226:
1936 in order to teach German Jewish youth the necessary skills for emigration. This training farm was necessary because the Jewish youth often lacked the education and experience required to emigrate as a result of limited educational opportunities and a scarcity of German businesses willing to take on Jewish apprentices. When the camp was initially created, there were 125 trainees aged from fifteen to seventeen. These trainees learned basic housekeeping, artisan, farming, animal husbandry, and foreign language skills during a two-year program. Receiving countries valued the skills taught in the program and thus perceived the trainees as more qualified to immigrate into their country.
157:
with the so-called Aryan race had to be proved. It was paradoxical that racial features never determined one's affiliation, although the Nazis often discussed physiognomy: the only decisive factor was the religious affiliation of one's grandparents. While grandparents at an earlier date were able to choose their religion, their grandchildren in the Nazi era were compulsorily categorised as Jews, if three or four grandparents were registered as members of a Jewish congregation, regardless of the
274:(January 1942) which discussed its implementation. Government agencies involved were concerned about the acceptability of their actions. A huge logistical effort was made to transport the deportees over long distances to the East, instead of killing them by mobile squads – as practised in the occupied East – wherever they would find them.
230:
William
Thalhimer Sr., a business owner from Richmond, VA, who donated land for the trainees to settle on upon emigration to the U.S. This farm became known as Thalhimer's Hyde Farm and served as a communal farm where 37 trainees from the Gross-Bressen training farm successfully emigrated to. Despite the success at the U.S. farm, after
209:, characterised by the fact that either the Gentile partner was the husband, having no children, or children who were brought up as Gentiles, or that in a couple, where the Gentile was the wife, they had children, who were brought up as Gentiles. A male spouse, classified as a Jew, in a childless couple, suffered all discriminations.
352:(ITS). Apart from a "Deceased card file", an "Emigration card file" and a so-called "Foreigner card file", there was also the "Berlin pupil card file" with more than 10,000 cards that testify to the life of the Jewish children during the period of Nazi persecution. In 2017, the ITS has published the card index in its
284:
After the
Gestapo announced the date and the number of deportees, the Reichsvereinigung sometimes had to choose who was to be deported. Gestapo officials then collected the deportees from one of its premises, before loading them onto a train for transport. This could take up to a week of waiting. It
156:
considered that Jewry formed a group of people bound by close, so-called blood ties, forming a unit which one could neither join nor secede from. Jewish influence was declared to have had a detrimental impact on
Germany. To be spared the discrimination and persecutions visited upon Jews, affiliation
229:
Initially the training camp at Gross-Bressen planned to send trainees abroad in order to establish various settlements. While the Reich
Association created plans for a settlement in Brazil, their only successful settlement was in Virginia, United States. The Virginia settlement was made possible by
225:
The Reich
Association of Jews in Germany was responsible for supporting the emigration of German Jews; one of the main ways the association fulfilled this duty was through an emigration training farm in Gross-Bressen. The Reich Association of Jews in Germany created the emigration training farm in
493:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 14. No ISBN.
266:
The government agencies occupied with the discrimination and persecution of German Jews (and
Gentile Germans of Jewish descent), learnt their lesson from the public unease following the open terror during the November Pogroms. In order not to evoke unease among the general German population, the
143:
While its corporate members, such as Jewish congregations and Jewish associations, were gradually dissolved, and their tasks partially incorporated into the new
Reichsvereinigung, it also included natural persons. All persons identified as Jews according to the arbitrary Nazi practice (cf. the
321:
Following the dissolution, a new organization called the Rest-Reichsvereinigung was created, which was headed by Lustig and was located in the administration building of the Jewish
Hospital. The organization maintained contact with "full Jews" in protected "mixed marriages," "legal Jews"
205:(the couple did not necessarily have to be an interfaith marriage, because only the grandparents' religious affiliation counted, not the possibly common faith personally confessed by both partners). Later this exception was restricted to persons living in a so-called
479:
Besides Jewish
Austrians, Austrians of all faiths but Judaism were categorised by Nazi terms as Jews (a definition applying all over Nazi-ruled areas) if they happened to have three or four grandparents being or having been members of Jewish
212:
All persons included as compulsory members had to pay contributions for the maintenance of the bureaucracy and its tasks. They also all underlay the full discriminations and persecutions imposed by the Nazis and were publicly labelled by the
247:
Different from the old
Reichsvereinigung, which had been an umbrella of all different kinds of Jewish associations and congregations, representing their interests and organising self-help for Jews and Jewish organisations, the new
267:
Reich government preferred to hide its activities. The Reichsvereinigung was charged with announcing the ever-growing number of anti-Semitic ordinances to its persecuted members, and supervising their obedience.
238:
concentration camp. The remaining trainees and staff continued operations at Gross-Bressen until August 31, 1941, when Gestapo officials dissolved the training farm and compelled the personnel into forced labor.
630:
Secret Service surveys of public opinion about the November Pogroms revealed widespread disgust: destroying other people's property, setting synagogues on fire and beating people in the streets was excessive.
131:. Thus he was commissioned to expel Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent from within the old Reich borders. The local supervision of the Reichsvereinigung was commissioned to the local
178:
all persons of Jewish faith were included, as indicated by their membership of a Jewish congregation as of 1935 (passing of the Nuremberg Laws), even if they had fewer than three Jewish grandparents.
103:
The new Reichsvereinigung assumed the staff, installations and buildings of the old Reichsvereinigung. The RSHA subjected the new Reichsvereinigung to its influence and control, and confirmed Rabbi
506:, except for its publishing department, which was to be taken over by the Reichsvereinigung. Cf. Bernd Braun, "Bücher im Schlussverkauf: Die Verlagsabteilung des Jüdischen Kulturbunds", In:
255:
The new Reichsvereinigung had no internal autonomy. Members of its executive board were not elected, but appointed according to the wishes of the Gestapo. The Reichsvereinigung made the
667:: 3 vols. , Christian Seeger, Harry Maor, Walle Bengs and Wilfried Szepan (trls.), Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1990, (Fischer Taschenbuch; No. 10612), vol. 2, pp. 452seqq.
292:
After most of its members had been deported, the Reichssicherheitshauptamt forcibly dissolved the new Reichsvereinigung in June 1943 and its remaining employees—with the exception of
193:
Not included were persons, who observed no or other than the Jewish religion, who had only up to maximally two grandparents who were enlisted in a Jewish congregation (so-called
329:
Other than the Rest-Reichsvereinigung, the only Jewish organisations still in existence after June 1943 were the few hospitals such as the Jewish Hospital of Berlin and the
67:
Association was an administrative body concerned predominantly with the coordination and support of the emigration and forcible deportation of Jewish people, subject to the
764:
617:
563:
734:
759:
729:
698:
120:
754:
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539:
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All Jewish congregations were gradually incorporated into the Reichsvereinigung. On 11 September 1941 the Gestapo ordered the closure of the
348:
Only a small proportion of the card index of the Reichsvereinigung has survived. Between 1947 and 1950, 32,000 index cards were given to the
289:
was carried out far away from the eyes and ears of the general German population and that therefore they had no idea of what was going on.
181:
persons with one or two Jewish grandparents, who were married with an enrolled member of a Jewish congregation (the latter two were called
93:
59:
31:
749:
739:
197:). Also those persons, with three or four Jewish grandparents were excluded, who were married with a person classified as a so-called
672:
515:
464:
436:
175:, and Protestants, who happened to have three or four grandparents belonging – according to the records – to a Jewish congregation.
774:
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was meant to be a device to better control and discriminate against German and Austrian Jews and Gentiles of Jewish descent.
349:
256:
235:
149:
376:
326:), and those who were protected by or claimed to be necessary by government organizations and high-ranking individuals.
309:
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as president, who had been elected as president of the old Reichsvereinigung. By the end of 1939 the RSHA appointed
503:
330:
651:(22–23 October 1940; both to France) had remained spontaneous episodes, though not less tragic for the deportees.
73:
304:
202:
491:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute
17:
426:
399:
648:
293:
234:, Nazi authorities arrested many of the trainees and staff at the German farm and sent them to the
119:), officiating in a bureau in Kurfürstenstraße #115–116, Berlin; his department was later known as
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271:
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its press organ, since all the other 64 papers of Jewish alignment had been forbidden after the
668:
599:
589:
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535:
511:
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in February 1939. The Association branched out from the Reich Representation of German Jews (
640:
161:. According to Halachah, one was Jewish by being born of a Jewish mother, or by conversion.
77:). The legal status of the new organisation was changed on 4 July 1939 on the basis of the
260:
42:
459:. Vol. II (3rd ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 425.
510:, Akademie der Künste (ed.), Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1992, pp. 155–168, here p. 166.
315:
145:
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78:
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452:
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123:. Eichmann had come to dubious fame for expelling 50,000 Jewish Austrians and
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The deportations of Jews and Gentiles of Jewish descent from Austria and the
603:
549:
286:
194:
164:
The Nazi categorisation of Jews, and thus compulsory membership, comprised
104:
665:
Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden: Die Gesamtgeschichte des Holocaust
583:
529:
508:
Geschlossene Vorstellung: Der Jüdische Kulturbund in Deutschland 1933–1941
81:, and defined by the 10th Regulation to the Citizenship Law issued by the
686:
Selbstbehauptung im Chaos: Frauen in der jüdischen Selbsthilfe 1933–1943.
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53:
for clear differentiation, was a Jewish umbrella organisation formed in
132:
124:
127:
Austrians of Jewish descent within the first three months after the
644:
489:
Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", In:
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The decision to murder the Jews was made official policy at the
400:"Tenth Regulation to the Reich Citizenship Law, July 4, 1939"
71:
government's ever-changing legislation enforced by the RSHA (
168:
mostly Jews and apostates of Jewish descent, but also many
152:) were compulsorily enlisted as members. Mainstream Nazi
379:. Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
281:
of German Jews to the East started on 18 October 1941.
428:
Days of Sorrow and Pain, Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews
377:"Central Organizations of Jews in Germany (1933-1943)"
243:
Reichsvereinigung controlled as an organ of the RSHA
27:
Jewish umbrella organisation formed in Nazi Germany
431:. Macmillan Publishing Co. pp. ff, 244, 271.
340:, which mostly cared for Jews in mixed marriages.
171:Gentiles of Jewish descent, such as Catholics,
643:(13 February 1940; both to Poland) as well as
8:
113:Special Referee for the Affairs of the Jews
616:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
562:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
370:
368:
285:is claimed by some Germans today that the
100:) had been operating since February 1939.
90:Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland
47:Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland
18:Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland
699:"Card index on Jewish victims now online"
404:Reich Association of the Jews (July 1939)
85:. The Association assumed the so-called
364:
117:Sonderreferent für Judenangelegenheiten
609:
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765:Jewish organisations based in Germany
92:, which was the name under which the
63:) established in September 1933. The
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735:Organizations disestablished in 1943
577:
575:
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457:The Destruction of the European Jews
94:Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden
60:Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden
39:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
344:Card index of the Reichsvereinigung
32:Reich Representation of German Jews
25:
760:1943 disestablishments in Germany
730:Organizations established in 1939
98:Reich's deputation of German Jews
375:Gudrun Maierhof (1 March 2009).
83:Reich's ministry of the Interior
755:1939 establishments in Germany
303:, the medical director of the
1:
745:Organisations based in Berlin
585:Children during the Holocaust
531:Children during the Holocaust
441:. Google Books, snippet view.
350:International Tracing Service
331:Israelite Hospital of Hamburg
150:Racial policy of Nazi Germany
770:Defunct Jewish organizations
406:. Jewish Virtual Library.org
791:
750:Reich Security Main Office
740:Jewish Nazi German history
588:. Lanham, Md. p. 21.
582:Heberer, Patricia (2011).
534:. Lanham, Md. p. 20.
528:Heberer, Patricia (2011).
504:Kulturbund Deutscher Juden
257:Jüdisches Nachrichtenblatt
29:
684:Maierhof, Gudrun (2002).
305:Jewish Hospital of Berlin
74:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
201:in a so-called racially
30:Not to be confused with
688:Campus Verlag. p. 294f.
217:from 1 September 1941.
207:privileged mixed couple
775:Berlin in World War II
425:Leonard Baker (1978).
187:Jews by legal validity
116:
46:
139:Compulsory membership
398:Yad Vashem (2015).
49:), also called the
314:—were deported to
272:Wannsee conference
221:Emigration Efforts
121:RSHA Referat IV B4
705:. 24 January 2017
595:978-0-7591-1984-0
541:978-0-7591-1984-0
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707:. Retrieved
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381:. Retrieved
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724:Categories
649:Palatinate
236:Buchenwald
195:Mischlinge
135:branches.
612:cite book
604:681481430
558:cite book
550:681481430
287:Holocaust
277:Repeated
263:in 1938.
115:(German:
105:Leo Baeck
709:29 March
647:and the
455:(2003).
159:Halachah
148:and the
129:Anschluß
410:19 July
383:19 July
133:Gestapo
125:Gentile
111:as its
51:new one
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43:German
645:Baden
360:Notes
338:]
312:]
301:]
199:Aryan
69:Reich
711:2017
669:ISBN
618:link
600:OCLC
590:ISBN
564:link
546:OCLC
536:ISBN
512:ISBN
461:ISBN
433:ISBN
412:2015
385:2015
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