Aerial refueling - Knowledge (XXG)

1528:, SR-71s had to be forward-deployed to Europe and Japan prior to flying actual reconnaissance missions. These trans-Pacific and trans-Atlantic flights during deployment were impossible without aerial refueling. The SR-71's designers traded takeoff performance for better high-speed, high-altitude performance, necessitating takeoff with less-than-full fuel tanks from even the longest runways. Once airborne, the Blackbird would accelerate to supersonic speed using afterburners to facilitate structural heating and expansion. The magnitude of temperature changes experienced by the SR-71, from parked to its maximum speed, resulted in significant expansion of its structural parts in cruise flight. To allow for the expansion, the Blackbird's parts had to fit loosely when cold, so loosely, in fact, that the Blackbird constantly leaked fuel before heating expanded the airframe enough to seal its fuel tanks. Following the supersonic dash the SR-71 would then rendezvous with a tanker to fill its now nearly empty tanks before proceeding on its mission. This was referred to as the 1403: 2535: 1238:

initial contact, the hose and drogue is pushed forward by the receiver a certain distance (typically, a few feet), and the hose is reeled slowly back onto its drum in the HDU. This opens the tanker's main refueling valve allowing fuel to flow to the drogue under the appropriate pressure (assuming the tanker crew has energized the pump). Tension on the hose is aerodynamically 'balanced' by a motor in the HDU so that as the receiver aircraft moves fore and aft, the hose retracts and extends, thus preventing bends in the hose that would cause undue side loads on the probe. Fuel flow is typically indicated by illumination of a green light near the HDU. If the hose is pushed in too far or not far enough, a cutoff switch will inhibit fuel flow, which is typically accompanied by an amber light. Disengagement is commanded by the tanker pilot with a red light.

1211: 596: 1275: 981:. In the KC-97, the mixed gasoline/kerosene fuel system was clearly not desirable and it was obvious that a jet-powered tanker aircraft would be the next development, having a single type of fuel for both its own engines and for passing to receiver aircraft. The 230 mph (370 km/h) cruise speed of the slower, piston-engined KC-97 was also a serious issue, as using it as an aerial tanker forced the newer jet-powered military aircraft to slow down to mate with the tanker's boom, a highly serious issue with the newer supersonic aircraft coming into service at that time, which could force such receiving aircraft in some situations to slow down enough to approach their 683:, but the war ended before the aircraft could be deployed. After the war ended, the USAF bought a small number of FRL looped-hose units and fitted a number of B-29s as tankers to refuel specially equipped B-29s and later B-50s. The USAF made only one major change in the system used by the RAF. The USAF version had auto-coupling of the refueling nozzle, where the leader line with the refueling hose is pulled to the receiver aircraft and a refueling receptacle on the belly of the aircraft, allowing high-altitude air-to-air refueling and doing away with the aircraft having to fly to a lower altitude to be depressurized so a crew member could manually do the coupling. 1151: 2654: 1681: 2057: 1305: 1949: 1296:

contact with the rigid boom. If not pushed far enough, the probe will disengage, halting fueling. Because of a much smaller position-keeping tolerance, staying properly connected to a KC-135 adapter unit is considerably more difficult than staying in a traditional hose/drogue configuration. When fueling is complete, the receiver carefully backs off until the probe refueling valve disconnects from the valve in the basket. Off center disengagements, like engagements, can cause the drogue to "prang" the probe and/or strike the aircraft's fuselage.

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the US, whose air force is also taking its first deliveries of the aircraft type, has refused to move forward the deliveries while supporting Israel's deterrence; the Jpost editor writing "The US State Department approved the possible sale of up to eight KC-46 tanker aircraft and related equipment to Israel for an estimated cost of $ 2.4 billion last March(i.e. 5/2020), marking the first time that Washington has allowed Jerusalem to buy new tankers."

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that use the "probe-and-drogue" system, and also allied aircraft, such as those from the UK and Saudi Arabia. KC-135s may be equipped with a drogue depending on the mission profile. With a full jet fuel load, the KC-10A is capable of flying from a base on the American east coast, flying nonstop to Europe, transferring a considerable amount of fuel to other aircraft, and returning to its home base without landing anywhere else.

141: 1039: 2804: 2472: 2877: 2672: 2362: 2097: 2620: 2598: 2229: 1449:, or to bomb the USSR first had it been ordered to do so. The bombers would fly orbits around their assigned positions from which they were to enter Soviet airspace if they received the order, and the tankers would refill the bombers' fuel tanks so that they could keep a force in the air 24 hours a day, and still have enough fuel to reach their targets in the Soviet Union. This also ensured that a 1663:. Mirage IVAs also often operated in pairs, with one aircraft carrying a weapon and the other carrying fuel tanks and a buddy refueling pack, allowing it to refuel its partner en route to the target. While able to strike at numerous targets inside of the Soviet Union, the inability for the Mirage IV to return from some missions had been a point of controversy during the aircraft's design phase. 2554: 2075: 851: 360: 2738: 2494: 2406: 1474: 1320:. Both are on the aircraft centerline at the tail of the aircraft, so only one can be used at once. However, such a system allows all types of probe- and receptacle-equipped aircraft to be refueled in a single mission, without landing to install an adapter. Other tankers are equipped with hose-and-drogue attachments that do not interfere with the operation of the centerline boom: many 1576:", because they convey considerable tactical advantages. Primarily, aerial refueling adds to the combat radius of attack, fighter and bombers aircraft, and allows patrol aircraft to remain airborne longer, thereby reducing the number of aircraft necessary to accomplish a given mission. Aerial refueling can also mitigate basing issues that might otherwise place limitations on combat 2251: 2185: 1532:(for "Launch To Tanker Rendezvous") profile. LTTR had the added advantage of providing an operational test of the Blackbird's refueling capability within minutes after takeoff, enabling a Return-To-Launch-Site abort capability if necessary. At its most efficient altitude and speed, the Blackbird was capable of flying for many hours without refueling. The SR-71 used a special fuel, 2318: 38: 2384: 3893:(p. 5) Certes, la posture méditerranéenne ne pouvait totalement résoudre la question de l'autonomie après le largage de la bombe à gravité AN-21 puis AN-22, et il était imaginé, au pire, des vols «kamikaze» jusqu'aux cibles russes mais également des profils de vols de retour avec planification des zones de crash, avec l'abandon de l'équipage au-dessus de territoires alliés. 2716: 2642: 2273: 2141: 2694: 2450: 2428: 2340: 1348:(the tanker variant was Tu-16Z). used a wing-to-wing method. Similar to the probe-and-drogue method but more complicated, the tanker aircraft released a flexible hose from its wingtip. An aircraft flying alongside had to catch the hose with a special lock under its wingtip. After the hose was locked and the connection was established, the fuel was pumped. 1230:

into the basket. This requires a closure rate of about two knots (walking speed) to push the hose several feet into the HDU and solidly couple the probe and drogue. Too little closure will cause an incomplete connection and no fuel flow (or occasionally leaking fuel). Too much closure is dangerous because it can trigger a strong transverse

1119:, attached at its narrow end (like the "cork" nose of a shuttlecock) with a valve to a flexible hose. The drogue stabilizes the hose in flight and provides a funnel to aid insertion of the receiver aircraft probe into the hose. The hose connects to a Hose Drum Unit (HDU). When not in use, the hose/drogue is reeled completely into the HDU. 1580:. Combat aircraft operating from airfields with shorter runways must limit their takeoff weight, which could mean a choice between range (fuel) and combat payload (munitions). Aerial refueling, however, eliminates many of these basing difficulties because a combat aircraft can take off with a full combat payload and refuel immediately. 1639:

continuous airborne patrols were flown by the RAF for a time, these were deemed to be untenable, and the refueling mechanisms across the Vulcan fleet largely fell into disuse during the 1960s. When the RAF chose to optimise its bomber fleet away from high-altitude flight and towards low-level penetration missions, bombers such as the

1617:, would operate largely or entirely out of bases in the continental United States while maintaining strategic reach. This practice was promoted to address security concerns as well as diplomatic objections from some overseas nations that did not want foreign nuclear weapons being kept on their soil. In one early demonstration of the 1142:

suffering structural damage. A so-called "broken probe" (actually a broken fuel valve, as described above) may happen if poor flying technique is used by the receiver pilot, or in turbulence. Sometimes the valve is retained in the tanker drogue and prevents further refueling from that drogue until removed during ground maintenance.

4491: 3914: 629:. The line was then drawn back into the tanker where the receiver's cable was connected to the refueling hose. The receiver could then haul back in its cable bringing the hose to it. Once the hose was connected, the tanker climbed sufficiently above the receiver aircraft to allow the fuel to flow under gravity. 1654:

supersonic bomber. The dimensions of this bomber was greatly determined by the viability of aerial refueling, with work on an enlarged variant of the Mirage IV ultimately being aborted in favour of a greater reliance upon aerial tanker aircraft instead. In order to refuel the Mirage IVA fleet, France

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These concerns can be addressed by drogue adapters (see section "Boom drogue adapter units" above) that allow drogue aircraft to refuel from boom-equipped aircraft, and by refuelers that are equipped with both drogue and boom units and can thus refuel both types in the same flight, such as the KC-10,

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The tanker aircraft flies straight and level and extends the hose/drogue, which is allowed to trail out behind and below the tanker under normal aerodynamic forces. The pilot of the receiver aircraft extends the probe (if required) and uses normal flight controls to "fly" the refueling probe directly

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To complete an aerial refueling, the tanker and receiver aircraft rendezvous, flying in formation. The receiver moves to a position behind the tanker, within safe limits of travel for the boom, aided by director lights or directions radioed by the boom operator. Once in position, the operator extends

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Usually, the aircraft providing the fuel is specially designed for the task, although refueling pods may be fitted to existing aircraft designs in the case of "probe-and-drogue" systems. The cost of the refueling equipment on both tanker and receiver aircraft and the specialized aircraft handling of

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with a crew of two set the world record for the longest continuous crewed flight without landing of 64 days, 22 hours, 19 minutes, and five seconds in 1958. A Ford truck was outfitted with a fuel pump, tank, and other paraphernalia required to support the aircraft in flight. The publicity flight for

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boom refueling tankers and has requested that the first two aircraft be fast-tracked for delivery in 2022 when they were to be delivered in 2023. The Jerusalem Post reports that Israeli commanders have made this request to enhance the strategic deterrence against Iran, the same article reports that

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In 1958, Valiant tankers in the UK were developed with one HDU mounted in the bomb-bay. Valiant tankers of 214 Squadron were used to demonstrate radius of action by refueling a Valiant bomber non-stop from UK to Singapore in 1960 and a Vulcan bomber to Australia in 1961. Other UK exercises involving

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KC-135FR refueling-boom equipped tankers can be field-converted to a probe-and-drogue system using a special adapter unit. In this configuration, the tanker retains its articulated boom, but has a hose/drogue at the end of it instead of the usual nozzle. The tanker boom operator holds the boom still

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to develop a refueling system that could transfer fuel at a higher rate than had been possible with earlier systems using flexible hoses, resulting in the flying boom system. The B-29 was the first to employ the boom, and between 1950 and 1951, 116 original B-29s, designated KB-29Ps, were converted

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On 6 July 1951, the first combat air refueling of fighter-type aircraft took place over Korea. Three RF-80As launched from Taegu with the modified tip-tanks and rendezvoused with a tanker offshore of Wonsan, North Korea. Through in-flight refueling, the RF-80s effectively doubled their range, which

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strategic bomber was underway, British officials recognised that its operational flexibility could be improved by the provision of in-flight refueling equipment. Accordingly, from the 16th aircraft to be completed onwards, the Vulcan was furnished with in-flight refueling receiving equipment. While

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and back (exercise "Shiksha"). After the retirement of the Valiant in 1965, the Handley Page Victor took over the UK refueling role and had three hoses (HDUs). These were a fuselage-mounted HDU and a refueling pod on each wing. The center hose could refuel any probe-equipped aircraft, the wing pods

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The US Air Force fixed-wing aircraft use the flying boom system, along with Australia (KC-30A), the Netherlands (KDC-10), Israel (modified Boeing 707), Japan (KC-767), Turkey (KC-135Rs), and Iran (Boeing 707 and 747). The system allows higher fuel flow rates (up to 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L) /

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were used in the 1939 trials to perform aerial refueling of the Empire flying boats for regular transatlantic crossings. From 5 August to 1 October 1939, sixteen crossings of the Atlantic were made by Empire flying boats, with fifteen crossings using FRL's aerial refueling system. After the sixteen

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An extremely useful tanker in Desert Storm was the USAF's KC-10A Extender. Besides being larger than the other tankers deployed, the KC-10A is equipped with the USAF "boom" refueling and also the "hose-and-drogue" system, enabling it to refuel not only USAF aircraft, and also USMC and US Navy jets

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Some historic systems used for pioneering aerial refueling used the grappling method, where the tanker aircraft unreeled the fuel hose and the receiver aircraft would grapple the hose midair, reel it in and connect it so that fuel can be transferred either with the assistance of pumps or simply by

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approaches a warship (not necessarily suited for landing operations) and receives fuel through the cabin while hovering. Alternatively, some helicopters like the HH-60 Pave Hawk are equipped with a probe extending out the front can be refueled from a drogue-equipped tanker aircraft in a similar

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to withstand the extreme skin temperatures generated during Mach 3+ cruise flight. While JP-7 could be used by other aircraft, its burn characteristics posed problems in certain situations (such as high-altitude, emergency engine starts) that made it less than optimal for aircraft other than the

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The NATO-standard probe system incorporates shear rivets that attach the refueling valve to the end of the probe. This is so that if a large side or vertical load develops while in contact with the drogue, the rivets shear and the fuel valve breaks off, rather than the probe or receiver aircraft

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tankers were also used to refuel British and coalition aircraft and were popular with the US Navy for their docile basket behavior and having three point refueling stations. An additional track was maintained close to the northwest border for the E-3 AWACS aircraft and any Navy aircraft needing

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in South Vietnam. In addition to making multiple en route stops to refuel on the ground, aerial refueling was also used in this display of the type's long-range capabilities. The flight proved to be roughly four times faster than the traditional dispatching of rotorcraft to the theatre by ship.

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Normally, all the fuel aboard a tanker aircraft may be either offloaded, or burned by the tanker as necessary. To make this possible, the KC-135 fuel system incorporated gravity draining and pumps to allow moving fuel from tank to tank depending on mission needs. Mixing JP-7 with JP-4 or Jet A,

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because of its unforgiving nature. Soft drogues can be contacted slightly off center, wherein the probe is guided into the hose receptacle by the canvas drogue. The metal drogue, when contacted even slightly off center, will pivot out of place, potentially "slapping" the aircraft's fuselage and

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The optimal approach is from behind and below (not level with) the drogue. Because the drogue is relatively light (typically soft canvas webbing) and subject to aerodynamic forces, it can be pushed around by the bow wave of approaching aircraft, exacerbating engagement even in smooth air. After

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The other major difference with this system is that when contacted, the hose does not "retract" into an HDU. Instead, the hose bends depending on how far it is pushed toward the boom. If it is pushed too far, it can loop around the probe or nose of the aircraft, damage the windscreen, or cause

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Some of the earliest experiments in aerial refueling took place in the 1920s; two slow-flying aircraft flew in formation, with a hose run down from a hand-held fuel tank on one aircraft and placed into the usual fuel filler of the other. The first mid-air refueling, based on the development of

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is maintained by carrying less fuel and topping up once airborne. Aerial refueling has also been considered as a means to reduce fuel consumption on long-distance flights greater than 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi). Potential fuel savings in the range of 35–40% have been

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The first use of aerial refueling in combat took place during the Korean War, involving F-84 fighter-bombers flying missions from Japanese airfields, due to Chinese-North Korean forces overrunning many of the bases for jet aircraft in South Korea, refueling from converted B-29s using the

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and remained airborne for 12 hours and 3 minutes, receiving 2,352 imperial gallons (10,690 L) of fuel in ten refuelings from a Lancaster tanker. Hornidge flew an overall distance of 3,600 mi (5,800 km), achieving a new jet endurance record. FRL still exists as part of

1936:. Large Navy strike groups from the Red Sea would send A-6 tankers to the Prune and Raisin tracks ahead of the strike aircraft arriving to top off and take up station to the right of the Air Force tankers thereby providing an additional tanking point. RAF Handley Page Victor and 743:

air-to-air refueling system and today is one of the two systems chosen by air forces for air-to-air refueling, the other being the flying-boom system. In post-war trials the RAF used a modified Lancaster tanker employing the much improved probe-and-drogue system, with a modified

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The probe-and-drogue system is not compatible with flying boom equipment, creating a problem for military planners where mixed forces are involved. Incompatibility can also complicate the procurement of new systems. The Royal Canadian Air Force currently wish to purchase the

1126:, which is a rigid, protruding or pivoted retractable arm placed on the aircraft's nose or fuselage to make the connection. Most modern versions of the probe are usually designed to be retractable, and are retracted when not in use, particularly on high-speed aircraft. 1990:, an attempt to bomb the Ras Tanura oil facility in Saudi Arabia. On their way to the target, the Iraqi attack aircraft were refueled by tanker at an altitude of 100 meters. The attack ultimately failed, with two aircraft turning back and the remaining two shot down. 1210: 578:

he developed and patented his 'crossover' system in 1934, in which the tanker trailed a large hooked line that would reel in a similar dropped line from the receiver, allowing the refueling to commence. In 1935, Cobham sold off the airline Cobham Air Routes Ltd to

1767:, the Iranian Air Force maintained at least one KC 707-3J9C aerial tanker, which the Islamic Republic had inherited from the Shah's government. This was used most effectively on 4 April 1981, refueling eight IRIAF F-4 Phantoms on long-range sorties into Iraq to 1712:, aerial refueling made it possible for battle-damaged fighters, with heavily leaking fuel tanks, to hook up to the tankers and let the tanker feed its engine(s) until the point where they could glide to the base and land. This saved numerous aircraft. 1129:

At the end of the probe is a valve that is closed until it mates with the drogue's forward internal receptacle, after which it opens and allows fuel to pass from tanker to receiver. The valves in the probe and drogue that are most commonly used are to a

1932:, informally known as "Frisbee", and refueled coalition aircraft whenever necessary. Two side by side tracks over central Saudi Arabia called "Prune" and "Raisin" featured 2–4 basket equipped KC-135 tankers each and were used by Navy aircraft from the 1000:, allowing the boom to move with the receiver aircraft. The boom contains a rigid pipe to transfer fuel. The fuel pipe ends in a nozzle with a flexible ball joint. The nozzle mates to the "receptacle" in the receiver aircraft during fuel transfer. A 1182:

that contains a hose and drogue system (HDU). Buddy stores allow fighter / bomber aircraft to be reconfigured for "buddy tanking" other aircraft. This allows an air combat force without dedicated/specialized tanker support (for instance, a

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While in contact, the receiver pilot must continue to fly within the "air refueling envelope", the area in which contact with the boom is safe. Moving outside of this envelope can damage the boom or lead to mid-air collision, for example the

1549:, which included changes to the fuel system and operating procedures preventing inadvertent inflight mixing of fuel intended for offload with fuel intended for use by the tanker. SR-71 aircraft were refueled exclusively by KC-135Q tankers. 389:. An endurance record was set by three DH-4Bs (a receiver and two tankers) on 27–28 August 1923, in which the receiver airplane remained aloft for more than 37 hours using nine mid-air refueling to transfer 687 US gallons (2,600 L) of 1265:

aerial refueling tankers. Tankers can be equipped with multipoint hose-and-drogue systems, allowing them to refuel two (or more) aircraft simultaneously, reducing time spent refueling by as much as 75% for a four-aircraft strike package.

1786:, used to refuel and extend the range of fighter bombers such as the F-15I and F-16I for deterrent and strike missions, they are nearing 60 years old and Israel does not disclose the number of tankers in their fleet. In 1985, Israeli 1063:

When the desired amount of fuel has been transferred, the two aircraft disconnect and the receiver aircraft departs the formation. When not in use, the boom is stored flush with the bottom of the tanker's fuselage to minimize drag.

1735:. This gave them fuel for more attempts at landing for a successful "trap" on an aircraft carrier. The KA-3 could also refuel fighters on extended Combat Air Patrol. USMC jets based in South Vietnam and Thailand also used USMC 1915:

During the time of Operation Desert Shield, the military buildup to the Persian Gulf War, US Air Force Boeing KC-135s & McDonnell Douglas KC-10As, and USMC KC-130 Hercules aircraft were deployed to forward air bases in

1191:-based aircraft to take-off with a heavier than usual load less fuel than might be necessary for its tasking. The aircraft would then topped-up with fuel from an HDU-equipped "buddy" tanker, a method previously used by the 1941:

emergency fuel. These 24-hour air-refueling zones enabled the intense air campaign during Desert Storm. An additional 24/7 tanker presence was maintained over the Red Sea itself to refuel Navy F-14 Tomcats maintaining

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lack of air refueling capability prevented them from achieving better results. The Mirages were unable to reach the islands with a strike payload, and the Daggers could do so only for a five-minute strike flight.

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As the 1920s progressed, greater numbers of aviation enthusiasts vied to set new aerial long-distance records, using inflight air refueling. One such enthusiast, who would revolutionize aerial refueling was Sir

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climate of the late 1940s, the ability for bombers to perform increasingly long distance missions would enable targets to be struck even from air bases on a different continent. Thus, it became commonplace for

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air-to-air refueling system borrowed from techniques patented by David Nicolson and John Lord, and was publicly demonstrated for the first time in 1935. In the system the receiver aircraft, at one time an

1975:(ALCMs) with the surprise use of conventional warheads. This attack, which successfully destroyed 85–95 percent of intended targets, would have been impossible without the support of refueling tankers. 1593:

Even as the first practical methods for aerial refueling were being developed, military planners had already envisioned what missions could be greatly enhanced by using such techniques. In the emerging

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The US was mainly concerned about transatlantic flights for faster postal service between Europe and America. In 1931 W. Irving Glover, the second assistant postmaster, wrote an extensive article for

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while the receiver aircraft flies the probe into the basket. Unlike the soft canvas basket used in most drogue systems, the adapter units use a steel basket, grimly known as the "iron maiden" by

809:, and was so successful that in June orders went out to equip all new B-50s and subsequent bombers with receiving equipment. Two dedicated air refueling units were formed on 30 June 1948: the 632:

When Cobham was developing his system, he saw the need as purely for long-range transoceanic commercial aircraft flights, but modern aerial refueling is used exclusively by military aircraft.

2534: 5008: 3918: 790:, made aerial refueling a top priority of the service. In March 1948, the USAF purchased two sets of FRL's looped-hose in-flight refueling equipment, which had been in practical use with 4163: 1883:

staging post in the Atlantic and further deployments south of bomber, transport and maritime patrol aircraft. The most famous refueling missions were the 8,000 nmi (15,000 km) "

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near the Jordanian border, destroying 27–50 Iraqi fighter jets and bombers. However, the Iranian Air Force was forced to cancel its 180-day air offensive and attempts to control Iranian

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strategic reconnaissance aircraft made frequent use of air-to-air refueling. Indeed, design considerations of the aircraft made its mission impossible without aerial refueling. Based at

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in the UK and deployed in the late 1940s and 1950s. This standardization enables drogue-equipped tanker aircraft from many nations to refuel probe-equipped aircraft from other nations.

4615: 4296: 1631:, during which 24,325 miles (21,145 nmi, 39,165 km) was covered in 45 hours 19 minutes (536.8 smph) with multiple in-flight refuelings being performed from KC-97s. 3730: 587:. Atcherly's system was bought up by Cobham's company, and with some refinement and continuous improvement through the late '30s, it became the first practical refueling system. 3286: 3230: 4250: 471:

that Cobham used for his early experiments with in-flight refueling. This craft was eventually modified by Airspeed to Cobham's specification, for a non-stop flight from

306:/physical needs and engineering factors such as engine oil consumption. Because the receiver aircraft is topped-off with extra fuel in the air, air refueling can allow a 4134: 1895:. With all the aircraft flying from Ascension, the tankers themselves needed refueling. The raids were the longest-range bombing raids in history until surpassed by the 151: 3650: 3486: 3396: 977:) with a Boeing-developed flying boom and extra kerosene (jet fuel) tanks feeding the boom. The Stratocruiser airliner itself was developed from the B-29 bomber after 523:

concerning the challenges and the need for such a regular service. In his article he even mentioned the use of aerial refueling after takeoff as a possible solution.

4924: 3672: 4357: 1513:, supplies, and personnel to Vietnam without landing to refuel. KC-135s were also frequently used for refueling of air combat missions from air bases in Thailand. 4929: 4879: 4081: 2016:

a Las Vegas area hotel ended when the aircraft's performance had degraded to the point where the Cessna had difficulty climbing away from the refueling vehicle.

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aircraft have equipment specially designed for the task of offloading fuel to the receiver aircraft, based on drogue and probe, even at the higher speeds modern

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tankers of the 43d ARS. Before the mission, crews of the 43rd had experienced only a single operational air refueling contact. The flight started and ended at

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during the approach to the tanker. It was no surprise that, after the KC-97, Boeing began receiving contracts from the USAF to build jet tankers based on the

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Cobham's company FRL soon realized that their looped-hose system left much to be desired and began work on an improved system that is now commonly called the

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in the end of the nozzle prevents fuel from exiting the tube until the nozzle properly mates with the receiver's refueling receptacle. Once properly mated,

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tracks. During the conflict's final week, KC-10s moved inside Iraq to support barrier CAP missions set up to block Iraqi fighters from escaping to Iran.

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also used a hose-and-drogue system, dubbed UPAZ, and thus later Russian aircraft may be equipped with probe and drogue. The Chinese PLAF has a fleet of

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company and Metrea Strategic Mobility are contracted by the US Navy. In June 2023, Metrea completed the first commercial refueling of the US Air Force.

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over Los Angeles. Between 11 June and 4 July 1930, the brothers John, Kenneth, Albert, and Walter Hunter set a new record of 553 hours 40 minutes over

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to carry more bombs and rockets. Tankers were also available for refueling on the way back if necessary. In addition to ferrying aircraft across the

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On 16–17 January 1991, the first combat sortie of Operation Desert Storm, and the longest combat sortie in history at that time, was launched from

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fighters, also Vulcan and Victor bombers. For instance, in 1962 a squadron of Javelin air defense aircraft was refueled in stages from the UK to

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and 38 US gallons (140 L) of engine oil. The same crews demonstrated the utility of the technique on 25 October 1923, when a DH-4 flew from

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Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles): Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective

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A byproduct of this development effort and the building of large numbers of tankers was that these tankers were also available to refuel

833:. The first ARS aircraft used FRL's looped-hose refueling system, but testing with a boom system followed quickly in the autumn of 1948. 3317: 1246: 436:

in the same year, but these early experiments were not yet regarded as a practical proposition, and were generally dismissed as stunts.

3726: 5089: 2396: 1501:, when many aircraft could not have covered the transoceanic distances without aerial refueling, even with intermediate bases such as 1079:

6,500 pounds (2,900 kg) per minute for the KC-135, but does require a boom operator, and can only refuel one aircraft at a time.

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flew non-stop around the world in 94 hours and 1 minute, a feat made possible by four aerial refuelings from four pairs of

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were fitted with aerial refueling probes and additional fuel tanks to counter the decreased range from the shift in flight profile.

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the boom to make contact with the receiver aircraft. Once in contact, fuel is pumped through the boom into the receiver aircraft.

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K.2 and, after the Argentine surrender, by modified C-130 Hercules tankers. These aircraft aided deployments from the UK to the

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however, rendered it unsuitable for use by the SR-71, so the Air Force commissioned a specially modified KC-135 variant, the

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manner to fixed-wing aircraft by matching a high forward speed for a helicopter to a slow speed for the fixed-wing tanker.

695:

of the 43rd Bomb Wing to make its famous first non-stop around-the-world flight in 1949. From 26 February to 3 March 1949,

3664: 1577: 1155: 311: 3600:, "Aerial Refueling: The Need for a Multipoint, Dual-System Capability," AU-ARI-CP-87-3, Air University Press, July 1987. 1929: 1782:

has a fleet of Boeing 707s equipped with a boom refueling system similar to the KC-135, this system has the Israeli name

1031:

using a control stick. The boom operator also telescopes the boom to make the connection with the receiver's receptacle.

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on the tanker aircraft extends and inserts into a receptacle on the receiving aircraft. All boom-equipped tankers (e.g.

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the aircraft to be refueled (very close "line astern" formation flying) has resulted in the activity only being used in

546:

was also running mid-air refueling trials, with the aim to use this technique to extend the range of the long-distance

5289: 5159: 5100: 4379: 4077: 3940: 2831: 2706: 2588: 2484: 1743: 1028: 925: 452:, and a pioneer of long-distance aviation. During the 1920s, he made long-distance flights to places as far afield as 4203: 3555: 167: 93: 87: 4669: 4934: 4405: 3698: 2862: 2131: 2061: 2032: 1647: 1618: 1609:

During the late 1950s, aerial refueling had become so prevalent amongst the bombers operated by the US Air Force's

1462: 1450: 1446: 1419: 1325: 1321: 1215: 990: 810: 656: 221: 1509:, Okinawa. In addition to allowing the transport of the aircraft themselves, the cargo aircraft could also carry 1382:. The potential cost of converting F-35As to probe-and-drogue refueling (as is used on US Navy & Marine Corps 1253:

aircraft refuel using the "hose-and-drogue" system, as do most aircraft flown by western European militaries. The

861: 5319: 5209: 2528: 1057: 795: 652: 608:

being refueled by grappled-line looped-hose during the first non-stop circumnavigation of the world by air (1949)

600: 3483:"50 Years of Probe and Drogue Flight Refuelling cover signed Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Knight KCB AFC FRAES" 104: 5204: 2566: 2175: 1968: 1362: 1048: 491: 375: 292: 4810: 3148: 837:

drogue-and-probe in-flight refueling system with the probe located in one of the F-84's wing-tip fuel tanks.

5250: 5177: 5058: 4579: 2941: 2917: 2857: 2040: 1092: 1012: 921: 787: 704: 276: 216: 1855:

were in patrol) to search and guide the A-4s in their returning flights. On one of those flights (callsign

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to be equipped with aerial refueling apparatus and for it to be used to facilitate long distance patrols.

1494: 1218: 1200: 822: 531: 414: 315: 4044: 3862: 5262: 5240: 5167: 5137: 4950: 4828: 3644: 3620: 3453: 3339: 3247: 2816: 2290: 1627: 1610: 1552: 1502: 1497:, in addition to bombers, for ferrying to distant theaters of operations. This was much used during the 1103:

The probe-and-drogue refueling method employs a flexible hose that trails from the tanker aircraft. The

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and he began experimenting with the possibilities of in-flight refueling to extend the range of flight.

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bomber (with a flying reserve bomber) to attack the Argentine-captured airfield at Port Stanley on the

1332:

have similar under-wing refueling pods (referred to as Wing Air Refueling Pods or WARPs on the KC-10).

558:, with fuel flow controlled by an automatic valve on the hose which would cut off if contact was lost. 504:

as refueler and receiver. Aerial refueling remained a very dangerous process until 1935, when brothers

4439: 5182: 4956: 2889: 2827: 2765: 2632: 2374: 2308: 1987: 1884: 1860: 1815: 1799: 1614: 1407: 1196: 974: 676: 509: 429: 332: 299: 225: 4733:

Air Force Gunners (AFGA): The Men Behind the Guns, The History of Enlisted Aerial Gunnery, 1917–1991

1390:) added to the early-2010s political controversy which surrounded F-35 procurement within the RCAF. 1187:) to extend the range of its strike aircraft. In other cases, using the buddy store method allows a 5053: 3597: 2937: 2241: 2153: 2109: 1876: 1836: 1640: 1435: 1204: 929: 908: 760: 626: 580: 4977: 3966: 1814:, that necessitated a 2,000 km flight. As of 2021 Israel has ordered four of a planned eight 327:; there are no regular civilian in-flight refueling activities. Originally trialed shortly before 279:) to another (the receiver) while both aircraft are in flight. The two main refueling systems are 4108: 3538:

A1-F18AC-NFM-000 Naval Aviation Training and Operating Procedures Standardization (NATOPS) Manual

3207: 2997: 2989: 2901: 2867: 2610: 2539: 2263: 2087: 2012: 1700:

to refuel from KC-135s en route to their target. Besides extending their range, this enabled the

1651: 1159: 962: 687: 527: 487: 445: 1764: 5187: 5154: 5043: 5018: 4904: 4883: 4869: 4858: 4843: 4817: 4799: 4784: 4772: 4754: 4736: 4721: 4703: 4333: 4234: 4227: 4026: 3423: 3099: 3038: 3026: 2750: 2728: 2662: 2543: 2440: 2418: 2296: 2197: 1942: 1831:, aerial refueling played a vital role in all of the successful Argentine attacks against the 1795: 1779: 1660: 1573: 1557: 1438: 772: 708: 664: 567: 501: 394: 390: 324: 298:

The procedure allows the receiving aircraft to remain airborne longer, extending its range or

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had only two KC-130H Hercules available and they were used to refuel both Air Force and Navy

1453:

against the bombers' airfields could not obliterate the US's ability to retaliate by bomber.

5284: 5279: 5255: 5245: 5172: 5142: 5132: 5066: 2981: 2906: 2506: 2352: 2330: 2301: 2285: 1956: 1953: 1892: 1880: 1603: 1490: 1329: 1317: 1283: 1188: 1184: 1005: 622: 555: 535: 468: 339: 236: 4986: 2971:"Operations and aircraft design towards greener civil aviation using air-to-air refuelling" 1023:

configuration, are used to move the boom by creating aerodynamic forces. They are actuated

5095: 5048: 4981: 4300: 4281: 4207: 3234: 2794: 1983: 1960: 1736: 1622: 1517: 1506: 1458: 1163: 1067:

In the KC-97 and KC-135 the boom operator lies prone, while the operator is seated in the

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Note – on one flight there was a high westerly wind and no need for aerial refueling

3248:"flight march – receiver aircraft – advertisements flight – 1947 – 0392 – Flight Archive" 1312:

Some tankers have both a boom and one or more complete hose-and-drogue systems. The USAF

1038: 5224: 5219: 5192: 4767: 2787: 2304: 1844: 1728: 1716: 1600: 1486: 1431: 1262: 933: 745: 668: 551: 410: 363: 3180: 3072: 1998:

Helicopter in-flight refueling (HIFR) is a variation of aerial refueling when a naval

538:

were able to demonstrate passing fuel between machines at the annual aviation fete at

319:

estimated for long-haul flights (including the fuel used during the tanker missions).

5308: 5197: 5127: 4463:"Private Aerial Refueling Tanker Has Gassed Up An Air Force Plane For The First Time" 4131:"Israel's First Strike on Iran's Nuclear Facilities – Part 1 - Defense Media Network" 2993: 2850: 1828: 1768: 1709: 1697: 1288: 1075:

seats two operators at the front of the aircraft viewing camera video on 3D screens.

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note – even today there is much confusion about how this system actually worked

3047:

Cultures and Caricatures of British imperial Aviation: Passengers, Pilots, Publicity

679:

tanker aircraft, fitted with the FRL's looped-hose units, in operations against the

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There is no evidence of a relationship between A.D. Hunter and the Hunter brothers.

2809: 1971:. Seven B-52Gs flew a thirty-five-hour mission to the region and back to launch 35 1937: 1925: 1921: 1724: 1560: 1442: 1427: 1254: 1096: 1001: 978: 949: 776: 716: 700: 672: 644: 571: 547: 366: 328: 1746:

helicopters performed the first Trans-Pacific flight by a helicopter, flying from

996:

The flying boom is attached to the rear of the tanker aircraft. The attachment is

625:, trailed a steel cable which was then grappled by a line shot from the tanker, a 4898: 4873: 4783:

Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons; 1973.

4747: 4714: 4697: 4284:. Barksdale Air Force Base, United States Air Force. Retrieved 19 September 2011. 574:

events in the US and determined to create a workable system. While posted to the

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RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946–1969.

2835: 2581: 2477: 1972: 1896: 1888: 1852: 1840: 1720: 1705: 1689: 1635: 1537: 1510: 1498: 1231: 1171: 1167: 1116: 982: 940:) have a single boom and can refuel one aircraft at a time with this mechanism. 850: 613: 575: 467:, an aircraft manufacturing company that went on to produce a specially-adapted 449: 441: 379: 343: 335: 1621:'s global reach, performed between 16 and 18 January 1957, three B-52Bs made a 1473: 338:, and then employed after World War II on a large scale to extend the range of 4104: 2985: 1999: 1904: 1868: 1864: 1832: 1791: 1525: 1192: 1135: 1024: 970: 830: 765: 756: 755:, fitted with a nose-mounted probe. On 7 August 1949, the Meteor flown by FRL 712: 420:

Similar trial demonstrations of mid-air refueling technique took place at the

359: 17: 4776: 3992: 1851:

strikes. The Hercules on several occasions approached the islands (where the

1316:

has both a flying boom and a separate hose-and-drogue system manufactured by

1008:

in the receptacle engage the nozzle, holding it locked during fuel transfer.

660:

crossings further trials were suspended due to the outbreak of World War II.

369:

and Lt. John P. Richter receiving the first mid-air refueling on 27 June 1923

4875:

Chinese Military Modernization: Force Development and Strategic Capabilities

2882: 2677: 2367: 2124: 2102: 1747: 1521: 1179: 965:. Boeing went on to develop the world's first production aerial tanker, the 539: 457: 406: 4940: 4900:

Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations

3944: 4196: 3563: 583:

and turned to the development of inflight refueling, founding the company

3237:

close-up drawing of receiver pawl grapnel and tanker haul line projectile

2625: 2603: 2521: 2234: 1928:. Aircraft stationed in Saudi Arabia normally maintained an orbit in the 1900: 1772: 1732: 1693: 1595: 1423: 1258: 1016: 490:, set an endurance record of over 150 hours with a Fokker C-2A named the 4409: 3694: 3621:"Air Force Aerial Refueling Methods: Flying Boom versus Hose-and-Drogue" 3340:"flight – lucky lady – flight refuelling – 1949 – 0461 – Flight Archive" 1178:

A "buddy store" or "buddy pod" is an external pod loaded on an aircraft

5105: 5033: 4961:

article on the development of Flight Refuelling Ltd's refueling method.

2559: 2323: 2080: 1917: 1811: 875: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 818: 564: 497: 425: 382: 307: 4160:"US rejects Israeli request for tanker aircraft as Iran plans advance" 5112: 2743: 2721: 2647: 2499: 2411: 2278: 2168: 2146: 1848: 1751: 1546: 1379: 1358: 1045: 1020: 997: 957: 724: 663:

During the closing months of World War II, it had been intended that

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time. A series of air refuelings can give range limited only by crew

29:

Procedure in which flying aircraft receive fuel from another aircraft

4354:"The Plane that Flew for 62 Days and the T-Bird that Saved the Day" 1441:

airborne around-the-clock either to threaten retaliation against a

479:, using in-flight refueling to extend the plane's flight duration. 4753:

Vale of Glamorgan Wales, UK: Big Bird Aviation Publication, 2007.

4670:"Portuguese Air Force's first KC-390 aircraft arrives in Portugal" 4330:

Ally to Adversary: An Eyewitness Account of Iraq's Fall From Grace

2821: 2699: 2652: 2533: 2455: 2433: 2345: 2295: 2256: 2212: 2190: 2055: 1947: 1807: 1715:

The US Navy frequently used carrier-based aerial tankers like the

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Gardner, Brian (1984). "Flight Refuelling... The Wartime Story".

2025:

Commercial tankers are occasionally used by military forces. The

1207:; in the Buccaneer's case using a bomb-bay-mounted tank and HDU. 570:

had observed the dangerous aerial-refueling techniques in use at

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could refuel the more maneuverable fighter/ground attack types.

1341: 1278:

A US Air Force KC-135 with a drogue adapter attached to its boom

1261:

bombers modified for aerial refueling, and plans to add Russian

1131: 1042: 806: 720: 4990: 4317:(First ed.). Institute for Defense Analysis. p. 199. 3877: 3863:"La dissuasion nucléaire française en posture méditerranéenne" 1426:

requirement of the United States to be able to keep fleets of

1378:, which can only refuel via the flying boom, but only possess 844: 346:

has been extensively used in large-scale military operations.

291:, which offers faster fuel transfer, but requires a dedicated 134: 72: 31: 4969: 4796:

Jet Bombers: From the Messerschmitt Me 262 to the Stealth B-2

4702:

Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.

3727:"The B-58 Hustler: America's Cold War Nuclear Bomber Blunder" 512:. They exceeded the Hunters' record by nearly 100 hours in a 1672:

enabled them to photograph valuable targets in North Korea.

4974: 4829:"The Steel in the Blue: Last Week's Glimpse of the V-force" 4431: 3820: 3818: 1071:, all viewing operations through a window at the tail. The 378:, between two planes occurred on 25 June 1923, between two 331:

on a limited scale to extend the range of British civilian

4608:"Egypt demonstrates aerial refuelling for combat aircraft" 4251:"Narrative of RAF Contribution to the Falklands Campaign." 1875:

On the British side, air refueling was carried out by the

920:

The flying boom is a rigid, telescoping tube with movable

4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 285:, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft and the 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4045:"Lessons of Modern Warfare: The Iran Iraq War Chapter V" 3665:"Canadian military unable to refuel new jets in mid-air" 2657:

Tu-95М filling rod and filling cone from Il-78M aircraft

508:

demonstrated a spill-free refueling nozzle, designed by

4945: 4197:"The Falkland Islands: A history of the 1982 conflict." 1324:

are equipped with dual under-wing attachments known as

159: 4294:

Boeing B-52 evolves again with guided weapons launcher

1646:

During the mid-1950s, to deliver France's independent

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standard and were originally developed by the company

554:. By 1931 they had demonstrated refueling between two 4816:

Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1988.

3917:. United States Air Mobility Command. 15 April 2009. 1692:, it was common for USAF fighter-bombers flying from 782:

In January 1948, General Carl Spaatz, then the first

3619:

Christopher, Bolkcom; D., Klaus, Jon (11 May 2005).

3035:

Air Empire: British Imperial Civil Aviation, 1919–39

1719:

to refuel Navy and Marine aircraft such as the F-4,

1410:

receives fuel from a KC-135 during night operations.

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Encyclopedia of Military Technology And Innovation.

3915:"History of aerial refueling: Fueling the fighters" 3397:"Cobham 75 :: Air-to-Air Refuelling Takes off" 1887:" sorties which used 14 Victor tankers to allow an 4578: 4735:. Nashville, Tennessee: Turner Publishing, 1994. 4639:"Indonesia seeks new heavy air refuelling tanker" 3967:"S-65/H-53A/D Sea Stallion/ H-53E Super Stallion" 3283:"imperial airways – 1940 – 1219 – Flight Archive" 3137:Flight Magazine archive, 3 July 1931, p. 623 1739:transports for air-to-air refueling on missions. 1457:refueling aircraft from Valiant tankers included 686:This air-to-air refueling system was used by the 675:bombers would be in-flight refueled by converted 314:which could be weapons, cargo, or personnel: the 3584: 3377:Hallex, Steve. "Around the World in 94 Hours*". 3037:(Manchester University Press, 2009), Chapter 6. 1899:flying from the States to bomb Iraq in the 1991 516:monoplane, staying aloft for more than 27 days. 3049:(Manchester University Press, 2012), Chapter 4. 2035:using probe/drogue systems was investigated by 1563:takes on fuel through a Probe-and-drogue system 4903:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 306. 3720: 3718: 3716: 1794:aircraft to provide aerial refueling over the 5002: 3531: 3529: 148:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 4154: 4152: 3786: 3784: 3649:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1091:Using a probe-and-drogue, a Royal Air Force 463:Cobham was one of the founding directors of 3536:Naval Air Systems Command (1 August 2006). 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5079: 5009: 4995: 4987: 3149:"Seventy Five Years of Inflight Refueling" 3084: 3082: 2914:, the transfer of refuel and stores at sea 1655:purchased 14 (12 plus 2 spares) US Boeing 1650:, work commenced on what would become the 643:system to refuel aircraft as large as the 2940:(i.e. debriefing); "IFR" also stands for 1802:, an air raid on the headquarters of the 1775:due to unsustainable rates of attrition. 1684:HC-130P refuels HH-3E over Southeast Asia 891:Learn how and when to remove this message 204:Learn how and when to remove this message 186:Learn how and when to remove this message 123:Learn how and when to remove this message 3904:Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 196–197. 3128:Flight Magazine archive, 10 January 1929 86:This article includes a list of general 4184: 3941:"First USAF Flight Refueling in Combat" 2980:. Paper No. 3088. (November): 705–721. 2961: 2929: 989:(Dash-80) airframe. The result was the 4965:World's best aerial refueling aircraft 4637:McLaughlin, Andrew (22 January 2018). 4332:. Naval Institute Press. p. 106. 4057:from the original on 11 September 2009 3642: 1099:tanker over the Falkland Islands, 2005 1011:The "flying" boom is so named because 711:with the refuelings accomplished over 534:and the 34th Aviation Regiment of the 4952:Twenty-one Years of Flight Refuelling 4937:, a comprehensive article with video. 4857:London: The Stationery Office, 1997. 4840:V Bombers: Vulcan, Valiant and Victor 4835:, 13 February 1964, pp. 241–245. 4720:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2009. 4618:from the original on 6 September 2020 4587:from the original on 10 December 2019 4494:from the original on 23 February 2012 4360:from the original on 20 November 2016 4166:from the original on 13 December 2021 4137:from the original on 20 November 2016 4103:Israeli Air Force (10 October 2013). 3069:"National Air and Space Museum image" 1234:in the hose, severing the probe tip. 1095:crew practice refuelling from an RAF 281: 7: 4946:Air Refueling Systems Advisory Group 4812:Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973 4442:from the original on 31 January 2023 4111:from the original on 7 November 2021 4003:from the original on 11 October 2017 3430:. Bonnier Corporation. p. 131. 3422:Bonnier Corporation (October 1949). 3228:, Flight Magazine, November 22, 1945 3206:Bonnier Corporation (January 1947). 873:adding citations to reliable sources 801:Flight testing began in May 1948 at 792:British Overseas Airways Corporation 4794:Gunston, Bill and Peter Gilchrist. 4771:. No. 25. pp. 34–43, 80. 4461:Trevithick, Joseph (12 July 2023). 4303:– Flightglobal.com, 15 January 2016 4275:"Factsheets: 2nd Bomb Wing History" 4230:RAR Illustrated: Avro Vulcan Part 1 4084:from the original on 6 October 2014 3921:from the original on 5 October 2017 3851:Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 200. 3833:Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 196. 3367:, Flight magazine, 1 September 1949 3346:from the original on 21 August 2016 3316:. Bonnier Corporation. p. 79. 3308:Bonnier Corporation (August 1948). 3289:from the original on 5 October 2013 3161:from the original on 24 August 2017 1973:Boeing Air Launched Cruise Missiles 1798:in order to extend their range for 1742:During late August 1970, a pair of 779:typically need to remain airborne. 5090:Airborne early warning and control 4897:Bergman, Ronen (30 January 2018). 4668:Sharma, Soumya (17 October 2022). 4606:Jennings, Greg (14 January 2020). 3973:from the original on 23 March 2022 3733:from the original on 23 April 2021 3701:from the original on 17 March 2010 3434:from the original on 13 March 2023 3320:from the original on 13 March 2023 3187:from the original on 24 March 2017 3110:from the original on 13 March 2023 3098:Hearst Magazines (February 1931). 3088:History of Aviation, Part 19, 1938 2397:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force 2307:provides mid-air refueling to two 2220:People's Liberation Army Air Force 1394:MPRS KC-135, or Airbus A330 MRTT. 1361:. This was the method used on the 92:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 4713:Brookes, Andrew and Chris Davey. 4649:from the original on 3 April 2018 4386:from the original on 5 April 2016 3675:from the original on 14 June 2015 3489:from the original on 4 March 2016 3254:from the original on 2 April 2015 3214:. Bonnier Corporation. p. 2. 3106:. Hearst Magazines. p. 190. 1804:Palestine Liberation Organization 271:, is the process of transferring 47:This article has multiple issues. 4838:Windle, Dave and Martin Bowman. 3631:from the original on 11 May 2009 3464:from the original on 8 July 2017 2875: 2843: 2802: 2780: 2758: 2736: 2714: 2692: 2670: 2640: 2618: 2596: 2574: 2552: 2514: 2492: 2470: 2448: 2426: 2404: 2382: 2360: 2338: 2316: 2271: 2249: 2227: 2205: 2183: 2161: 2139: 2117: 2095: 2073: 2033:Autonomous (hands off) refueling 849: 798:, with plans to equip 80 B-29s. 287: 139: 77: 36: 3725:Farley, Robert (10 June 2016). 3424:"Jet Refuels Like Humming Bird" 2685:Republic of Singapore Air Force 2027:Omega Aerial Refueling Services 1328:(MPRSs), while some KC-10s and 860:needs additional citations for 803:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base 639:(FRL) and by 1938 had used its 482:Meanwhile, in 1929, a group of 55:or discuss these issues on the 4583:. Flightglobal Insight. 2020. 4233:, Big Bird Publications 2007, 3812:Windle and Bowman 2009, p. 21. 3790:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 49. 3310:"What Can Our Bombers Do Now?" 3181:"Mid-air refuelling in Gander" 2773:United Arab Emirates Air Force 2546:undergoing inflight refueling. 1769:bomb the H-3 Al Walid airfield 409:, using mid-air refuelings at 387:United States Army Air Service 1: 4842:, Casemate Publishers, 2009. 4718:(Osprey Combat Aircraft: 72). 2969:Nangia, R.K (November 2006). 1963:during Exercise Angel Thunder 1162:acts as a buddy tanker for a 342:, aerial refueling since the 4716:Vulcan Units of The Cold War 4380:"Endurance Test, Circa 1958" 4025:Air Forces Monthly Special, 3585:Cordesman & Kleiber 2007 2463:Japan Air Self-Defense Force 2007:Longest crewed flight record 1326:Multi-point Refueling System 1115:, is a fitting resembling a 823:509th Air Refueling Squadron 815:Davis-Monthan Air Force Base 635:In 1934, Cobham had founded 544:Royal Aircraft Establishment 422:Royal Aircraft Establishment 4975:Airlift/Tankers Association 4432:"Metrea Strategic Mobility" 4256:, Retrieved: 20 April 2014. 4078:"Bombed by Blinders Part 1" 3997:Imperial Iraniasn Air Force 3100:"Wings Across The Atlantic" 2707:Spanish Air and Space Force 2589:Royal Netherlands Air Force 2485:Republic of Korea Air Force 1420:Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers 993:, of which 732 were built. 948:In the late 1940s, General 796:Boeing B-29 Superfortresses 759:Pat Hornidge took off from 399:Canada–United States border 162:, discuss the issue on the 5336: 4872:; Kleiber, Martin (2007). 4218:Darling 2007, pp. 116–117. 3695:"Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird" 2863:United States Marine Corps 2132:Royal Australian Air Force 1619:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress 1447:mutual assured destruction 1380:probe-and-drogue refuelers 1365:endurance flight in 1929. 991:Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker 811:43d Air Refueling Squadron 486:fliers, led by then Major 4925:Photo aerial tanking 1929 4313:Woods, Kevin (May 2008). 4280:26 September 2009 at the 3876:(1): 5–12, archived from 3803:13 February 1964, p. 241. 3454:"Meteor's 12-hour Flight" 3365:"B-50s In Great Britain" 2986:10.1017/S0001924000001585 2936:"AAR" can also stand for 2529:Royal Malaysian Air Force 2039:, potentially for use by 1634:While development of the 1340:A small number of Soviet 1270:Boom drogue adapter units 1136:Flight Refuelling Limited 1058:1966 Palomares B-52 crash 719:, the Pacific Ocean near 653:Armstrong Whitworth AW.23 618:grappled-line looped-hose 601:Boeing B-50 Superfortress 591:Grappled-line looped-hose 3969:. sikorskyarchives.com. 3729:. nationalinterest.org. 3208:"Gas Station In The Sky" 2978:The Aeronautical Journal 2567:Royal Moroccan Air Force 2176:Royal Canadian Air Force 2041:unmanned aerial vehicles 1982:On 24 January 1991, the 1969:Barksdale AFB, Louisiana 1930:Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone 1625:around the world during 1572:Tankers are considered " 376:Alexander P. de Seversky 4970:Tac Tankers Association 4941:Aerial Refueling on APA 4809:Knaack, Marcelle Size. 4580:"World Air Forces 2020" 4328:Francoma, Rick (1999). 3226:"Refuelling In Flight" 2942:Instrument Flight Rules 2918:List of tanker aircraft 2858:United States Air Force 1613:that many, such as the 1414:The development of the 1221:refuels a pair of USMC 1051:view from the boom pod. 1013:flight control surfaces 961:at the Boeing plant at 922:flight control surfaces 788:United States Air Force 735:Probe-and-drogue system 705:Carswell Air Force Base 502:Stinson SM-1 Detroiters 275:from one aircraft (the 247:), also referred to as 107:more precise citations. 4930:Aerial tanking history 4299:20 August 2019 at the 3993:"Assault on Al-Wallid" 3542:Department of the Navy 3385:(1, 1st Quarter 2016). 3233:5 October 2013 at the 3023:Highways to the Empire 2912:Underway replenishment 2838: 2658: 2547: 2311: 2068: 1964: 1790:used heavily modified 1685: 1564: 1495:ground attack aircraft 1482: 1411: 1309: 1279: 1226: 1223:CH-53E Super Stallions 1201:de Havilland Sea Vixen 1175: 1111:), sometimes called a 1100: 1052: 1027:and controlled by the 917: 609: 415:Sacramento, California 370: 316:maximum takeoff weight 229: 4870:Cordesman, Anthony H. 4749:Avro Vulcan, Part One 4406:"Omega Air Refueling" 4254:The National Archives 4206:18 March 2007 at the 3842:Gunston 1973, p. 109. 3824:Gunston 1973, p. 104. 2825: 2817:Royal Saudi Air Force 2656: 2537: 2299: 2064:KC-30 refuels a USAF 2059: 1951: 1683: 1628:Operation Power Flite 1611:Strategic Air Command 1555: 1503:Hickam Air Force Base 1476: 1405: 1307: 1277: 1213: 1153: 1090: 1041: 967:KC-97 Stratofreighter 954:Strategic Air Command 911: 827:Walker Air Force Base 637:Flight Refuelling Ltd 627:Handley Page Type W10 598: 585:Flight Refuelling Ltd 362: 219: 4980:25 June 2022 at the 4162:. 13 December 2021. 4119:– via YouTube. 4043:Cordesman, Anthony. 3760:Knaack 1988, p. 243. 3556:"Inflight Refueling" 3025:(Air Britain, 2006, 2890:Venezuelan Air Force 2766:United Arab Emirates 2633:Portuguese Air Force 2375:Indonesian Air Force 1988:Attack on Ras Tanura 1934:Red Sea Battle Force 1885:Operation Black Buck 1816:Boeing KC-46 Pegasus 1800:Operation Wooden Leg 1615:Convair B-58 Hustler 1408:C-17 Globemaster III 1369:Compatibility issues 1205:Blackburn Buccaneers 1197:Supermarine Scimitar 1156:F/A-18E Super Hornet 1019:that are often in a 975:C-97 Stratofreighter 971:Boeing Stratocruiser 869:improve this article 657:Handley Page Harrows 261:air-to-air refueling 226:F-16 Fighting Falcon 168:create a new article 160:improve this article 150:may not represent a 5160:Electronic warfare 4827:Rodwell, Robert R. 4674:Airforce Technology 3870:Les Cahiers du RMES 3751:Condor 1994, p. 42. 3671:. 31 January 2011. 2938:After Action Review 2242:Colombian Air Force 2154:Brazilian Air Force 2110:Argentine Air Force 2011:A mission modified 1877:Handley Page Victor 1837:Argentine Air Force 1641:Handley Page Victor 1584:Operational history 1536:, with a very high 1436:B-52 Stratofortress 1122:The receiver has a 969:, a piston-engined 952:, commander of the 930:KC-135 Stratotanker 771:Modern specialized 532:Aéro-Club de France 350:Development history 325:military operations 253:in-flight refueling 228:using a flying boom 222:KC-135 Stratotanker 5101:Counter-insurgency 4751:(RAF Illustrated). 4731:Condor, Albert E. 4382:. 3 January 2008. 3778:Wynn 1997, p. 155. 3769:Wynn 1997, p. 154. 3147:Richard K. Smith. 3003:on 21 October 2013 2902:Military logistics 2868:United States Navy 2839: 2659: 2611:Pakistan Air Force 2548: 2540:Saab JAS-39 Gripen 2312: 2264:Egyptian Air Force 2088:Algerian Air Force 2069: 2013:Cessna 172 Skyhawk 1965: 1686: 1652:Dassault Mirage IV 1565: 1483: 1422:was pushed by the 1412: 1310: 1280: 1227: 1176: 1101: 1053: 973:(USAF designation 963:Renton, Washington 918: 746:Gloster Meteor F.3 688:B-50 Superfortress 681:Japanese homelands 610: 550:that serviced the 542:in 1928. The UK's 528:Le Bourget Airport 446:Royal Flying Corps 371: 230: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5155:Close air support 5019:military aircraft 4935:Airborne rearming 4910:978-0-679-60468-6 4889:978-0-89206-496-0 4822:978-0-16-002260-9 4759:978-1-84799-237-6 4741:978-1-56311-167-9 4726:978-1-84603-297-4 4708:978-1-57356-557-8 4265:Bull 2004, p. 84. 4239:978-1-84799-237-6 4202:, 29 April 2010. 3861:Dumoulin, André, 3566:on 16 August 2007 3104:Popular Mechanics 3075:on 16 April 2009. 3043:978-0-7190-4111-2 2751:Turkish Air Force 2729:Swedish Air Force 2663:Russian Air Force 2544:Swedish Air Force 2441:Italian Air Force 2419:Israeli Air Force 2305:Ilyushin Il-78MKI 2198:Chilean Air Force 1959:is refueled by a 1943:Combat Air Patrol 1796:Mediterranean Sea 1780:Israeli Air Force 1763:During the 1980s 1648:nuclear deterrent 1604:strategic bombers 1574:force multipliers 1558:Russian Air Force 1439:strategic bombers 1195:in operating its 901: 900: 893: 709:Fort Worth, Texas 599:The US Air Force 581:Olley Air Service 568:Richard Atcherley 556:Vickers Virginias 521:Popular Mechanics 484:US Army Air Corps 395:Sumas, Washington 391:aviation gasoline 355:Early experiments 340:strategic bombers 241:aerial refuelling 214: 213: 206: 196: 195: 188: 170:, as appropriate. 133: 132: 125: 70: 16:(Redirected from 5327: 5320:Aerial maneuvers 5163: 5080: 5062: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4988: 4914: 4893: 4853:Wynn, Humphrey. 4798:. Osprey, 1993. 4780: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4582: 4575: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4408:. Archived from 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4356:. 29 July 2008. 4350: 4344: 4343: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4291: 4285: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4021:Nadimi, Farzin. 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3947:on 11 April 2017 3943:. Archived from 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3883:on 13 March 2012 3882: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3722: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3562:. Archived from 3552: 3546: 3545: 3540:. United States 3533: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3399:. Archived from 3393: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3244: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3071:. Archived from 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3002: 2996:. Archived from 2975: 2966: 2945: 2934: 2907:Propellant depot 2881: 2879: 2878: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2507:Kuwait Air Force 2498: 2496: 2495: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2353:Indian Air Force 2344: 2342: 2341: 2331:German Air Force 2322: 2320: 2319: 2286:French Air Force 2277: 2275: 2274: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2079: 2077: 2076: 1954:French Air Force 1893:Falkland Islands 1881:Ascension Island 1491:fighter aircraft 1352:Simple grappling 1308:A KC-10 Extender 1300:Multiple systems 1292:causing damage. 1284:French Air Force 1282:USAF KC-135 and 1185:carrier air wing 1083:Probe-and-drogue 1015:, small movable 912:Dutch Air Force 896: 889: 885: 882: 876: 853: 845: 741:probe-and-drogue 623:Airspeed Courier 536:French Air Force 530:near Paris, the 469:Airspeed Courier 465:Airspeed Limited 444:, member of the 282:probe-and-drogue 233:Aerial refueling 209: 202: 191: 184: 180: 177: 171: 143: 142: 135: 128: 121: 117: 114: 108: 103:this article by 94:inline citations 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5294: 5229: 5205:Maritime patrol 5178:Air superiority 5161: 5071: 5060: 5022: 5021:types and roles 5015: 4982:Wayback Machine 4921: 4911: 4896: 4890: 4882:. p. 158. 4868: 4764: 4696:Bull, Stephen. 4693: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4577: 4576: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4301:Wayback Machine 4292: 4288: 4282:Wayback Machine 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4249: 4245: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208:Wayback Machine 4200:Royal Air Force 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3723: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3625:Digital Library 3618: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3513:airforce.gov.au 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3428:Popular Science 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3314:Popular Science 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3235:Wayback Machine 3223: 3219: 3212:Popular Science 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3033:); G.H. Pirie, 3021:Colin Cruddas, 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2898: 2876: 2874: 2844: 2842: 2803: 2801: 2795:Royal Air Force 2781: 2779: 2759: 2757: 2737: 2735: 2715: 2713: 2693: 2691: 2671: 2669: 2641: 2639: 2619: 2617: 2597: 2595: 2575: 2573: 2553: 2551: 2515: 2513: 2493: 2491: 2471: 2469: 2449: 2447: 2427: 2425: 2405: 2403: 2383: 2381: 2361: 2359: 2339: 2337: 2317: 2315: 2272: 2270: 2250: 2248: 2228: 2226: 2206: 2204: 2184: 2182: 2162: 2160: 2140: 2138: 2118: 2116: 2096: 2094: 2074: 2072: 2054: 2022: 2009: 1996: 1984:Iraqi Air Force 1961:Lockheed HC-130 1913: 1863:. However, the 1845:Super Etendards 1825: 1761: 1737:KC-130 Hercules 1717:KA-3 Skywarrior 1678: 1669: 1623:non-stop flight 1591: 1586: 1570: 1518:SR-71 Blackbird 1507:Kadena Air Base 1400: 1371: 1354: 1338: 1302: 1272: 1219:KC-130 Hercules 1148: 1093:C-130K Hercules 1085: 946: 906: 897: 886: 880: 877: 866: 854: 843: 761:Tarrant Rushton 737: 593: 562:Royal Air Force 506:Fred and Al Key 403:Tijuana, Mexico 357: 352: 310:with a greater 210: 199: 198: 197: 192: 181: 175: 172: 157: 144: 140: 129: 118: 112: 109: 99:Please help to 98: 82: 78: 41: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5251:Reconnaissance 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5225:Strike fighter 5222: 5220:Fighter-bomber 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5170: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5086: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4919:External links 4917: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4894: 4888: 4866: 4851: 4836: 4825: 4807: 4792: 4781: 4768:Air Enthusiast 4762: 4746:Darling, Kev. 4744: 4729: 4711: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4660: 4629: 4598: 4505: 4479: 4453: 4423: 4412:on 12 May 2015 4397: 4371: 4345: 4338: 4320: 4305: 4286: 4267: 4258: 4243: 4220: 4211: 4189: 4187:, p. 306. 4177: 4148: 4122: 4105:"תדלוק אווירי" 4095: 4068: 4035: 4014: 3984: 3958: 3932: 3906: 3897: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3814: 3805: 3792: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3712: 3686: 3656: 3611: 3602: 3589: 3587:, p. 158. 3577: 3547: 3544:. p. 364. 3525: 3500: 3474: 3445: 3414: 3403:on 8 July 2011 3388: 3369: 3357: 3331: 3300: 3274: 3265: 3239: 3217: 3198: 3172: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3090: 3078: 3060: 3051: 3045:; G.H. Pirie, 3014: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2798: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788:United Kingdom 2776: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2688: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2666: 2665: 2651: 2650: 2636: 2635: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2592: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2030: 2021: 2018: 2008: 2005: 1995: 1992: 1912: 1909: 1824: 1821: 1760: 1757: 1750:in Florida to 1729:A-7 Corsair II 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1569: 1566: 1487:cargo aircraft 1477:Route map for 1432:B-47 Stratojet 1399: 1396: 1370: 1367: 1353: 1350: 1337: 1334: 1301: 1298: 1289:naval aviators 1271: 1268: 1263:Ilyushin Il-78 1147: 1144: 1084: 1081: 945: 942: 934:KC-10 Extender 916:refueling boom 905: 902: 899: 898: 857: 855: 848: 842: 839: 784:Chief of Staff 736: 733: 723:, and between 592: 589: 552:British Empire 430:Armée de l'Air 411:Eugene, Oregon 356: 353: 351: 348: 212: 211: 194: 193: 154:of the subject 152:worldwide view 147: 145: 138: 131: 130: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 28: 24: 18:Refueling boom 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5332: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5315:Air refueling 5313: 5312: 5310: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5128:Medium bomber 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4863:0-11-772833-0 4860: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4848:1-84415-827-6 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4804:1-85532-258-7 4801: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789:0-7110-0456-0 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4661: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4228:Kev Darling, 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4076:Cooper, Tom. 4072: 4069: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4031:0-946219-46-X 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598:Marck R. Cobb 3593: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3578: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3514: 3510: 3509:"KC-30A MRTT" 3504: 3501: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:0-85130-376-5 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851:United States 2841: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828:KC-46 Pegasus 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994: 992: 988: 987:Boeing 367-80 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 956:(SAC), asked 955: 951: 943: 941: 939: 938:KC-46 Pegasus 935: 931: 927: 926:boom operator 923: 915: 910: 903: 895: 892: 884: 874: 870: 864: 863: 858:This section 856: 852: 847: 846: 840: 838: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 769: 767: 762: 758: 754: 751: 748:jet fighter, 747: 742: 734: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:Lucky Lady II 694: 693: 692:Lucky Lady II 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 630: 628: 624: 619: 615: 607: 606: 605:Lucky Lady II 602: 597: 590: 588: 586: 582: 577: 573: 569: 566: 563: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 514:Curtiss Robin 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494: 493:Question Mark 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 405:, landing in 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381: 377: 368: 365: 361: 354: 349: 347: 345: 341: 337: 334: 333:transatlantic 330: 326: 320: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 293:boom operator 290: 289: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273:aviation fuel 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 249:air refueling 246: 242: 238: 234: 227: 223: 218: 208: 205: 190: 187: 179: 169: 165: 161: 155: 153: 146: 137: 136: 127: 124: 116: 106: 102: 96: 95: 89: 84: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 27: 19: 5274: 5263:Surveillance 5241:Experimental 5123:Light bomber 5118:Heavy bomber 4957: 4951: 4899: 4874: 4854: 4839: 4832: 4811: 4795: 4766: 4748: 4732: 4715: 4698: 4691:Bibliography 4679:16 September 4677:. Retrieved 4673: 4663: 4651:. Retrieved 4642: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4611: 4601: 4589:. Retrieved 4496:. Retrieved 4482: 4470:. Retrieved 4466: 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4435: 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4410:the original 4400: 4388:. Retrieved 4374: 4362:. Retrieved 4348: 4329: 4323: 4314: 4308: 4289: 4270: 4261: 4253: 4246: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4199: 4192: 4185:Bergman 2018 4180: 4168:. Retrieved 4139:. Retrieved 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4098: 4086:. Retrieved 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4038: 4023:F-4 Phantom. 4022: 4017: 4005:. Retrieved 3996: 3987: 3975:. Retrieved 3961: 3949:. Retrieved 3945:the original 3935: 3923:. Retrieved 3909: 3900: 3892: 3885:, retrieved 3878:the original 3873: 3869: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3703:. Retrieved 3689: 3677:. Retrieved 3668: 3659: 3645:cite journal 3633:. Retrieved 3624: 3614: 3605: 3592: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3564:the original 3559: 3550: 3537: 3516:. Retrieved 3512: 3503: 3491:. 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