1608:
622:(AMA) as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large". However, the definition of marketing has evolved over the years. The AMA reviews this definition and its definition for "marketing research" every three years. The interests of "society at large" were added into the definition in 2008. The development of the definition may be seen by comparing the 2008 definition with the AMA's 1935 version: "Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods, and services from producers to consumers". The newer definition highlights the increased prominence of other stakeholders in the new conception of marketing.
97:
1008:: The marketing department is of prime importance within the functional level of an organization. Information from the marketing department is used to guide the actions of a company's other departments. A marketing department could ascertain (via marketing research) that consumers desired a new type of product, or a new usage for an existing product. With this in mind, the marketing department would inform the R&D department to create a prototype of a product/service based on consumers' new desires. The production department would then start to manufacture the product. The finance department may oppose required capital expenditures since it could undermine a healthy cash flow for the organization.
626:
1100:
4287:
4261:
791:) "places the customers' desires at the forefront of how a company designs and markets products or services." Although needs-based segmentation is difficult to do in practice, it has been proved to be one of the most effective ways to segment a market. In addition, a great deal of advertising and promotion is designed to show how a given product's benefits meet the customer's needs, wants or expectations in a unique way.
1867:, demand for a good begins to taper off, and the firm may opt to discontinue the manufacture of the product. This is so, if revenue for the product comes from efficiency savings in production, over actual sales of a good/service. However, if a product services a niche market, or is complementary to another product, it may continue the manufacture of the product, despite a low level of sales/revenue being accrued.
874:
available to the end consumers. In this type of business model, businesses profit from consumers' willingness to name their own price or contribute data or marketing to the company, while consumers benefit from flexibility, direct payment, or free or reduced-price products and services. One of the major benefit of this type of business model is that it offers a company a competitive advantage in the market.
1809:
4275:
1786:(SBU) is a subsidiary within a firm, which participates within a given market/industry. The SBU would embrace the corporate strategy, and attune it to its own particular industry. For instance, an SBU may partake in the sports goods industry. It thus would ascertain how it would attain additional sales of sports goods, in order to satisfy the overall business strategy.
1439:
and to better serve the more diversified tastes of contemporary consumers. A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Thus, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Moreover, with more diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, firms are noting the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets.
1333:), over which a firm holds little control, consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These include: economic, social, political and technological factors. A common method of assessing a firm's macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Ecological) analysis. Within a
51:
1231:
P, mentioning the presence of two important dimensions, "communication" (general and informative communications such as public relations and corporate communications) and "promotion" (persuasive communications such as advertising and direct selling). Certain marketing activities, such as personal selling, may be classified as either
3831:
Porcu, L., del Barrio-Garcia, S., and
Kitchen, P.J., "How Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) works? A theoretical review and an analysis of its main drivers and effects/ ¿Cómo funciona la Comunicación Integrada de Marketing (CIM)? Una revisión teórica y un análisis de sus antecedents Efectos",
1704:
allow brands to start a conversation with regular and prospective customers. Viral marketing can be greatly facilitated by social media and if successful, allows key marketing messages and content in reaching a large number of target audiences within a short time frame. These platforms can also house
1403:
research. Market research involves gathering information about a particular target market. As an example, a firm may conduct research in a target market, after selecting a suitable market segment. In contrast, marketing research relates to all research conducted within marketing. Market research is a
1300:
Like "Place" in the 4Ps model, convenience refers to where the product will be sold. This, however, not only refers to physical stores but also whether the product is available in person or online. The convenience aspect emphasizes making it as easy as possible for the consumer to attain the product,
1230:
From a model-building perspective, the 4 Ps has attracted a number of criticisms. Well-designed models should exhibit clearly defined categories that are mutually exclusive, with no overlap. Yet, the 4 Ps model has extensive overlapping problems. Several authors stress the hybrid nature of the fourth
947:
A marketing orientation has been defined as a "philosophy of business management." or "a corporate state of mind" or as an "organizational culture." Although scholars continue to debate the precise nature of specific concepts that inform marketing practice, the most commonly cited orientations are as
807:
B2B (business-to-business) marketing refers to any marketing strategy or content that is geared towards a business or organization. Any company that sells products or services to other businesses or organizations (vs. consumers) typically uses B2B marketing strategies. The 7 P's of B2B marketing are:
645:
has evolved his definition of marketing. In 1980, he defined marketing as "satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process", and in 2018 defined it as "the process by which companies engage customers, build strong customer relationships, and create customer value in order to capture value from
1222:
approach is the traditional planning approach where the organization identifies its desired goals and objectives, which are often based around what has always been done. Marketing's task then becomes one of "selling" the organization's products and messages to the "outside" or external stakeholders.
873:
Consumer-to-business marketing or C2B marketing is a business model where the end consumers create products and services which are consumed by businesses and organizations. It is diametrically opposed to the popular concept of B2C or
Business- to- Consumer where the companies make goods and services
1602:
involves a presentation given by a salesperson to an individual or a group of potential customers. It enables two-way communication and relationship building, and is most commonly seen in business-to-business marketing but can also be found in business-to-consumer marketing (e.g.: selling cars at a
1261:
In response to environmental and technological changes in marketing, as well as criticisms towards the 4Ps approach, the 4Cs has emerged as a modern marketing mix model. Robert F. Lauterborn proposed a 4 Cs classification in 1990. His classification is a more consumer-orientated version of the 4 Ps
1793:
level relates to departments within the SBUs, such as marketing, finance, HR, production, etc. The functional level would adopt the SBU's strategy and determine how to accomplish the SBU's own objectives in its market. To use the example of the sports goods industry again, the marketing department
1719:
The area of marketing planning involves forging a plan for a firm's marketing activities. A marketing plan can also pertain to a specific product, as well as to an organization's overall marketing strategy. An organization's marketing planning process is derived from its overall business strategy.
1438:
Market segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous market for a product and dividing it into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. The process is conducted for two main purposes: better allocation of a firm's finite resources
1390:
Marketing research is a systematic process of analyzing data that involves conducting research to support marketing activities and the statistical interpretation of data into information. This information is then used by managers to plan marketing activities, gauge the nature of a firm's marketing
168:
Market orientations are philosophies concerning the factors that should go into market planning. The marketing mix, which outlines the specifics of the product and how it will be sold, including the channels that will be used to advertise the product, is affected by the environment surrounding the
1576:
concerns how to position a product in the minds of consumers and inform what attributes differentiate it from the competitor's products. A firm often performs this by producing a perceptual map, which denotes similar products produced in the same industry according to how consumers perceive their
966:
Selling concept: focuses on the selling/promotion of the firm's existing products, rather than developing new products to satisfy unmet needs or wants primarily through promotion and direct sales techniques, largely for "unsought goods" in industrial companies. A 2011 meta analyses found that the
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Something necessary for people to live a healthy, stable and safe life. When needs remain unfulfilled, there is a clear adverse outcome: a dysfunction or death. Needs can be objective and physical, such as the need for food, water, and shelter; or subjective and psychological, such as the need to
1626:
is the use of media tools to promote and monitor for a positive view of a company or product in the public's eye. The goal is to either sustain a positive opinion or lessen or change a negative opinion. It can include interviews, speeches/presentations, corporate literature, social media, news
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involves short-term incentives to encourage the buying of products. Examples of these incentives include free samples, contests, premiums, trade shows, giveaways, coupons, sweepstakes and games. Depending on the incentive, one or more of the other elements of the promotional mix may be used in
885:
marketing or C2C marketing represents a market environment where one customer purchases goods from another customer using a third-party business or platform to facilitate the transaction. C2C companies are a new type of model that has emerged with e-commerce technology and the sharing economy.
653:
Some definitions of marketing highlight marketing's ability to produce value to shareholders of the firm as well. In this context, marketing can be defined as "the management process that seeks to maximise returns to shareholders by developing relationships with valued customers and creating a
1248:
To overcome the deficiencies of the 4P model, some authors have suggested extensions or modifications to the original model. Extensions of the four P's are often included in cases such as services marketing where unique characteristics (i.e. intangibility, perishability, heterogeneity and the
894:
The different goals of B2B and B2C marketing lead to differences in the B2B and B2C markets. The main differences in these markets are demand, purchasing volume, number of customers, customer concentration, distribution, buying nature, buying influences, negotiations, reciprocity, leasing and
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for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention or any sacrifices consumers make in order to acquire a product or service. The price is the cost that a consumer pays for a
963:. It dominated marketing practice from the 1860s to the 1930s, yet can still be found in some companies or industries. Specifically, Kotler and Armstrong note that the production philosophy is "one of the oldest philosophies that guides sellers... is still useful in some situations."
787:. Customer needs are central to market segmentation which is concerned with dividing markets into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of "distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors who might require separate products or marketing mixes." Needs-based segmentation (also known as
1169:, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales.
925:
Reciprocity: Businesses tend to buy from businesses they sell to. For example, a business that sells printer ink is more likely to buy office chairs from a supplier that buys the business's printer ink. In B2C marketing, this does not occur because consumers are not also selling
1291:
Cost refers to what is exchanged in return for the product. Cost mainly consists of the monetary value of the product. Cost also refers to anything else the consumer must sacrifice to attain the product, such as time or money spent on transportation to acquire the product.
899:
Demand: B2B demand is derived because businesses buy products based on how much demand there is for the final consumer product. Businesses buy products based on customer's wants and needs. B2C demand is primarily because customers buy products based on their own wants and
967:
factors with the greatest impact on sales performance are a salesperson's sales related knowledge (market segments, presentation skills, conflict resolution, and products), degree of adaptiveness, role clarity, cognitive aptitude, motivation and interest in a sales role).
1607:
1309:
Like "Promotion" in the 4Ps model, communication refers to how consumers find out about a product. Unlike promotion, communication not only refers to the one-way communication of advertising, but also the two-way communication available through social media.
1040:
A marketing mix is a foundational tool used to guide decision making in marketing. The marketing mix represents the basic tools that marketers can use to bring their products or services to the market. They are the foundation of managerial marketing and the
1239:
Other important criticisms include that the marketing mix lacks a strategic framework and is, therefore, unfit to be a planning instrument, particularly when uncontrollable, external elements are an important aspect of the marketing environment.
729:
The "marketing concept" proposes that to complete its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of potential consumers and satisfy them more effectively than its competitors. This concept originated from
1324:
The term "marketing environment" relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affect a firm's marketing decision-making/planning. A firm's marketing environment consists of three main areas, which are:
1122:'s needs and wants. The product element consists of product design, new product innovation, branding, packaging, and labeling. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
1815:, with the assumption of four major phases: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Curve of sales as a function of the time of the product on the market. After a plateau in sales at product maturity, a steep decline can follow.
918:
Buying influences: B2B purchasing is influenced by multiple people in various departments such as quality control, accounting, and logistics while B2C marketing is only influenced by the person making the purchase and possibly a few
1404:
subset of marketing research. (Avoiding the word consumer, which shows up in both, market research is about distribution, while marketing research encompasses distribution, advertising effectiveness, and salesforce effectiveness).
1768:
As stated previously, the senior management of a firm would formulate a general business strategy for a firm. However, this general business strategy would be interpreted and implemented in different contexts throughout the firm.
1852:
stage, the product's sales/revenue is increasing, which may stimulate more marketing communications to sustain sales. More entrants enter into the market, to reap the apparent high profits that the industry is producing.
1772:
At the corporate level, marketing objectives are typically broad-based in nature, and pertain to the general vision of the firm in the short, medium or long-term. As an example, if one pictures a group of companies (or a
1633:
occurs when a firm directly pays a media channel, directly via an in-house agency or via an advertising agency or media buying service, to publicize its product, service or message. Common examples of advertising media
177:, and the characteristics of the product's target market. Once these factors are determined, marketers must then decide what methods of promoting the product, including use of coupons and other price inducements.
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or as part of the place (i.e., distribution) element. Some pricing tactics, such as promotional pricing, can be classified as price variables or promotional variables and, therefore, also exhibit some overlap.
1577:
price and quality. From a product's placing on the map, a firm would tailor its marketing communications to meld with the product's perception among consumers and its position among competitors' offering.
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972:
Marketing concept: This is the most common concept used in contemporary marketing, and is a customer-centric approach based on products that suit new consumer tastes. These firms engage in extensive
1375:
The internal environment, which includes the factors inside of the company itself. A firm's internal environment consists of: Labor, Inventory, Company Policy, Logistics, Budget, and
Capital Assets.
3476:
Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 273–85. The most widely applied scale is that developed by Narver and Slater in Narver, J.C., and Slater, S.F., "The Effect of
Marketing Orientation on Business Profitability",
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data collection services for marketing research and public opinion surveys, by methods other than ... data collection services provided as part of a market research services package that includes
1249:
inseparability of production and consumption) warrant additional consideration factors. Other extensions include "people", "process", and "physical evidence" and are often applied in the case of
1823:(PLC) is a tool used by marketing managers to gauge the progress of a product, especially relating to sales or revenue accrued over time. The PLC is based on a few key assumptions, including:
909:
Customer concentration: Businesses that specialize in a particular market tend to be geographically concentrated while customers that buy products from these businesses are not concentrated.
808:
product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence. Some of the trends in B2B marketing include content such as podcasts, videos, and social media marketing campaigns.
650:
perspective, defines marketing as "a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions of a business aimed at achieving customer interest and satisfaction".
3472:
Hooley, G., Fahy, J., Beracs, J., Fonfara, K. and Snoj, B., "Market
Orientation in the Transition Economies of Central Europe: Tests of the Narver and Slater Market Orientation Scales",
932:
Promotional methods: In B2B marketing, the most common promotional method is personal selling. B2C marketing mostly uses sales promotion, public relations, advertising, and social media.
658:
defines marketing from a customer-centric perspective, focusing on "the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably".
3901:, Chicago: American Marketing Association, 47–51; Rafiq, M. and Ahmed, P.K. "Using the 7Ps as a Generic Marketing mix: An Exploratory Survey of UK and European Marketing Academics",
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stage, a product is launched onto the market. To stimulate the growth of sales/revenue, use of advertising may be high, in order to heighten awareness of the product in question.
1595:
The promotional mix outlines how a company will market its product. It consists of five tools: personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, advertising and social media:
865:
Traditionally, this could refer to individuals shopping for personal products in a broad sense. More recently the term B2C refers to the online selling of consumer products.<
922:
Negotiations: In B2B marketing, negotiating for lower prices or added benefits is commonly accepted while in B2C marketing (particularly in
Western cultures) prices are fixed.
641:
Recent definitions of marketing place more emphasis on the consumer relationship, as opposed to a pure exchange process. For instance, prolific marketing author and educator,
3897:, vol. 41 (April), 1993; Booms, B. and Bitner, M.J. "Marketing Strategies and Organizational Structures for Service Firms" in James H. Donnelly and William R. George (eds),
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Hunt, S.F. and
Goolsby, J., "The Rise and Fall of the Functional Approach to Marketing: A Paradigm Displacement Perspective", (originally published in 1988), reprinted in:
952:
Product concept: mainly concerned with the quality of its product. It has largely been supplanted by the marketing orientation, except for haute couture and arts marketing.
1069:. The origins of the 4 Ps can be traced to the late 1940s. The first known mention has been attributed to a Professor of Marketing at Harvard University, James Culliton.
5330:
862:
Business-to-consumer marketing, or B2C marketing, refers to the tactics and strategies in which a company promotes its products and services to individual people.
2773:
912:
Distribution: B2B products pass directly from the producer of the product to the business while B2C products may additionally go through a wholesaler or retailer.
1860:, its starts to level off, and an increasing number of entrants to a market produce price falls for the product. Firms may use sales promotions to raise sales.
96:
4318:
1283:
The consumer refers to the person or group that will acquire the product. This aspect of the model focuses on fulfilling the wants or needs of the consumer.
1209:. This fourth P is focused on providing a message to get a response from consumers. The message is designed to persuade or tell a story to create awareness.
903:
Purchasing volume: Businesses buy products in large volumes to distribute to consumers. Consumers buy products in smaller volumes suitable for personal use.
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1096:, popularised this approach and helped spread the 4 Ps model. McCarthy's 4 Ps have been widely adopted by both marketing academics and practitioners.
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1720:
Thus, when top management is devising the firm's strategic direction/mission, the intended marketing activities are incorporated into this plan.
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Something that is desired, wished for or aspired to. Wants are not essential for basic survival and are often shaped by culture or peer-groups.
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The 4 Ps, in its modern form, was first proposed in 1960 by E. Jerome McCarthy; who presented them within a managerial approach that covered
1017:
embraces societal stakeholders such as employees, customers, and local communities. Companies that adopt this perspective typically practice
850:
Governments- buy B2B products for use in government projects (e.g.: purchasing weather monitoring equipment for a wastewater treatment plant)
717:, the profession is now widely recognized as a science. Marketing science has developed a concrete process that can be followed to create a
3656:
Keelson, S.A>, "The
Evolution of the Marketing Concepts: Theoretically Different Roads Leading to Practically the Same Destination!" in
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2305:
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The micro-environment, over which a firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control, typically includes: Customers/
4107:
2716:
2673:
The 2004 AMA Definition of
Marketing and Its Relationship to a Market Orientation: An Extension of Cooke, Rayburn, & Abercrombie
133:
Marketing is typically conducted by the seller, typically a retailer or manufacturer. Products can be marketed to other businesses (
2623:
1372:. In contrast to the macro-environment, an organization holds a greater (though not complete) degree of control over these factors.
3739:
Kerr, F., Patti, C. and Ichul, K., "An Inside-out
Approach to Integrated Marketing Communications: An International Perspective",
783:, conducted for the purpose of new product development or product improvement, is often concerned with identifying the consumer's
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Once a segment has been identified to target, a firm must ascertain whether the segment is beneficial for them to service. The
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Resellers- buy B2B products to sell through retail or wholesale establishments (e.g.: Walmart buying vacuums to sell in stores)
4209:
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Avlonitis, G.J. and Gounaris, S.P., "Marketing Orientation and Company Performance: Industrial vs. Consumer Goods Companies",
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Kotler, P., Marketing Management, (Millennium Edition), Custom Edition for University of Phoenix, Prentice Hall, 2001, p. 9.
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Personal selling: Young female beer sellers admonish the photographer that he also has to buy some, Tireli market, Mali 1989
915:
Buying nature: B2B purchasing is a formal process done by professional buyers and sellers, while B2C purchasing is informal.
1126:, a key aspect of the product management, refers to the various methods of communicating a brand identity for the product,
4204:
Hollander, Stanley C., Rassuli, Kathleen M.; Jones, D.G. Brian; Dix and Farlow, L., "Periodization in Marketing History",
4170:
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This refers to how the product gets to the customer; the distribution channels and intermediaries such as wholesalers and
633:, who devised a number of sales methods for his tableware, is "credited with inventing modern marketing" according to the
33:
4051:
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Kohli, A.K. and Jaworski, B.J., "Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications",
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The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the
2876:
2675:, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Fall, 2004, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Fall, 2004), pp. 29–38, accessed 25 January 2021
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involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Commonly used criteria include:
1161:
who enable customers to access products or services in a convenient manner. This third P has also sometimes been called
108:
37:
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The two major segments of marketing are business-to-business (B2B) marketing and business-to-consumer (B2C) marketing.
625:
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June 1964 pp. 2–7; van Waterschoot, W. and van den Bulte, C., "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited",
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but would not become widely used until nearly 200 years later. Marketing and Marketing Concepts are directly related.
1544:
involved in a segment serving. Three modes of differentiation exist, which are commonly applied by firms. These are:
743:
Given the centrality of customer needs, and wants in marketing, a rich understanding of these concepts is essential:
4195:
3497:, vol. 50, no. 3, 1972, pp. 48–57; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Macromarketing as a Pillar of Marketing Thought",
3322:
Fillis, Ian (2006). "Art for Art's Sake or Art for Business Sake: An exploration of artistic product orientation".
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976:, use R&D (Research & Development), and then use promotion techniques. The marketing orientation includes:
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Production concept: specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service in order to achieve
529:
3509:; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Scholarly Research in Marketing: Exploring the "4 Eras" of Thought Development",
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Producers- use products sold by B2B marketing to make their own goods (e.g.: Mattel buying plastics to make toys)
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1353:/attitudes, and the nature of technology's impact on its society and the business processes within the society.
1253:. Other extensions have been found necessary in retail marketing, industrial marketing and internet marketing.
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Societal marketing concept: Social responsibility that goes beyond satisfying customers and providing superior
253:
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Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2006), Marketing and Management, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, US
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Grönroos, Christian. "From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing",
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Sheth, J., Sisodia, R.S. and Sharma, A., "The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-Centric Marketing",
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would draw up marketing plans, strategies and communications to help the SBU achieve its marketing aims.
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Leasing: Businesses tend to lease expensive items while consumers tend to save up to buy expensive items.
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3699:, Brown, S.W., Gummeson, E., Edvardson, B. and Gustavsson, B. (eds), Lexington, Canada, 1991, pp. 23-37.
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Bitner, M.J., "The Evolution of the Services Marketing Mix and its Relationship to Service Quality", in
3418:"Drivers of sales performance: A contemporary meta-analysis. Have salespeople become knowledge brokers?"
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1970:
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Bhatt, Ganesh D; Emdad, Ali F (2001). "An analysis of the virtual value chain in electronic commerce".
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van Waterschoot, W.; van den Bulte, C. (1992). "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited".
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2276:"Searching for Magic in India and Silicon Valley: An Interview with Daniel Kottke, Apple Employee #12"
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Fisk, R.P., Brown, W., and Bitner, M.J., "Tracking the Evolution of Services Marketing Literature",
1777:), top management may state that sales for the group should increase by 25% over a ten-year period.
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Narver, J.C.; Slater, S.F. (1990). "The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability".
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1975:
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is used to facilitate two-way communication between companies and their customers. Outlets such as
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reporting and publish financial, social and environmental impact reports. Sustainable marketing or
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Institutions- use B2B products to continue operation (e.g.: schools buying printers for office use)
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acronym is used as criteria to gauge the viability of a target market. The elements of DAMP are:
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258:
170:
150:
3679:
4099:
5161:
5098:
4874:
4844:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4701:
4681:
4539:
4524:
4476:
4421:
4174:
4103:
4070:
3970:
3812:
3718:
3543:
3187:
3168:"Consumer involvement in supply networks: A cubic typology of C2B2C and C2B2B business models"
3101:
2969:
2811:
2755:
2745:
2722:
2712:
2550:
2402:
2055:
2015:
1995:
1965:
1960:
1945:
1820:
1812:
1732:
1198:
1014:
906:
Number of customers: There are relatively fewer businesses to market to than direct consumers.
689:
etc.) involve the use of the creative arts. However, because marketing makes extensive use of
577:
446:
421:
416:
391:
308:
303:
161:) advertises on behalf of an entire industry or locality, often a specific type of food (e.g.
154:
3947:
3537:
2803:
5299:
5123:
5103:
5005:
4967:
4952:
4743:
4718:
4592:
4574:
4534:
4431:
4346:
4286:
4091:
4012:
3962:
3855:
3585:
3502:
3432:
3331:
3296:
3261:
3179:
3093:
3029:
2961:
2542:
2530:
2466:
2184:
2164:
2116:
2040:
1658:
1623:
1599:
1190:
1089:
773:
682:
572:
469:
406:
396:
376:
361:
328:
313:
278:
263:
243:
1728:
Within the overall strategic marketing plan, the stages of the process are listed as thus:
1391:
environment and to attain information from suppliers. A distinction should be made between
5289:
5274:
5219:
5040:
4816:
4663:
4638:
4603:
4446:
4199:
2952:
Weeks, Richard; Marx, William (Autumn 1968). "The Market Concept: Problems and Promises".
2121:
1930:
1616:
1590:
1334:
1182:
1144:
1081:
1073:
1022:
995:
991:
973:
690:
630:
562:
436:
238:
174:
146:
661:
In the past, marketing practice tended to be seen as a creative industry, which included
2660:"A Sustainability Roadmap for Contemporary Marketing Education: Thinking Beyond the 4Ps"
2500:
5171:
5035:
5020:
4982:
4962:
4899:
4738:
4713:
4618:
4501:
4481:
4436:
4414:
3880:
Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing",
3711:
2035:
2025:
2000:
1714:
1338:
1330:
1263:
1042:
983:
943:
History of marketing § Orientations or philosophies that inform marketing practice
718:
674:
479:
4260:
3287:
Hollander, S.C.; Jones, D.G.B.; Dix, L. (2005). "Periodization in Marketing History".
5314:
5279:
5236:
5045:
5025:
4864:
4608:
4456:
4361:
4163:
4092:
3805:
3597:
3199:
3113:
3015:"Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies"
2981:
2562:
2330:
2126:
2010:
1925:
1740:
1350:
1218:
One of the limitations of the 4Ps approach is its emphasis on an inside-out view. An
1093:
1035:
999:
642:
514:
401:
134:
4265:
3446:
3183:
3041:
2862:
Market Orientation, Creativity, and New Product Performance in High-Technology Firms
5284:
5204:
5199:
5083:
4927:
4869:
4849:
4356:
3308:
1955:
1561:
1346:
1267:
714:
710:
678:
142:
76:
4290:
4279:
1808:
1565:– in which an organization forges a product to satisfy a specialized target market
5176:
5136:
4987:
4894:
4889:
4758:
4748:
4733:
4559:
4529:
4511:
4376:
4249:
3918:
Lauterborn, B (1990). "New Marketing Litany: Four Ps Passé: C-Words Take Over".
3214:
2672:
2275:
1888:
1630:
1469:(e.g. personality traits or lifestyle traits which influence consumer behaviour)
1206:
1178:
702:
686:
662:
381:
356:
248:
3966:
3576:
Banting, P.M.; Ross, R.E. (1973). "The marketing mix: A Canadian perspective".
3335:
3097:
3081:
3033:
2965:
1827:
A given product would possess introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stage
1536:– can a sufficient return on investment be attained from a segment's servicing?
1524:– how a segment can be accessed via Marketing Communications produced by a firm
1099:
5257:
5156:
5113:
5078:
4997:
4937:
4831:
4768:
4587:
4471:
4461:
4386:
4371:
4366:
4341:
4016:
3437:
2546:
2096:
731:
694:
539:
162:
104:
100:
3974:
3506:
3300:
3191:
3105:
2973:
2759:
2554:
1557:– in which a firm produced slight modifications of a product within a segment
4977:
4957:
4932:
4811:
4696:
4633:
4519:
4381:
4351:
4274:
3776:
1689:
1677:
1365:
1361:
1342:
706:
698:
499:
431:
165:), food from a specific area, or a city or region as a tourism destination.
65:
3777:"Promotion | Etymology, origin and meaning of promotion by etymonline"
3417:
2927:
2726:
1337:, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key
27:
Study and process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to customers
17:
2501:"What is Marketing Environment? definition and meaning – Business Jargons"
5108:
4884:
4708:
4691:
4628:
4491:
4409:
4401:
4192:
2531:"The Insights Industry: Towards a Performativity Turn in Market Research"
1693:
1673:
1357:
1158:
1119:
127:
119:
61:
4165:
The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail
3000:
Market Research in Practice: How to Get Greater Insight From Your Market
1227:
approach first seeks to understand the needs and wants of the consumer.
1143:
product—monetary or not. Methods of setting prices are in the domain of
1053:
The 4Ps refers to four broad categories of marketing decisions, namely:
5224:
5209:
5093:
5010:
4728:
4496:
4426:
4029:
US Census data is both for Market research and for Marketing research:
3867:
3589:
3273:
1701:
1681:
1620:
conjunction with sales promotion to inform customers of the incentives.
1133:
218:
141:). Sometimes tasks are contracted to dedicated marketing firms, like a
5151:
4296:
3459:
McGee, L.W. and Spiro, R.L., "The Marketing Concept in Perspective",
2253:
1697:
1685:
1551:– where a company produces a like product for all of a market segment
767:
223:
3859:
3709:
Schultz, Don E; Tannenbaum, Stanley I; Lauterborn, Robert F (1993),
3265:
3166:
Aspara, Jaakko; Grant, David B.; Holmlund, Maria (1 February 2021).
2671:
Jenny Darroch, Morgan P. Miles, Andrew Jardine and Ernest F. Cooke,
990:
that people are willing and able to buy. Consequently, ascertaining
5191:
4791:
1807:
1606:
1194:
1139:
1127:
1123:
987:
758:
748:
670:
624:
386:
366:
95:
3697:
Service Quality: Multidisciplinary and Multinational Perspectives
4673:
754:
belong to a family or social group and the need for self-esteem.
4300:
3680:
The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing
3564:
Review of Marketing Research: Special Issue - Marketing Legends
2902:"10 Steps to Creating a Marketing Plan for Your Small Business"
2306:"The Role of Customers in Marketing | Introduction to Business"
3566:, Vol. 1, Naresh K. Malhotra, (ed), Bingley, UK, Emerald, 2011
3393:, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 29
3365:, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 28
138:
44:
3626:"From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: A Literature Review"
2839:"Marketing library resources – content, knowledge databases"
1341:
conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth,
4052:"Difference between Market Research and Marketing Research"
3990:
Digital marketing: strategy, implementation of and practice
3946:
Rodríguez, Ismael; Rabanal, Pablo; Rubio, Fernando (2017).
2998:
Hague, Paul N.; Hague, Nicholas; Morgan, Carol-Ann (2013).
2467:"Marketing Strategy: Forget the 4 P'S! What are the 4 C'S?"
673:, and even today many parts of the marketing process (e.g.
2580:"The Marketing Research Process | Principles of Marketing"
2249:"The Real Story Behind Apple's 'Think different' Campaign"
1518:– how a segment can be differentiated from other segments.
1491:(e.g. Baby Boomer, Generation X, Millennial, Generation Z)
4125:"The Advertising Industry Has a Problem: People Hate Ads"
840:
The four major categories of B2B product purchasers are:
811:
Examples of products sold through B2B marketing include:
4032:"NAPCS Product List for NAICS 54191: Marketing Research"
3536:
Groucutt, Jon; Leadley, Peter; Forsyth, Patrick (2004).
1530:– can the segment be quantified and its size determined?
1540:
The next step in the targeting process is the level of
1177:
This includes all aspects of marketing communications:
72:
3658:
Global Conference on Business and Finance Proceedings
3416:
Verbeke, Willem; Dietz, Bart; Verwaal, Ernst (2010).
1764:
Levels of marketing objectives within an organization
776:, they have the potential to become economic demands.
646:
customers in return". A related definition, from the
2397:
Lamb, Charles; Hair, Joseph; McDaniel, Carl (2016).
103:'s marketing skills have been credited for reviving
5245:
5190:
5122:
5064:
4996:
4913:
4830:
4782:
4672:
4583:
4510:
4400:
4334:
3063:"What Comes Next? Survey Analysis and Segmentation"
2808:
International Marketing – Modern and Classic Papers
2686:"Josiah Wedgwood, an Industrial Revolution pioneer"
1475:(e.g. age, gender, socio-economic class, education)
1442:Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the
1103:
One version of the marketing mix is the 4Ps method.
4214:Tedlow, Richard S., and Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds),
4162:
3804:
3710:
3491:Kotler, P., "What consumerism means for marketers"
1045:typically devotes a section to the marketing mix.
3153:West Virginia University Marketing Communications
3757:Borden, N., "The Concept of the Marketing Mix",
3633:International Journal of Business and Management
3129:Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising
2993:
2991:
2791:. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press. p. 23.
3539:Marketing: Essential Principles, New Realities
2789:Sales Process Engineering: A Personal Workshop
1262:that attempts to better fit the movement from
4312:
3988:Chaffey, Dave; Ellis-Chadwick, Fiona (2012).
3913:
3911:
2802:Paliwoda, Stanley J.; Ryans, John K. (2008).
599:
8:
3350:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,
2624:"For Tobacco, Stealth Marketing Is the Norm"
1837:, according to where a product is on the PLC
998:'s future viability and even existence as a
4069:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 38–65.
3774:Online Etymology Encyclopedia, <Online:
3660:, Volume 7, Number 1, 2012, ISSN 1941-9589
3578:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
3425:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
4319:
4305:
4297:
4221:Weitz, Barton A. and Robin Wensley (eds).
4098:. New York, NY: CABI Publishing. pp.
3992:(5th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.
3379:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
2810:(1st ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 25.
2772:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1830:No product lasts perpetually on the market
654:competitive advantage". For instance, the
606:
592:
184:
3501:Vol. 26 No. 2, December 2006, pp. 224–32
3436:
2864:. Journal of Marketing. pp. 114–132.
2658:Pomering, A., Noble, G. and Johnson, L.,
2649:, approved 2017, accessed 24 January 2021
2424:Mc Namara (1972) cited in Deshpande, R.,
1804:Product life-cycle management (marketing)
1705:advertising and public relations content.
122:. It is one of the primary components of
3086:International Journal of Market Research
2535:International Journal of Market Research
1448:Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning
1138:This refers to the process of setting a
1098:
3511:Journal of Public Policy and Marketing,
2740:Kotler, Philip; Gary Armstrong (2018).
2711:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2239:
1463:(such as a country, region, city, town)
1301:thus making them more likely to do so.
187:
118:is the act of satisfying and retaining
5331:Promotion and marketing communications
4187:Church, Roy and Godley, Andrew (eds),
3612:Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach
3147:Genovese, Shelby (20 September 2023).
3142:
3140:
3138:
2765:
2641:
2639:
2443:Basic Marketing. A Managerial Approach
2428:, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1999, p. 11
2192:Marketing orientations or philosophies
1025:is an extension of societal marketing.
618:Marketing is currently defined by the
3903:Marketing Intelligence & Planning
3753:
3751:
3749:
3741:International Journal of Advertising,
3735:
3733:
3002:. London: Kogan-Page. pp. 19–20.
2602:
2600:
2574:
2572:
2524:
2522:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
629:The 18th century retail entrepreneur
7:
4216:The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing,
4208:Vol 25, no.1, 2005, pp. 32–41.
4065:Moore, Karl; Pareek, Niketh (2010).
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2418:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2286:from the original on 11 January 2014
1205:, event marketing, trade shows, and
890:Differences in B2B and B2C marketing
3783:from the original on 8 January 2018
3713:Integrated marketing communications
1587:Integrated marketing communications
4189:The Emergence of Modern Marketing,
4151:Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988
3836:Vol. XXV, Núm. 1, 2012, pp. 313–48
2247:Siltanen, Rob (14 December 2011).
1741:Threats and opportunities analysis
685:, advertising, inbound marketing,
157:or government agency (such as the
25:
4149:The History of Marketing Thought,
2744:(Seventeenth ed.). Hoboken.
2465:Hester, Brittany (9 April 2019).
937:Marketing management orientations
4285:
4273:
4259:
4005:Logistics Information Management
3882:Journal of Marketing Management,
3759:Journal of Advertising Research,
3743:Vol. 27, No. 4, 2008, pp. 531–40
3513:Vol. 22, No. 2, 2003, pp. 116–46
3404:Industrial Marketing Management,
2662:, 2008, accessed 25 January 2021
2645:American Marketing Association,
2401:. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
2227:customer relationship management
1503:(e.g. brand loyalty, usage rate)
1407:The stages of research include:
772:When needs and wants are backed
656:Chartered Institute of Marketing
49:
36:. For the British magazine, see
4963:Party platforms (or manifestos)
4123:Tiffany Hsu (28 October 2019).
4094:Strategic Management in Tourism
3765:Vol. 56, No. 4, 1992, pp. 83–93
3684:Journal of Marketing Management
3624:Dominici, G. (September 2009).
3526:vol. 32, no. 2, 1994, pp. 4–20.
3184:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.09.004
3172:Industrial Marketing Management
3067:Discover the Future of Research
2471:CATMEDIA Internal Communication
2426:Developing a Market Orientation
2218:corporate social responsibility
107:and turning it into one of the
32:For the Canadian magazine, see
2622:Julie Bosman (10 March 2006).
2214:Socially responsible marketing
2112:Sustainable market orientation
2076:Return on marketing investment
620:American Marketing Association
159:Agricultural Marketing Service
64:format but may read better as
1:
4264:The dictionary definition of
4171:Harvard Business School Press
4169:. Boston, Massachusetts, US:
3686:, vol. 22, 2006, pp. 407-438.
3474:Journal of Business Research,
3242:Vol. 54, April 1990, pp. 1–18
2529:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos A. (2022).
1833:A firm must employ differing
1724:Outline of the marketing plan
34:Marketing (Canadian magazine)
5051:Rally 'round the flag effect
3215:"Customer to Customer – C2C"
2441:McCarthy, Jerome E. (1964).
1627:releases and special events.
1244:Modifications and extensions
137:) or directly to consumers (
38:Marketing (British magazine)
3614:Irwin, Homewood, Ill., 1960
3389:Kotler, P., Armstrong, G.,
3361:Kotler, P., Armstrong, G.,
3352:Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, p. 55
2607:Stanton, William J (1984).
1737:Current marketing situation
5347:
4206:Journal of Macromarketing,
3967:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.01.036
3905:, Vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 4–15
3807:Riding the Waves of Change
3639:(4): 17–24. Archived from
3499:Journal of Macromarketing,
3463:, May–June 1988, pp. 40–45
3406:Vol. 26, 1997, pp. 385–402
3336:10.1362/146934706776861573
3098:10.1177/147078530304500302
3034:10.1177/002224295602100102
2966:10.1177/000765036800900106
2877:"The Science of Marketing"
2804:"Back to first principles"
2335:The Practice of Management
1874:
1801:
1712:
1584:
1431:
1383:
1317:
1033:
1006:Organizational orientation
940:
530:Promotional representative
31:
4392:Manipulation (psychology)
4250:Resources in your library
4191:London, Frank Cass, 2003
4017:10.1108/09576050110362465
3542:. Kogan Page Publishers.
3438:10.1007/s11747-010-0211-8
3289:Journal of Macromarketing
3080:Ahmad, Rizal (May 2003).
3013:Smith, W.R. (July 1956).
2609:Fundamentals of marketing
2584:courses.lumenlearning.com
2547:10.1177/14707853211039191
2310:courses.lumenlearning.com
1921:American business history
1497:(e.g. tech savvy, active)
986:can survive by producing
648:sales process engineering
4570:Criticism of advertising
3884:Vo. 22, 2006, pp. 407–38
3834:Comunicación y Sociedad,
3507:10.1177/0276146706291067
3301:10.1177/0276146705274982
3149:"What is B2B Marketing?"
3069:, Wiley, 12 January 2017
2647:Definitions of Marketing
169:product, the results of
5232:Promotional merchandise
4943:Character assassination
4880:Narcotizing dysfunction
4754:Photograph manipulation
4467:Guerrilla communication
4198:18 October 2009 at the
4159:Christensen, Clayton M.
4090:Moutinho, Luiz (2000).
3803:Gareth, Morgan (1988).
3495:Harvard Business Review
3489:, Blackwell Reference,
3480:Vo. 54, 1990, pp. 20–35
3391:Principles of Marketing
3377:Principles of Marketing
3375:Kotler, Philip (1980).
3363:Principles of Marketing
2787:Paul H. Selden (1997).
2742:Principles of marketing
2709:Principles of marketing
2707:Kotler, Philip (1980).
2399:Principles of Marketing
2132:Word-of-mouth marketing
2087:Search Engine Marketing
2066:Public Sector Marketing
2046:Multicultural marketing
1991:List of marketing terms
1884:Account-based marketing
1783:strategic business unit
1329:The macro-environment (
525:Promotional merchandise
510:Out-of-home advertising
299:Account-based marketing
73:converting this article
5215:Product demonstrations
4644:Historical negationism
4278:Quotations related to
4223:Handbook of Marketing,
3961:(June 2017): 178–196.
3955:Applied Soft Computing
3717:, NTC Business Books,
3082:"Benefit segmentation"
2954:Business & Society
2688:. Adam Smith Institute
2445:. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
2223:Relationship marketing
2204:Production orientation
2175:Relationship marketing
2146:Agricultural marketing
2107:Social media marketing
2082:Relationship marketing
2061:Production orientation
1911:Advertising management
1894:History of advertising
1856:When the product hits
1816:
1612:
1104:
638:
334:Horizontal integration
112:
5147:Reputation management
5066:Psychological warfare
4915:Political campaigning
4724:Firehose of falsehood
4067:Marketing: the Basics
3899:Marketing of Services
3763:Journal of Marketing,
3678:Constantinides, E., "
3478:Journal of Marketing,
3240:Journal of Marketing,
2199:Marketing orientation
2160:Destination marketing
1971:Family in advertising
1811:
1802:Further information:
1745:Objectives and issues
1610:
1203:branded entertainment
1187:promotional education
1102:
895:promotional methods.
795:B2B and B2C marketing
774:by the ability to pay
737:The Wealth of Nations
628:
520:Product demonstration
372:Corporate anniversary
99:
5182:Corporate propaganda
3895:Journal of Retailing
3848:Journal of Marketing
3524:Management Decision,
3324:The Marketing Review
3254:Journal of Marketing
3051:on 20 February 2019.
3022:Journal of Marketing
2170:Influencer marketing
2155:industrial marketing
2006:Marketing management
1981:History of marketing
1877:Outline of marketing
1279:Consumer (or client)
980:Customer orientation
883:Customer to customer
789:benefit segmentation
635:Adam Smith Institute
535:Visual merchandising
465:Behavioral targeting
339:Vertical integration
319:Influencer marketing
109:most valuable brands
5270:Media concentration
5142:Non-apology apology
5132:Cult of personality
4860:Emotive conjugation
4614:Burying of scholars
2928:"Marketing Concept"
2209:Selling orientation
2071:Real-time marketing
1976:Guerrilla marketing
1434:Market segmentation
1086:market segmentation
827:Processed materials
818:Accessory equipment
485:In-game advertising
475:Display advertising
351:Promotional content
124:business management
5253:Influence-for-hire
5046:National mythology
5016:Crowd manipulation
4905:Tabloid journalism
4774:Video manipulation
4719:Fictitious entries
4442:Civil disobedience
4328:Media manipulation
4130:The New York Times
3646:on 29 August 2017.
3590:10.1007/BF02729310
2860:Subin, Im (2004).
2629:The New York Times
2180:Services marketing
2151:Business marketing
2139:Types of marketing
2102:Societal marketing
2092:Services marketing
2051:Product management
2031:Media manipulation
2021:Marketing strategy
1986:Internet marketing
1951:Database marketing
1941:Consumer behaviour
1936:Consumer confusion
1916:Affinity marketing
1904:Sex in Advertising
1899:Online Advertising
1821:product life cycle
1817:
1798:Product life cycle
1749:Marketing Strategy
1709:The marketing plan
1613:
1423:Implement findings
1411:Define the problem
1386:Marketing research
1320:Market environment
1251:services marketing
1105:
1019:triple bottom line
961:economies of scope
957:economies of scale
781:Marketing research
639:
568:Marketing research
505:Online advertising
495:Native advertising
490:Mobile advertising
442:Sex in advertising
259:Consumer behaviour
171:marketing research
151:advertising agency
113:
75:, if appropriate.
5308:
5307:
5074:Airborne leaflets
4953:Election promises
4807:Product placement
4682:Alternative facts
4422:Alternative media
4236:Library resources
4180:978-0-87584-585-2
4147:Bartels, Robert,
4076:978-0-415-77899-2
4054:. 9 January 2018.
3724:978-0-8442-3363-5
3549:978-0-7494-4114-2
3461:Business Horizons
3127:du Plessis, D.F.
2817:978-1-84376-649-0
2751:978-0-13-449251-3
2408:978-1-285-86014-5
2282:. 9 August 2012.
2056:Product marketing
2016:Marketing science
1996:Loyalty marketing
1966:Email remarketing
1961:Digital marketing
1946:Content marketing
1813:Product lifecycle
1733:Executive Summary
1655:Event sponsorship
1446:acronym, meaning
1199:product placement
1078:consumer behavior
1030:The marketing mix
836:Business services
616:
615:
578:Consumer research
459:Promotional media
447:Underwriting spot
422:Product placement
402:On-hold messaging
392:Loyalty marketing
309:Product marketing
304:Digital marketing
155:trade association
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
5338:
5321:Business process
5300:Media proprietor
5124:Public relations
5104:Public diplomacy
5089:Information (IT)
4968:Name recognition
4593:Media regulation
4575:Annoyance factor
4432:Call-out culture
4347:Crowd psychology
4321:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4277:
4263:
4184:
4168:
4135:
4134:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4097:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3952:
3948:"Business Hacks"
3943:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3906:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3772:
3766:
3755:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3716:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3621:
3615:
3610:McCarthy, E.J.,
3608:
3602:
3601:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3487:
3481:
3470:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3422:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3044:. Archived from
3019:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:. 25 August 2015
2505:Business Jargons
2497:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2343:
2342:
2339:Harper & Row
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2244:
2185:Social marketing
2165:Global marketing
2117:Visual marketing
2041:Mobile marketing
1659:Advertising mail
1624:Public relations
1600:Personal selling
1549:Undifferentiated
1223:In contrast, an
1195:personal selling
1191:public relations
982:: A firm in the
683:brand management
608:
601:
594:
573:Mystery shopping
470:Brand ambassador
407:Personal selling
397:Mobile marketing
377:Direct marketing
362:Ambush marketing
329:Annoyance factor
314:Social marketing
264:Consumer culture
244:Brand management
185:
89:
86:
80:
71:You can help by
53:
52:
45:
21:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5295:Media influence
5290:Media franchise
5275:Media democracy
5241:
5186:
5118:
5060:
5041:Loaded language
4992:
4909:
4826:
4778:
4668:
4597:
4579:
4506:
4447:Culture jamming
4396:
4330:
4325:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4218:Routledge, 2014
4200:Wayback Machine
4181:
4157:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3920:Advertising Age
3917:
3916:
3909:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3860:10.2307/1251988
3845:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3811:. Jossey-Bass.
3802:
3801:
3797:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3731:
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3397:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3266:10.2307/1251757
3251:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3146:
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3136:
3126:
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3121:
3079:
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3074:
3061:
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3048:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2989:
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2946:
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2925:
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2796:
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2739:
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2734:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
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2679:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2588:
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2578:
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2570:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2464:
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2450:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2396:
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2346:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2194:
2189:
2141:
2136:
2122:Viral Marketing
1931:Brand awareness
1879:
1873:
1806:
1800:
1766:
1753:Action programs
1726:
1717:
1711:
1667:
1617:Sales promotion
1593:
1591:Promotional mix
1583:
1581:Promotional mix
1542:differentiation
1436:
1430:
1388:
1382:
1335:PESTLE analysis
1322:
1316:
1276:
1268:niche marketing
1259:
1246:
1216:
1183:sales promotion
1145:pricing science
1110:
1082:market research
1051:
1038:
1032:
1023:green marketing
994:is vital for a
992:consumer demand
974:market research
945:
939:
892:
880:
871:
860:
824:Component parts
815:Major equipment
805:
797:
727:
691:social sciences
631:Josiah Wedgwood
612:
583:
582:
563:Market research
558:
550:
549:
460:
452:
451:
437:Sales promotion
352:
344:
343:
239:Brand licensing
209:
183:
175:market research
153:. Sometimes, a
147:market research
90:
84:
81:
70:
54:
50:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:Understatement
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5036:Indoctrination
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Disinformation
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:Smear campaign
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4900:Sensationalism
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4840:Agenda-setting
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4714:False document
4711:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4619:Catch and kill
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Demonstrations
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Cancel culture
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4271:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:External links
4228:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4202:
4193:online edition
4185:
4179:
4155:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4115:
4108:
4082:
4075:
4057:
4043:
4022:
4011:(1/2): 78–85.
3995:
3980:
3938:
3929:
3907:
3886:
3873:
3838:
3824:
3818:978-1555420932
3817:
3795:
3767:
3745:
3729:
3723:
3701:
3688:
3671:
3662:
3649:
3616:
3603:
3568:
3555:
3548:
3528:
3515:
3482:
3465:
3452:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3367:
3354:
3341:
3314:
3279:
3244:
3231:
3213:Tarver, Evan.
3205:
3158:
3134:
3131:. p. 134.
3119:
3072:
3054:
3005:
2987:
2944:
2932:www.netmba.com
2918:
2893:
2867:
2852:
2830:
2816:
2794:
2779:
2750:
2732:
2717:
2699:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2635:
2614:
2611:. McGraw-Hill.
2596:
2568:
2541:(2): 169–186.
2518:
2483:
2448:
2430:
2414:
2407:
2344:
2331:Drucker, Peter
2322:
2297:
2267:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Meta marketing
2033:
2028:
2026:Micromarketing
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Macromarketing
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1875:Main article:
1872:
1869:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1799:
1796:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1715:Marketing plan
1713:Main article:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1605:
1604:
1582:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1555:Differentiated
1552:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1432:Main article:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:Interpret data
1418:
1415:
1412:
1384:Main article:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1354:
1331:Macromarketing
1318:Main article:
1315:
1312:
1275:
1272:
1264:mass marketing
1258:
1255:
1245:
1242:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1175:
1170:
1155:
1148:
1136:
1131:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1094:Phillip Kotler
1050:
1047:
1043:marketing plan
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1003:
984:market economy
969:
968:
964:
953:
941:Main article:
938:
935:
934:
933:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
891:
888:
879:
876:
870:
867:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
804:
801:
796:
793:
778:
777:
764:
755:
726:
723:
719:marketing plan
675:product design
614:
613:
611:
610:
603:
596:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
480:Drip marketing
477:
472:
467:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
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336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
254:Communications
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
192:
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182:
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92:
91:
57:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5343:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Media ecology
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5263:United States
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5237:Telemarketing
5235:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
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5180:
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5175:
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5150:
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5143:
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5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:Fearmongering
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:False balance
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4822:Word of mouth
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:Broadcast law
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Deplatforming
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:False balance
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4270:at Wiktionary
4269:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4109:9780851992822
4105:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3796:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3431:(3): 407–28.
3430:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2882:
2878:
2875:Zhou, Julie.
2871:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2718:0-13-701557-7
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:. p. 32.
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Web marketing
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Marketing mix
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:B2B Marketing
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1661:(direct mail)
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:Psychographic
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:Plan research
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:research and
1396:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:social trends
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:macroeconomic
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:Communication
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:, or company.
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1036:Marketing mix
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:going concern
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
977:
975:
971:
970:
965:
962:
958:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
936:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
896:
889:
887:
884:
878:C2C marketing
877:
875:
869:C2B marketing
868:
866:
863:
858:B2C marketing
857:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
841:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
821:Raw materials
820:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
803:B2B marketing
802:
800:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
775:
771:
769:
765:
762:
760:
756:
752:
750:
746:
745:
744:
741:
739:
738:
733:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
651:
649:
644:
643:Philip Kotler
636:
632:
627:
623:
621:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
589:
587:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
554:
553:
546:
545:Word-of-mouth
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Point of sale
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Effectiveness
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
205:
204:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
190:
186:
180:
178:
176:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
79:is available.
78:
74:
68:
67:
63:
58:This article
56:
47:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5285:Media ethics
5205:Door-to-door
5200:Cold calling
5177:Weasel words
5084:Fifth column
4978:Push polling
4928:Astroturfing
4890:Pseudo-event
4870:Infotainment
4845:Broadcasting
4783:
4764:Urban legend
4687:April Fools'
4560:Testimonials
4530:Infomercials
4357:Dumbing down
4293:at Wikibooks
4282:at Wikiquote
4266:
4240:
4222:
4215:
4205:
4188:
4164:
4148:
4142:Bibliography
4128:
4118:
4093:
4085:
4066:
4060:
4046:
4038:
4025:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3958:
3954:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3919:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3854:(4): 83–93.
3851:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3806:
3798:
3785:. Retrieved
3770:
3762:
3758:
3740:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3691:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3641:the original
3636:
3632:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3455:
3428:
3424:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3295:(1): 33–39.
3292:
3288:
3282:
3260:(4): 20–34.
3257:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3219:Investopedia
3218:
3208:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3152:
3128:
3122:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3046:the original
3025:
3021:
3008:
2999:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:
2926:NetMBA.com.
2921:
2911:27 September
2909:. Retrieved
2905:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:
2870:
2861:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2807:
2797:
2788:
2782:
2741:
2735:
2708:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2680:
2667:
2654:
2627:
2617:
2608:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2538:
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2509:. Retrieved
2504:
2474:. Retrieved
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2337:. New York:
2334:
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2313:. Retrieved
2309:
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2279:
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2258:. Retrieved
2252:
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1956:Demand chain
1864:
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1843:introduction
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1775:conglomerate
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1670:Social media
1603:dealership).
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1454:Segmentation
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1428:Segmentation
1406:
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1347:unemployment
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715:neuroscience
711:anthropology
679:art director
667:distribution
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289:Segmentation
214:Distribution
208:Key concepts
188:
167:
132:
115:
114:
85:January 2024
82:
77:Editing help
59:
42:
29:
5157:Sound bites
5137:Doublespeak
4988:Wedge issue
4948:Dog whistle
4923:Advertising
4749:Lying press
4734:Gaslighting
4512:Advertising
4487:Occupations
4377:Obfuscation
4367:Half-truths
3584:(1): 1973.
3178:: 356–369.
3092:(3): 1–13.
2589:15 November
2280:Boing Boing
1889:Advertising
1848:During the
1664:Transit ads
1631:Advertising
1572:Positioning
1516:Discernable
1473:Demographic
1314:Environment
1296:Convenience
1207:exhibitions
1179:advertising
785:unmet needs
703:mathematics
687:copywriting
663:advertising
382:Franchising
357:Advertising
324:Attribution
249:Co-creation
18:Remarketing
5315:Categories
5258:Media bias
5114:Subversion
5079:False flag
5056:Techniques
4998:Propaganda
4958:Lawn signs
4938:Canvassing
4832:News media
4588:Censorship
4520:Billboards
4472:Hacktivism
4462:Grassroots
4387:Persuasion
3028:(1): 3–8.
2937:8 November
2823:15 October
2511:8 November
2476:8 November
2234:References
2097:Smarketing
1835:strategies
1791:functional
1652:Billboards
1585:See also:
1534:Profitable
1528:Measurable
1522:Accessible
1501:Behavioral
1489:Life-Cycle
1461:Geographic
1225:outside-in
1220:inside-out
1214:Criticisms
1150:Place (or
732:Adam Smith
695:psychology
540:Web banner
427:Propaganda
234:Activation
198:Management
181:Definition
105:Apple Inc.
101:Steve Jobs
5326:Marketing
5220:Promotion
5099:Political
5006:Bandwagon
4933:Attack ad
4812:Publicity
4784:Marketing
4697:Fake news
4659:Religious
4654:Political
4634:Euphemism
4629:Cover-ups
4624:Corporate
4492:Petitions
4382:Orwellian
4352:Deception
4291:Marketing
4280:marketing
4267:marketing
4241:Marketing
3975:1568-4946
3926:(41): 26.
3787:7 January
3598:189884279
3330:: 29–40.
3200:226739953
3192:0019-8501
3114:220319720
3106:1470-7853
2982:154456073
2974:0007-6503
2960:: 39–42.
2768:cite book
2760:954203453
2563:238711288
2555:1470-7853
2315:11 August
2290:30 August
1690:Pinterest
1678:Instagram
1646:Magazines
1495:Lifestyle
1394:marketing
1366:Suppliers
1362:Employees
1358:consumers
1349:, etc.),
1343:inflation
1233:promotion
1173:Promotion
1167:Placement
1159:retailers
1063:promotion
948:follows:
926:products.
707:economics
699:sociology
500:New media
432:Publicity
284:Promotion
269:Dominance
189:Marketing
163:Got Milk?
120:customers
116:Marketing
5167:Transfer
5109:Sedition
4973:Negative
4885:Newspeak
4875:Managing
4817:Research
4792:Branding
4744:Literary
4709:Fakelore
4702:websites
4692:Deepfake
4649:Internet
4540:Modeling
4497:Protests
4477:Internet
4410:Advocacy
4402:Activism
4196:Archived
4161:(1997).
3781:Archived
3447:53687035
3224:16 April
3042:49060196
2845:16 March
2333:(1954).
2284:Archived
2260:16 March
1871:See also
1858:maturity
1694:Snapchat
1674:Facebook
1634:include:
1417:Research
1380:Research
1368:and the
1124:Branding
1120:end-user
1090:planning
1074:analysis
830:Supplies
734:'s book
557:Research
412:Premiums
367:Branding
294:Strategy
128:commerce
5246:Related
5225:Spaving
5210:Pricing
5152:Slogans
5094:Lawfare
5031:Framing
5011:Big lie
4802:Product
4797:Loyalty
4729:Forgery
4674:Hoaxing
4555:Slogans
4535:Mobiles
4427:Boycott
4335:Context
3868:1251988
3309:9997002
3274:1251757
2906:Dummies
2886:16 June
2727:5564799
2692:13 June
1865:decline
1863:During
1841:In the
1759:Control
1756:Budgets
1702:YouTube
1698:Tik Tok
1682:Twitter
1274:Outline
1257:The 4Cs
1134:Pricing
1114:Product
1108:Outline
1055:product
1049:The 4Ps
919:others.
768:Demands
725:Concept
671:selling
229:Service
219:Pricing
4850:Circus
4759:Racial
4238:about
4210:online
4177:
4153:online
4106:
4102:–166.
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2881:Forbes
2814:
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2405:
2254:Forbes
2078:(ROMI)
1850:growth
1686:Tumblr
1649:Online
1484:Income
1479:Gender
1400:market
1088:, and
1065:, and
900:needs.
833:Venues
417:Prizes
279:Ethics
224:Retail
60:is in
5192:Sales
4895:Scrum
4855:Cycle
4769:Virus
4639:Films
4604:Books
4545:Radio
4525:False
4502:Youth
4482:Media
4415:group
4372:Media
4035:(PDF)
3951:(PDF)
3864:JSTOR
3644:(PDF)
3629:(PDF)
3594:S2CID
3443:S2CID
3421:(PDF)
3305:S2CID
3270:JSTOR
3196:S2CID
3110:S2CID
3049:(PDF)
3038:S2CID
3018:(PDF)
2978:S2CID
2841:. CIM
2559:S2CID
1643:Radio
1562:Niche
1370:Media
1163:Place
1140:price
1128:brand
1067:place
1059:price
1015:value
988:goods
759:Wants
749:Needs
387:Label
149:, or
143:media
66:prose
5162:Spin
4739:List
4664:Self
4342:Bias
4225:2002
4175:ISBN
4104:ISBN
4071:ISBN
3971:ISSN
3813:ISBN
3793:>
3789:2018
3719:ISBN
3544:ISBN
3226:2020
3188:ISSN
3102:ISSN
2970:ISSN
2939:2017
2913:2017
2888:2017
2847:2017
2825:2009
2812:ISBN
2774:link
2756:OCLC
2746:ISBN
2723:OCLC
2713:ISBN
2694:2024
2591:2019
2551:ISSN
2513:2017
2478:2019
2403:ISBN
2317:2021
2292:2012
2262:2019
2225:and
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