333:
goals (career, academic, personal). Depending upon the referral question and individual patient goals, a structured and focused assessment may include any combination of the following components: cognitive function (decisional capacity, mental status, neurocognitive function); physical function (fatigue, health behavior, pain, sleep); psychological function (emotional adjustment, interpersonal/social functioning, personality, mental health conditions). Aspects of the individual's environment also are assessed, including cultural, community, home, rehabilitation, school, vocational, and social environments. In addition to clinical assessment and interview, standardized measures can be helpful for understanding each of these component areas in greater detail. Specifically, rehabilitation psychologist use data from standardized cognitive assessments to assess both cognitive limitations and positive cognitive abilities such as problem-solving skills.
71:; however, Rehabilitation Psychology is distinctive in its focus on working with individuals with all types of disability and chronic health conditions to maintain/gain and advance in vocation; in the context of interdisciplinary health care teams; and as social change agents to improve societal attitudes toward individuals living with disabilities and chronic health conditions. Rehabilitation psychologists work as advocates with persons with disabilities to eliminate attitudinal, policy, and physical barriers, and to emphasize employment, environmental access, and social role and community integration.
118:
care had led to an increased number of people surviving injuries and illnesses that would have been fatal in previous generations. Individuals living with disabilities and chronic health conditions needed help to adjust, and rehabilitation psychology emerged to meet these needs using psychological knowledge to help maximize independence, health, and welfare. In 1954, the
Vocational Rehabilitation Act was passed, providing grant funding for research and program development. As a result of this act, many universities opened vocational
403:(HIPAA): This Act was initiated in 1996 in an effort to protect the privacy of patient information. It affects rehabilitation psychologists in a variety of important ways and occasionally contradicts aspects of the APA Ethical Code. For example, under the Act, tests designed to measure psychological and neurocognitive function may not be released to the general public. Instead of releasing the tests themselves, rehabilitation psychologists typically provide summaries of the data, interpretation, and treatment recommendations.
348:, or neuropsychological rehabilitation, refers to the broad range of evidence-based interventions designed to improve cognitive functioning impaired as a result of changes in the brain due to injury or illness. Because of their specialized training in the nuances of impaired cognitive abilities, within the context of personality and emotional factors, rehabilitation psychologists are uniquely qualified to provide interventions for cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial difficulties following brain injury.
381:(http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/). Rehabilitation psychologists also must follow federal laws relevant to individuals with disability. Rehabilitation psychologists often are faced with ethical and legal considerations when assisting patients with concerns such as end-of-life decision making, ability to return to driving (e.g., following acquired brain injury, stroke, or other medical conditions that may impair driving ability), and the role of faith/religion in the individual's health-care decision making.
432:, plus pre-doctoral and post-doctoral clinical training in healthcare settings. Rehabilitation psychologists must be licensed in order to provide services in their state of practice and to receive reimbursement from health insurance payers. In most states, obtaining a license requires a doctoral degree from an approved program, a minimum number of hours of supervised clinical experience, and a passing score on the
129:, as an organization of psychologists concerned with the psychological and social consequences of disability, and with the development of ways to prevent and resolve problems associated with disability. By the 1960s, rehabilitation psychology was considered a mature specialty and was prominent throughout the United States. However, it was not until 1997 that the
103:(APA), the American Board of Rehabilitation Psychology (ABRP), the Foundation for Rehabilitation Psychology (FRP), the Council of Rehabilitation Psychology Postdoctoral Training Programs (CRPPTP), and the Academy of Rehabilitation Psychology (ARP). RPSC represents the specialty to the Council of Specialties in Professional Psychology(CoS).
249:
thoughts, CBT works to change an individual's subjective experience and their resulting behavior. A variety of empirical studies have demonstrated CBT's effectiveness in cases of traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and a variety of other conditions common to individuals living with disability
324:
To enhance the rehabilitation process, one must not only identify barriers to recovery, but also personal strengths and resiliency factors that foster continued recovery and social reintegration. Rehabilitation psychology's focus on personal strengths and resiliency has been influential in the field
141:
Theoretical models are important in rehabilitation psychology for understanding and explaining impairments, aiding treatment planning, and facilitating the prediction of outcomes. Models help organize, understand, explain, and predict phenomena. The models used integrate information from a number of
46:
approach, considering individuals within their broader social context and assessing environmental and demographic factors that may facilitate or impede functioning. This approach, integrating both personal (e.g., deficits, impairments, strengths, assets) and environmental factors, is consistent with
351:
Cognitive rehabilitation interventions have been used with people who have sustained brain injury, stroke, brain tumor, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, mild cognitive impairment, ADHD, and a variety of other medical conditions that affect cognitive functioning. Cognitive functions targeted
332:
Rehabilitation psychologists take into consideration the medical diagnosis, referral question, background history, pre-morbid functioning (independence with basic and instrumental activities of daily living), current functioning (physical, cognitive, psychological), personality characteristics, and
152:
examines the interaction of medical conditions, psychological stressors, the environment, and personal factors to understand an individual's adaptation to disability. This interdisciplinary model is an acknowledgement that disability only can be understood within a larger context, and reflects the
496:
Expected competencies were the capability to assess and treat disability adjustment, cognitive functioning, personality functioning, family functioning, social environment, social functioning, educational functioning, vocational functioning, recreational functioning, sexual functioning, substance
447:
Division of
Rehabilitation Psychology (Division 22) and the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine spent four years developing guidelines leading up to the 1992 Ann Arbor Conference in Postdoctoral Training in Professional Psychology. Patterson and Hanson outlined the entrance requirements,
190:
is one example. As a Jew living in
Germany during the early years of the Nazi regime, Lewin's experiences shaped his psychological work. This is reflected in his conceptualization of the insider-outsider distinction, as well as his understanding of stigma. Lewin is known for his conceptualization
142:
disciplines, such as biology, psychology, and sociology. A wide array of models is needed because of the diverse problems and concerns faced by individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions. Often, more than one model must be applied to properly understand an individual's condition.
117:
The specialty of rehabilitation psychology was established well before psychologists were regularly involved in healthcare settings. In the 1940s and 1950s, psychologists became increasingly involved in caring for persons with disabilities, often the result of combat injuries. Advances in medical
229:
and holds that the environment can either aid or hinder an individual's adjustment. Wright's insights and her articulation of the beliefs and principles underlying rehabilitation psychology practice have come to be known as the "foundational principles of rehabilitation psychology" and her work
500:
The ABRP Board
Certification process recognizes, certifies, and promotes competence in the specialty. The American Board of Professional Psychology specifies that in order to meet the standards of the speciality, an individual must complete a recognized internship program, have three years of
368:
Consistent with the foundational principles of rehabilitation psychology, contemporary rehabilitation psychology approaches to cognitive rehabilitation incorporate the subjective experience of the patient while targeting meta-cognition or self regulation. The ultimate goal of all cognitive
244:
treatment have shown promise in promoting adjustment, well-being, and overall health among individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions. This model holds that thoughts and coping strategies directly impact feelings and behaviors. By emphasizing, identifying, and changing
74:
Rehabilitation psychologists provide clinical services in varied healthcare settings, including acute care hospitals, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation centers, assisted living centers, long-term care facilities, specialty clinics, and community agencies. They typically work in
1351:
Cicerone, Keith D.; Goldin, Yelena; Ganci, Keith; Rosenbaum, Amy; Wethe, Jennifer V.; Langenbahn, Donna M.; Malec, James F.; Bergquist, Thomas F.; Kingsley, Kristine (2019-08-01). "Evidence-Based
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Systematic Review of the Literature From 2009 Through 2014".
1263:
Cicerone, Keith D.; Dahlberg, Cynthia; Malec, James F.; Langenbahn, Donna M.; Felicetti, Thomas; Kneipp, Sally; Ellmo, Wendy; Kalmar, Kathleen; Giacino, Joseph T. (2005-08-01). "Evidence-Based
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Updated Review of the Literature From 1998 Through 2002".
98:
In the United States, the specialty of
Rehabilitation Psychology is coordinated by the Rehabilitation Psychology Specialty Council (RPSC), which comprises five professional organizations that represent the major constituencies in Rehabilitation Psychology: Division 22 of the
1307:
Cicerone, Keith D.; Langenbahn, Donna M.; Braden, Cynthia; Malec, James F.; Kalmar, Kathleen; Fraas, Michael; Felicetti, Thomas; Laatsch, Linda; Harley, J. Preston (2011). "Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008".
58:
In addition to clinical practice, rehabilitation psychologists engage in consultation, program development, teaching, training, public policy, and advocacy. Rehabilitation psychology shares some technical competencies with the specialties of
397:(ADA): This Act was an extension of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The ADA's five titles prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, government, public and commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications.
391:: This Act prohibits discrimination of persons based on disability status in programs conducted by Federal agencies, those receiving Federal financial assistance, in Federal employment, and in the employment practices of Federal contractors.
95:, chaplain, and case manager also may be included depending on individual needs. Members of the team work together to create a treatment plan, set goals, educate both the patient and their support network, and facilitate discharge planning.
497:
abuse, and pain. In addition to displaying these competencies, rehabilitation psychologists are expected to collaborate and consult with other rehabilitation professionals within the interdisciplinary team throughout the treatment process.
258:
In clinical settings, rehabilitation psychologists apply psychological expertise and skills to improve outcomes for individuals living with disabilities or chronic health conditions. Common populations treated include individuals with:
364:
and emotional self-regulation. Cognitive rehabilitation can include computer-based tasks, with the caveat that such tasks are most effective when administered under the guidance of a trained clinician in an individualized setting.
315:
When addressing these chronic health conditions and disabilities, rehabilitation psychologists offer a variety of services with the goal of increasing an individual's functioning and quality of life. Specific services may include:
1219:
Cicerone, K. D.; Dahlberg, C.; Kalmar, K.; Langenbahn, D. M.; Malec, J. F.; Bergquist, T. F.; Felicetti, T.; Giacino, J. T.; Harley, J. P. (2000). "Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: recommendations for clinical practice".
175:
can be applied to severe losses, such as the loss of a limb. This concept is reflected in Jerome Siller's stage theory of adjustment, designed to increase understanding of acceptance and adjustment following sudden disability.
153:
longstanding belief of rehabilitation psychologists that cultural attitudes and environmental barriers influence an individual's adaptation and accentuate disability. Notably, the tenets of this model are reflected in the
491:
approved the establishment of the
American Board of Rehabilitation Psychology. Subsequently, the board elaborated on the guidelines from 1995 by requiring a board certification that assesses an individual on the expected
1049:
Rath, Joseph F.; Simon, Dvorah; Langenbahn, Donna M.; Sherr, Rose Lynn; Diller, Leonard (2003-09-01). "Group treatment of problem-solving deficits in outpatients with traumatic brain injury: A randomised outcome study".
158:
52:
938:
Dunn, Dana S.; Ehde, Dawn M.; Wegener, Stephen T. (2016). "The foundational principles as psychological lodestars: Theoretical inspiration and empirical direction in rehabilitation psychology".
1647:"Clinical applications of problem-solving research in neuropsychological rehabilitation: Addressing the subjective experience of cognitive deficits in outpatients with acquired brain injury"
742:
1093:
Elliott, Timothy R.; Berry, Jack W. (2009). "Brief problem-solving training for family caregivers of persons with recent-onset spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial".
1413:
Langenbahn, Donna M.; Rath, Joseph F.; Diller, Leonard (2019-06-13), Barr, William B.; Bieliauskas, Linas A. (eds.), "Historical
Development of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation",
433:
400:
225:
She also proposed the somatopsychological model, which advocates for interpreting disability within its social context. The somatopsychological model is derived from Lewin's
443:
By the 1960s, the need for standardized guidelines for postdoctoral training in rehabilitation psychology was recognized during the speciality's national conferences. The
369:
rehabilitation interventions is to improve the everyday functioning of people in the setting in which they live or work, consistent with their own values and priorities.
1835:
217:, two of Lewin's students, are recognized as pioneering figures in the history of rehabilitation psychology. Wright authored two of the field's seminal texts,
109:
is its official journal. Rehabilitation
Psychology is certified as one of 14 specialty competencies by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP).
1881:
Patterson, David R.; Hanson, Stephanie L. (Winter 1995). "Joint Division 22 and ACRM guidelines for postdoctoral training in rehabilitation psychology".
377:
Rehabilitation psychologists adhere to the same general principles and ethical codes of conduct as all psychologists, under guidelines set forth by the
42:. As the conditions experienced by patients vary widely, rehabilitation psychologists offer individualized treatment approaches. The discipline takes a
1792:
Raskin, Sarah A.; Sohlberg, McKay Moore (2009-05-01). "Prospective Memory Intervention: A Review and Evaluation of a Pilot Restorative Intervention".
1749:
Kennedy, Mary R. T.; Coelho, Carl (2005). "Self-Regulation after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Framework for Intervention of Memory and Problem Solving".
488:
130:
725:
Rath, J. F., & Langer, K. G. (2019). Consultation. In L. A. Brenner, S. A. Reid-Arndt, T. R. Elliott, R. G. Frank, & B. Caplan (Eds.),
394:
572:
Cox, David R.; Hess, David W.; Hibbard, Mary R.; Layman, David E.; Stewart, Robert K. (2010). "Specialty practice in rehabilitation psychology".
1860:
Rath, J. F., Bertisch, H., & Elliott, T. R. (2017). Psychologists specializing in rehabilitation psychology. In R. Sternberg (Ed.),
76:
1148:
671:
542:
161:(ICF). The framework is holistic and to apply it providers must learn about the disabled person's home life and broader social context.
104:
1204:
1187:
Stevenson, Jennifer E.; Kortte, Kathleen B.; Salorio, Cynthia F.; Rohe, Daniel E. (2013), "Assessment in rehabilitation psychology.",
1168:
691:
453:
444:
378:
126:
100:
1845:
1430:
782:
639:
1968:
888:"Globalizing rehabilitation psychology: Application of foundational principles to global health and rehabilitation challenges"
990:
520:
214:
1189:
APA handbook of testing and assessment in psychology, Vol. 2: Testing and assessment in clinical and counseling psychology.
1963:
345:
1928:
1543:"Computerized Cognitive Rehabilitation of Attention and Executive Function in Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review"
237:
1958:
1704:"Facts, Theories, Values: Shaping the Course of Neurorehabilitation. The 60th John Stanley Coulter Memorial Lecture"
709:
Elliott, T. R., & Rath, J. F. (2011). Rehabilitation psychology. In E. M. Altmaier & J-I. C. Hansen (Eds.),
388:
226:
154:
119:
48:
777:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. A Field in Flux: The History of Rehabilitation Psychology.
341:
60:
26:
aimed at maximizing the independence, functional status, health, and social participation of individuals with
1840:. Specialty Competencies in Professional Psychology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2013-09-03.
309:
84:
1447:"An Evidence-Based Review of Cognitive Rehabilitation in Medical Conditions Affecting Cognitive Function"
421:
268:
149:
64:
1703:
1599:
1446:
437:
417:
413:
246:
436:(EPPP), a standardized knowledge-based examination. Most states also require a prescribed number of
537:
357:
326:
182:: The pioneers in rehabilitation psychology were a diverse group, but many came from the field of
1817:
1395:
1075:
525:
299:
291:
172:
80:
1014:
Wright, Beatrice A. (1972). "Value-laden beliefs and principles for rehabilitation psychology".
1898:
1841:
1809:
1774:
1766:
1731:
1723:
1684:
1666:
1627:
1619:
1580:
1562:
1523:
1515:
1474:
1466:
1426:
1387:
1379:
1333:
1325:
1289:
1281:
1245:
1237:
1200:
1164:
1160:
1118:
1110:
1067:
1031:
996:
986:
963:
955:
917:
909:
778:
687:
683:
635:
589:
429:
183:
68:
743:"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Treatment Team | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library"
1890:
1801:
1758:
1715:
1674:
1658:
1611:
1570:
1554:
1505:
1458:
1422:
1418:
1369:
1361:
1317:
1273:
1229:
1192:
1156:
1102:
1059:
1023:
947:
899:
679:
627:
581:
88:
886:
MacLachlan, Malcolm; LeBlanc, Jeanne; Bruyère, Susanne M.; Bentley, Jacob A. (2016-02-01).
798:
468:
Patient populations and didactics are related to disabilities and chronic health conditions
230:
continues to inform contemporary rehabilitation psychology research, theory, and practice.
859:
Reel, K., & Feaver, S. (2006). Models: Terminology and usefulness. In S. Davis (Ed.),
425:
361:
241:
39:
30:
and chronic health conditions. Assessment and treatment may include the following areas:
1492:
Cappa, S. F.; Benke, T.; Clarke, S.; Rossi, B.; Stemmer, B.; Heugten, C. M. van (2005).
1679:
1646:
1575:
1542:
1952:
1821:
1510:
1445:
Trott, Charlotte; Cantor, Joshua; Ashman, Teresa; Langenbahn, Donna M. (2013-02-01).
1079:
631:
168:
1399:
412:
In the United States, rehabilitation psychologists complete doctoral degrees (e.g.,
1933:
515:
510:
278:
210:
31:
1943:
501:
experience within the field, and have supervised experience within the specialty.
1558:
92:
35:
1921:
1894:
1719:
1615:
1462:
1365:
1321:
1277:
133:
approved the establishment of the American Board of Rehabilitation Psychology.
1063:
283:
187:
27:
23:
1902:
1813:
1770:
1727:
1670:
1623:
1566:
1519:
1470:
1383:
1329:
1285:
1241:
1114:
1071:
1035:
959:
913:
593:
1541:
Bogdanova, Yelena; Yee, Megan K.; Ho, Vivian T.; Cicerone, Keith D. (2016).
1233:
353:
1778:
1735:
1688:
1631:
1584:
1527:
1494:"EFNS guidelines on cognitive rehabilitation: report of an EFNS task force"
1493:
1478:
1391:
1337:
1293:
1249:
1122:
1000:
967:
921:
1864:(3rd ed, pp. 227-243). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
1762:
1645:
Rath, Joseph F.; Hradil, Amy L.; Litke, David R.; Diller, Leonard (2011).
1600:"Pushing the Frames of Reference in Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation"
1805:
125:
In 1958, Rehabilitation Psychology was established as Division 22 of the
43:
1938:
448:
training length, curriculum requirements, supervision, and evaluations:
1106:
951:
904:
887:
1374:
1196:
1662:
1027:
585:
304:
273:
1939:
Council of Rehabilitation Psychology Postdoctoral Training Programs
452:
Trainees are accepted only from doctoral programs approved by the
159:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
53:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
872:
Wendell, S. (1996). The social construction of disability.
465:
Curriculum includes supervised practice, seminars, and coursework
263:
729:(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
1862:
Career paths in psychology: Where your degree can take you
1415:
The Oxford Handbook of History of Clinical Neuropsychology
861:
Rehabilitation: The use of theories and models in practice
1191:, American Psychological Association, pp. 501–521,
1147:
Perry, Kathryn Nicholson; Stiers, William (2012-07-16).
833:
471:
There is a minimum of two hours of supervision per week
480:
Formal trainee evaluations occur at least twice a year
462:
There are a minimum of two supervisors during training
1149:"Education and Training in Rehabilitation Psychology"
713:(pp. 679-702). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
477:
There are written objectives for the training program
622:
Scherer, M. J. (2010). "Rehabilitation Psychology".
1837:
Specialty Competencies in Rehabilitation Psychology
672:"Psychological Models in Rehabilitation Psychology"
670:Rath, Joseph F.; Elliott, Timothy R. (2012-07-16).
434:
Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology
401:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
1944:Council of Specialities in Professional Psychology
356:, memory, language, visual-perceptual skills, and
1708:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1604:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1451:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1354:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1310:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1266:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1222:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1153:The Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Psychology
775:The Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Psychology
676:The Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Psychology
34:, cognitive, behavioral, and functional status,
799:"Social Security Bulletin Vol 17, No. 10, p 16"
223:, Physical Disability: A Psychosocial Approach.
167:: In the context of rehabilitation psychology,
574:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
219:Physical Disability: A Psychological Approach
8:
985:(2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
983:Physical disability, a psychosocial approach
1929:American Board of Rehabilitation Psychology
75:interdisciplinary teams, often including a
221:and the extensively revised second edition
1678:
1574:
1509:
1373:
903:
489:American Board of Professional Psychology
420:) in fields such as clinical psychology,
131:American Board of Professional Psychology
1934:Foundation for Rehabilitation Psychology
711:Oxford handbook of counseling psychology
122:programs within their graduate schools.
1161:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733989.013.0023
834:"Division of Rehabilitation Psychology"
684:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733989.013.0003
557:
384:Relevant federal legislation includes:
1182:
1180:
933:
931:
624:The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
459:Minimum length of training is one year
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1547:Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
1423:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199765683.013.22
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
876:(pp. 54-89). New York, NY: Routledge.
855:
853:
838:Division of Rehabilitation Psychology
737:
735:
727:Handbook of rehabilitation psychology
705:
703:
440:credits per year to renew a license.
7:
981:Wright, Beatrice Ann Posner (1983).
828:
826:
824:
822:
768:
766:
764:
762:
721:
719:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
567:
565:
563:
561:
505:Notable rehabilitation psychologists
199:) is a function of both the person (
483:Program evaluations occur annually
454:American Psychological Association
379:American Psychological Association
127:American Psychological Association
101:American Psychological Association
14:
1702:Cicerone, Keith D. (2012-02-01).
1052:Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
1511:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01330.x
863:(pp. 49–62). New York: Elsevier.
632:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0785
373:Ethical and legal considerations
1751:Seminars in Speech and Language
395:Americans with Disabilities Act
250:and chronic health conditions.
1598:Diller, Leonard (2005-06-01).
1095:Journal of Clinical Psychology
806:Social Security Administration
352:may include processing speed,
1:
1498:European Journal of Neurology
346:cognitive remediation therapy
1559:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000203
238:Cognitive behavioral therapy
16:Specialty area of psychology
1417:, Oxford University Press,
773:Sherwin, Elisabeth (2012).
1985:
1895:10.1037/0090-5550.40.4.299
1720:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.12.003
1616:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.009
1463:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.09.011
1366:10.1016/j.apmr.2019.02.011
1322:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.015
1278:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.024
389:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
91:. A nurse, social worker,
1883:Rehabilitation Psychology
1651:Rehabilitation Psychology
1064:10.1080/09602010343000039
1016:Rehabilitation Psychology
940:Rehabilitation Psychology
892:Rehabilitation Psychology
544:Rehabilitation Psychology
240:(CBT) approaches such as
234:Cognitive-Behavior Theory
203:) and their environment (
155:World Health Organization
137:Key principles and models
120:rehabilitation counseling
106:Rehabilitation Psychology
49:World Health Organization
20:Rehabilitation psychology
342:Cognitive rehabilitation
337:Cognitive rehabilitation
254:Clinical specialty areas
61:clinical neuropsychology
1969:Health care occupations
1234:10.1053/apmr.2000.19240
747:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
474:All trainees are funded
296:Neuromuscular disorders
22:is a specialty area of
408:Education and training
310:Traumatic brain injury
85:occupational therapist
1763:10.1055/s-2005-922103
422:counseling psychology
358:executive functioning
269:Acquired brain injury
150:biopsychosocial model
146:Biopsychosocial model
65:counseling psychology
38:, coping skills, and
1964:Behavioural sciences
1806:10.1375/brim.10.1.76
438:continuing education
165:Psychoanalytic model
89:and speech therapist
538:Neurorehabilitation
327:positive psychology
1959:Applied psychology
1107:10.1002/jclp.20527
952:10.1037/rep0000082
905:10.1037/rep0000068
526:Stephen T. Wegener
300:Spinal cord injury
292:Multiple sclerosis
195:, where behavior (
173:castration anxiety
81:physical therapist
1228:(12): 1596–1615.
1197:10.1037/14048-029
874:The Rejected Body
430:school psychology
184:social psychology
180:Social psychology
69:health psychology
1976:
1925:
1924:
1922:Official website
1907:
1906:
1878:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1794:Brain Impairment
1789:
1783:
1782:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1663:10.1037/a0025817
1642:
1636:
1635:
1610:(6): 1075–1080.
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1377:
1360:(8): 1515–1533.
1348:
1342:
1341:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1272:(8): 1681–1692.
1260:
1254:
1253:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1144:
1127:
1126:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1028:10.1037/h0090869
1011:
1005:
1004:
978:
972:
971:
935:
926:
925:
907:
883:
877:
870:
864:
857:
848:
847:
845:
844:
830:
817:
816:
814:
812:
803:
795:
789:
788:
770:
757:
756:
754:
753:
739:
730:
723:
714:
707:
698:
697:
667:
646:
645:
626:. pp. 1–3.
619:
598:
597:
586:10.1037/a0016411
569:
344:, also known as
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1949:
1948:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1146:
1145:
1130:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1013:
1012:
1008:
993:
980:
979:
975:
937:
936:
929:
885:
884:
880:
871:
867:
858:
851:
842:
840:
832:
831:
820:
810:
808:
801:
797:
796:
792:
785:
772:
771:
760:
751:
749:
741:
740:
733:
724:
717:
708:
701:
694:
669:
668:
649:
642:
621:
620:
601:
571:
570:
559:
554:
534:
521:Beatrice Wright
507:
426:neuropsychology
410:
375:
362:problem solving
360:skills such as
339:
322:
256:
242:problem-solving
215:Beatrice Wright
139:
115:
40:quality of life
17:
12:
11:
5:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1915:
1914:External links
1912:
1909:
1908:
1889:(4): 299–310.
1866:
1853:
1846:
1827:
1784:
1757:(4): 242–255.
1741:
1714:(2): 188–191.
1694:
1657:(4): 320–328.
1637:
1590:
1553:(6): 419–433.
1533:
1504:(9): 665–680.
1484:
1457:(2): 271–286.
1437:
1431:
1405:
1343:
1316:(4): 519–530.
1299:
1255:
1211:
1206:978-1433812309
1205:
1176:
1170:978-0199733989
1169:
1128:
1101:(4): 406–422.
1085:
1058:(4): 461–488.
1041:
1006:
991:
973:
927:
878:
865:
849:
818:
790:
783:
758:
731:
715:
699:
693:978-0199733989
692:
647:
640:
599:
556:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
540:
533:
530:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
506:
503:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
409:
406:
405:
404:
398:
392:
374:
371:
338:
335:
321:
318:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
255:
252:
138:
135:
114:
111:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1981:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1847:9780195389241
1843:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1432:9780199765683
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
875:
869:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
839:
835:
829:
827:
825:
823:
819:
807:
800:
794:
791:
786:
784:9780199733989
780:
776:
769:
767:
765:
763:
759:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
695:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
648:
643:
641:9780470479216
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
568:
566:
564:
562:
558:
551:
547:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
502:
498:
495:
490:
487:In 1997, the
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
449:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
372:
370:
366:
363:
359:
355:
349:
347:
343:
336:
334:
330:
328:
319:
317:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
253:
251:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
136:
134:
132:
128:
123:
121:
112:
110:
108:
107:
102:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
70:
66:
62:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1886:
1882:
1861:
1856:
1836:
1830:
1800:(1): 76–86.
1797:
1793:
1787:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1414:
1408:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1188:
1152:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1022:(1): 38–45.
1019:
1015:
1009:
982:
976:
943:
939:
898:(1): 65–73.
895:
891:
881:
873:
868:
860:
841:. Retrieved
837:
809:. Retrieved
805:
793:
774:
750:. Retrieved
746:
726:
710:
675:
623:
580:(1): 82–88.
577:
573:
543:
516:Tamara Dembo
511:Roger Barker
499:
493:
492:competencies
486:
442:
411:
383:
376:
367:
350:
340:
331:
323:
314:
279:Chronic pain
257:
233:
232:
227:field theory
222:
218:
211:Tamara Dembo
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
179:
178:
164:
163:
145:
144:
140:
124:
116:
105:
97:
73:
57:
32:psychosocial
28:disabilities
19:
18:
1155:: 417–431.
247:maladaptive
171:concept of
93:prosthetist
77:physiatrist
36:self-esteem
1953:Categories
1375:1805/18829
992:0060472413
946:(1): 1–6.
843:2019-02-19
752:2019-02-24
552:References
320:Assessment
284:Concussion
193:B = f(p,e)
188:Kurt Lewin
24:psychology
1903:0090-5550
1822:144997968
1814:1443-9646
1771:0734-0478
1728:0003-9993
1671:1939-1544
1624:0003-9993
1567:0885-9701
1520:1468-1331
1471:0003-9993
1384:0003-9993
1330:1532-821X
1286:0003-9993
1242:0003-9993
1115:1097-4679
1080:143165070
1072:0960-2011
1036:1939-1544
960:1939-1544
914:0090-5550
811:March 11,
678:: 32–46.
594:1939-1323
546:(journal)
354:attention
288:Limb loss
51:'s (WHO)
1779:16278796
1736:22289226
1689:22121939
1632:15954043
1585:26709580
1528:16128867
1479:23022261
1400:88480565
1392:30926291
1338:21440699
1294:16084827
1250:11128897
1123:19229946
968:26881302
922:26881308
532:See also
44:holistic
1680:9728040
1576:5401713
1001:9575320
169:Freud's
113:History
55:(ICF).
1901:
1844:
1820:
1812:
1777:
1769:
1734:
1726:
1687:
1677:
1669:
1630:
1622:
1583:
1573:
1565:
1526:
1518:
1477:
1469:
1429:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1336:
1328:
1292:
1284:
1248:
1240:
1203:
1167:
1121:
1113:
1078:
1070:
1034:
999:
989:
966:
958:
920:
912:
781:
690:
638:
592:
305:Stroke
274:Cancer
148:: The
67:, and
1818:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1076:S2CID
802:(PDF)
428:, or
1899:ISSN
1842:ISBN
1810:ISSN
1775:PMID
1767:ISSN
1732:PMID
1724:ISSN
1685:PMID
1667:ISSN
1628:PMID
1620:ISSN
1581:PMID
1563:ISSN
1524:PMID
1516:ISSN
1475:PMID
1467:ISSN
1427:ISBN
1388:PMID
1380:ISSN
1334:PMID
1326:ISSN
1290:PMID
1282:ISSN
1246:PMID
1238:ISSN
1201:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1119:PMID
1111:ISSN
1068:ISSN
1032:ISSN
997:OCLC
987:ISBN
964:PMID
956:ISSN
918:PMID
910:ISSN
813:2019
779:ISBN
688:ISBN
636:ISBN
590:ISSN
418:PsyD
264:AIDS
213:and
47:the
1891:doi
1802:doi
1759:doi
1716:doi
1675:PMC
1659:doi
1612:doi
1571:PMC
1555:doi
1506:doi
1459:doi
1419:doi
1370:hdl
1362:doi
1358:100
1318:doi
1274:doi
1230:doi
1193:doi
1157:doi
1103:doi
1060:doi
1024:doi
948:doi
900:doi
680:doi
628:doi
582:doi
445:APA
416:or
414:PhD
325:of
207:).
157:'s
1955::
1897:.
1887:40
1885:.
1869:^
1816:.
1808:.
1798:10
1796:.
1773:.
1765:.
1755:26
1753:.
1730:.
1722:.
1712:93
1710:.
1706:.
1683:.
1673:.
1665:.
1655:56
1653:.
1649:.
1626:.
1618:.
1608:86
1606:.
1602:.
1579:.
1569:.
1561:.
1551:31
1549:.
1545:.
1522:.
1514:.
1502:12
1500:.
1496:.
1473:.
1465:.
1455:94
1453:.
1449:.
1425:,
1394:.
1386:.
1378:.
1368:.
1356:.
1332:.
1324:.
1314:92
1312:.
1288:.
1280:.
1270:86
1268:.
1244:.
1236:.
1226:81
1224:.
1199:,
1179:^
1163:.
1151:.
1131:^
1117:.
1109:.
1099:65
1097:.
1074:.
1066:.
1056:13
1054:.
1030:.
1020:19
1018:.
995:.
962:.
954:.
944:61
942:.
930:^
916:.
908:.
896:61
894:.
890:.
852:^
836:.
821:^
804:.
761:^
745:.
734:^
718:^
702:^
686:.
674:.
650:^
634:.
602:^
588:.
578:41
576:.
560:^
424:,
329:.
236::
186:.
87:,
83:,
79:,
63:,
1905:.
1893::
1850:.
1824:.
1804::
1781:.
1761::
1738:.
1718::
1691:.
1661::
1634:.
1614::
1587:.
1557::
1530:.
1508::
1481:.
1461::
1421::
1402:.
1372::
1364::
1340:.
1320::
1296:.
1276::
1252:.
1232::
1195::
1173:.
1159::
1125:.
1105::
1082:.
1062::
1038:.
1026::
1003:.
970:.
950::
924:.
902::
846:.
815:.
787:.
755:.
696:.
682::
644:.
630::
596:.
584::
494:.
456:.
205:e
201:p
197:B
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.