715:
dimension of 9 in × 4.5 in × 2.5 in (229 mm × 114 mm × 64 mm) and this dimension is called a "one brick equivalent". "Brick equivalents" are used in estimating how many refractory bricks it takes to make an installation into an industrial furnace. There are ranges of standard shapes of different sizes manufactured to produce walls, roofs, arches, tubes and circular apertures etc. Special shapes are specifically made for specific locations within furnaces and for particular kilns or furnaces. Special shapes are usually less dense and therefore less hard wearing than standard shapes.
504:). They are acidic, have high resistance to thermal shock, flux and slag resistance, and high spalling resistance. Silica bricks are often used in the iron and steel industry as furnace materials. An important property of silica brick is its ability to maintain hardness under high loads until its fusion point. Silica refractories are usually cheaper hence easily disposable. New technologies that provide higher strength and more casting duration with less silicon oxide (90%) when mixed with organic resins have been developed.
38:
388:
836:
Insulating refractories are used to reduce the rate of heat loss through furnace walls. These refractories have low thermal conductivity due to a high degree of porosity, with a desired porous structure of small, uniform pores evenly distributed throughout the refractory brick in order to minimize
714:
Refractory objects are manufactured in standard shapes and special shapes. Standard shapes have dimensions that conform to conventions used by refractory manufacturers and are generally applicable to kilns or furnaces of the same types. Standard shapes are usually bricks that have a standard
734:
linings are also monolithic, and sold and transported as a dry powder, usually with a magnesia/alumina composition with additions of other chemicals for altering specific properties. They are also finding more applications in blast furnace linings, although this use is still rare.
370:. Refractories have other high temperature applications such as fired heaters, hydrogen reformers, ammonia primary and secondary reformers, cracking furnaces, utility boilers, catalytic cracking units, air heaters, and sulfur furnaces. They are used for surfacing
518:). They are often used for glass furnaces because they have low thermal conductivity, are not easily wetted by molten glass and have low reactivity with molten glass. These refractories are also useful for applications in high temperature construction materials.
178:
C71 as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that make them applicable for structures, or as components of systems, that are exposed to environments above 1,000 °F (811 K; 538 °C)". Refractory materials are used in
561:). The main raw materials belong to the RO group, of which magnesia (MgO) is a common example. Other examples include dolomite and chrome-magnesia. For the first half of the twentieth century, the steel making process used artificial
365:
Refractories have multiple useful applications. In the metallurgy industry, refractories are used for lining furnaces, kilns, reactors, and other vessels which hold and transport hot media such as metal and
994:
473:
Acidic refractories are generally impervious to acidic materials but easily attacked by basic materials, and are thus used with acidic slag in acidic environments. They include substances such as
580:(MgO). They have high slag resistance to lime and iron-rich slags, strong abrasion and corrosion resistance, and high refractoriness under load, and are typically used in metallurgical furnaces.
617:
These are used in areas where slags and atmosphere are either acidic or basic and are chemically stable to both acids and bases. The main raw materials belong to, but are not confined to, the R
1058:
660:. These refractories are often used in highly reducing environments, and their properties of high refractoriness allow them excellent thermal stability and resistance to slags.
549:
Basic refractories are used in areas where slags and atmosphere are basic. They are stable to alkaline materials but can react to acids, which is important e. g. when removing
1043:
723:
These are without prescribed form and are only given shape upon application. These types are known as monolithic refractories. Common examples include plastic masses,
1277:
775:
Refractoriness is the property of a refractory's multiphase to reach a specific softening degree at high temperature without load, and is measured with a
485:
brick refractories. Notable reagents that can attack both alumina and silica are hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, and fluorinated gases (e.g. HF, F
215:
Refractory materials must be chemically and physically stable at high temperatures. Depending on the operating environment, they must be resistant to
666:
are composed of sintered magnesia and chromia. They have constant volume at high temperatures, high refractoriness, and high resistance to slags.
1147:
1095:
262:) are the most important materials used in the manufacturing of refractories. Another oxide usually found in refractories is the oxide of
1068:
1008:
427:
1291:
1224:"Refractory Materials for Flame Deflector Protection System Corrosion Control: Similar Industries and/or Launch Facilities Survey"
1178:
293:) are two other refractory materials used in some very severe temperature conditions, but they cannot be used in contact with
1341:
409:
277:
Refractories must be chosen according to the conditions they face. Some applications require special refractory materials.
1389:
1316:
1139:
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology: an international reference work in fifteen volumes including an index
558:
1384:
1203:
587:
405:
31:
1394:
192:
398:
1120:
327:
825:(ZrC), whereas examples of nonconducting refractories are silica and alumina. Insulating refractories include
923:
540:). Aluminosilicate refractories can be semiacidic, fireclay composite, or high alumina content composite.
1223:
1037:
333:
180:
66:
1000:
814:
224:
724:
702:
Un-formed (monolithic-plastic, ramming and gunning mass, castables, mortars, dry vibrating cements.)
608:). These refractories have high refractoriness and have a high tolerance for corrosive environments.
638:
597:
316:
1379:
1271:
744:
204:
175:
102:
74:
37:
1143:
1091:
1085:
1064:
1004:
960:
822:
731:
511:
228:
200:
159:
50:
1024:
Sonntag, Kiss, Banhidi, Weber (2009). "New Kiln
Furniture Solutions for Technical Ceramics".
826:
817:
as either conducting, nonconducting, or insulating. Examples of conducting refractories are
324:
308:
304:
220:
1170:
355:
Withstanding physical stresses and preventing erosion of vessel walls due to the hot medium
1124:
818:
776:
577:
474:
371:
337:
282:
259:
98:
94:
837:
thermal conductivity. Insulating refractories can be further classified into four types:
489:). At high temperatures, acidic refractories may also react with limes and basic oxides.
626:
267:
1373:
1087:
Handbook of chemical vapor deposition (CVD): principles, technology, and applications
497:
352:
Serving as a thermal barrier between a hot medium and the wall of a containing vessel
320:
312:
216:
86:
877:
154:
17:
1137:
387:
188:
70:
590:. Typically, dolomite refractories are used in converter and refining furnaces.
872:
550:
207:
and metal casting sectors use approximately 70% of all refractories produced.
330:
has one of the highest melting points of all known compounds (4215 °C).
830:
566:
562:
482:
298:
271:
255:
239:
142:
126:
122:
657:
554:
290:
278:
196:
150:
138:
82:
78:
62:
42:
996:
Fundamentals of Modern
Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems
525:
478:
412: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
263:
247:
243:
157:
are not considered refractory. Refractories are distinguished from the
146:
130:
118:
114:
110:
90:
968:
The
Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
281:
is used when the material must withstand extremely high temperatures.
69:
or chemical attack and that retains its strength and rigidity at high
294:
286:
251:
1117:
1236:
235:
168:
164:
134:
106:
36:
862:
insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 2000 °C
856:
insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 1700 °C
850:
insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 1400 °C
844:
insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 1100 °C
367:
184:
754:
have a fusion temperature of 1580–1780 °C (e.g. fire clay)
766:
have a fusion temperature of > 2000 °C (e.g. zirconia)
760:
have a fusion temperature of 1780–2000 °C (e.g. chromite)
743:
Refractory materials are classified into three types based on
381:
348:
Refractory materials are useful for the following functions:
27:
Materials resistant to decomposition under high temperatures
336:
has a high melting point of 2030 °C and is often used as a
30:
This article is about heat resistance. For other uses, see
1264:
Vysokoglinozemistye keramicheskie i ogneupornye materialy
274:
are also widely used in the manufacture of refractories.
727:, castables, gunning masses, fettling mix, and mortars.
440:
Refractories are classified in multiple ways, based on:
779:
equivalent (PCE) test. Refractories are classified as:
319:
is the most refractory binary compound known, with a
949:Refractories; Activated Carbon, Advanced Ceramics
924:"Refractories and Classification of Refractories"
625:group. Common examples of these materials are
8:
1317:"Dolomite brick and magnesia dolomite brick"
1042:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
901:. Oxford Paperbacks Oxford University Press.
596:mainly consist of magnesium oxide (MgO) and
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
699:Formed (normal, fired or chemically bonded)
1276:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1197:
1195:
496:are refractories containing more than 93%
428:Learn how and when to remove this message
1241:Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3 Ceramic Properties
897:Ailsa Allaby and Michael Allaby (1996).
889:
510:are refractories primarily composed of
1269:
1035:
378:Classification of refractory materials
993:Groover, Mikell P. (7 January 2010).
195:. Refractories are also used to make
171:that have high melting temperatures.
7:
961:"How cool are refractory materials?"
899:Concise Dictionary of Earth Sciences
730:Dry vibration linings often used in
410:adding citations to reliable sources
153:are not, and some ceramics such as
1142:. McGraw-Hill. 1977. p. 360.
813:Refractories may be classified by
203:for casting glass and metals. The
25:
1090:. William Andrew. pp. 206–.
672:are composed of ≥ 50% alumina (Al
223:, and/or have specific ranges of
105:. They are typically composed of
1127:, Los Alamos National Laboratory
569:) as a furnace lining material.
386:
1211:University of Technology - Iraq
397:needs additional citations for
1204:"Introduction to Refractories"
1063:. The Rosen Publishing Group.
374:in rocket launch structures.
1:
1262:Poluboiarinov, D. N. (1960).
1179:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
654:Carbon graphite refractories
594:Magnesia-chrome refractories
522:Aluminosilicate refractories
361:Providing thermal insulation
358:Protecting against corrosion
174:Refractories are defined by
45:used for hauling molten iron
1026:Ceramic Forum International
705:Un-formed dry refractories.
588:calcium magnesium carbonate
117:of the following elements:
89:varies widely: they may be
32:Refractory (disambiguation)
1411:
227:and of the coefficient of
29:
1296:www.termorefractories.com
85:or non-porous, and their
1321:www.ruizhirefractory.com
1292:"Magnesite Refractories"
1084:Hugh O. Pierson (1992).
559:Gilchrist–Thomas process
328:tantalum hafnium carbide
315:can be very refractory.
145:. Many refractories are
1342:"Chromite Refractories"
1175:Encyclopædia Britannica
974:(September): 1–16. 2008
205:iron and steel industry
41:Refractory bricks in a
1123:11 August 2017 at the
576:are composed of ≥ 85%
574:Magnesite refractories
163:, which are elemental
81:compounds that may be
46:
1346:termorefractories.com
1001:John Wiley & Sons
860:Ultra-high refractory
719:Unshaped (monolithic)
685:Method of manufacture
664:Chromite refractories
584:Dolomite refractories
508:Zirconia refractories
447:Method of manufacture
334:Molybdenum disilicide
323:of 3890 °C. The
67:decomposition by heat
65:that is resistant to
40:
1390:Refractory materials
1226:. NASA, January 2009
815:thermal conductivity
809:Thermal conductivity
804:: PCE value of 19–28
798:: PCE value of 28–30
670:Alumina refractories
613:Neutral refractories
464:Chemical composition
459:Thermal conductivity
444:Chemical composition
406:improve this article
225:thermal conductivity
211:Refractory materials
1385:Chemical properties
1057:Roza, Greg (2009).
752:Normal refractories
494:Silica refractories
469:Acidic refractories
149:, but some such as
59:refractory material
947:ASTM Volume 15.01
792:PCE value of 30–33
786:PCE value of 33–38
764:Super refractories
745:fusion temperature
739:Fusion temperature
656:mainly consist of
586:mainly consist of
545:Basic refractories
524:mainly consist of
453:Fusion temperature
47:
18:Refractory ceramic
1395:Ceramic materials
1149:978-0-07-079590-7
1097:978-0-8155-1300-1
823:zirconium carbide
796:Intermediate duty
758:High refractories
747:(melting point).
732:induction furnace
690:Dry press process
536:) and silica (SiO
438:
437:
430:
229:thermal expansion
160:refractory metals
51:materials science
16:(Redirected from
1402:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1021:
1015:
1014:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
965:
957:
951:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
920:
903:
902:
894:
833:, and zirconia.
827:calcium silicate
433:
426:
422:
419:
413:
390:
382:
372:flame deflectors
325:ternary compound
309:tungsten carbide
305:Binary compounds
297:, as they would
221:chemically inert
21:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1202:Alaa, Hussein.
1201:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1125:Wayback Machine
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
963:
959:
958:
954:
946:
942:
932:
930:
922:
921:
906:
896:
895:
891:
886:
869:
854:High refractory
819:silicon carbide
811:
777:pyrometric cone
773:
741:
721:
712:
687:
679:
675:
648:
644:
636:
632:
624:
620:
615:
607:
603:
578:magnesium oxide
547:
539:
535:
531:
517:
512:zirconium oxide
503:
488:
471:
466:
434:
423:
417:
414:
403:
391:
380:
346:
338:heating element
317:Hafnium carbide
283:Silicon carbide
213:
95:polycrystalline
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:External links
1362:
1359:
1358:
1333:
1308:
1283:
1254:
1228:
1216:
1191:
1162:
1148:
1129:
1110:
1096:
1076:
1069:
1049:
1016:
1009:
985:
952:
940:
904:
888:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
875:
868:
865:
864:
863:
857:
851:
845:
842:Heat-resistant
810:
807:
806:
805:
799:
793:
787:
772:
771:Refractoriness
769:
768:
767:
761:
755:
740:
737:
725:ramming masses
720:
717:
711:
710:Size and shape
708:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
686:
683:
682:
681:
677:
673:
667:
661:
649:) and carbon.
646:
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
614:
611:
610:
609:
605:
601:
598:chromium oxide
591:
581:
546:
543:
542:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
515:
505:
501:
486:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
456:Refractoriness
454:
451:
450:Size and shape
448:
445:
436:
435:
394:
392:
385:
379:
376:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
345:
342:
212:
209:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1070:9781435850705
1066:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1010:9780470467008
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
989:
986:
973:
969:
962:
956:
953:
950:
944:
941:
929:
925:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
905:
900:
893:
890:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
780:
778:
770:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
748:
746:
738:
736:
733:
728:
726:
718:
716:
709:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
684:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
655:
652:
651:
650:
640:
628:
612:
599:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
572:
571:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
527:
523:
520:
513:
509:
506:
499:
498:silicon oxide
495:
492:
491:
490:
484:
480:
476:
468:
463:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:
441:
432:
429:
421:
411:
407:
401:
400:
395:This section
393:
389:
384:
383:
377:
375:
373:
369:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
349:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
329:
326:
322:
321:melting point
318:
314:
313:boron nitride
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:thermal shock
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:crystallinity
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1367:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1263:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1138:
1132:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1086:
1079:
1059:
1052:
1038:cite journal
1029:
1025:
1019:
995:
988:
976:. Retrieved
971:
967:
955:
948:
943:
931:. Retrieved
927:
898:
892:
878:Masonry oven
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
812:
801:
795:
789:
783:
774:
763:
757:
751:
742:
729:
722:
713:
669:
663:
653:
616:
593:
583:
573:
548:
521:
507:
493:
472:
439:
424:
415:
404:Please help
399:verification
396:
364:
347:
332:
303:
276:
233:
214:
189:incinerators
173:
158:
155:clay pottery
79:non-metallic
71:temperatures
58:
54:
48:
1247:22 November
1237:"Accuratus"
1184:17 December
1032:(4): 29–34.
829:materials,
784:Super duty:
696:Hand molded
418:August 2023
91:crystalline
73:. They are
43:torpedo car
1374:Categories
1182:Retrieved
884:References
873:Fire brick
848:Refractory
821:(SiC) and
790:High duty:
693:Fused cast
551:phosphorus
301:and burn.
272:Fire clays
167:and their
55:refractory
1380:Materials
1272:cite book
1266:. Moscow.
1171:"Hafnium"
1060:Zirconium
928:IspatGuru
567:magnesite
565:(roasted
563:periclase
483:fire clay
256:magnesium
240:aluminium
197:crucibles
143:zirconium
127:magnesium
123:aluminium
103:composite
99:amorphous
75:inorganic
1155:22 April
1121:Archived
1103:22 April
978:22 April
867:See also
802:Low duty
555:pig iron
307:such as
291:graphite
279:Zirconia
260:magnesia
193:reactors
181:furnaces
151:graphite
147:ceramics
139:chromium
115:nitrides
111:carbides
63:material
1351:6 March
1326:6 March
1301:6 March
1118:Hafnium
933:6 March
639:chromia
627:alumina
526:alumina
479:alumina
299:oxidize
264:calcium
248:silicon
244:alumina
131:calcium
119:silicon
61:) is a
1243:. 2013
1146:
1094:
1067:
1007:
831:kaolin
658:carbon
481:, and
475:silica
295:oxygen
287:carbon
254:) and
252:silica
236:oxides
191:, and
169:alloys
165:metals
107:oxides
83:porous
1207:(PDF)
964:(PDF)
557:(see
553:from
219:, be
201:molds
185:kilns
135:boron
101:, or
1353:2020
1328:2020
1303:2020
1278:link
1249:2014
1186:2010
1157:2011
1144:ISBN
1105:2011
1092:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1044:link
1005:ISBN
980:2016
935:2020
514:(ZrO
500:(SiO
368:slag
344:Uses
285:and
268:lime
234:The
199:and
176:ASTM
141:and
57:(or
53:, a
972:106
641:(Cr
637:),
629:(Al
600:(Cr
528:(Al
408:by
311:or
270:).
246:),
238:of
113:or
49:In
1376::
1344:.
1319:.
1294:.
1274:}}
1270:{{
1239:.
1209:.
1194:^
1177:.
1173:.
1040:}}
1036:{{
1030:86
1028:.
1003:.
999:.
970:.
966:.
926:.
907:^
680:).
477:,
340:.
231:.
187:,
183:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
109:,
97:,
93:,
77:,
1355:.
1330:.
1305:.
1280:)
1251:.
1213:.
1188:.
1159:.
1107:.
1073:.
1046:)
1013:.
982:.
937:.
678:3
676:O
674:2
647:3
645:O
643:2
635:3
633:O
631:2
623:3
621:O
619:2
606:3
604:O
602:2
538:2
534:3
532:O
530:2
516:2
502:2
487:2
431:)
425:(
420:)
416:(
402:.
289:(
266:(
258:(
250:(
242:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
