Social rejection - Knowledge (XXG)

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Williams et al.'s theory that social rejection enhances pain perception. In this regard, Williams suggests that this phenomenon is likely due to differences in the paradigm used in the study, as when using a long-term paradigm such as Life-Alone, individuals do not feel the possibility of rejoining the group, thus creating emotional numbness. This is further supported by Bernstein and Claypool, who found that in separate cyberball and life-alone experiments, stronger stimuli of rejection, such as life-alone, protected people through emotional numbness. In contrast, in the case of minor rejection, such as that in cyberball, the individual's system detects the rejection cue and draws attention to it through a sense of pain.

1390:, when they know the source of the ostracism is just a computer, and even when being ostracised means they will be financially rewarded and being included would incur a financial cost. People feel rejected even when they know they are playing only against the computer. A recent set of experiments using cyberball demonstrated that rejection impairs willpower or self-regulation. Specifically, people who are rejected are more likely to eat cookies and less likely to drink an unpleasant tasting beverage that they are told is good for them. These experiments also showed that the negative effects of rejection last longer in individuals who are high in 1407:). They are then informed of their results based on their experimental group rather than the real results. Participants in the "rejected" group are told that their test results indicate that they will be alone in the future, regardless of their current state of life. Participants in the "accepted" group will be told they will have a fulfilling relationship. In the control group, participants are told they would encounter some accidents. In this way, the participants' sense of rejection is awakened to take the subsequent measurement. After the experiment, the researcher will explain the results to the participants and apologise. 1382:

player. The participant is included in the game for the first few minutes, but then excluded by the other players for the remaining three minutes. A significant advantage of the cyberball software is its openness; Williams made the software available to all researchers. In the software, the researcher can adjust the order of throwing the balls, the user's avatar, the background, the availability of chat, the introductory message and much other information. In addition, researchers can obtain the program's latest version by visiting the official website of CYBERBALL 5.0.

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harassment of less skilled children. Minority children, children with disabilities, or children who have unusual characteristics or behavior may face greater risks of rejection. Depending on the norms of the peer group, sometimes even minor differences among children lead to rejection or neglect. Children who are less outgoing or simply prefer solitary play are less likely to be rejected than children who are socially inhibited and show signs of insecurity or anxiety.

1452:. The reflexive stage happens when social rejection first occurs. It is an immediate effect happened on individuals. Then, the reflective stage enters when the individual starts to reflect and cope with social rejection. Finally, if the rejection last for the long term and the individual cannot successfully cope with it, the social rejection would turn to the resignation stage, where the individual is likely to suffer from severe 1473:; the need to belong, the need for control in social situations, the need to maintain high levels of self-esteem, and the need to have a sense of a meaningful existence. When social rejection is related to the individual's social relationships, the individual's need for belonging and self-esteem is threatened; when it is not associated with it, it is primarily a threat to a sense of control and meaningful existence. 450: 445: 1698:, a core part of the mother's identity may be betrayed by the rejection of an adult child. The chance for reconciliation, however slight, results in an inability to attain closure. The resulting emotional state and societal stigma from the estrangement may harm the psychological and physical health of the parent for the rest of their life. 1784:, the main characters deal with the challenges of reading and misreading human behavior. This presents a fear of rejection in romantic relationships as reflected in this quote by the character Mary, "And now you have to go around checking all these different portals just to get rejected by seven different technologies. It's exhausting." 1745:

theorize that rejection and exclusion cause physical pain because that pain is a warning sign to support human survival. As humans developed into social creatures, social interactions and relationships became necessary for survival, and the physical pain systems already existed within the human body.

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between 1995 and 2001 found that peer rejection was present in all but two of the cases (87%). The documented rejection experiences included both acute and chronic rejection and frequently took the form of ostracism, bullying, and romantic rejection. The authors stated that although it is likely that

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In the animal kingdom as well as in primitive human societies, ostracism can lead to death due to the lack of protection benefits and access to sufficient food resources from the group. Living apart from the whole of society also means not having a mate, so being able to detect ostracism would be a

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has been conducted by the social psychologist Kip Williams. He and his colleagues have devised a model of ostracism which provides a framework to show the complexity in the varieties of ostracism and the processes of its effects. There he theorises that ostracism can potentially be so harmful that

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Another mainstream research method is the "life alone paradigm", which was first developed by Twenge and other scholars to evoke feelings of rejection by informing subjects of false test results. In contrast to ball toss and cyberball, it focuses on future rejection, i.e. the experience of rejection

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A common experimental technique is the "ball toss" paradigm, which was developed by Kip Williams and his colleagues at Purdue University. This procedure involves a group of three people tossing a ball back and forth. Unbeknownst to the actual participant, two members of the group are working for the

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and other rating methods. Studies typically show that some children are popular, receiving generally high ratings, many children are in the middle, with moderate ratings, and a minority of children are rejected, showing generally low ratings. One measure of rejection asks children to list peers they

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Peer rejection, once established, tends to be stable over time, and thus is difficult for a child to overcome. Researchers have found that active rejection is more stable, more harmful, and more likely to persist after a child transfers to another school, than simple neglect. One reason for this is

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and know when and how to join play groups. Children who are at risk for rejection are more likely to barge in disruptively, or hang back without joining at all. Aggressive children who are athletic or have good social skills are likely to be accepted by peers, and they may become ringleaders in the

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Psychologists believe that simple contact or social interaction with others is not enough to fulfill this need. Instead, people have a strong motivational drive to form and maintain caring interpersonal relationships. People need both stable relationships and satisfying interactions with the people

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a person feels as well as the amount they care about their social relationships is directly proportional to the level of rejection they perceive. Rejection affects the emotional health and well being of a person as well. Overall, experiments show that those who have been rejected will suffer from

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There has been recent research into the function of popularity on development, specifically how a transition from ostracization to popularity can potentially reverse the deleterious effects of being socially ostracized. While various theories have been put forth regarding what skills or attributes

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In the reflective stage, individuals begin to think about and try to cope with social rejection. In the need-threat model, their response is referred to as need fortification, i.e. the creation of interventions that respond to the needs they are threatened by in the reflective stage. Specifically,

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This simple and short time period of ostracism has been found to produce significant increases to self-reported levels of anger and sadness, as well as lowering levels of the four needs. These effects have been found even when the participant is ostracised by out-group members, when the out-group

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A study at Miami University indicated that individuals who recently experienced social rejection were better than both accepted and control participants in their ability to discriminate between genuine and fake smiles. Though both accepted and control participants were better than chance (they did

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The controversy over temporal need-threat model has focused on whether it enhances or reduces people's perception of pain. DeWall and Baumeister's research suggests that individuals experience a reduction in pain after rejection, a phenomenon they refer to as emotional numbness, which contradicts

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In addition to the emotional response to rejection, there is a large effect on physical health as well. Having poor relationships and being more frequently rejected is predictive of mortality. Also, as long as a decade after a marriage ends, divorced women have higher rates of illness than their

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developed an early questionnaire measure of rejection sensitivity. Mehrabian suggested that sensitive individuals are reluctant to express opinions, tend to avoid arguments or controversial discussions, are reluctant to make requests or impose on others, are easily hurt by negative feedback from

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A computerized version of the task known as "cyberball" has also been developed and leads to similar results. Cyberball is a virtual ball toss game where the participant is led to believe they are playing with two other participants sitting at computers elsewhere who can toss the ball to either

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When individuals have been in social rejection for a long time and cannot improve their situation through effective coping, they move to the third stage, resignation, in which they do not try to change the problem they are facing but choose to accept it. In Zadro's interview study, in which she

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is also further activated when individuals find that social rejection is intentional; this brain region is associated with the regulation of pain perception, implying that pain perception decreases when individuals understand the source of this social rejection. Further research suggests that

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A more recent (1996) definition of rejection sensitivity is the tendency to "anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact" to social rejection. People differ in their readiness to perceive and react to rejection. The causes of individual differences in rejection sensitivity are not well

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Another challenge that individuals need to face at this stage is the sense of pain. Previous scholars have used neurobiological methods to find that social exclusion, whether intentional or unintentional, evokes pain in individuals. Specifically, neurobiological evidence suggests that social

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have been found in these experiments. In one study, women showed greater nonverbal engagement whereas men disengaged faster and showed face-saving techniques, such as pretending to be uninterested. The researchers concluded that women seek to regain a sense of belonging whereas men are more

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rather than depression. The research is largely correlational, but there is evidence of reciprocal effects. This means that children with problems are more likely to be rejected, and this rejection then leads to even greater problems for them. Chronic peer rejection may lead to a negative

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and to have fewer friends than popular children, but these conditions are not always present. For example, some popular children do not have close friends, whereas some rejected children do. Peer rejection is believed to be less damaging for children with at least one close friend.

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confer an advantage at obtaining popularity, it appears that individuals who were once popular and subsequently experienced a transient ostracization are often able to employ the same skills that led to their initial popularity to bring about a popularity resurgence.

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investigated the differences in the disease progression of HIV-positive gay men who were sensitive to rejection compared to those who were not considered rejection sensitive. The study, which took place over nine years, indicated significantly faster rates of low

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In contrast to the study of childhood rejection, which primarily examines rejection by a group of peers, some researchers focus on the phenomenon of a single individual rejecting another in the context of a romantic relationship. In both teenagers and adults,

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beings, some level of rejection is an inevitable part of life. Nevertheless, rejection can become a problem when it is prolonged or consistent, when the relationship is important, or when the individual is highly sensitive to rejection. Rejection by an entire

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experimenter and following a pre-arranged script. In a typical experiment, half of the subjects will be excluded from the activity after a few tosses and never get the ball again. Only a few minutes of this treatment are sufficient to produce negative

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Scholars point out that this method may cause more harm to the subjects. For example, the participants will likely experience a more severe effect on executive functioning during the test. Therefore, this method faces more significant issue with

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Barden. R. C, Garber, J., Leiman, B., Ford, M. E., & Masters, J. C. (1985). Factors governing the effective remediation of negative affect and its cognitive and behavioral consequences. ‘’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49,’’

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interviewed 28 respondents in a state of chronic rejection, she found that the respondents were depressed, self-deprecating and helpless. This social rejection can significantly impact the physical and psychological health of the individual.

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Blackhart, G. C.; Nelson, B. C.; Knowles, M. L.; Baumeister, R. F. (2009). "Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion".

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and parental rejection; peer rejection is also thought to play a role. Bullying, an extreme form of peer rejection, is likely connected to later rejection sensitivity. However, there is no conclusive evidence for any of these theories.

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not differ from each other), rejected participants were much better at this task, nearing 80% accuracy. This study is noteworthy in that it is one of the few cases of a positive or adaptive consequence of social rejection.

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Zadro, Lisa; Williams, Kipling D; Richardson, Rick (30 June 2004). "How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence".

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while viewing rejection themed images. These findings indicate that people who feel bad about themselves are especially vulnerable to rejection, but that people can also control and regulate their emotional reactions.

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The reflexive stage is the first stage of social rejection and refers to the period immediately after social exclusion has occurred. During this stage, Williams proposed that ostracism uniquely poses a threat to four

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Downey, G. (2008). The disregulating effect of social threat in people with borderline personality disorder. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, February 7–9,

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personality, and that it is a tendency to feel deep anxiety and humiliation at the slightest rebuff. Simply being made to wait, for example, could be viewed as a rejection and met with extreme anger and hostility.

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Fisher, H. (2006) Lost Love: The Nature of romantic rejection, In Cut Loose: (mostly) midlife and older women on the end of (mostly) long-term relationships. Nan Bauer-Maglin (Ed.) New Jersey: Rutgers University

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Tambor, E. S., & Leary, M. R. (1993). Perceived exclusion as a common factor in social anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, depression, and low self-esteem. Unpublished manuscript. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest

1295:= 0.40 effect size), with a 70% success rate, compared to 30% success in control groups. There was a decline in effectiveness over time, however, with follow-up studies showing a somewhat smaller effect size ( 4059:

Agllias, K. (2011a). Every family: Intergenerational estrangement between older parents and their adult-children. (Doctoral dissertation, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Newcastle,

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shares the story of Tracy Turnblad, an overweight 15-year-old dancer set in the 1960s. Tracy and her mother are faced with overcoming society's expectations regarding weight and physical appearances.

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The predominant theoretical model of social rejection is the temporal need-threat model proposed by Williams and his colleagues, in which the process of social exclusion is divided into three stages:

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Zadro, Lisa; Williams, K; Richardson, R (2004). "How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem and meaningful existence".

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in those relationships. If either of these two ingredients is missing, people will begin to feel lonely and unhappy. Thus, rejection is a significant threat. In fact, the majority of human

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diagnosis. They also found that those patients who were more sensitive to rejection died from the disease an average of two years earlier than their non-rejection sensitive counterparts.

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There are programs available for helping children who suffer from social rejection. One large scale review of 79 controlled studies found that social skills training is very effective (

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and influence subsequent social interaction. Thus, even when rejected and popular children show similar behavior and accomplishments, popular children are treated much more favorably.

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that participants may potentially experience in the future. Specifically, at the beginning of the experiment, participants complete a personality scale (in the original method, the

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Thus, people are motivated to remove this pain with behaviors aimed at reducing the likelihood of others ostracising them any further and increasing their inclusionary status.

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Besser, A.; Priel, B. (2009). "Emotional Responses to a Romantic Partner's Imaginary Rejection: The Roles of Attachment Anxiety, Covert Narcissism, and Self-Evaluation".

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when individuals' self-esteem and sense of belonging are threatened, they will try to integrate more into the group. As a result, these rejected individuals develop more

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and harms than other rejection experiments. Consequently, researchers use this test with caution in experiments and pay attention to the subjects' reactions afterwards.

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Bernstein MJ, Young SG, Brown CM, Sacco DF, Claypool HM (2008). "Adaptive responses to social exclusion: social rejection improves detection of real and fake smiles".

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the rejection experiences contributed to the school shootings, other factors were also present, such as depression, poor impulse control, and other psychopathology.

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Laboratory research has found that even short-term rejection from strangers can have powerful (if temporary) effects on an individual. In several social psychology

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According to Karen Bierman of Pennsylvania State University, most children who are rejected by their peers display one or more of the following behavior patterns:

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Social rejection may be emotionally painful, due to the social nature of human beings, as well as the essential need for social interaction between other humans.

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Agllias, Kylie. (Sep 2013). Family Estrangement. Encyclopedia of Social Work. Subject: Couples and Families, Aging and Older Adults, Children and Adolescents.

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Artistic depictions of rejection occur in a variety of art forms. One genre of film that most frequently depicts rejection is romantic comedies. In the film

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Orth-Gomer, K.; Johnson, J. V. (1987). "Social network interaction and mortality: a six year follow-up study of a random sample of the Swedish population".

2925: 3388:"Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy" 4258:

Sommer, K. L.; Kirkland, K. L.; Newman, S. R.; Estrella, P.; Andreassi, J. L. (2009). "Narcissism and cardiovascular reactivity to rejection imagery".

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Lorenz, F. O.; Wickrama, K. A. S.; Conger, R. D.; Elder, G. H. (2006). "The short-term and decade-long effects of divorce on women's midlife health".

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Cole, S. W.; Kemeny, M. E.; Taylor, S. E. (1997). "Social identity and physical health: Accelerated HIV progression in rejection-sensitive gay men".

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is active when people are experiencing both physical pain and "social pain", in response to social rejection. A subsequent experiment, also using

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neuroimaging, found that three regions become active when people are exposed to images depicting rejection themes. These areas are the posterior

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Leary, M. R., Downs, D. L., (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The self-esteem system as a sociometer. In M. H. Kernis,

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more negative emotions and have fewer positive emotions than those who have been accepted or those who were in neutral or control conditions.

3051: 3026: 1924: 1874: 1780: 3492: 1741:. Rejection and isolation were found to affect levels of pain following an operation as well as other physical forms of pain. MacDonald and 4529: 2192:

Mrug, Sylvie; Molina, Brooke S. G.; Hoza, Betsy; Gerdes, Alyson C.; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Hechtman, Lily; Arnold, L. Eugene (August 2012).

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Hymel, S., Wagner, E., & Butler, L. J. (1990). Reputational bias: View from the peer group. In S. R. Asher, & J. D. Coie, (Eds.).

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Ginapp, Callie M.; Greenberg, Norman R.; MacDonald-Gagnon, Grace; Angarita, Gustavo A.; Bold, Krysten W.; Potenza, Marc N. (2023-10-12).

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McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Vaillancourt, T., & Mercer, L. (2001). The consequences of childhood rejection. In M. R. Leary (Ed.),

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shows an emperor turning away from his consort, his hand raised in a gesture of rejection and with a look of disdain on his face.

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Dickerson, S. S.; Gruenewald, T. L.; Kemeny, M. E. (2004). "When the social self is threatened: Shame, physiology, and health".

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Oaten, M.; Williams, K. D.; Jones, A.; Zadro, L. (2008). "The effects of ostracism on self-regulation in the socially anxious".

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understood. Because of the association between rejection sensitivity and neuroticism, there is a likely genetic predisposition.

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Williams, K. D.; Sommer, K. L. (1997). "Social ostracism by one's coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation?".

2194:"Peer Rejection and Friendships in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Contributions to Long-Term Outcomes" 2037:

Baumeister RF, Leary MR (1995). "The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation".

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tends to be harmed when a person experiences social rejection. This can cause severe problems for those with diseases such as

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increase upon imagining a rejection scenario. Those who are socially rejected have an increased likelihood of suffering from

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An experiment performed in 2007 at the University of California at Berkeley found that individuals with a combination of low

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Lidderdale, J. M.; Walsh, J. J. (1998). "The effects of social support on cardiovascular reactivity and perinatal outcome".

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in the target, including anger and sadness. This effect occurs regardless of self-esteem and other personality differences.

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Leary, M. R.; Kowalski, R. M.; Smith, L. (2003). "Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings".

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like and dislike. Rejected children receive few "like" nominations and many "dislike" nominations. Children classified as

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to the demands of others. The need for affiliation and social interaction appears to be particularly strong under stress.

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MacDonald, G.; Leary, M. R. (2005). "Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain".

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London, B.; Downey, G.; Bonica, C.; Paltin, I. (2007). "Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity".

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originally suggested that an unsatisfied need to belong would inevitably lead to problems in behavior as well as

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Researchers have also investigated how the brain responds to social rejection. One study found that the dorsal

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Williams, Kipling; Cheung, C.; Choi, W. (2000). "CyberOstracism: Effects of being ignored over the internet".

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research confirms the motivational basis of the need for acceptance. Specifically, fear of rejection leads to

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in his research. Numerous studies have found that being socially rejected leads to an increase in levels of

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Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD, Williams KD (2003). "Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion".

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Schneider, B. H. (1992). "Didactic methods for enhancing children's peer relations: A quantitative review".

1726: 1470: 1334:. Furthermore, individuals who are high in rejection sensitivity (see below) show less activity in the left 1168: 496: 404: 141: 106: 3194: 1481:

activation. This brain region, in turn, is associated with physiological pain in individuals. Notably, the

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MacDonald, M (2007). "Social support for centenarians' health, psychological well-being, and longevity".

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Van Beest, Ilja; Williams, K (2006). "When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts".

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Mehrabian, A (1976). "Questionnaire measures of affiliative tendency and sensitivity to rejection".

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Kross E, Egner T, Ochsner K, Hirsch J, Downey G (2007). "Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity".

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Baumeister, R. F. & Dhavale, D. (2001). Two sides of romantic rejection. In M. R. Leary (Ed.),

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Gruter, M; Masters, R (1986). "Ostracism as a social and biological phenomenon: An introduction".

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Twenge JM, Catanese KR, Baumeister RF (2002). "Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior".

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activity. Subjectively, rejected individuals experience a range of negative emotions, including

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of another, ignores/avoids or is repulsed by someone who is romantically interested in them, or

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The experience of rejection can lead to a number of adverse psychological consequences such as

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Coie, J. D. (1990). Toward a theory of peer rejection. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds).

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and physical health. Corroboration of these assumptions about behavior deficits were seen by

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others, and tend to rely too much on familiar others and situations so as to avoid rejection.

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Baumeister, R. F.; Tice, D. M. (1990). "Point-counterpoints: Anxiety and social exclusion".

3823: 3786: 3776: 3717: 3706:"Understand and address complexities of rejection sensitive dysphoria in students with ADHD" 3679: 3613: 3568: 3446: 3399: 3344: 3313: 3264: 3206: 3150: 3111: 3076: 2972: 2931: 2890: 2859: 2832: 2805: 2776: 2729: 2702: 2641: 2595: 2543: 2500: 2463: 2455: 2408: 2355: 2304: 2277: 2250: 2213: 2205: 2089: 2046: 1993: 1977: 1969: 1817: 1632: 1350: 1323: 1284: 1139: 1080: 1036: 943: 918: 863: 282: 212: 131: 116: 3765:"'Dysregulated not deficit': A qualitative study on symptomatology of ADHD in young adults" 3434: 3210: 3138: 1562:

is a common experience in youth, but mutual love becomes more typical as people get older.

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is to monitor social relations and detect social rejection. In this view, self-esteem is a

3435:"Social Exclusion and Pain Sensitivity: Why Exclusion Sometimes Hurts and Sometimes Numbs" 1812: 1787:

Social rejection is also depicted in theatrical plays and musicals. For example, the film

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humans have evolved an efficient warning system to immediately detect and respond to it.

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Ostracism: Empirical studies inspired by real-world experiences of silence and exclusion

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Twenge, Jean M.; Baumeister, Roy F.; Tice, Dianne M.; Stucke, Tanja S. (December 2001).

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Smith, A; Williams, K (2004). "R U There? Effects of ostracism by cell phone messages".

2351: 4298: 2879:"If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior" 2468: 2443: 2218: 2193: 1998: 1957: 1771: 1715: 1666: 1391: 1225: 1115: 1052: 848: 643: 297: 272: 232: 146: 3244: 3115: 4508: 4271: 4196: 4150: 3995: 3903: 3827: 3737: 3580: 3372: 3170: 3080: 2976: 2555: 2504: 2459: 2324: 2281: 1837: 1832: 1702: 1674: 1232: 1172: 1119: 888: 718: 673: 638: 588: 287: 17: 4386: 4111: 3968: 3474: 3292: 3088: 3000: 2749: 2584:"Cyberball: A program for use in research on interpersonal ostracism and acceptance" 2520: 2375: 2066: 27:

Deliberate exclusion of an individual from social relationship or social interaction

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Cassel, J (1976). "The contribution of the social environment to host resistance".

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highly adaptive response to ensure survival and continuation of the genetic line.

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by individuals or an entire group of people. Furthermore, rejection can be either

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Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York:Basic Books.

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Eisenberger, Naomi I.; Lieberman, Matthew D.; Williams, Kipling D. (2003-10-10).

4370: 3617: 2894: 2050: 1678: 1625: 1598: 1582: 1346: 1342:, which may indicate less ability to regulate emotional responses to rejection. 1256: 1218: 1154: 1091: 1079:

of people can have especially negative effects, particularly when it results in

768: 713: 613: 101: 4236: 4030: 3683: 2863: 2836: 2809: 2733: 2645: 2412: 2308: 1130:, need to be able to give and receive affection to be psychologically healthy. 4460: 4450: 4430: 4333: 4142: 4103: 3873: 3572: 2706: 2209: 2093: 1842: 1742: 1670: 1308: 1268: 1249: 1211: 1188: 1158: 1123: 1095: 1087: 1060: 1044: 873: 798: 688: 598: 528: 523: 3952: 3729: 3458: 3450: 3411: 3403: 3356: 3276: 3218: 3162: 3154: 2984: 2902: 2609: 2547: 1989: 3665:"Social antecedents and consequences of interpersonal rejection sensitivity" 3268: 2359: 1807: 1566: 1547: 1424: 1243:

Rejected children are more likely to be bullied at school and on playgrounds

1127: 1048: 923: 893: 813: 793: 763: 743: 723: 623: 603: 558: 538: 533: 449: 444: 262: 56: 4378: 4204: 4038: 3960: 3911: 3800: 3466: 3419: 3387: 3364: 3284: 3226: 2992: 2910: 2741: 2617: 2512: 2477: 2420: 2367: 2316: 2227: 2007: 4244: 4003: 3625: 2961:"On Being Rejected: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research on Rejection" 2935: 2058: 4481: 4306: 2568:

Williams, K. D. & Zadro, L. (2001). Ostracism. In M. R. Leary (Ed.),

1590: 1578: 1574: 1276: 1204: 1175:(sometimes called normative influence, cf. informational influence), and 1022: 838: 788: 778: 698: 653: 608: 4462:

The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying

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The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying

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Baumeister, R. F.; Tice, D. M. (1990). "Anxiety and social exclusion".

1981: 1738: 1682: 1602: 1368: 1153:. Mark Leary of Duke University has suggested that the main purpose of 1135: 1071: 1026: 1014: 908: 883: 878: 868: 683: 648: 618: 593: 578: 568: 553: 436: 3721: 4087: 3307: 2781: 2765:"The KKK won't let play: Ostracism even by a despised outgroup hurts" 2764: 2254: 1973: 1662: 1506:, such as verbal abuse, fighting, etc., to prove they are essential. 1067: 853: 748: 633: 573: 4218: 4216: 4214: 1051:" is also commonly used to denote a process of social exclusion (in 4432:

Peer rejection: Developmental processes and intervention strategies

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Peer rejection: Developmental processes and intervention strategies

2119:

Baker, C.R. (1979). Defining and measuring affiliation motivation.

1911:

Williams, Kipling D.; Joseph P. Forgas; William von Hippel (2005).

3599:"Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships" 1753: 1586: 1486:

personal traits or environmental factors do not affect this pain.

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which activates negative emotions when signs of exclusion appear.

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member is identified as a despised person such as someone in the

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and low attentional control are more likely to exhibit eye-blink

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non-married or currently married counterparts. In the case of a

1594: 833: 808: 803: 753: 708: 693: 2182:(pp. 365–401). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1706: 1319: 1118:

and other theorists have suggested that the need for love and

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Williams, K. D., Forgás, J. P., & von Hippel, W. (2005).

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Bernstein, Michael J.; Claypool, Heather M. (February 2012).

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First Masterpiece of Chinese Painting: The Admonitions Scroll

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Other aspects of health are also affected by rejection. Both

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Cillessen, A., Bukowski, W. M., & Haselager, G. (2000).

1644:, while not a formal diagnosis, is also a common symptom of 63: 4452:

Don't take it personally: The art of dealing with rejection

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that peer groups establish reputational biases that act as

993:

occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a

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problems like depression. Some rejected children display

3245:"Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion" 4127:"Quality of life from the perspectives of older people" 3489:"What Social Behaviors Make People Popular so Quickly?" 2135: 2133: 3663:

Butler, J. C.; Doherty, M. S.; Potter, R. M. (2007).

3516:. (pp. 55-72). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 3046:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–54. 2582:

Williams, Kipling D.; Jarvis, Blair (February 2006).

2572:. (pp. 21-53). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1946:(pp. 213–247). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1569:

experience that appears to trigger a response in the

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was the first theorist to discuss the phenomenon of

3386:DeWall, C. Nathan; Baumeister, Roy F. (July 2006). 3331:Williams, Kipling D.; Nida, Steve A. (2022-10-01). 3137:Williams, Kipling D.; Nida, Steve A. (April 2011). 3104:"Chapter 6 Ostracism: A Temporal Need-Threat Model" 2924:Williams, Kipling D.; Nida, Steve A., eds. (2016). 1956:Richman, Laura Smart; Leary, Mark R. (April 2009). 3110:, vol. 41, Academic Press, pp. 275–314, 2959:Gerber, Jonathan; Wheeler, Ladd (September 2009). 1912: 1661:Social rejection has a large effect on a person's 1106:and a heightened sensitivity to future rejection. 3012: 3010: 1145:Being a member of a group is also important for 4088:"Lay theories of quality of life in older age" 3751:How ADHD Ignites Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria 3592: 3590: 2685:Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 1624:. She suggested that it is a component of the 2032: 2030: 1231:Bierman states that well-liked children show 971: 405: 8: 4225:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3392:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2883:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2825:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2722:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1760:Pope Makes Love To Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1272:developmental cycle that worsens with time. 4490:article on self-esteem and social rejection 4166:Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 3143:Current Directions in Psychological Science 1255:Rejected children are likely to have lower 1047:when it is not actually present. The word " 3710:Disability Compliance for Higher Education 3439:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 3108:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 2536:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2110:. New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 123-144. 1423:Most of the research on the psychology of 978: 964: 423: 412: 398: 43: 4477:CBS news story on rejection and the brain 4360: 3862:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 3790: 3780: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 2852:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2798:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2780: 2696: 2634:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2599: 2467: 2402: 2217: 2082:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1997: 4456:Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. 4419:Asher, S. R., & Coie, J. D. (1990). 3941:Personality and Social Psychology Review 1646:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 1275:Rejected children are more likely to be 1217:High rates of inattentive, immature, or 1196:receive few nominations of either type. 1126:. According to Maslow, all humans, even 29: 1919:. Psychology Press. p. 366 pages. 1853: 1483:right ventral prefrontal cortex (RVPFC) 1479:dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) 1187:Peer rejection has been measured using 1039:". The experience of being rejected is 435: 348: 310: 154: 73: 55: 4446:New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 4075:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.919 3672:Personality and Individual Differences 3211:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641 4019:Journal of Health and Social Behavior 3549:. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 3238: 3236: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3132: 3130: 3019:Ostracism : the power of silence 2965:Perspectives on Psychological Science 2769:European Journal of Social Psychology 2763:Gonsalkorale, K; Williams, K (2007). 2121:European Journal of Social Psychology 1900:from the original on 22 October 2021. 1378:interested in regaining self-esteem. 1035:by ignoring a person, or giving the " 7: 4260:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 3547:The neurotic personality of our time 3139:"Ostracism: Consequences and Coping" 2198:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1207:behavior, e.g. taking turns, sharing 3193:Williams, Kipling D. (2007-01-01). 3102:Williams, Kipling D. (2009-01-01), 2927:Ostracism, Exclusion, and Rejection 2154:Stability of sociometric categories 4299:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112281 3816:Journal of Research on Adolescence 1718:, therefore leading to an earlier 1149:, which is a key component of the 1102:. It can also lead to feelings of 25: 4125:Gabriel, Z.; Bowling, A. (2004). 4086:Bowling, A.; Gabriel, Z. (2007). 3704:Bedrossian, Louise (2021-04-18). 2156:. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 2108:Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem 1709:. One study by Cole, Kemeny, and 1565:Romantic rejection is a painful, 1546:occurs when a person refuses the 1405:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 1362:Ball toss / cyberball experiments 1043:for the recipient, and it can be 4287:American Journal of Epidemiology 4272:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00473.x 4197:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00295.x 3904:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00546.x 3828:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00531.x 2977:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01158.x 2505:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02187.x 2460:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01996.x 1259:, and to be at greater risk for 1138:appear to reflect concerns over 448: 443: 4495:Self, Emotion, and Behavior Lab 2143:. New York: The Guilford Press. 3312:(Thesis thesis). UNSW Sydney. 1013:. A person can be rejected or 374:Category:Community development 336:Community development planning 331:Community economic development 168:Collectivism and individualism 1: 4436:New York: The Guilford Press. 3597:Downey G, Feldman SI (1996). 3337:Current Opinion in Psychology 3116:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)00406-1 3017:Williams, Kipling D. (2002). 2169:. Cambridge University Press. 1685:. Additionally, the level of 1642:Rejection sensitive dysphoria 1573:of the brain, and associated 3996:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90145-7 3782:10.1371/journal.pone.0292721 3349:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101353 3081:10.1016/0162-3095(86)90043-9 3042:Leary, Mark R., ed. (2007). 2282:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90142-u 1063:following a people's vote). 385:Join the Community community 379:Category:Localism (politics) 122:Philosophy of social science 4530:Interpersonal relationships 4500:Social Relations Laboratory 4466:New York: Psychology Press. 4426:Cambridge University Press. 4422:Peer rejection in childhood 4401:He's Just Not That Into You 4371:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202 3984:Journal of Chronic Diseases 3618:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327 3199:Annual Review of Psychology 2895:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058 2180:Peer rejection in childhood 2167:Peer rejection in childhood 2051:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 1781:He's Just Not That Into You 369:Category:Community building 4551: 4237:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.320 4031:10.1177/002214650604700202 3684:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.006 2864:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.5.471 2837:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.005 2810:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.006 2734:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748 2646:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.006 2442:Gyurak A, Ayduk O (2007). 2413:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.945 2309:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.606 2270:Clinical Psychology Review 2022:Motivation and personality 1861:McCausland, Shane (2003), 1436:Temporal need-threat model 321:Community-based management 4334:10.1080/08870449808407450 4143:10.1017/s0144686x03001582 4104:10.1017/s0144686x07006423 3874:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165 3573:10.2466/pr0.1976.38.1.199 3069:Ethology and Sociobiology 2707:10.1037/1089-2699.8.4.291 2588:Behavior Research Methods 2210:10.1007/s10802-012-9610-2 2094:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165 1768:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1605:, and possible long-term 1332:anterior cingulate cortex 1316:anterior cingulate cortex 258:Small-group communication 3953:10.1177/1088868309346065 3451:10.1177/0146167211422449 3404:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.1 3155:10.1177/0963721411402480 2548:10.1177/0146167297237003 1944:Interpersonal rejection. 1750:In fiction, film and art 1731:diastolic blood pressure 1650:attachment relationships 1477:exclusion increases the 1059:was a form of temporary 4442:Interpersonal rejection 4429:Bierman, K. L. (2003). 3514:Interpersonal rejection 3269:10.1126/science.1089134 3044:Interpersonal rejection 2570:Interpersonal rejection 2360:10.1126/science.1089134 2139:Bierman, K. L. (2003). 2024:. New York, NY: Harper. 1471:fundamental human needs 1419:Psychology of ostracism 1122:is a fundamental human 1003:interpersonal rejection 142:Sociocultural evolution 107:Computational sociology 4349:Psychological Bulletin 4185:Journal of Personality 3892:Journal of Personality 3021:. New York: Guilford. 2020:Maslow, A. H. (1954). 1775: 1340:superior frontal gyrus 1244: 1214:or disruptive behavior 476:Emotional intelligence 303:Solidarity (sociology) 68: 41: 4322:Psychology and Health 3561:Psychological Reports 2936:10.4324/9781315308470 2664:www1.psych.purdue.edu 2660:"Kipling D. Williams" 1770:laughingly rejecting 1757: 1622:rejection sensitivity 1613:Rejection sensitivity 1528:Popularity resurgence 1338:and the right dorsal 1328:parahippocampal gyrus 1242: 1011:familial estrangement 1005:(or peer rejection), 1001:. The topic includes 363:WikiProject Community 312:Community development 198:Community of practice 188:Community of interest 112:Cultural anthropology 67: 33: 18:Rejection sensitivity 4482:Ostracism Laboratory 3306:Zadro, Lisa (2004). 1962:Psychological Review 1867:British Museum Press 1764:William Powell Frith 1500:pro-social behaviors 1165:Social psychological 1029:, or ridiculing, or 679:Emotional Detachment 341:Community organizing 173:Community engagement 163:Affinity (sociology) 97:Community psychology 4449:Savage, E. (2002). 3545:Horney, K. (1937). 3261:2003Sci...302..290E 2352:2003Sci...302..290E 2243:Aggressive Behavior 1823:Parental alienation 1803:Closure (sociology) 1696:family estrangement 1504:antisocial behavior 1398:Life-alone paradigm 1110:Need for acceptance 995:social relationship 178:Community education 4439:Leary, M. (2001). 4131:Ageing and Society 4092:Ageing and Society 3753:at additudemag.com 3606:J Pers Soc Psychol 2601:10.3758/bf03192765 2297:J Pers Soc Psychol 1776: 1597:, and eventually, 1544:romantic rejection 1537:Romantic rejection 1375:Gender differences 1283:An analysis of 15 1267:behavior and show 1245: 1007:romantic rejection 999:social interaction 326:Community building 253:Sense of community 248:Prosocial behavior 238:Imagined community 223:Group cohesiveness 218:Community politics 203:Community of place 193:Community practice 183:Community cohesion 92:Community practice 69: 42: 37:Admonitions Scroll 34:This scene of the 4525:Human development 3722:10.1002/dhe.31047 3643:on July 31, 2013. 3255:(5643): 290–292. 3053:978-0-19-513015-7 3028:978-1-57230-831-2 1926:978-1-84169-424-5 1876:978-0-7141-2417-9 1828:Rejection hotline 1554:ends an existing 1548:romantic advances 1510:Resignation stage 1351:startle responses 1336:prefrontal cortex 1330:, and the dorsal 1303:In the laboratory 988: 987: 914:Social connection 422: 421: 268:Social alienation 228:Group (sociology) 208:Community service 137:Social philosophy 87:Community studies 16:(Redirected from 4542: 4515:Social rejection 4488:Psychology Today 4408: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4364: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4328:(6): 1061–1070. 4317: 4311: 4310: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4266:(5): 1083–1115. 4255: 4249: 4248: 4220: 4209: 4208: 4191:(6): 1191–1216. 4180: 4174: 4173: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4083: 4077: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3784: 3775:(10): e0292721. 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3686:. 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220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 157: 156: 152: 151: 150: 149: 147:Urban planning 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 76: 75: 71: 70: 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4547: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4355:(2): 202–23. 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 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Routledge. 2929: 2928: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499:(10): 981–3. 2498: 2494: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2397:(6): 945–56. 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2303:(3): 606–15. 2302: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1838:Social stigma 1836: 1834: 1833:Social defeat 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758:The painting 1756: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737:, as well as 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:immune system 1699: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265:externalizing 1262: 1261:internalizing 1258: 1253: 1251: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203:Low rates of 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173:peer pressure 1170: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:belongingness 1117: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 981: 976: 974: 969: 967: 962: 961: 959: 958: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 889:Schadenfreude 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719:Gratification 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 674:Embarrassment 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639:Determination 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 589:Belongingness 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 512: 511: 505: 502: 498: 497:Dysregulation 495: 493: 492:Interpersonal 490: 489: 488: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 456: 455: 451: 446: 442: 441: 438: 434: 430: 426: 425: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 395: 393: 392: 387: 386: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 364: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 352: 347: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 313: 309: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 288:Socialization 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 159: 158: 153: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 72: 62: 61: 58: 54: 50: 46: 45: 39: 38: 32: 19: 4487: 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989: 858: 564:Anticipation 383: 361: 292: 278:Social death 243:Organization 155:Key concepts 35: 4060:Callaghan). 3928:University. 3567:: 199–209. 3398:(1): 1–15. 3195:"Ostracism" 2493:Psychol Sci 2448:Psychol Sci 1982:10161/11810 1890:"ostracize" 1679:John Bowlby 1599:resignation 1583:frustration 1519:Controversy 1450:resignation 1347:self-esteem 1309:experiments 1257:self-esteem 1250:stereotypes 1155:self-esteem 1092:self-esteem 769:Humiliation 714:Frustration 614:Contentment 102:Social work 4509:Categories 4172:: 107–127. 3850:1040-1053. 3499:2022-07-17 3343:: 101353. 3121:2023-03-29 2669:2023-03-28 1849:References 1843:Sociometry 1687:depression 1667:Baumeister 1607:depression 1585:, intense 1454:depression 1446:reflective 1269:aggression 1212:aggressive 1189:sociometry 1177:compliance 1169:conformity 1159:sociometer 1128:introverts 1124:motivation 1104:insecurity 1100:depression 1096:aggression 1088:loneliness 1061:banishment 1041:subjective 874:Resentment 799:Loneliness 689:Enthusiasm 629:Depression 599:Confidence 529:Admiration 524:Acceptance 471:In animals 4357:CiteSeerX 4151:145106062 3738:234849318 3730:1086-1335 3716:(10): 4. 3581:144417099 3459:0146-1672 3412:1939-1315 3373:248763503 3357:2352-250X 3277:0036-8075 3219:0066-4308 3171:262310176 3163:0963-7214 2985:1745-6916 2903:1939-1315 2693:CiteSeerX 2610:1554-351X 2556:145458325 2399:CiteSeerX 2325:197655896 1990:0033-295X 1808:Labelling 1790:Hairspray 1567:emotional 1442:reflexive 1425:ostracism 1299:= 0.35). 1219:impulsive 1205:prosocial 1194:neglected 1136:anxieties 1066:Although 1057:ostracism 1049:ostracism 1045:perceived 934:Suspicion 924:Suffering 894:Self-pity 859:Rejection 814:Nostalgia 794:Limerence 764:Hostility 744:Happiness 724:Gratitude 669:Elevation 624:Curiosity 604:Confusion 559:Annoyance 539:Amusement 534:Affection 263:Sobornost 57:Community 4520:Shunning 4387:10540325 4379:15740417 4205:15509281 4112:16940454 4039:16821506 3969:15945219 3961:19770347 3912:19076997 3801:37824501 3792:10569543 3769:PLOS ONE 3475:10648152 3467:21885860 3420:16834476 3365:35662059 3293:21253445 3285:14551436 3227:16968209 3089:55712844 3001:30969812 2993:26162220 2911:11761307 2750:27409048 2742:11079239 2618:16817529 2521:28499849 2513:19000206 2478:17894606 2421:17536965 2376:21253445 2368:14551436 2317:12219857 2228:22331455 2127:, 97-99. 2067:13559932 2008:19348546 1898:Archived 1797:See also 1766:depicts 1727:systolic 1626:neurotic 1591:jealousy 1579:cortisol 1575:dopamine 1369:emotions 1221:behavior 1023:bullying 929:Surprise 839:Pleasure 789:Kindness 779:Jealousy 774:Interest 699:Euphoria 654:Distrust 609:Contempt 516:Emotions 437:Emotions 429:a series 427:Part of 349:See also 49:a series 47:Part of 4245:9107003 4047:6918975 4004:3611293 3634:7822358 3626:8667172 3257:Bibcode 3249:Science 2469:4175371 2429:8329246 2348:Bibcode 2340:Science 2219:3384771 2059:7777651 1999:2763620 1818:Outcast 1739:suicide 1683:anxiety 1603:despair 1277:bullied 1032:passive 1027:teasing 1015:shunned 909:Shyness 884:Saudade 879:Sadness 869:Remorse 829:Passion 819:Outrage 684:Empathy 664:Ecstasy 649:Disgust 619:Courage 594:Boredom 579:Arousal 569:Anxiety 554:Anguish 504:Valence 357:Outline 4385: 4377: 4359: 4307:782233 4305: 4243: 4203: 4149: 4110: 4045: 4037: 4002: 3967: 3959: 3910: 3799: 3789: 3736: 3728: 3632: 3624: 3579: 3526:Press. 3473: 3465: 3457: 3418: 3410: 3371: 3363: 3355: 3291: 3283: 3275: 3225: 3217: 3169: 3161: 3087: 3050: 3025: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2942: 2909: 2901: 2748: 2740: 2695: 2616: 2608: 2554: 2519: 2511: 2476: 2466: 2427: 2419: 2401: 2374: 2366: 2323: 2315: 2226: 2216: 2065: 2057: 2006: 1996: 1988: 1923: 1873: 1711:Taylor 1675:mental 1663:health 1448:, and 1326:, the 1098:, and 1090:, low 1072:social 1068:humans 1019:active 1009:, and 944:Wonder 919:Sorrow 864:Relief 854:Regret 759:Horror 749:Hatred 634:Desire 574:Apathy 461:Affect 4383:S2CID 4147:S2CID 4108:S2CID 4043:S2CID 3965:S2CID 3734:S2CID 3691:(PDF) 3668:(PDF) 3641:(PDF) 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