432:
276:
505:
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bioturbation, in which animals and/or plants move things in the layers. however, this process is not enough to allow the layers to change their positions. This principle allows sedimentary layers to be viewed as a form of vertical time line, a partial or complete record of the time elapsed from deposition of the lowest layer to deposition of the highest bed.
38:
188:, he found the same patterns across England. He also found that certain animals were in only certain layers and that they were in the same layers all across England. Due to that discovery, Smith was able to recognize the order that the rocks were formed. Sixteen years after his discovery, he published a
728:
Craters are very useful in relative dating; as a general rule, the younger a planetary surface is, the fewer craters it has. If long-term cratering rates are known to enough precision, crude absolute dates can be applied based on craters alone; however, cratering rates outside the Earth-Moon system
571:
Although they are small, melt inclusions may contain a number of different constituents, including glass (which represents magma that has been quenched by rapid cooling), small crystals and a separate vapour-rich bubble. They occur in most of the crystals found in igneous rocks and are common in the
327:
and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than
545:
can obtain a range of useful information from melt inclusions. Two of the most common uses of melt inclusions are to study the compositions of magmas present early in the history of specific magma systems. This is because inclusions can act like "fossils" – trapping and preserving these early melts
410:
is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by
William Smith almost a
495:
material is available, it will be deposited up to the limits of the sedimentary basin. Often, the sedimentary basin is within rocks that are very different from the sediments that are being deposited, in which the lateral limits of the sedimentary layer will be marked by an abrupt change in rock
395:
states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. This is because it is not possible for a younger layer to slip beneath a layer previously deposited. The only disturbance that the layers experience is
564:(1858) was the first to document microscopic melt inclusions in crystals. The study of melt inclusions has been driven more recently by the development of sophisticated chemical analysis techniques. Scientists from the former Soviet Union lead the study of melt inclusions in the decades after
479:
Often, coarser-grained material can no longer be transported to an area because the transporting medium has insufficient energy to carry it to that location. In its place, the particles that settle from the transporting medium will be finer-grained, and there will be a lateral transition from
508:
Multiple melt inclusions in an olivine crystal. Individual inclusions are oval or round in shape and consist of clear glass, together with a small round vapor bubble and in some cases a small square spinel crystal. The black arrow points to one good example, but there are several others. The
354:) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when
222:
states that the geologic processes observed in operation that modify the Earth's crust at present have worked in much the same way over geologic time. A fundamental principle of geology advanced by the 18th century
Scottish physician and geologist
419:, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (
60:
is a great example of
Original Horizontality and the Law of Superposition, two important ideas used in relative dating. These strata make up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as
546:
before they are modified by later igneous processes. In addition, because they are trapped at high pressures many melt inclusions also provide important information about the contents of volatile elements (such as H
532:
across (a micrometre is one thousandth of a millimeter, or about 0.00004 inches). Nevertheless, they can provide an abundance of useful information. Using microscopic observations and a range of chemical
376:
states that the deposition of sediments occurs as essentially horizontal beds. Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although
168:, which states that older layers will be deeper in a site than more recent layers, was the summary outcome of 'relative dating' as observed in geology from the 17th century to the early 20th century.
721:, particularly in the vast majority of cases for which we have no surface samples. Many of the same principles are applied. For example, if a valley is formed inside an
449:
initially extend laterally in all directions; in other words, they are laterally continuous. As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but are now separated by a
208:
in the 18th century. Geologists still use the following principles today as a means to provide information about geologic history and the timing of geologic events.
251:, it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. There are a number of different types of intrusions, including stocks,
227:, is that "the present is the key to the past." In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now."
1762:
1438:
104:
is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their
319:
588:. The formation of melt inclusions appears to be a normal part of the crystallization of minerals within magmas, and they can be found in both
346:
1102:
1127:
1029:
1209:
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are similar to some of those applied in geology. The principles of typology can be compared to the biostratigraphic approach in geology.
94:
568:(Sobolev and Kostyuk, 1975), and developed methods for heating melt inclusions under a microscope, so changes could be directly observed.
748:
372:
1059:
1556:
1166:"Biostratigraphy: William Smith". Understanding Evolution. 2009. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 23 January 2009 <
362:
or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.
1757:
1353:
1182:
1148:
982:
1393:
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Layers of sediment do not extend indefinitely; rather, the limits can be recognized and are controlled by the amount and type of
675:, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for
441:
1085:
406:
218:
1803:
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in southwest
England, he found that fossils were always in the same order in the rock layers. As he continued his job as a
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1946:
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from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with
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change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time.
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are small parcels or "blobs" of molten rock that are trapped within crystals that grow in the
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78:
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1000:
Natural Law and Divine
Miracle: The Principle of Uniformity in Geology, Biology, and Theology
328:
the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a
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The regular order of the occurrence of fossils in rock layers was discovered around 1800 by
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309:(cutting through A, B & C); E – even younger rock strata (overlying C & D); F –
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coarser- to finer-grained material. The lateral variation in sediment within a
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occurrence of multiple inclusions within a single crystal is relatively common
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is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).
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Methods for relative dating were developed when geology first emerged as a
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occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as
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695:. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.
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1143:(4th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company. p. 258.
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in a rock are older than the rock itself. One example of this is a
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517:
503:
359:
1168:
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/history_11
305:(cutting off A & B) on which rock strata were deposited; D –
156:
they occurred, it remains a useful technique. Relative dating by
1382:
1264:
57:
1191:
528:. Melt inclusions are generally small – most are less than 100
435:
Schematic representation of the principle of lateral continuity
1282:
1187:
30:
For the relative dating of words and sound in languages, see
709:
Relative dating is used to determine the order of events on
148:
of materials. Though relative dating can only determine the
1118:
D. Armstrong, F. Mugglestone, R. Richards and F. Stratton,
717:
have used it to decipher the development of bodies in the
350:
explains that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or
977:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 167–169.
243:
concerns crosscutting intrusions. In geology, when an
1024:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 18.
457:
feature, can be assumed to be originally continuous.
132:
in the early 20th century, which provided a means of
831:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1991:
1975:
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1827:
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Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
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The
Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution
286:and other geological structures. Explanations: A –
1177:, 2nd ed. Belmont: West Publishing Company, 1997.
358:are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as
843: – Archaeological method of relative dating
69:. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the
725:, the valley must be younger than the crater.
282:can be used to determine the relative ages of
1203:
1045:
1043:
1041:
164:and is, in some respects, more accurate. The
16:Determining the relative order of past events
8:
1089:(New York: HarperCollins, 2001), pp. 59–91.
1824:
1721:
1500:
1295:
1210:
1196:
1188:
705:Planetary science § Planetary geology
691:and are incorporated later to cool in the
192:of England showing the rocks of different
152:in which a series of events occurred, not
524:. In many respects they are analogous to
77:, cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red
1758:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
1122:Pearson Education Limited, 2008, p. 276
464:available and the size and shape of the
430:
411:hundred years before the publication of
320:principle of cross-cutting relationships
274:
128:with another. Prior to the discovery of
36:
965:
1100:"Reading Rocks by Wesleyan University"
655:principle of inclusions and components
347:principle of inclusions and components
1173:Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander.
472:to an area and it will eventually be
247:intrusion cuts across a formation of
7:
1052:"Steno's Principles of Stratigraphy"
646:and redeposited into a younger one.
614:. Essentially, this law states that
95:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
749:Dating methodologies in archaeology
657:from his 1830 to 1833 multi-volume
642:that has been eroded from an older
373:principle of original horizontality
108:(i.e., estimated age). In geology,
1557:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
610:is a method of relative dating in
313:(cutting through A, B, C & E).
14:
1056:Dinosaurs and the History of Life
554:, S and Cl) that drive explosive
1439:English and British regnal year
1062:from the original on 2008-05-09
713:other than Earth; for decades,
468:. Sediment will continue to be
442:principle of lateral continuity
1086:The Map that Changed the World
407:principle of faunal succession
219:principle of Uniformitarianism
1:
1552:Old Style and New Style dates
1139:Hartmann, William K. (1999).
802:Relative dating, this article
323:pertains to the formation of
200:Principles of relative dating
124:can be used to correlate one
1504:Pre-Julian / Julian
940:List of geochronologic names
794:, archaeological chronology
1737:Geological history of Earth
1607:Astronomical year numbering
973:Stanley, Steven M. (1999).
935:Timeline of natural history
899:Geological history of Earth
759:Relative dating methods in
671:(or clasts) are found in a
500:Inclusions of igneous rocks
271:Cross-cutting relationships
160:is the preferred method in
2088:
827:Relationship (archaeology)
811:Archaeological association
752:
746:
739:Stratigraphy (archaeology)
736:
702:
663:, which states that, with
81:, slope-forming, purplish
63:Capitol Reef National Park
29:
18:
1909:Thermoluminescence dating
1804:Samarium–neodymium dating
1020:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
755:Disturbance (archaeology)
649:This is a restatement of
622:, which is a fragment of
607:law of included fragments
340:Inclusions and components
298:(cutting through A); C –
67:Canyonlands National Park
1623:Chinese sexagenary cycle
144:used relative dating to
19:Not to be confused with
1837:Amino acid racemisation
1058:. Columbia University.
1050:Olsen, Paul E. (2001).
841:Seriation (archaeology)
773:Astronomical chronology
634:. Another example is a
626:that fell into passing
280:Cross-cutting relations
231:Intrusive relationships
85:, layered, lighter-red
1842:Archaeomagnetic dating
1354:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1120:OCR AS and A2 Geology,
1022:The earth through time
821:Archaeological culture
816:Archaeological context
743:Typology (archaeology)
510:
445:states that layers of
436:
366:Original horizontality
314:
98:
93:sandstone. Photo from
32:Historical linguistics
1742:Geological time units
1109:retrieved May 8, 2011
753:Further information:
747:Further information:
660:Principles of Geology
507:
434:
290:rock strata cut by a
278:
89:, and white, layered
56:area of southeastern
40:
1794:Law of superposition
1789:Isotope geochemistry
975:Earth System History
922:Plate reconstruction
792:Chronological dating
715:planetary scientists
711:Solar System objects
543:igneous petrologists
392:law of superposition
303:angular unconformity
180:. While digging the
166:Law of Superposition
126:stratigraphic column
114:superficial deposits
1927:Fluorine absorption
1904:Luminescence dating
1799:Luminescence dating
1707:Milankovitch cycles
1547:Proleptic Gregorian
1379:Hindu units of time
1141:Moons & Planets
904:Future of the Earth
894:Geologic time scale
806:Phase (archaeology)
783:Age of the universe
417:theory of evolution
182:Somerset Coal Canal
2029:Terminus post quem
2009:Synchronoptic view
1976:Linguistic methods
1937:Obsidian hydration
1872:Radiometric dating
1857:Incremental dating
1779:Chronostratigraphy
1105:2011-05-14 at the
876:Structural geology
856:Chronostratigraphy
729:are poorly known.
600:Included fragments
556:volcanic eruptions
511:
486:sedimentary facies
437:
427:Lateral continuity
315:
130:radiometric dating
99:
87:Moenkopi Formation
2042:
2041:
1955:
1954:
1812:
1811:
1673:
1672:
1628:Geologic Calendar
1490:
1489:
1128:978-0-435-69211-7
1031:978-0-470-38774-0
997:Reijer Hooykaas,
665:sedimentary rocks
466:sedimentary basin
400:Faunal succession
212:Uniformitarianism
79:Wingate Sandstone
75:Kayenta Formation
2077:
2034:ASPRO chronology
1983:Glottochronology
1899:Tephrochronology
1847:Dendrochronology
1825:
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1511:Pre-Julian Roman
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1079:As recounted in
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526:fluid inclusions
249:sedimentary rock
150:sequential order
91:Cutler Formation
83:Chinle Formation
71:Navajo Sandstone
54:Colorado Plateau
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1687:Cosmic Calendar
1679:Astronomic time
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924:
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
901:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Marker horizon
847:
846:
845:
844:
838:
833:
824:
818:
813:
808:
803:
800:
788:
787:
786:
785:
780:
768:
765:
734:
731:
703:Main article:
700:
697:
636:derived fossil
601:
598:
551:
547:
501:
498:
491:If sufficient
428:
425:
413:Charles Darwin
401:
398:
386:
383:
367:
364:
341:
338:
272:
269:
232:
229:
213:
210:
201:
198:
190:geological map
173:
170:
146:determine ages
138:archaeologists
73:, layered red
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2070:Geochronology
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:Chronological
1815:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Geochronology
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Geologic time
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Metonic cycle
1700:
1698:
1697:Galactic year
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:ISO week date
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
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1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
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1553:
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1548:
1545:
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1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Byzantine era
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1300:Calendar eras
1297:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:0-314-09577-2
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:0-534-54630-7
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
984:0-7167-2882-6
980:
976:
969:
966:
960:
953:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:Geochronology
849:
848:
842:
839:
837:
834:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
793:
790:
789:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
762:
756:
750:
744:
740:
732:
730:
726:
724:
723:impact crater
720:
716:
712:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:igneous rocks
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
651:Charles Lyell
647:
645:
641:
638:, which is a
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
544:
540:
536:
535:microanalysis
531:
527:
523:
522:igneous rocks
519:
515:
506:
499:
497:
494:
489:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
408:
399:
397:
394:
393:
385:Superposition
384:
382:
380:
379:cross-bedding
375:
374:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
339:
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
321:
312:
308:
307:volcanic dyke
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:relationships
240:
237:principle of
230:
228:
226:
221:
220:
211:
209:
207:
199:
197:
195:
194:geologic time
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:William Smith
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
33:
26:
22:
1947:Stratigraphy
1918:
1892:Uranium–lead
1862:Lichenometry
1660:Winter count
1643:Mesoamerican
1571:Astronomical
1389:Mesoamerican
1374:Sothic cycle
1349:Seleucid era
1334:Bosporan era
1322: /
1312:
1260:Paleontology
1174:
1140:
1134:
1119:
1114:
1094:
1084:
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1055:
1021:
1015:
999:
993:
974:
968:
881:Unconformity
871:Stratigraphy
758:
727:
719:Solar System
708:
658:
654:
653:'s original
648:
624:country rock
605:
603:
570:
566:World War II
560:
512:
490:
484:is known as
478:
459:
440:
438:
405:
403:
390:
388:
371:
369:
345:
343:
334:thrust fault
330:normal fault
318:
316:
311:normal fault
294:; B – large
292:thrust fault
236:
234:
225:James Hutton
217:
215:
203:
175:
162:paleontology
153:
149:
106:absolute age
101:
100:
50:stratigraphy
2055:Archaeology
1887:Radiocarbon
1562:Dual dating
1421:Regnal year
1399:Short Count
1339:Bostran era
1320:Anno Domini
1253:Big History
1233:Archaeology
952:Consilience
761:archaeology
733:Archaeology
699:Planetology
539:geochemists
537:techniques
530:micrometres
493:sedimentary
470:transported
284:rock strata
122:lithologies
2049:Categories
1482:Vietnamese
1394:Long Count
1329:Anno Mundi
1324:Common Era
1226:Key topics
1219:Chronology
1066:2009-03-14
1006:, Leiden:
961:References
689:lava flows
669:inclusions
520:that form
257:batholiths
253:laccoliths
142:geologists
2019:Year zero
1999:Chronicle
1942:Seriation
1877:Lead–lead
1751:Standards
1732:Deep time
1692:Ephemeris
1578:Lunisolar
1542:Gregorian
1535:Gregorian
1496:Calendars
1459:Era names
1429:Anka year
1308:Human Era
1238:Astronomy
1161:Citations
673:formation
572:minerals
474:deposited
455:erosional
453:or other
356:xenoliths
300:erosional
296:intrusion
239:intrusive
2014:Timeline
1852:Ice core
1725:Concepts
1472:Japanese
1404:Tzolk'in
1369:Egyptian
1103:Archived
1060:Archived
1008:EJ Brill
948:General
836:Sequence
767:See also
620:xenolith
594:plutonic
590:volcanic
586:pyroxene
578:feldspar
462:sediment
447:sediment
186:surveyor
47:Jurassic
45:through
2024:Floruit
1772:Methods
1633:Iranian
1601:Islamic
1467:Chinese
1278:Periods
1248:History
1243:Geology
1010:, 1963.
632:stoping
612:geology
596:rocks.
582:olivine
482:stratum
245:igneous
172:Geology
118:fossils
97:, Utah.
52:of the
43:Permian
1820:dating
1616:Others
1582:Hebrew
1477:Korean
1288:Epochs
1181:
1147:
1126:
1028:
981:
693:matrix
677:gravel
640:fossil
616:clasts
574:quartz
518:magmas
496:type.
451:valley
421:facies
352:clasts
325:faults
288:folded
196:eras.
21:Incest
1653:Aztec
1597:Lunar
1592:Solar
1586:Hindu
1449:Limmu
1409:Haab'
1364:Hijri
685:magma
667:, if
628:magma
562:Sorby
550:O, CO
360:magma
332:or a
265:dikes
261:sills
1648:Maya
1383:Yuga
1283:Eras
1265:Time
1179:ISBN
1170:>
1145:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1098:See
1026:ISBN
979:ISBN
741:and
604:The
592:and
584:and
541:and
439:The
404:The
389:The
370:The
344:The
317:The
263:and
235:The
216:The
154:when
140:and
120:and
110:rock
65:and
58:Utah
41:The
687:or
644:bed
415:'s
112:or
23:or
2051::
1584:,
1083:,
1054:.
1040:^
580:,
576:,
558:.
488:.
336:.
267:.
259:,
255:,
136:,
116:,
1603:)
1599:(
1588:)
1580:(
1385:)
1381:(
1211:e
1204:t
1197:v
1153:.
1069:.
1034:.
987:.
552:2
548:2
34:.
27:.
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