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electrical signals—mimicking stronger smells—cause the shark to turn more sharply. One study is funded by a $ 600,000 grant from
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It has been suggested that such sharks could search hostile waters with sensors that detect explosives, or cameras that record intelligence photographs. Outside the military, similar sensors could detect oil spills or gather data on the behaviour of sharks in their natural habitat. Scientists working with remote control sharks admit they are not sure exactly which neurons they are stimulating, and therefore, they can't always control the shark's direction reliably. The sharks only respond after some training, and some sharks don't respond at all. The research has prompted protests from bloggers who allude to remote controlled humans or horror films featuring maniacal cyborg sharks on a feeding frenzy.
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220:-based brain-to-computer interface (BCI), while the anesthetised rat is equipped with a focused ultrasound (FUS) computer-to-brain interface (CBI). FUS is a technology that allows the researchers to excite a specific region of neurons in the rat's brain using an ultrasound signal (350 kHz ultrasound frequency, tone burst duration of 0.5 ms, pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz, given for 300 ms duration). The main advantage of FUS is that, unlike most brain-stimulation techniques, it is non-invasive. Whenever the human looks at a specific pattern (strobe light flicker) on a computer screen, the BCI communicates a command to the rat's CBI, which causes ultrasound to be beamed into the region of the rat's
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762:(GPS) in a project nicknamed Bovines Without Borders. The system uses battery-powered collars that emit a sound to warn cattle when they are approaching a virtual boundary. If a cow wanders too near, the collar emits a warning noise. If it continues, the cow gets an electric shock of 250-milliwatts . The boundaries are drawn by GPS and exist only as a line on a computer. There are no wires or fixed transmitters at all. The cattle took less than an hour to learn to back off when they heard the warning noise. The scientists indicated that commercial units were up to 10 years away.
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187:, said "There's going to have to be a wide debate to see whether this is acceptable or not" and "There are some ethical issues here which I can't deny." Elsewhere he was quoted as saying "The idea sounds a little creepy." Some oppose the idea of placing living creatures under direct human command. "It's appalling, and yet another example of how the human species instrumentalises other species," says Gill Langley of the
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634:) were made to follow a specific path by manipulating the turtles' natural obstacle avoidance behaviour. If these turtles detect something is blocking their path in one direction, they move to avoid it. The researchers attached a black half cylinder to the turtle. The "visor" was positioned around the turtle's rear end, but was pivoted around using a microcontroller and a
478:, have demonstrated graded turning and backward walking in a small darkling beetle (Zophobas morio), which is 2 cm to 2.5 cm long and weight only 1 g including the electronic backpack and battery. It has been suggested the beetles could be used for search and rescue mission, however, it has been noted that currently available batteries, solar cells and
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shock. Shock collars are now readily available and have been used in a range of applications, including behavioural modification, obedience training, and pet containment, as well as in military, police and service training. While similar systems are available for other animals, the most common are the collars designed for domestic dogs.
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The use of shock collars is controversial and scientific evidence for their safety and efficacy is mixed. A few countries have enacted bans or controls on their use. Some animal welfare organizations warn against their use or actively support a ban on their use or sale. Some want restrictions placed
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Development of robots that are capable of performing the same actions as controlled animals is often technologically difficult and cost-prohibitive. Flight is very difficult to replicate while having an acceptable payload and flight duration. Harnessing insects and using their natural flying ability
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Remote-controlled animals are considered to have several potential uses, replacing the need for humans in some dangerous situations. Their application is further widened if they are equipped with additional electronic devices. Small creatures fitted with cameras and other sensors have been proposed
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have been remotely controlled by implanting electrodes deep in the shark's brain to a remote control device outside the tank. When an electric current is passed through the wire, it stimulates the shark's sense of smell and the animal turns, just as it would move toward blood in the ocean. Stronger
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School of Law, says "The animal is no longer functioning as an animal," as the rat is operating under someone's control. And the issue goes beyond whether or not the stimulations are compelling or rewarding the rat to act. "There's got to be a level of discomfort in implanting these electrodes," he
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remotely controlled rats from a laptop up to 500 m away. The rats could be instructed to turn left or right, climb trees and ladders, navigate piles of rubble, and jump from different heights. They could even be commanded into brightly lit areas, which rats usually avoid. It has been suggested that
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to the brain when the rat makes the correct move to the left or right. During training, the operator stimulates the left or right electrode of the rat making it "feel" a touch to the corresponding set of whiskers, as though it had come in contact with an obstacle. If the rat then makes the correct
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Shock collars deliver electrical shocks of varying intensity and duration to the neck or other area of a dog's body via a radio-controlled electronic device incorporated into a dog collar. Some collar models also include a tone or vibration setting, as an alternative to or in conjunction with the
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allowed the controller to direct the insect left or right, although this was successful on only 75% of stimulations. After each maneuver, the beetles quickly righted themselves and continued flying parallel to the ground. In 2015, researchers was able to fine tune the beetle steering in flight by
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Another type of invisible fence uses a buried wire that sends radio signals to activate shock collars worn by animals that are "fenced" in. The system works with three signals. The first is visual (white plastic flags spaced at intervals around the perimeter in the fenced-in area), the second is
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through the fly's simple eye, and laser light capable of uncaging the injected ATP. The giant fibre system in insects consists of a pair of large interneurons in the brain which can excite the insect flight and jump muscles. A 200 ms pulse of laser light elicited jumping, wing flapping, or other
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in the animal's nervous system connected to a receiver which is usually carried on the animal's back. The animals are controlled by the use of radio signals. The electrodes do not move the animal directly, as if controlling a robot; rather, they signal a direction or action desired by the human
268:) can be fitted to dogs. The command module delivers vibration or sound commands (delivered by the handler over the radio) to the dog to guide it in a certain direction or to perform certain actions. The overall success rate of the control system is 86.6%.
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flight movements in 60%–80% of the flies. Although this frequency is lower than that observed with direct electrical stimulation of the giant fibre system, it is higher than that elicited by natural stimuli, such as a light-off stimulus.
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says, which may be difficult to justify. Talwar stated that the animal's "native intelligence" can stop it from performing some directives but with enough stimulation, this hesitation can sometimes be overcome, but occasionally cannot.
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motor to either the left or right to partially block the turtle's vision on one side. This made the turtle believe there was an obstacle it needed to avoid on that side and thereby encouraged the turtle to move in the other direction.
659:) via micro stainless steel electrodes and observed the gecko's responses during stimulation. Locomotion responses such as spinal bending and limb movements could be elicited in different depths of mesencephalon. Stimulation of the
701:. It has also been proposed that remote-controlled rats could be used for the clearing of land mines. Other suggested fields of application include pest control, the mapping of underground areas, and the study of animal behaviour.
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photic stimulators on the back. The system receives commands to deliver specified electrical stimulations to the hearing, pain and visual senses of the rat respectively. The three stimuli work in groups for the rat navigation.
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Tsang, W.M.; Stone, Alice L.; Otten, David; Aldworth, Zane N.; Daniel, Tom L.; Hildebrand, John G.; Levine, Richard B.; Voldman, Joel (March 2012). "Insect-machine interface: A carbon nanotube-enhanced flexible neural probe".
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Xitian Pi; Shuangshuang Lia; Lin Xua; Hongying Liua; Shenshan Zhoua; Kang Weia; Zhenyu Wanga; Xiaolin Zhenga; Zhiyu Wenb (2010). "A Preliminary Study of the
Noninvasive Remote Control System for Rat Bio-Robot".
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gives significant improvements in performance. The availability of "inexpensive, organic substitutes" therefore allows for the development of small, controllable robots that are otherwise currently unavailable.
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In 2007, researchers at east China's
Shandong University of Science and Technology implanted micro electrodes in the brain of a pigeon so they could remotely control it to fly right or left, or up or down.
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responsible for tail movement. The researchers report that the human BCI has an accuracy of 94%, and that it generally takes around 1.5 s from the human looking at the screen to movement of the rat's tail.
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of the insect encouraged it to take flight. The average length of flights was just 45 seconds, although one lasted for more than 30 minutes. A single pulse caused the beetle to land again. Stimulation of
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applications may include stimulation of the brain with ultrasound to control the animal. Some applications (used primarily for dogs) use vibrations or sound to control the movements of the animals.
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The US-based company
Backyard Brains released the "RoboRoach", a remote controlled cockroach kit that they refer to as "The world's first commercially available cyborg". The project started as a
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In 2013, researchers reported the development of a radio-telemetry system to remotely control free-roaming rats with a range of 200 m. The backpack worn by the rat includes the mainboard and an
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Other invisible fences are wireless. Rather than using a buried wire, they emit a radio signal from a central unit, and activate when the animal travels beyond a certain radius from the unit.
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Dogs are often used in disaster relief, at crime scenes and on the battlefield, but it's not always easy for them to hear the commands of their handlers. A command module which contains a
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functional if moved (or moving) to sunlight for recharging. They could be used e.g. for purposes of inspecting hazardous areas or quickly finding humans underneath hard-to-access rubbles
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on their sale. Some professional dog trainers and their organizations oppose their use and some support them. Support for their use or calls for bans from the general public is mixed.
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Some animals are remotely controlled, but rather than being directed to move left or right, the animal is prevented from moving forward, or its behaviour is modified in other ways.
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464:(DARPA). The weight of the electronics and battery meant that only Mecynorrhina was strong enough to fly freely under radio control. A specific series of pulses sent to the
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Kakei, Yujiro; Katayama, Shumpei; Lee, Shinyoung; Takakuwa, Masahito; Furusawa, Kazuya; Umezu, Shinjiro; Sato, Hirotaka; Fukuda, Kenjiro; Someya, Takao (5 September 2022).
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audible (the collar emits a sound when the animal wearing it approaches buried cable), and finally there's an electric shock to indicate they have reached the fence.
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Because of the surgery required, and the moral and ethical issues involved, there has been criticism aimed at the use of remote control animals, especially regarding
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Xu, Shaohua; Talwar, Sanjiv K.; Hawley, Emerson S.; Li, Lei; Chapin, John K. (2004). "Research paper which includes an image (Fig. 3) of a rat wearing the device".
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as being useful when searching for survivors after a building has collapsed, with cockroaches or rats being small and manoeuvrable enough to go under rubble.
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of remote controlled animals, particularly in the area of surveillance. Remote-controlled dogfish sharks have been likened to the studies into the use of
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transmitter-receiver, which can generate biphasic microcurrent pulses. All components in the system are commercially available and are fabricated from
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has developed a remote control cockroach. Researchers at NCSU have programmed a path for cockroaches to follow while tracking their location with an
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Zhang, D., Dong, Y., Li, M. and Houjun, W. (2012). "A radio-telemetry system for navigation and recording neuronal activity in free-roaming rats".
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Researchers responsible for developing remote control of a pigeon using brain implants conducted a similar successful experiment on mice in 2005.
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as the controller. The RoboRoach was the first kit available to the general public for the remote control of an animal and was funded by the
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Sato, Hirotaka; Doan, Tat Thang Vo; Kolev, Svetoslav; Huynh, Ngoc Anh; Zhang, Chao; Massey, Travis L.; Kleef, Joshua van; Ikeda, Kazuo;
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Several studies have examined the remote control of rats using micro-electrodes implanted into their brains and rely on stimulating the
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Vo Doan, Tat Thang; Tan, Melvin Y.W.; Bui, Xuan Hien; Sato, Hirotaka (3 November 2017). "An
Ultralightweight and Living Legged Robot".
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Some animals have had parts of their bodies remotely controlled, rather than their entire bodies. Researchers in China stimulated the
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has dispensed with stimulating electrodes and developed a 3-part remote control system that evokes action potentials in pre-specified
369:. This funding was due to the similarities between the RoboRoach microstimulation, and the microstimulation used in the treatments of
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Sun, C., Zheng, N., Zhang, X.; et al. (2013). "Automatic navigation for rat-robots with modeling of the human guidance".
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that harvest energy from movement cannot provide enough power to run the electrodes and radio transmitters for very long.
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generated. The remaining two parts of the remote control system include chemically caged ATP, which is injected into the
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rat. Simply by thinking the appropriate thought, the BBI allows the human to control the rat's tail. The human wears an
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researchers have remotely controlled the movements of a turtle using a completely non-invasive steering system.
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Chronic subcortical electrode implant in a laboratory rat used to deliver electrical stimulation to the brain.
2048:"Study on eliciting inversus spinal bending movements of Gekko gecko by electrical mesencephalon stimulation"
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195:(UK), which funds alternatives to animal-based research. Gary Francione, an expert in animal welfare law at
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Concerns have been raised about the ethics of such studies. Even one of the pioneers in this area of study,
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operator and then stimulate the animal's reward centres if the animal complies. These are sometimes called
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1354:"Harvard creates brain-to-brain interface, allows humans to control other animals with thoughts alone"
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2000:. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California and University of Michigan
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as they combine electronic devices with an organic life form and hence are sometimes also called
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1380:"Non-Invasive Brain-to-Brain Interface (BBI): Establishing Functional Links between Two Brains"
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are animals that are controlled remotely by humans. Some applications require electrodes to be
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1706:"Resistance is futile: PETA attempts to halt the sale of remote-controlled cyborg cockroaches"
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An alternative technique was to use small gadgets attached to the shark's noses that released
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biomedical engineering student senior design project in 2010 and was launched as an available
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which conveys facial sensory information from the left and right whiskers, and a third in the
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operations, covert reconnaissance, data-gathering in hazardous areas, or various other uses.
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1995:"Radio-Controlled Cyborg Beetles: A Radio-Frequency System forSInsect Neural Flight Control"
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which is involved in the reward process of the rat. This third electrode is used to give a
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Cyborg beetles developed based on
Zophobas morio (left) and Mecynorrhina torquata (right)
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product on 25 February 2011. The RoboRoach was officially released into production via a
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changing the pulse train applied on the wing-folding muscle. Recently, scientists from
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Other researchers have dispensed with human remote control of rats and instead uses a
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to momentarily control the movements of a walking cockroach (left and right) using a
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Several species of animals have been successfully controlled remotely. These include
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1891:"Deciphering the Role of a Coleopteran Steering Muscle via Free Flight Stimulation"
1604:"Working RoboRoach Prototype Unveiled to Students of Grand Valley State University"
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have expressed concerns about the ethics and welfare of animals in this project.
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stimulation elicits complex behaviours, including the inhibition of locomotion.
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the rats could be used to carry cameras to people trapped in disaster zones.
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response, the operator rewards the rat by stimulating the third electrode.
1378:
Yoo, S-S., Kim, H., Filandrianosm E., Taghados, S.J. and Park, S. (2013).
5899:
5429:
3515:
2433:
2383:
1993:
Sato, H.; Peeri, Y.; Baghoomian, E.; Berry, C.W.; Maharbiz, M.M. (2009).
465:
378:
334:
330:
175:
to reduce the size (25 x 15 x 2 mm) and weight (10 g with battery).
144:
1326:
1017:
5635:
5630:
5139:
2745:
2699:
2358:
721:
560:
308:
Rechargeable cyborg insects with an ultrasoft organic solar cell module
5301:
2296:
652:
425:
409:
264:
receiver and an attitude and heading reference system (essentially a
108:
88:
54:
76:, especially when relatively intelligent complex animals are used.
1845:
663:
area elicited ipsilateral spinal bending while stimulation of the
609:
594:
548:
421:
386:
316:
Fundamental behavioural ability with electronics in cyborg insects
311:
303:
28:
5014:
1940:"Remote-Control Cyborg Beetles Now Flying With Greater Precision"
385:) in humans. Several animal welfare organizations including the
365:
as a device to serve as a teaching aid to promote an interest in
4141:
2155:
1036:"Robo-bug: A rechargeable, remote-controllable cyborg cockroach"
406:
390:
248:
algorithm to analyse and model controlling of human operations.
104:
84:
5573:
5018:
4368:
3978:
2959:
2197:
2159:
1656:"The RoboRoach: Control a living insect from your smartphone!"
1156:"Chinese scientists experiment with remote control of animals"
551:
beam. The central component of the remote control system is a
261:
237:
217:
96:
1966:"Controllable Cyborg Beetles for Swarming Search and Rescue"
984:
982:
980:
978:
756:
Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
460:
beetles has been achieved during experiments funded by the
424:
scientists, reported the development of remote controlled
2877:
University of
California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
448:
In 2009, remote control of the flight movements of the
139:
of the rat. Three electrodes are implanted; two in the
1828:
Vo Doan, T. Thang; Sato, Hirotaka (2 September 2016).
758:
had developed a prototype "invisible fence" using the
228:
Another system that non-invasively controls rats uses
4396:
Moral
Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
902:"Free-flying cyborg insects steered from a distance"
5847:
5790:
5774:
5738:
5696:
5661:
5654:
5611:
5521:
5468:
5340:
5289:
5239:
5188:
5147:
5052:
4963:
4910:
4860:
4800:
4793:
4614:
4379:
4340:
4251:
4215:
3999:
3992:
3811:
3535:
3528:
3273:
2982:
2973:
2916:
2895:
2834:
2784:
2726:
2698:
2635:
2567:
2459:
2452:
2284:
2208:
927:"Row over US mobile phone 'cockroach backpack' app"
525:. Entomological Society of America. 28 August 2013.
507:"Scientists developing remote-control cyborg moths"
114:Remote control animals can be directed and used as
5322:Laboratory animal suppliers in the United Kingdom
208:Researchers at Harvard University have created a
2256:List of international animal welfare conventions
1780:
1778:
754:In 2007, it was reported that scientists at the
4548:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
2046:WANG Wen-bo, FAN Jia1, CAI Lei, DAI Zhen-dong.
1080:
1078:
341:conference, and via the crowdsourcing website
5585:
5420:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
5030:
2171:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
946:
944:
895:
893:
8:
5641:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
2261:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
2089:"Invisible fence uses GPS to keep cattle in"
2068:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2021:"Remote-Controlled Sharks: Next Navy Spies?"
1623:
1621:
1534:
1532:
1521:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1436:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1292:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
829:"Nerve probe controls cyborg moth in flight"
494:"Nerve probe controls cyborg moth in flight"
5761:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
4223:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
4167:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
2199:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)
1309:""Robo-rat" controlled by brain electrodes"
1087:"Scientists "Drive" rats by remote control"
476:Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
5658:
5592:
5578:
5570:
5037:
5023:
5015:
4797:
4376:
4365:
3996:
3989:
3975:
3532:
2979:
2970:
2956:
2456:
2205:
2194:
2178:
2164:
2156:
2072:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2023:. National Geographic News. Archived from
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
559:. When ATP is applied, uptake of external
5385:Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
4370:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)
4307:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
1914:
1861:
1556:
1413:
1403:
1016:
1006:
519:"Remote-Controlled Cockroaches and Moths"
462:Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency
5540:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
5231:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
5115:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
4428:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
2685:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
720:
439:
345:in 2013, the kit allows students to use
288:pioneered electrical stimulation to the
2276:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
1988:
1986:
820:
667:elicited contralateral spinal bending.
5534:Animal Experimentation Convention 1986
2353:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
2061:
1679:"TEDGlobal welcomes robot cockroaches"
1654:Backyard Brains, Inc. (10 June 2013).
1541:"Remote control of fruit fly behavior"
1514:
1429:
1285:
693:There have been a number of suggested
492:Ananthaswamy, Anil (8 February 2012).
4564:Political Animals and Animal Politics
4152:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
4077:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
2489:Concentrated animal feeding operation
2266:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
2221:Animal rights by country or territory
2145:"The race to create 'insect cyborgs'"
1938:Atherton, Kelsey D. (16 March 2015).
159:In 2002, a team of scientists at the
7:
5415:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
5075:Animal testing on non-human primates
4295:Animalist Party with the Environment
2582:Animal testing on non-human primates
2114:"First "Invisible" Fence For Cattle"
1580:Huston, Caitlin (11 February 2010).
1127:"Sharks: Ocean spies of the future?"
5751:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
5206:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
4719:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
2929:World Day for the End of Speciesism
1964:Ackerman, Evan (28 November 2017).
619:Video of a remote controlled turtle
363:National Institute of Mental Health
5624:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
5405:Foundation for Biomedical Research
4844:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
4187:United Activists for Animal Rights
4097:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
2236:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
2143:Anthes, Emily (16 February 2013).
1630:"Science! Democracy! Roboroaches!"
1307:Graham-Rowe, Duncan (1 May 2002).
1033:Research institute press release:
953:"Electronic roach implants probed"
951:Talmadge, Eric (10 January 1997).
25:
5746:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
5410:National Anti-Vivisection Society
4388:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
4348:Animal Rights National Conference
4271:Animal Protection Party of Canada
4228:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
4082:Chinese Animal Protection Network
4007:American Anti-Vivisection Society
3486:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
2241:Animal rights in Indian religions
2231:Animal rights and punk subculture
1838:Journal of Visualized Experiments
900:Callaway, Ewan (1 October 2009).
246:General Regression Neural Network
5138:
4995:
4994:
4556:Animal Rights Without Liberation
4207:Voice for Animals Humane Society
2939:World Day for the End of Fishing
2934:World Day for Laboratory Animals
2364:Equal consideration of interests
2120:. Vol. 26, no. 6. 2002
1704:Hamilton, A. (1 November 2013).
505:Coxworth, Ben (20 August 2014).
5719:Automatic train operation (ATO)
5065:Animal testing on invertebrates
4277:Animal Justice Party of Finland
4162:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
3376:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
2964:(academics, writers, activists)
2857:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
1606:. Backyard Brains. 3 March 2011
1217:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
856:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
403:North Carolina State University
397:North Carolina State University
53:. They can be considered to be
5782:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
5709:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
5355:Americans for Medical Progress
5060:Alternatives to animal testing
4500:Animals, Property, and the Law
2577:Alternatives to animal testing
2246:Christianity and animal rights
1677:Wakefield, J. (10 June 2013).
1229:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.09.012
1188:Solon, O. (9 September 2013).
868:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.026
141:ventral posterolateral nucleus
1:
5704:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
5619:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
5460:Understanding Animal Research
5259:Cambridge University primates
4137:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
2847:Cambridge University primates
2379:Ethics of uncertain sentience
1501:10.1016/S1672-6529(13)60198-5
1489:Journal of Bionic Engineering
1466:10.1016/s1672-6529(10)60269-7
1454:Journal of Bionic Engineering
1272:10.1016/S1672-6529(11)60137-6
1260:Journal of Bionic Engineering
1192:. Wired.co.uk. Archived from
153:rewarding electrical stimulus
5120:Testing cosmetics on animals
4197:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
2347:Argument from marginal cases
2087:McMahon, B. (15 June 2007).
1405:10.1371/journal.pone.0060410
1352:Anthony, S. (31 July 2013).
1327:"The brain-in-a-rat problem"
725:A dog wearing a shock collar
420:In 2022, researchers led by
212:(BBI) between a human and a
161:State University of New York
5450:Stop Sequani Animal Testing
5221:International primate trade
4484:Morals, Reason, and Animals
4112:Farm Animal Rights Movement
4062:Anonymous for the Voiceless
2751:International primate trade
2226:Anarchism and animal rights
929:. BBC News. 9 November 2013
179:Ethics and welfare concerns
6028:
5552:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
5529:Animal testing regulations
5390:Cruelty Free International
5350:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
5297:Charles River Laboratories
5100:History of model organisms
5090:Animal testing regulations
4604:Making a Stand for Animals
4476:The Case for Animal Rights
4127:Hunt Saboteurs Association
4087:Cruelty Free International
4057:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
2587:Animal testing regulations
2052:Sichuan Journal of Zoology
2019:Roach, J. (6 March 2006).
1628:Upbin, B. (12 June 2013).
1558:10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.010
1085:Harder, Ben (1 May 2002).
1008:10.1038/s41528-022-00207-2
747:
728:
5938:
5226:Laboratory animal allergy
5136:
5110:Laboratory animal sources
5095:History of animal testing
5085:Animal testing on rodents
5080:Animal testing on rabbits
4990:
4759:The Ghosts in Our Machine
4596:Animal Ethics in the Wild
4375:
4364:
4032:Animal Legal Defense Fund
3988:
3974:
3331:William Hamilton Drummond
2969:
2955:
2690:Welfare of farmed insects
2317:Animal–industrial complex
2204:
2193:
1916:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.051
760:Global Positioning System
632:Trachemys scripta elegans
5756:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
5455:Research Defence Society
5317:Labcorp Drug Development
5312:Huntingdon Life Sciences
4837:Journal of Animal Ethics
4703:Your Mommy Kills Animals
4092:Direct Action Everywhere
3501:Johann Heinrich Winckler
3446:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
2903:Direct Action Everywhere
2607:Huntingdon Life Sciences
2592:Labcorp Drug Development
2549:Feedback (pork industry)
2514:Intensive animal farming
2251:History of animal rights
1040:RIKEN via techxplore.com
995:npj Flexible Electronics
553:Ligand-gated ion channel
210:brain-to-brain interface
18:Remote controlled animal
5825:spaceflights to the ISS
5546:Animal Welfare Act 1999
5425:Primate Freedom Project
5370:Animal Free Research UK
5070:Animal testing on frogs
4972:Holocaust on your Plate
4743:An Apology to Elephants
4524:Do Animals Have Rights?
4460:Animals, Men and Morals
4436:Better-World Philosophy
4313:Italian Animalist Party
4192:United Poultry Concerns
4147:Last Chance for Animals
4042:Animal Liberation Front
3929:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
2419:Replaceability argument
2337:Animal-free agriculture
149:medial forebrain bundle
5925:Remote control vehicle
5920:Radio-controlled model
5216:Great ape research ban
4945:Salvation of Innocents
4492:Zoos and Animal Rights
4067:Beauty Without Cruelty
4027:Animal Justice Project
3366:John Zephaniah Holwell
3020:Stephen St. C. Bostock
2597:Great ape research ban
2216:Animal rights movement
1832:Mercynorrhina torquata
1799:10.1089/soro.2017.0038
726:
685:Uses and justification
665:ventral tegmental area
620:
569:central nervous system
471:basilar flight muscles
445:
375:Deep Brain Stimulation
327:University of Michigan
317:
309:
38:Remote control animals
34:
5930:Remote control animal
5274:Silver Spring monkeys
4964:Fairs and exhibitions
4851:The Animals' Defender
4823:Cahiers antispécistes
4751:Speciesism: The Movie
4572:Animal (De)liberation
4532:Striking at the Roots
4444:The Universal Kinship
4404:The Rights of Animals
4325:People Animals Nature
4319:Party for the Animals
4132:In Defense of Animals
3894:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
3286:David Renaud Boullier
2872:Silver Spring monkeys
2771:Wild animal suffering
2680:Pain in invertebrates
2519:Intensive pig farming
2409:Opposition to hunting
2374:Ethics of eating meat
1685:. BBC News Technology
724:
618:
457:Mecynorrhina torquata
443:
315:
307:
173:surface mount devices
32:
5915:Autonomous logistics
5558:Directive 2010/63/EU
5445:Speaking of Research
4580:Sentientist Politics
4508:The Lives of Animals
4259:Animal Justice Party
4072:Born Free Foundation
3909:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
3783:Wendy Turner-Webster
3496:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
2718:Recreational fishing
2559:Ventilation shutdown
2327:Animal protectionism
2307:Animal consciousness
1539:Davis, R.L. (2005).
1390:(4 e60410): e60410.
1125:Hatch, Cory (2005).
709:Similar applications
454:and the much larger
5992:Biology experiments
5798:Uncrewed spacecraft
5536:(Council of Europe)
5211:Biomedical Research
5004:( 139 )
4830:Etica & Animali
4816:Between the Species
4540:An American Trilogy
4233:Humanitarian League
3844:Frances Power Cobbe
3461:Arthur Schopenhauer
3456:Henry Stephens Salt
3336:Edward Payson Evans
3030:Stephen R. L. Clark
2887:War of the currents
2776:Wildlife management
2670:Pain in crustaceans
2665:Pain in cephalopods
2027:on 16 December 2010
1907:2015CBio...25..798S
1763:. 22 September 2022
1396:2013PLoSO...860410Y
1091:National Geographic
661:periaqueductal gray
628:Red-eared terrapins
371:Parkinson's disease
204:Non-invasive method
5264:Monkey Drug Trials
5130:Toxicology testing
4767:Unlocking the Cage
4588:Wild Animal Ethics
4412:The Ethics of Diet
4289:Animalist Movement
4265:Animal Politics EU
4177:Sentience Politics
3803:That Vegan Teacher
3421:Siobhan O'Sullivan
3406:José Ferrater Mora
3215:Steve F. Sapontzis
2708:Commercial fishing
2660:Pain in amphibians
2650:Cruelty to animals
2622:Operation Backfire
2461:Animal agriculture
2369:Emotion in animals
1737:on 13 January 2014
1658:. Kickstarter, Inc
1196:on 4 November 2013
1162:. 27 February 2007
809:Surveillance tools
789:Cruelty to animals
727:
621:
446:
426:cyborg cockroaches
318:
310:
260:, wireless radio,
197:Rutgers University
35:
5959:
5958:
5951:Unmanned vehicles
5766:Underwater glider
5734:
5733:
5605:uncrewed vehicles
5567:
5566:
5012:
5011:
5005:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4953:Onward to Freedom
4921:Animal Liberation
4906:
4905:
4727:Forks Over Knives
4679:Peaceable Kingdom
4639:Shores of Silence
4631:A Cow at My Table
4516:Eternal Treblinka
4468:Animal Liberation
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4247:
4246:
4182:Uncaged Campaigns
4157:Mercy for Animals
4122:Great Ape Project
4037:Animal Liberation
3983:(groups, parties)
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3869:Elizabeth Farians
3778:Christine Townend
3718:Heather Nicholson
3648:Brigitte Gothière
3638:Antoine Goetschel
3524:
3523:
3185:Charles Patterson
3090:Gary L. Francione
3065:Josephine Donovan
3055:Daniel Dombrowski
3035:Alasdair Cochrane
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2830:
2829:
2761:Predation problem
2645:Animal euthanasia
2554:Foam depopulation
2389:Insects in ethics
699:military dolphins
616:
597:juice on demand.
565:action potentials
430:at disaster sites
401:Another group at
383:Cochlear implants
120:search and rescue
16:(Redirected from
6019:
5910:Autonomous robot
5905:Robot locomotion
5820:Cargo spacecraft
5813:list of orbiters
5714:Self-driving car
5659:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5571:
5280:Unnecessary Fuss
5254:Brown Dog affair
5142:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5016:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4809:Animal Sentience
4798:
4663:Legally Blonde 2
4623:The Animals Film
4377:
4366:
4172:Rise for Animals
3997:
3990:
3976:
3839:Edith Carrington
3743:Craig Rosebraugh
3708:Virginia McKenna
3698:Jo-Anne McArthur
3628:Juliet Gellatley
3533:
3491:Mary Anne Warren
3431:Humphrey Primatt
3416:Edward Nicholson
3386:Charles R. Magel
3351:Thomas G. Gentry
3210:Richard D. Ryder
3150:Thomas Lepeltier
2980:
2971:
2957:
2924:World Animal Day
2882:Unnecessary Fuss
2842:Brown Dog affair
2812:Animals in sport
2802:Animal slaughter
2797:Animal sacrifice
2736:Culling wildlife
2539:Wildlife farming
2457:
2302:Animal cognition
2271:Total liberation
2206:
2195:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1733:. Archived from
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:. Michigan Daily
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1122:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1093:. Archived from
1082:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1030:
1020:
1010:
986:
973:
972:
970:
968:
957:The Risks Digest
948:
939:
938:
936:
934:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
888:
887:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
825:
744:Invisible fences
617:
547:neurons using a
526:
523:Entomology Today
514:
501:
347:microstimulation
292:and showed that
290:brain of insects
21:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6012:Working animals
5962:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5934:
5843:
5832:Space telescope
5808:list by program
5786:
5770:
5730:
5692:
5650:
5607:
5598:
5568:
5563:
5517:
5498:Neal D. Barnard
5478:Colin Blakemore
5470:
5464:
5342:
5336:
5285:
5241:
5235:
5184:
5180:Syrian hamsters
5143:
5134:
5048:
5043:
5013:
5008:
4978:
4959:
4902:
4883:Muutoksen kevät
4856:
4789:
4695:Behind the Mask
4610:
4420:Animals' Rights
4371:
4352:
4336:
4243:
4211:
3984:
3958:
3819:Cleveland Amory
3807:
3773:Darren Thurston
3768:Marianne Thieme
3623:Bruce Friedrich
3588:Joey Carbstrong
3573:Brigitte Bardot
3520:
3511:Jon Wynne-Tyson
3401:J. Howard Moore
3346:John Galsworthy
3326:Wilhelm Dietler
3269:
3265:Corey Lee Wrenn
3175:Martha Nussbaum
3085:Lawrence Finsen
3025:Paola Cavalieri
3000:Kristin Andrews
2975:
2965:
2943:
2912:
2891:
2826:
2780:
2722:
2694:
2655:Pain in animals
2631:
2563:
2529:Poultry farming
2448:
2280:
2200:
2189:
2184:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2060:
2045:
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2018:
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2013:
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1997:
1992:
1991:
1984:
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1963:
1962:
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1944:Popular Science
1937:
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1895:Current Biology
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1840:(115): e54260.
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563:is induced and
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189:Dr Hadwen Trust
181:
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116:working animals
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6025:
6023:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6007:Remote control
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5982:Biocybernetics
5979:
5977:Animal welfare
5974:
5972:Animal testing
5964:
5963:
5957:
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5948:
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5842:
5841:
5840:
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5817:
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5805:
5803:list of probes
5794:
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5505:
5500:
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5493:Ingrid Newkirk
5490:
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5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
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5287:
5286:
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5283:
5276:
5271:
5269:Pit of despair
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5201:Animal welfare
5198:
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5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5046:Animal testing
5044:
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5019:
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4655:Meet Your Meat
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4472:
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4456:
4452:The New Ethics
4448:
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4408:
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4286:
4283:Animals' Party
4280:
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4268:
4262:
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4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:AnimaNaturalis
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Animal Justice
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3954:Gretchen Wyler
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Lewis Gompertz
3881:
3876:
3874:Emarel Freshel
3871:
3866:
3864:Muriel Dowding
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3798:Gary Yourofsky
3795:
3790:
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3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
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3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Ingrid Newkirk
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Charlotte Laws
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Yves Bonnardel
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Martin Balluch
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Steven M. Wise
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Bernard Rollin
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Leonard Nelson
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Herman Daggett
3313:
3308:
3306:Priscilla Cohn
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3281:Jeremy Bentham
3277:
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3268:
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3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
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3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Jessica Pierce
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Kyle Johannsen
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:David DeGrazia
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Carol J. Adams
2986:
2984:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2953:
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2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2862:Pit of despair
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Abandoned pets
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
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2702:
2696:
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2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2637:Animal welfare
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Model organism
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2569:Animal testing
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Working animal
2541:
2536:
2534:Slaughterhouse
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Insect farming
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Animal product
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Sentiocentrism
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Animal welfare
2329:
2324:
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2314:
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2304:
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2201:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2138:
2137:External links
2135:
2132:
2131:
2105:
2079:
2038:
2011:
1982:
1956:
1930:
1901:(6): 798–803.
1887:Abbeel, Pieter
1877:
1833:
1820:
1774:
1748:
1722:
1696:
1669:
1646:
1617:
1595:
1572:
1528:
1479:
1460:(4): 375–381.
1443:
1370:
1344:
1318:
1299:
1266:(4): 402–410.
1250:
1223:(1–2): 57–63.
1207:
1173:
1140:
1108:
1097:on 9 June 2002
1054:
1052:
1051:
974:
940:
918:
889:
862:(2): 355–365.
845:
819:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
774:
771:
748:Main article:
745:
742:
729:Main article:
718:
715:
710:
707:
686:
683:
677:
674:
672:
669:
644:
641:
607:
604:
602:
599:
587:dogfish sharks
582:
579:
577:
574:
534:
529:
528:
527:
515:
502:
487:
484:
480:piezoelectrics
451:Cotinus texana
437:
434:
418:
417:
399:
398:
323:
322:
301:
298:
281:
278:
273:
270:
258:microprocessor
253:
250:
214:Sprague-Dawley
205:
202:
180:
177:
132:
129:
127:
124:
101:dogfish sharks
70:animal welfare
63:cyborg-insects
59:cyborg-animals
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6024:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:Radio control
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:Radio control
5944:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:BEAM robotics
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
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5809:
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5720:
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5710:
5707:
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5702:
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5699:
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5687:
5684:
5683:
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5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
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5668:
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5664:
5660:
5657:
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5644:
5642:
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5634:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5601:Mobile robots
5595:
5590:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Simon Festing
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
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5467:
5461:
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5456:
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5451:
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5443:
5441:
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5308:
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5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:Controversial
5238:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Animal rights
5194:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Invertebrates
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
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5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
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5091:
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5078:
5076:
5073:
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5057:
5055:
5053:Main articles
5051:
5047:
5040:
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5033:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:Tame Yourself
4926:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:No Compromise
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:(3rd century)
4390:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4321:(Netherlands)
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Animal Rising
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Animal Ethics
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Jessie Mackay
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:James Granger
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Henry B. Amos
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Louise Wallis
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Kim Stallwood
3756:
3754:
3753:Jasmin Singer
3751:
3749:
3748:Nathan Runkle
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:David Olivier
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:John Feldmann
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Aymeric Caron
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Carole Baskin
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Laurids Smith
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:James Rachels
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:John Lawrence
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Brigid Brophy
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Tatjana Višak
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:David Sztybel
3243:
3241:
3240:Cass Sunstein
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Mark Rowlands
3203:
3201:
3200:Evelyn Pluhar
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Andrew Linzey
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Will Kymlicka
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Dale Jamieson
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Valéry Giroux
3098:
3096:
3095:Robert Garner
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Sue Donaldson
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:J. M. Coetzee
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Tom Beauchamp
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2908:Hunt sabotage
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:Methodologies
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Hare coursing
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Chick culling
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2444:Vegetarianism
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Anthrozoology
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Animal ethics
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Animal rights
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1970:IEEE Spectrum
1967:
1960:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:10.3791/54260
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:Soft Robotics
1781:
1779:
1775:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1332:
1331:The Economist
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1313:New Scientist
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1129:. triplepoint
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
983:
981:
979:
975:
962:
958:
954:
947:
945:
941:
928:
922:
919:
907:
906:New Scientist
903:
896:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
849:
846:
834:
833:New Scientist
830:
824:
821:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Brain implant
782:
780:
779:Animal rights
777:
776:
772:
770:
767:
763:
761:
757:
751:
743:
741:
737:
732:
723:
717:Shock collars
716:
714:
708:
706:
702:
700:
696:
695:military uses
691:
684:
682:
675:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:mesencephalon
642:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
605:
600:
598:
596:
591:
588:
580:
575:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
533:
530:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
498:New Scientist
495:
490:
489:
485:
483:
481:
477:
472:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
452:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
415:
414:
413:
411:
408:
404:
396:
395:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:United States
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
319:
314:
306:
299:
297:
295:
294:mushroom body
291:
287:
280:Invertebrates
279:
277:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
251:
249:
247:
242:
239:
235:
231:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
201:
198:
194:
193:Hertfordshire
190:
186:
185:Sanjiv Talwar
178:
176:
174:
170:
165:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:reward centre
130:
125:
123:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
74:animal rights
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
31:
27:
19:
5997:Pest control
5929:
5895:Nanorobotics
5880:Agricultural
5503:Jerry Vlasak
5488:Gill Langley
5278:
4970:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4239:Oxford Group
4107:Every Animal
4000:Contemporary
3949:Andrew Tyler
3939:Nell Shipman
3879:André Géraud
3788:Jerry Vlasak
3763:Lynda Stoner
3738:Alex Pacheco
3673:Evanna Lynch
3668:Howard Lyman
3653:Wayne Hsiung
3613:Chris DeRose
3603:Rod Coronado
3536:Contemporary
3476:Thomas Tryon
3396:Mary Midgley
3391:Jean Meslier
3371:Soame Jenyns
3361:John Hildrop
3356:Arthur Helps
3321:Richard Dean
3296:Peter Buchan
3235:Gary Steiner
3230:Peter Singer
3225:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
3190:David Pearce
3180:Clare Palmer
3170:David Nibert
3160:Clair Linzey
3070:Joan Dunayer
2995:Aysha Akhtar
2983:Contemporary
2852:McLibel case
2807:Animal trial
2766:Seal hunting
2728:Wild animals
2713:Fishing bait
2675:Pain in fish
2494:Fish farming
2474:Battery cage
2394:Meat paradox
2351:
2292:Abolitionism
2149:The Guardian
2148:
2122:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
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2093:The Guardian
2092:
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2055:
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1333:. 2 May 2002
1330:
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1288:cite journal
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1194:the original
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1090:
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1039:
1018:10356/164346
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905:
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836:. Retrieved
832:
823:
804:Optogenetics
768:
764:
753:
738:
734:
731:Shock collar
712:
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222:motor cortex
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78:Non-invasive
67:
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51:robo-animals
50:
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37:
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26:
5890:Microbotics
5646:Ornithopter
5522:Legislation
5469:Writers and
5242:experiments
4794:Periodicals
4671:The Meatrix
4647:The Witness
4261:(Australia)
4235:(1891–1919)
4117:Faunalytics
3944:Henry Spira
3934:Hans Ruesch
3924:Jill Phipps
3919:Norm Phelps
3899:Barry Horne
3859:Royal Dixon
3854:Karen Davis
3834:Ernest Bell
3728:Ric O'Barry
3723:Jack Norris
3693:Dan Mathews
3598:Jake Conroy
3568:Barbi Twins
3543:James Aspey
3481:Gary Varner
3471:John Styles
3311:Henry Crowe
3260:Paul Waldau
3250:Michael Tye
3145:Renan Larue
3130:Melanie Joy
3115:Oscar Horta
3110:John Hadley
3080:Catia Faria
3075:Mylan Engel
3045:Alice Crary
3015:Steven Best
3010:Marc Bekoff
2976:and writers
2917:Observances
2822:Live export
2756:Ivory trade
2627:Vivisection
2602:Green Scare
2499:Fur farming
2404:Open rescue
2399:Nonviolence
2124:12 December
2098:11 December
2004:10 November
1363:10 December
1358:Extremetech
838:12 November
799:Necrobotics
794:Microbotics
537:Work using
466:optic lobes
343:Kickstarter
300:Cockroaches
286:Franz Huber
93:cockroaches
5966:Categories
5942:Categories
5875:Disability
5739:Underwater
5483:Carl Cohen
5380:Boyd Group
5341:Groups and
5148:Testing on
4783:Seaspiracy
4687:Earthlings
4327:(Portugal)
4301:DierAnimal
4216:Historical
4012:Animal Aid
3904:Marie Huot
3849:Joan Court
3829:Bob Barker
3812:Historical
3703:LuĂsa Mell
3683:Keith Mann
3678:Bill Maher
3663:Ronnie Lee
3633:Tal Gilboa
3608:Karen Dawn
3548:Greg Avery
3426:Rod Preece
3341:T. Forster
3301:Mona Caird
3274:Historical
3135:Hilda Kean
3105:Lori Gruen
2439:Vegaphobia
2429:Speciesism
2322:Animal law
2031:9 December
1975:5 December
1949:5 December
1767:20 October
1741:11 January
1715:8 December
1689:8 December
1551:(1): 6–7.
1337:9 November
1200:9 December
1166:9 November
1133:9 November
1101:9 November
1045:20 October
1001:(1): 1–9.
967:9 November
933:9 November
911:9 November
815:References
544:Drosophila
539:Drosophila
532:Drosophila
355:smartphone
339:TED Global
230:ultrasonic
47:bio-robots
5987:Bioethics
5513:Tipu Aziz
5471:activists
5343:campaigns
5327:Nafovanny
5290:Companies
4937:Manifesto
4876:Bite Back
4861:Magazines
4735:Vegucated
4333:(Germany)
4331:V-ParteiÂł
4309:(Germany)
4303:(Belgium)
4279:(Finland)
4102:Equanimal
3688:Jim Mason
3643:Mark Gold
3578:Gene Baur
3553:Matt Ball
3529:Activists
3441:Tom Regan
3220:Jeff Sebo
3165:Dan Lyons
2974:Academics
2962:Advocates
2817:Live food
2617:Nafovanny
2524:Livestock
2504:Fur trade
2479:Bile bear
2414:Personism
2209:Overviews
2118:Farm Show
1854:1940-087X
1807:2169-5172
1662:1 January
1639:1 January
1610:2 January
1588:3 January
1509:110720259
1474:111110520
1280:137296355
1027:2397-4621
750:Pet fence
555:gated by
511:New Atlas
353:-enabled
351:bluetooth
321:RoboRoach
284:In 1967,
266:gyroscope
234:epidermal
191:based in
42:implanted
5900:Robotics
5860:Military
5855:Domestic
5671:Humanoid
5430:Pro-Test
5332:Shamrock
5249:Britches
5165:Primates
5125:Three Rs
5000:Category
4869:Arkangel
4801:Journals
4775:Dominion
4711:The Cove
4341:Activism
4285:(Sweden)
4273:(Canada)
4267:(Europe)
3981:Movement
3516:Voltaire
2434:Veganism
2384:Ethology
2285:Concepts
1925:25784033
1889:(2015).
1872:27684525
1815:29412086
1761:ABC News
1683:BBC News
1567:15820673
1424:23573251
1384:PLOS ONE
1237:14757345
876:22155384
773:See also
657:G. gecko
601:Reptiles
416:Robo-bug
379:deafness
335:TED talk
145:thalamus
5870:Medical
5775:Surface
5681:Hexapod
5676:Android
5663:Walking
5636:Helicam
5631:Aerobot
5175:Rodents
5170:Rabbits
4315:(Italy)
4297:(Spain)
4291:(Italy)
4252:Parties
2746:Hunting
2700:Fishing
2359:Carnism
1903:Bibcode
1863:5091978
1415:3616031
1392:Bibcode
884:7775080
676:Pigeons
606:Turtles
561:calcium
436:Beetles
337:at the
143:of the
126:Mammals
109:pigeons
89:beetles
55:cyborgs
5865:Rescue
5655:Ground
5612:Aerial
5307:Harlan
5302:Envigo
5189:Issues
5002:
4975:(2003)
4956:(2014)
4948:(2014)
4940:(2008)
4932:(1991)
4924:(1987)
4912:Albums
4786:(2021)
4778:(2018)
4770:(2016)
4762:(2013)
4754:(2013)
4746:(2013)
4738:(2011)
4730:(2011)
4722:(2009)
4714:(2009)
4706:(2007)
4698:(2006)
4690:(2005)
4682:(2004)
4674:(2003)
4666:(2003)
4658:(2002)
4650:(2000)
4642:(2000)
4634:(1998)
4626:(1981)
4607:(2022)
4599:(2022)
4591:(2020)
4583:(2018)
4575:(2016)
4567:(2014)
4559:(2012)
4551:(2010)
4543:(2009)
4535:(2008)
4527:(2005)
4519:(2001)
4511:(1999)
4503:(1995)
4495:(1993)
4487:(1987)
4479:(1983)
4471:(1975)
4463:(1971)
4455:(1907)
4447:(1906)
4439:(1899)
4431:(1897)
4423:(1892)
4415:(1883)
4407:(1838)
4399:(1824)
3993:Groups
2453:Issues
2297:Ahimsa
1923:
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1860:
1852:
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1634:Forbes
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1422:
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1235:
1160:People
1025:
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653:geckos
643:Geckos
585:Spiny
581:Sharks
410:Kinect
377:) and
5848:Other
5791:Space
5697:Other
5440:SPEAK
5365:AALAS
5155:Frogs
5105:IACUC
4897:Satya
4615:Films
4380:Books
4202:Viva!
2835:Cases
2785:Other
1998:(PDF)
1505:S2CID
1470:S2CID
1276:S2CID
1245:10823
1241:S2CID
880:S2CID
671:Birds
636:servo
595:squid
549:laser
486:Moths
422:RIKEN
387:RSPCA
85:moths
5837:list
5724:list
5686:list
5603:and
5560:(EU)
5554:(US)
5548:(NZ)
5542:(UK)
5435:SHAC
5395:PETA
5360:AAAS
4142:L214
2867:SHAC
2126:2013
2100:2013
2074:link
2070:link
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2056:2011
2033:2013
2006:2013
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1951:2017
1921:PMID
1868:PMID
1850:ISSN
1811:PMID
1803:ISSN
1769:2022
1743:2014
1717:2013
1710:Time
1691:2013
1664:2014
1641:2014
1612:2014
1590:2014
1563:PMID
1545:Cell
1523:link
1438:link
1420:PMID
1365:2013
1339:2013
1294:link
1233:PMID
1202:2013
1168:2013
1135:2013
1103:2013
1047:2022
1023:ISSN
969:2013
963:(76)
935:2013
913:2013
872:PMID
840:2022
576:Fish
407:Xbox
391:PETA
389:and
331:beta
272:Mice
252:Dogs
236:and
131:Rats
118:for
107:and
105:mice
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5375:ALF
1911:doi
1858:PMC
1842:doi
1795:doi
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