116:. A life script refers to the series of culturally important transitional events that are expected to occur in a certain order at various points during the life span. During early adulthood one starts to make important decisions and have influencing experiences on his or her identity. The memories during this time period are therefore more significantly remembered because they are what has essentially determined and influenced their life script (Habernas & Bluck, 2000). A life script typically has the majority of expected transitional experiences occur during early adulthood (Gluck & Bluck, 2007), and usually includes positive experiences such as marriage, the birth of a baby, or buying a house. Events that deviate from the life script are typically sad and traumatic. These events, such as the death of a child, are not culturally expected and often do not show a peak of recall at any specific point during the life span. Life scripts act as a way to structure memory and lead to the expectation that the happiest and the most important life events form the reminiscence bump. Contrary to the recall of happy events, the recall of sad events remains stable across the life span and does not exhibit a bump in recall.
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these memories were stored. Public events are events that everyone living at the time know about and are exposed to (political, war/murder, sports/entertainment or news events), but private events are only experienced by the individual (relationships, births/deaths, work/education, home/leisure, illness and religion). When recalling public events, participants were between ages 10 and 19; and when recalling private events, participants were between 20 and 29. Researchers suggest that public events are recalled at an earlier age because individuals are gaining a sense of generational identity. People are starting to create their own beliefs and their individual identity, so these experiences are being rehearsed, practiced and stored in long-term memory. Private events are recalled later because this is when individuals are developing intimate relationship. Private events are more easily stored and recalled because they are unique to each person and are likely occurring without any outside influence.
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recalling important memories. The life script events often contain more memories during early adulthood, or the reminiscence bump, than any other age period (Berntsen & Rubin, 2004).The life script account emphasizes norms and expectations typical of a given culture with regard to the timing of major life events. The order and timing of the major events may differ depending on the culture. The life script is a representation of the sequence of normative and major life events. Individuals know the culturally shared expectations of the order and timing of life events in a prototypical life, and are also aware of their own timing in relations to those norms. It assumes that people have an internalized culturally-aware script of the events that make up an expected, skeletal life course; this script acts as a template for the recall of life events in association with each life phase.
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methodology found peaks in the same period with Polish and
Japanese participants. Supporting this study, there was research done that compared the distribution of memories of participants from Bangladesh, China, England, Japan, and the United States. The research found a greater number of childhood memories among American participants than in other cultural groups. While the timing of the reminiscence bump is generally thought to be culturally universal, with some minor difference in the period of life from which memories are recalled, there are studies that offer support for the notion that similar life scripts, at least for positive events, might also be found across different cultures.
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reminiscence bump only happy memories and memories of important events are recalled. It is postulated that sad events are easier to forget because there may be an increased motivation to forget them. Conversely, individuals are more likely to recall and relive happy events because they produced pleasurable memories. A second explanation suggests that remembering positive events can help regulate emotions and even enhance moods. It is also possible to regulate emotions through remembering negative events and comparing these events to present positive events. Positive or negative events can also be used to share life experiences with others and compare life events.
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and personality traits. Alternatively, Asian cultures often value group solidarity, communion, and interconnectedness, where individuals are encouraged to develop a sense of self that is aligned with social roles, duties, and responsibilities. The differences in societal norms expressed by
Western and Asian cultures influence the focus of memories. Individuals from Western cultures have memories that cast the individual as the central character and often have self-focused autobiographical memories. Individuals from Asian cultures have memories that express a strong group orientation and often have relation-centered autobiographical memories.
470:. This can skew an individual's lifespan retrieval curve and influence the presentation of the reminiscence bump. Memories an individual has for personal life events can show a different pattern than the average individual if they have brain damage caused by an event like an accident, a blow to the head or disease. For these individuals with brain damage, the lifespan retrieval curve can look different. An example of this is an individual having the reminiscence bump between the age of 5 and 13 rather than 10 to 30, which is the pattern for the average individual.
500:, may develop amnesia. The episodic content of autobiographical memories is predominantly encoded in the form of visual images. If the ability to generate visual images is compromised or lost then access to specific details of the past held in episodic images is lost as well. When life events or episodic memories are encoded in the brain, they are in the form of pictures or visual images. They develop amnesia since they can no longer bring these visual images of the past to mind.
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goals, values, and belief systems. The age of occurrence of the reminiscence bump is culturally influenced and reflects the age at which a culture identifies individuals as adults. In
Western societies the reminiscence bump corresponds with adolescence and early adulthood, approximately from the ages of 10 to 30. In Asian cultures the reminiscence bump appears later than in Western cultures because adulthood may not be reached until 30.
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populations that have experience with traumatic events. In 1999, researchers compared younger and older groups of
Bangladeshis. The younger group (ages 20–42) showed the usual increase in memories during the reminiscence bump while the older group (ages 46–86) showed a second increase in memories between the ages of 35 and 55. The second bump experienced by the older group corresponded to the period of the
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employment, differ for men and women. Most of the major life events start between the age of 15 and 30 but there is a small gender difference shown here with respect to when the event takes place. Researchers found that women have a slightly earlier bump than men. The earlier age of the bump in women may be attributed to earlier hormonal changes in adolescence.
215:, and concern themselves with the internalization of external features of the world. The reminiscence bump occurs during a period of life where people form their individual and generational identity. The earlier years of the reminiscence bump coincide with the formation of generation identity, while the later years coincide with the formation of adult identity.
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easily accessible. It is suggested that the flashbulb memories encoded during the reminiscence bump are so vivid because the events happened during a time of identity formation and peak brain function. Additionally, these events are recalled well because they undergo more rehearsal due to their serious nature and frequent discussion.
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people known to them in a 90-second period. This is repeated for three lifetime periods: childhood, early adulthood, and recent adult life. Recalling personal incident memories, participants try to produce as many personally experienced events as possible in a 90-second period, and it is also repeated for three lifetime periods.
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because negative events are often unexpected. Their study was based on the individual's unique chapters and specific memories, whereas the cultural life script is a de-personalized and culturally shared knowledge structure. Finally, the cultural life script theory seems unable to explain the reminiscence bump for public events.
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remembered later in life (Ece & Gulgoz, 2014). Self-identity formation provides added motivation for using cognitive processes to ensure recall of these memories. The events from this period are more likely to be organized into a story or view of oneself, and benefits from the advantage of schematic organization in memory.
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retrieve a memory that reminded them of the cue- word, recall memories from across their lifespan, and recall memories that were at least a year old. Then participants were asked to date the memory to the nearest month and year. The results were graphed on a lifespan retrieval curve, and the reminiscence bump was observed.
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as cues when studying flashbulb memories. Participants are asked to recall very specific information such as where they were, how they felt, and what they were doing when the event was taking place. Memories of these events are easily recalled and the individual believes their account of the event to
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The events in a life script are often positive, celebrated, and normative. It represents and idealized life story. An average life would also include negative events and people would learn from experience. But the life script is handed down from older generations, through stories, and observations of
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The reminiscence bump has been studied cross-culturally and has been observed in various cultural backgrounds and experiences. It is important to consider that the process of remembering occurs in the context of culture, and memories found within the reminiscence bump are congruent with the culture's
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A study done in 2005 showed more accurate age results that were dependent on culture and gender. American women and men showed reminiscence bumps at age 13 and 17, respectively, while Dutch participants show a more progressive development of encoding strength around age 15. Studies with an identical
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account. Researchers have suggested that the increase of cognitive ability in early adulthood may cause memories during this time period to be more adequately stored (Ece & Gulgoz, 2014). The reminiscence bump is caused by age-related differences in encoding efficiency, which cause more memories
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Adolescence and early adulthood have been described as important times in memory encoding because individuals typically recall a disproportionate number of autobiographical memories from those periods. The reminiscence bump accounts for this disproportionate number of memories. The reminiscence bump
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tend to recall many memories that lack detail (clouded) and are much more schematic than typical autobiographical memories. In these instances, a patient asked to recall specific memories of his father could only recall general events such as "walks in the park after Sunday lunch" and was unable to
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These memories have been tested in different ways, including measuring the ability to recall details of the event and the impact of additional cues on the recall of the event. Denver, Lane and Cherry found that flashbulb memories that took place in the reminiscence bump were exceptionally vivid and
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Participants are given a time period and asked to recall as many personal events as possible from that period. It assesses the ability to generate both personal semantic and personal incident memories. Recalling the personal semantic memories, participants try to produce as many examples of name of
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refers to nurturing and caring for those things, products, and people that have the potential to outlast the self. Individuals who were judged high in generativity, (i.e. who had a commitment story) were found to recall a higher proportion of events related to aspects of generativity. In contrast,
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Modification of the cultural life script theory include: (1) the theory may benefit from explicitly distinguishing between specific transitional events and extended periods of stability (2) life script theory proposes that requests for negative events should rarely active the cultural life script,
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Culture not only influences the age at which the reminiscence bump appears but also the content of the memories found within the bump. Western cultures often value individuality, agency, and distinctiveness, where individuals are encouraged to develop and maintain their private beliefs, attitudes,
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Researchers have studied different types of memories in order to find some clues into how the reminiscence bump works and how memories are stored and retrieved. Participants were asked to retrieve memories that were classified as either public or private to try to find differences in terms of when
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These researchers presented cue-words in the form of common locations (restaurants, markets, parks), objects (chair, table, television), positive emotions (happy, joy, cheerful), negative emotions (frustration, pain, sad), and significant others (father, mother, friend). Participants were asked to
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tasks. Research suggests that memories are easily accessible from the reminiscence bump because they are linked to self-identity. The memories found within the reminiscence bump significantly contribute to an individual's life goals, self-theories, attitudes, and beliefs. Additionally, life events
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A script has two parts: slots and requirements. In the life script, slots are culturally important transitional events that are expected to occur within a circumscribed age span in the life course of an individual; and, the requirement is the prescribed appropriate age for the culturally expected
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Have participants indicate important personal events on a timeline. Participants are given a timeline with intervals (e.g., 5 years per interval) and asked to fill in events that come to mind and indicate age during the event. This gives the participant the ability to recall freely rather than be
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Subjects share personal events and researchers compare involuntary and voluntary memories of young and older children. Participants read ten words and are asked to recall as many of the words as they can in no particular order. Then participants were asked to keep a diary on their memory process
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may lose the ability to form new memories, especially if the damage is within the hippocampal formation, while retaining access to at least some memories from before the injury. Individuals with this type of brain damage are not able to form new memories after the incident that caused the brain
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A life script is a schema that outlines cultural appropriate events that individuals should experience during a specific time period. (Berntsen & Rubin, 2004). The life script account argues that the reminiscence bump occurs because individuals use life script memories to provide a basis of
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suggests that the reminiscence bump occurs because a sense of self-identity develops during adolescence and early adulthood. Research suggests that memories that have more influence and significance to one's self are more frequently rehearsed in defining one's identity, and are therefore better
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Different emotions have been shown to affect memory. Life events that have stronger emotions attached will be remembered more vividly. In studies looking at emotional events and the reminiscence bump, older adults tend to remember more positive events than younger adults. Typically, during the
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Studies suggest gender differences in the reminiscence bump. Researchers found that men have more positive life events in their thirties and that women have more positive life events in their twenties. This finding suggests that the timing of important positive life events, such as marriage or
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Theorists have proposed several explanations, ranging from changes in brain biology to the type of events that typically occur during this time period. Researchers have consistently observed the reminiscence bump, the period of increased memory accessibility in participants' lifespan retrieval
223:. The two generations showed similar patterns and timing of memory recall within their own subgroup, suggesting that they did have similar experiences, either living or not living through the war. This finding may suggests that each generation remember personal events and generational events.
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The influence of generation identity on the reminiscence bump can be attributed to the idea that all members of the subgroup are likely to have memories of similar types of experiences. Evidence attesting to the influence of generation identity on the reminiscence bump has been witnessed in
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Mimicked Galton's technique and had participants recall and date autobiographical memories in response to the cue- words. Participants were encouraged to share the first memory they thought of. This technique is consistent and reproducible under different conditions, such as using different
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suggests that genetic fitness is improved by having many memories that fall within the reminiscence bump. Cognitive capacities are at their optimum from the ages of 10 to 30 and the reminiscence bump may reflect a peak in cognitive performance. This account is therefore sometimes called the
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suggests that memories are remembered best because they occur during a period of rapid change followed by a period of relative stability. There is an assumed memory advantage for the novel and distinct events that is followed by a period of stability. The novel events are subject to greater
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Used objects from his environment to cue memories from his life. Galton created lists of cue-words to stimulate memory recall. He recorded the amount of time required to recall an autobiographical memory related to the cue- word and note the distribution of memories over the life span.
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These findings suggest that two processes affect the reminiscence bump phenomenon: (1) Events in adolescence are encoded more strongly than events that occur in other periods of life. (2) Because these events are initially stored more intensely, they will be retrieved more frequently.
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motivation or with a distinctive power motivation, and found that the intimacy-motivation group recalled peak experiences with a much higher percentage of intimacy themes, while the power-motivation group tended to recall peak experiences with strong themes of power and satisfaction.
315:(7) Because life scripts represent a normative life course, life scripts are not extracted from personal actions in recurrent contexts but are transmitted by tradition. Young people who have lived through only a small part of their lives know the life script of their culture.
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the behavior of others, typically older, people within the same culture. Individuals should also remember more during their young adulthood because that era is the time of biological maturation, new experiences, adult identity formation, and major events in life scripts.
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participants or cue- words. There is a consistent peak of recalled memories within the reminiscence bump. However, different types of cue words, such as nouns and adjectives, elicited memories from different time periods and with different phenomenology.
270:. When researchers examined the encoding values, it showed a progressive increase with participant age around the reminiscence bump for participants older than 50. This proves that the reminiscence bump is stronger for older adults than younger adults.
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damage, but they still have access to memories that happened before the brain damage occurred. If the brain damage was present at the age of 10, the individual may not remember anything from between the age of 10 and 30 and have no reminiscence bump.
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The lifespan retrieval curve is a graph that represents the number of autobiographical memories encoded at various ages during the life span. The lifespan retrieval curve contains three different parts. From birth to five years old is a period of
344:(4) the age estimates for negative events had higher standard deviation than age estimates for positive and neutral events, consistent with the assumption that negative events have more poorly specified temporal slots than the positive events
59:, from 15 to 25 years old is the reminiscence bump and last is a period of forgetting from the end of the reminiscence bump to present time. The reminiscence bump has been observed on the lifespan retrieval curve in multiple studies.
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between two one-hour experimental sessions. They were asked to record autobiographical memories as soon as possible, using a two-page questionnaire for each memory. Allowed researchers to keep track of personal thoughts and events.
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elaborative cognitive processing leading to stronger encoding of these memories. Moreover, the period of stability that follows increases the stability of the cues for these memories and increases the chances of recall.
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such as those involving mastery, dominance, and humiliation. In contrast, communal types showed a recollection bias for emotional memories featuring others, often significant others, in acts of love and friendship.
350:(6) a dominance of culturally sanctioned transitional events, rather than purely biological events, consistent with the claim that mainly culturally sanctioned transitional events go into the life script
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Holbrook, M.B.; Schindler, R.M. (1989). "Market segmentation based on age and attitude toward the past: Concepts, methods, and findings concerning nostalgic influences on customer tastes".
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damage on the reminiscence bump is highly variable as a function of age at the time of injury. This is because patients with damage to the temporal lobes or underlying structures in the
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that start with "I am..." This enables the collection of concepts and roles that are important to the definition of self. There is no unitary structure to self, it is a combination of
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group) or those concerned with relationships, interdependence, and others (communion group). Agentic types consistently recalled emotional memories of events that involved issues of
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Maki, Y.; Janssen, S.M.J.; Uemiya, A.; Naka, M. (2013). "The phenomenology and temporal distribution of autobiographical memories elicited with emotional and neutral cue words".
306:(4) Life scripts form a hierarchical arrangement, with transitional events forming a higher order "scene" in which a series of subordinate actions or episodes are nested.
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Janssen, S.M.J.; Murre, J.M.J. (2008). "Reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory; Unexplained by novelty, emotionality, valence, or importance of personal events".
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Berntsen, D.; Rubin, D. C. (2002). "Emotionally charged autobiographical memories across the life span: The recall of happy, sad, traumatic, and involuntary memories".
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that occur during the period of the reminiscence bump, such as graduation, marriage, or the birth of a child, are often very novel, thus, making them more memorable.
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can obscure memories and lead to the loss of details. In more extreme cases patients may even construct available autobiographical knowledge into plausible but
353:(7) the majority of positive events were estimated to occur between the ages of 15 and 30 years, whereas the life span for negative events was relatively flat.
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Janssen, S.M.J.; Chessa, A.G.; Murre, J.M.J. (2007). "Temporal distribution of favourite books, movies and records: Differential encoding and re-sampling".
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limited to artificial cue- words. The time intervals focus the participant on certain periods and control the amount of time spent searching for memories.
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There are three possible hypotheses of the reminiscence bump: a cognitive account, a narrative/identity account, and a biological/maturational account.
338:(2) a correlation between the order in which events were generated and their estimated dates, consistent with life scripts having a temporal structure
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Schlagman, S.; Schulz, J.; Kvavilashvili, L.; Kliegel, M. (2009). "Differential effects of age on involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory".
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Denver, J. Y.; Lane, S. M.; Cherry, K. E. (2010). "Recent versus remote: Flashbulb memory 9/11 and self-selected events from the reminiscence bump".
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Demiray, B.; Guulgooz, S.; Bluck, S. (2009). "Examining the life story account of the reminiscence bump: Why we remember more from young adulthood".
297:(1) A life script is semantic knowledge about the expectations in a given culture about life events, not a form of episodic memory for those events.
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Haque, S.; Hasking, P. (2010). "Life scripts for emotionally charged autobiographical memories: A cultural explanation of the reminiscence bump".
318:(8) Life scripts do not represent an average life but instead represent an idealized life, in that many common and important events are left out.
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occurs when a very vivid memory of a traumatic, emotional, or significant event is recalled. Researchers typically use public events such as the
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Janssen, S.; Chessa, A.; Murre, J. (2005). "The reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: Effects of age, gender, education, and culture".
190:, are then used as autobiographical memory cues, enabling the distribution of highly self-relevant memories to be plotted across the lifespan.
347:(5) the frequency by which events were recorded was predicted strongly by valence and by whether the event fell during the period of the bump
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Research suggests that people younger than 40 years also show a reminiscence bump. It was initially hidden because of the possibility of the
312:(6) The slots and their requirements for life scripts are culturally important transitional events and their culturally sanctioned timing.
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Schrauf, R. W.; Rubin, D. C. (2001). "Effects of voluntary immigration on the distribution of autobiographical memory over the lifespan".
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Jansari, A.; Parkin, A. J. (1996). "Things that go bump in your life: Explaining the reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory".
1451:"Remembering positive and negative life events: Associations with future time perspective and functions of autobiographical memory"
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Conway, Martin A.; Haque, Shamsul (January 1999). "Overshadowing the reminiscence bump: Memories of a struggle for independence".
1078:"Reminiscence bump in timeline: Support for novelty, significance for personality development, life scripts, and distinctiveness"
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typically occurs between 10 years of age and 30 years of age and is the period that individuals produce the most memories during
1628:"Temporal distribution of autobiographical memory: Uncovering the reminiscence bump in Japanese young and middle-aged adults"
335:(1) a high overlap among the events generated by the participants, supporting the assumption of a shared cognitive structure
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The impaired functioning of autobiographical memory due to damage or disease can have profound effects on an individual's
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Holmes, A.; Conway, M. A. (1999). "Generation identity and the reminiscence bump: Memory for public and private events".
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Generation identity occurs when an individual recognises that they are part of a particular social subgroup, a cultural
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The reminiscence bump can be observed in the distributions of people's favorite books, movies, records and video games.
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324:(10) Life scripts are distorted from actual lives to favor events expected to occur in the period covered by the bump.
1576:"A model for removing the increased recall of recent events from the temporal distribution of autobiographical memory"
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Janssen, S.; Uemiya, A.; Naka, M. (2014). "Age and gender effects in the cultural life script of
Japanese adults".
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Conway, M. A.; Wang, Q.; Hanyu, K.; Haque, S. (2005). "A cross-cultural investigation of autobiographical memory".
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Two groups of individuals were investigated, those concerned with personal power, achievement, and independence (
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Holbrook, M.B.; Schindler, R.M. (1989). "Some exploratory findings on the development of musical tastes".
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A common psychological phenomenon is the severe clouding of autobiographical memory, which results in the
980:"Distribution of important and word-cued autobiographical memories in 20-, 35-, and 70-year-old adults"
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There is preferential access to memories of experiences that corresponds with an individual's sense of
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341:(3) a dominance of positive events, consistent with the assumption of an idealized version of life
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Sehulster, J.R. (1996). "In my era: Evidence for the perception of a special period of the past".
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those participants without a prominent disposition towards generativity showed no such bias.
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1535:"The stories we keep: autobiographical memory in American and Chinese middle-aged adults"
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There is one additional theory that explains the occurrence of the reminiscence bump:
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Those with damage to regions of the brain involved in visual processing, such as the
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1741:"Looking back across the life span: A life story account of the reminiscence bump"
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711:"The relation between verbal and visuospatial memory and autobiographical memory"
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1105:"Memory of myself: Autobiographical memory and identity in Alzheimer's disease"
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Janssen, S.M.J. (2015). "Is there a cultural life script for public events?".
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303:(3) A life script can be described in terms of slots and their requirements.
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curves, and the bump has been reproduced under a range of study conditions.
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321:(9) Life scripts are distorted from actual lives to favor positive events.
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event that leads to causal sequencing, in a series of succeeding events.
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especially in relation to the mechanisms critical to someone's sense of
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is the tendency for adults over forty to have increased or enhanced
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1967:"Life story chapters, specific memories and the reminiscence bump"
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Janssen, S. M. J.; Kristo, G.; Rouw, R.; Murre, J. M. J. (2015).
309:(5) Life scripts are used to process stories—here, life stories.
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Leist, A. K.; Ferring, D.; Filipp, S. H.; et al. (2010).
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North, A.C.; Hargeaves, D.J. (1995). "Eminence in pop music".
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It has been identified that individuals with either a strong
300:(2) A life scripts is a series of temporally ordered events.
757:"Self-centered memories: The reminiscence bump and the self"
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657:"Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best"
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Rathbone, C. J.; Moulin, C. J.; Conway, M. A. (2008).
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and the subsequent plotting of the age of encoding of
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generate a single specific memory of a single walk.
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1965:Thomsen, D.K.; Pillemer, D.B.; Ivcevic, Z. (2011).
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507:. For instance, clinically depressed individuals,
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655:Rubin, D. C.; Rahhal, T. A.; Poon, L. W. (1998).
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186:such as "I am a mother". These self-concepts, or
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1395:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
294:Life scripts have the following ten properties:
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1356:"Reminiscence bump in memory for public events"
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748:
746:
1626:Kawasaki, Y.; Janssen, S.; Inoue, T. (2011).
1528:
1526:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
8:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1574:Janssen, S.; Gralak, A.; Murre, J. (2011).
227:Memory for public events and private events
1659:
1657:
1655:
2106:website with autobiographical memory test
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1863:
1814:
1804:
1756:
1643:
1599:
1550:
1171:
1006:
905:
772:
726:
682:
672:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
199:Literature, cinema, music and video games
43:. It was identified through the study of
1360:European Journal of Cognitive Psychology
1098:
1096:
1094:
16:Memory phenomenon related to human aging
978:Rubin, D. C.; Schulkind, M. D. (1997).
536:
2104:Human Memory - University of Amsterdam
1840:"Age effects in cultural life scripts"
511:individuals, and those suffering from
51:to form the lifespan retrieval curve.
35:for events that occurred during their
7:
805:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
134:Crovitz-Schiffman cue-word technique
1087:. Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
143:Conway and Haque cue-word technique
332:Studies confirmed the hypothesis:
14:
1787:Berntsen, D.; Rubin, D. (2004).
1645:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2010.00451.x
1552:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00285.x
1533:Wang, Q.; Conway, M. A. (2004).
1889:Journal of Cognitive Psychology
1838:Janssen, S.; Rubin, D. (2011).
1632:Japanese Psychological Research
1103:Addis, D.; Tippett, L. (2004).
429:Memory for happy and sad events
101:biological/maturational account
505:overgeneralization of memories
194:Social and cultural influences
1:
1739:Gluck, J.; Bluck, S. (2007).
513:obsessive compulsive disorder
1986:10.1080/09658211.2011.558513
1901:10.1080/20445911.2014.892493
1844:Applied Cognitive Psychology
1710:10.1080/09658211.2010.506442
1666:Applied Cognitive Psychology
1236:10.1016/0148-2963(96)00023-9
1224:Journal of Business Research
1197:Journal of Consumer Research
1044:10.1080/09658211.2012.725739
940:Journal of Adult Development
886:Applied Cognitive Psychology
728:10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.001
601:Journal of Adult Development
174:Twenty Statements Test (TST)
2060:Aging and Human Development
715:Consciousness and Cognition
371:Dependence vs. independence
2141:
999:10.1037/0882-7974.12.3.524
863:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.636
93:narrative/identity account
2029:"Autobiographical Memory"
1936:10.1080/09658210902939322
1592:10.3758/s13428-011-0110-z
1580:Behavior Research Methods
1501:10.1080/09658210444000322
1467:10.1024/1662-9647/a000017
1407:10.1080/17470210701774242
1372:10.1080/09541440701554409
1306:10.1080/03007769508591606
1294:Popular Music and Society
1263:10.1080/09658210701539646
1121:10.1080/09658210244000423
567:10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.85
221:Bangladesh Liberation War
125:Galton cue-word technique
817:10.1177/0022022105280512
178:Participants provide 20
23:Lifespan retrieval curve
1333:10.1080/096582196389013
952:10.1023/A:1021620224085
613:10.1023/A:1021672208155
454:be perfectly accurate.
114:the life script account
45:autobiographical memory
1539:Journal of Personality
661:Memory & Cognition
526:Serial position effect
245:Cross-cultural studies
24:
412:Agentic vs. communion
22:
1793:Memory and Cognition
1745:Memory and Cognition
1152:Psychology and Aging
1109:Memory and Cognition
1076:Demiray, B. (2006).
987:Psychology and Aging
851:Psychology and Aging
774:10.3758/MC.36.8.1403
761:Memory and Cognition
555:Psychology and Aging
473:Brain injury in the
207:Generation identity
106:cognitive abilities
2027:Martin A. Conway,
1806:10.3758/BF03195836
1758:10.3758/BF03192926
674:10.3758/bf03211366
449:assassination and
387:Power vs. intimacy
236:Gender differences
165:Free recall method
25:
2072:10.2190/ag.70.4.a
1401:(12): 1847–1860.
85:cognitive account
57:childhood amnesia
29:reminiscence bump
2132:
2092:
2091:
2055:
2036:
2025:
2006:
2005:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1856:10.1002/acp.1690
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1751:(8): 1928–1939.
1736:
1730:
1729:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1678:10.1002/acp.3022
1661:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1446:
1427:
1426:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1164:10.1037/a0015785
1147:
1141:
1140:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
984:
975:
964:
963:
935:
912:
911:
909:
881:
875:
874:
846:
829:
828:
800:
787:
786:
776:
767:(8): 1403–1414.
752:
741:
740:
730:
706:
697:
696:
686:
676:
652:
633:
632:
596:
579:
578:
550:
443:Flashbulb memory
438:Flashbulb memory
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2039:
2026:
2009:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1695:
1694:
1685:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1448:
1447:
1430:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1085:Master's Thesis
1080:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1029:
1028:
1024:
982:
977:
976:
967:
937:
936:
915:
898:10.1002/acp.835
883:
882:
878:
848:
847:
832:
802:
801:
790:
754:
753:
744:
708:
707:
700:
654:
653:
636:
598:
597:
582:
552:
551:
538:
534:
522:
498:occipital lobes
468:episodic memory
464:
447:John F. Kennedy
440:
431:
414:
402:
389:
383:or dependence.
373:
368:
359:
330:
280:
264:
247:
238:
229:
209:
201:
196:
176:
167:
154:
145:
136:
127:
122:
69:
41:early adulthood
17:
12:
11:
5:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:External links
2096:
2094:
2093:
2066:(4): 275–297.
2037:
2033:The Gale Group
2007:
1980:(3): 267–279.
1957:
1930:(7): 708–723.
1914:
1895:(3): 307–321.
1879:
1850:(2): 291–298.
1830:
1799:(3): 427–442.
1772:
1731:
1704:(7): 712–729.
1683:
1651:
1615:
1586:(4): 916–930.
1566:
1545:(5): 911–938.
1522:
1495:(6): 658–668.
1472:
1461:(3): 137–147.
1428:
1385:
1366:(4): 738–764.
1346:
1327:(2): 145–158.
1311:
1284:
1257:(7): 755–767.
1241:
1214:
1209:10.1086/209200
1187:
1158:(2): 397–411.
1142:
1090:
1065:
1038:(3): 286–300.
1022:
993:(3): 524–535.
965:
913:
892:(7): S75–S88.
876:
857:(4): 636–652.
830:
811:(6): 739–749.
788:
742:
698:
634:
580:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
521:
518:
484:The effect of
479:false memories
463:
460:
439:
436:
430:
427:
413:
410:
401:
398:
388:
385:
372:
369:
367:
364:
358:
355:
329:
326:
279:
276:
268:recency effect
263:
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68:
65:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2137:
2126:
2125:Memory biases
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
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2054:
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2030:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
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1933:
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1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
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1490:
1483:
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1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
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1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
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1429:
1424:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
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1361:
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1153:
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1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
974:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
914:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
751:
749:
747:
743:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
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703:
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690:
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581:
576:
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568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
537:
531:
527:
524:
523:
519:
517:
514:
510:
509:schizophrenic
506:
501:
499:
494:
491:
490:limbic system
487:
486:temporal lobe
482:
480:
476:
475:frontal lobes
471:
469:
461:
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
437:
435:
428:
426:
423:
419:
411:
409:
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242:
235:
233:
226:
224:
222:
216:
214:
206:
204:
198:
193:
191:
189:
185:
184:self-schemata
181:
180:self-concepts
173:
171:
164:
162:
158:
152:Fluency tests
151:
149:
142:
140:
133:
131:
124:
119:
117:
115:
110:
107:
102:
97:
94:
89:
86:
81:
78:
75:
66:
64:
60:
58:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2063:
2059:
2032:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1796:
1792:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1701:
1697:
1672:(1): 61–68.
1669:
1665:
1638:(1): 86–96.
1635:
1631:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1542:
1538:
1492:
1488:
1458:
1454:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1300:(4): 41–66.
1297:
1293:
1287:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1115:(1): 56–74.
1112:
1108:
1084:
1035:
1031:
1025:
990:
986:
943:
939:
889:
885:
879:
854:
850:
808:
804:
764:
760:
718:
714:
664:
660:
607:(1): 35–44.
604:
600:
561:(1): 85–91.
558:
554:
502:
495:
483:
472:
465:
462:Brain damage
456:
441:
432:
415:
405:Generativity
403:
400:Generativity
390:
381:independence
374:
360:
357:Improvements
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:Life scripts
272:
265:
256:
252:
248:
239:
230:
217:
210:
202:
177:
168:
159:
155:
146:
137:
128:
113:
111:
105:
100:
98:
92:
90:
84:
82:
79:
70:
61:
53:
33:recollection
28:
26:
1816:10161/10111
1203:: 119–124.
1008:10161/10155
907:10161/10135
684:10161/10152
667:(1): 3–19.
366:Personality
188:self-images
120:Methodology
74:free recall
37:adolescence
2114:Categories
532:References
262:Age factor
213:generation
1909:144661283
1455:GeroPsych
1230:: 27–39.
1173:2299/9705
960:141209944
946:: 21–34.
825:146691482
721:: 12–23.
629:140993936
621:1068-0667
2088:22519766
2080:20649160
2002:41190236
1994:21500087
1952:36824102
1944:19598057
1874:24701028
1825:15285126
1767:18265609
1726:23358954
1718:20803371
1610:21614661
1561:15335332
1517:22260975
1509:16076679
1423:20286866
1415:19031155
1380:53378437
1271:17852723
1182:19485657
1129:15098621
1052:23215874
871:12507360
783:19015500
737:25460237
520:See also
393:intimacy
67:Theories
49:memories
1865:3972131
1601:3218289
1341:8697034
1279:7664456
1137:6902967
1060:7297337
1017:9308099
693:9519693
575:8726374
418:agentic
328:Results
2120:Memory
2086:
2078:
2035:, 2003
2000:
1992:
1974:Memory
1950:
1942:
1924:Memory
1907:
1872:
1862:
1823:
1765:
1724:
1716:
1698:Memory
1608:
1598:
1559:
1515:
1507:
1489:Memory
1421:
1413:
1378:
1339:
1321:Memory
1277:
1269:
1251:Memory
1180:
1135:
1127:
1058:
1050:
1032:Memory
1015:
958:
869:
823:
781:
735:
691:
627:
619:
573:
422:agency
2084:S2CID
1998:S2CID
1970:(PDF)
1948:S2CID
1905:S2CID
1722:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1419:S2CID
1376:S2CID
1275:S2CID
1133:S2CID
1081:(PDF)
1056:S2CID
983:(PDF)
956:S2CID
821:S2CID
625:S2CID
2076:PMID
1990:PMID
1940:PMID
1870:PMID
1821:PMID
1763:PMID
1714:PMID
1606:PMID
1557:PMID
1505:PMID
1411:PMID
1337:PMID
1267:PMID
1178:PMID
1125:PMID
1048:PMID
1013:PMID
867:PMID
779:PMID
733:PMID
689:PMID
617:ISSN
571:PMID
451:9/11
377:self
99:The
91:The
83:The
39:and
27:The
2068:doi
1982:doi
1932:doi
1897:doi
1860:PMC
1852:doi
1811:hdl
1801:doi
1753:doi
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