
2301:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
1811:Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
1784:Category:Barley-based drinks
1452:, UK Bakers Federation, 2002
1236:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031
1164:Miller, Kevin Burke (2020).
197:American Medical Association
152:which enriched grains lack.
148:. Whole grains also provide
65:of the grain and leaves the
2082:International Wheat Council
1715:List of barley-based drinks
1330:Williams, Peter G. (2012).
2430:
2111:Plant parts and their uses
1287:10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.021
2382:
2279:Associated human diseases
2008:
1877:
1794:Associated human diseases
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1044:10.1007/s00216-018-1432-9
1004:Edelstein, Sari. (2019).
242:
237:
235:
2311:dermatitis herpetiformis
2291:Gluten-related disorders
1821:Dermatitis herpetiformis
1801:Gluten-related disorders
1589:Australian Barley Board
208:low-density lipoprotein
2062:Australian Wheat Board
923:10.1093/nutrit/nuab084
191:Cardiovascular disease
32:
2102:Wheat pools in Canada
2092:Production statistics
1609:Wheat pools in Canada
1604:Production by country
1183:10.1093/nutrit/nuz052
1128:10.1093/nutrit/nuz061
167:, thereby preventing
140:and vitamins such as
30:
2067:Canadian Wheat Board
1594:Canadian Wheat Board
1509:Neolithic Revolution
1450:The History of Bread
1025:D’Ulivo, L. (2019).
831:Ultra-processed food
1389:10.1093/cdn/nzaa125
462:Pantothenic Acid (B
232:
89:than whole grains.
1662:Basic preparations
1619:Parts of the plant
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33:
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2170:Basic preparation
1905:
1904:
1336:Nutrition Reviews
1281:(11): 1859–1883.
1229:(23): e472–e487.
1170:Nutrition Reviews
1115:Nutrition Reviews
910:Nutrition Reviews
836:Whole-wheat flour
822:
821:
159:, the process of
16:(Redirected from
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2369:Tell Abu Hureyra
2327:Related concepts
2228:As an ingredient
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1837:Related concepts
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916:(6): 1648–1663.
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173:resistant starch
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1806:Coeliac disease
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1532:Types of barley
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1383:(10): nzaa125.
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862:. pp. 149-187.
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1772:Scotch whisky
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Irish whiskey
1748:
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1504:Domestication
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1129:
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1120:
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491:Pyridoxine (B
489:
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484:
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478:
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472:
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455:
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449:
446:
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411:
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404:Riboflavin (B
402:
401:
397:
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373:
372:
368:
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300:Carbohydrates
298:
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158:
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147:
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139:
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131:
127:
122:
121:dietary fiber
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
29:
19:
18:Refined grain
2414:Food science
2343:
2270:Wheat gluten
2039:Wheat mildew
1975:Winter wheat
1858:
1782:
1759:
1745:Caffè d'orzo
1735:Barley water
1725:Barley honey
1720:Barley bread
1669:
1539:
1449:
1429:
1415:cite journal
1380:
1376:
1366:
1342:(2): 80–99.
1339:
1335:
1325:
1311:cite journal
1278:
1274:
1261:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1200:
1176:(1): 29–36.
1173:
1169:
1159:
1145:cite journal
1118:
1114:
1104:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1005:
978:
950:cite journal
913:
909:
898:
886:
874:
859:
850:
217:
201:
194:
182:
154:
114:
91:
60:
43:whole grains
38:
37:
2359:Whole grain
2349:Staple food
2286:Anaphylaxis
2044:Hessian fly
1869:Whole grain
1864:Staple food
1546:Cultivars:
1223:Circulation
1121:(1): 6–12.
275:Food energy
87:sustainable
75:white flour
71:white bread
2403:Categories
2374:Tell Aswad
2364:Shattering
2354:Wheatpaste
2334:Bread riot
2260:Wheat beer
2214:Parboiling
2087:Peak wheat
1844:Bread riot
1781:see also:
1730:Barley tea
1707:ingredient
1696:Parboiling
1225:(Review).
842:References
649:Phosphorus
375:Thiamin (B
142:Vitamin B6
102:riboflavin
83:white rice
2250:Flatbread
2204:Middlings
2149:Endosperm
1691:Middlings
1514:Triticeae
1303:221746754
1253:240422142
1082:: S23-7.
774:Manganese
674:Potassium
624:Magnesium
549:Vitamin E
520:Folate (B
433:Niacin (B
226:Nutrition
146:Vitamin E
130:magnesium
67:endosperm
2390:Category
2240:Couscous
2209:Semolina
2020:Agronomy
1997:Khorasan
1970:Red Fife
1965:Norin 10
1887:Category
1563:Agronomy
1407:33062912
1358:22300595
1295:32933853
1245:34724806
1192:32728749
1137:32728750
1096:24398274
1061:58561104
1053:30594959
1037:(1): 3.
942:34741520
879:"Grains"
825:See also
799:Selenium
268:Enriched
264:Refined
257:Enriched
253:Refined
179:Research
169:pellagra
134:selenium
126:chromium
57:Overview
2409:Cereals
2245:Cracker
2189:Milling
2180:Berries
2161:Sprouts
2077:Exports
1987:Einkorn
1960:Marquis
1897:Commons
1777:Talbina
1761:Máchica
1671:Milling
1541:Hordeum
1538:Genus:
1496:History
1398:7538308
933:9086769
574:Calcium
350:Protein
220:obesity
214:Obesity
98:thiamin
77:, corn
2316:ataxia
2219:Bulgur
2194:Farina
2184:groats
2154:Gluten
2145:(husk)
1955:Common
1705:As an
1686:Groats
1647:Gluten
1642:Kernel
1488:Barley
1405:
1395:
1356:
1301:
1293:
1251:
1243:
1190:
1135:
1094:
1059:
1051:
1012:
985:
940:
930:
866:
749:Copper
699:Sodium
543:1155%
261:Whole
250:Whole
165:niacin
136:, and
117:enrich
110:Folate
106:niacin
2255:Pasta
2235:Bread
2199:Flour
2143:Chaff
2123:Straw
2118:Stalk
2054:Trade
2002:Spelt
1992:Emmer
1982:Durum
1947:Types
1939:Wheat
1767:Malta
1680:types
1676:Flour
1652:Straw
1581:Trade
1299:S2CID
1271:(PDF)
1249:S2CID
1057:S2CID
858:. In
812:100%
803:100%
787:100%
778:100%
762:100%
753:100%
737:100%
728:100%
712:100%
703:100%
687:100%
678:100%
662:100%
653:100%
637:100%
628:100%
618:293%
612:100%
609:120%
603:100%
593:100%
590:100%
587:100%
578:100%
562:100%
553:100%
537:100%
534:350%
528:100%
508:100%
499:100%
479:100%
470:100%
450:100%
441:100%
421:100%
418:230%
412:100%
398:144%
392:100%
389:176%
383:100%
363:100%
354:100%
338:100%
329:100%
325:Fiber
319:104%
316:104%
313:100%
310:105%
307:105%
304:100%
288:100%
285:107%
282:107%
279:100%
239:Wheat
157:maize
79:grits
2176:None
2138:Germ
2133:Bran
2128:Seed
2032:list
1740:Beer
1637:Husk
1632:Germ
1627:Bran
1548:Bere
1421:link
1403:PMID
1354:PMID
1317:link
1291:PMID
1241:PMID
1188:PMID
1151:link
1133:PMID
1092:PMID
1049:PMID
1010:ISBN
983:ISBN
956:link
938:PMID
864:ISBN
818:65%
815:65%
809:48%
806:48%
793:29%
790:29%
784:18%
781:18%
768:79%
765:79%
759:38%
756:38%
743:29%
740:29%
734:24%
731:24%
724:Zinc
718:71%
715:71%
709:40%
706:40%
693:52%
690:52%
684:26%
681:26%
668:35%
665:35%
659:31%
656:31%
643:17%
640:17%
634:16%
631:16%
615:54%
606:30%
599:Iron
584:44%
581:44%
568:18%
565:18%
540:40%
531:59%
514:32%
511:32%
505:13%
502:13%
485:68%
482:68%
476:43%
473:43%
456:82%
453:31%
447:93%
444:20%
427:53%
424:53%
415:19%
395:17%
386:27%
369:90%
366:90%
360:75%
357:75%
344:37%
341:37%
335:22%
332:22%
294:99%
291:99%
244:Rice
195:The
144:and
138:zinc
104:and
94:iron
81:and
63:husk
51:germ
49:and
47:bran
2182:or
1393:PMC
1385:doi
1344:doi
1283:doi
1279:120
1231:doi
1227:144
1178:doi
1123:doi
1084:doi
1039:doi
1035:411
928:PMC
918:doi
559:5%
556:5%
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377:1
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