452:
89:
678:
government to the Moscow
Patriarchy while Vvedensky was in evacuation. Vvedensky died of a stroke on July 8, 1946, with his church in complete disarray. By this time, almost all the Renovationist parishes and clergy had been annexed to the Moscow Patriarchate. After that scattered and isolated communities left in the country, headed by priests, who, in case of repentance, were defrocked for canonical reasons. The last Renovationist bishops to recognize the patriarchal Church were Archbishop Gabriel (Olkhovik) (1948) and Seraphim (Korovin) (August 1, 1948) and Alexander (Shcherbakov) (April 17, 1949). The last Renovationist hierarch in the USSR was Metropolitan Philaret (Yatsenko) of Krutitsy, who considered himself the head of the Renovationist Church. He died in early 1951, leaving no successors.
451:
32:
315:
through hierarchs (or former hierarchs) from the patriarch's entourage, were not crowned with success. Therefore, the Cheka decided to act through the young white parish clergy, who are revolutionary in relation to possible intra-church transformations, leading the case to eventually quarrel between "the priests and the episcopate", married ("white") and monastic ("black") clergy. The special VI branch of the GPU became the coordinating center of all efforts to split the Church through the
371:, formulated 17 theses containing detailed instructions to the party-Soviet and Chekist bodies regarding the forms and methods of expropriation of church valuables (the leadership of the campaign henceforth focused on in the hands of party organs). Among other things, it was proposed to "decisively split the clergy" by taking under the protection of state power those clergy who openly advocate the transfer of church wealth to the state.
403:. In many dioceses, the married ("white") clergy was encouraged to take church government into their own hands, without approval of their diocesan bishops. Simultaneously, these bishops were often threatened and pressed to recognize the authority of the HCA. In effect, this resulted in "parallel" church administrations existing in one diocese and one city, one supporting the HCA and the other supporting the canonical bishop.
414:, the future Patriarch. In many large cities, all of Orthodox church properties were in the hands of Renovationists. Before convening any general council to discuss their measures, the Renovationists began to implement radical reforms aimed at what they perceived to be the interests of the married clergy. Among the measures, changing the traditional order of ecclesiastic life were:
248:), which had hoped to split and weaken the Russian Church by instigating schismatic movements within it. The beginning of actual schism is usually considered to be in May 1922, when a group of Renovationist clergy laid claims to higher ecclesiastical authority in the Russian Church. Three days after the establishment of the new Church, the Soviet authorities arrested
619:, the church had abandoned all attempts at ecclesiastical or liturgical reform, with the exception of the concessions previously made to married clergy. Instead, the Renovationist Church made attempts at imitating external liturgical and organizational forms of their opponents from the "Patriarchal" Church.
355:). Among the preparatory activities included work with representatives of the Church: "If necessary, individual representatives of the clergy may be involved, who, contrary to the anti-Soviet clergy, would sharply defend the government's measures, thus introducing a split among the clergy." After the
669:
was that the days of the
Renovationist movement were numbered. What followed was a deluge of Renovationist clerics seeking reconciliation with Sergius. As a general rule, the Patriarchal Church considered all sacraments celebrated by Renovationists "null and void", hence these receiving clergy were
605:
and its interests. Subsequently, a Synod formed by
Sergius, received recognition from the Soviets. This had effectively put the Renovationist Synod out of place as the chief spokesman for the alliance between the Church and the Soviet state, and it was then that the Renovationist movement began its
524:
to active duty in June 1923 when, under international pressure, he was released from house arrest. Already by that time, large passive resistance to the
Renovationists, especially in rural areas, had undermined their efforts to "take over" the Russian Church. On 15 July 1923, the Patriarch declared
342:
Such an opportune moment soon presented itself on the occasion of the launch of a campaign to seize church valuables. As a special representative of the
Council of People's Commissars, Leon Trotsky headed the work of the Commission on Accounting and Concentration of Values. On January 23, 1922, the
88:
614:
By the mid-1930s the general failure of the movement had become evident. Having failed to attract the majority of the faithful, the movement ceased to be useful for the Soviet regime and, consequently, both the "Patriarchal" Church and the
Renovationists suffered fierce persecution at the hands of
537:
bishops, returned from exile and imprisonment, confirmed Tikhon's decision, proclaiming the
Renovationist hierarchy as "unlawful and without grace". Some of the churches were returned to the "Tikhonites" (as Renovationists called the "Patriarchal" Church at that time), and many bishops and priests
314:
officials began actively seeking contacts with those representatives of the
Orthodox clergy who, in their opinion, were suitable for the role of destroyers of the unity of the Russian Orthodox Church. The first attempts to introduce an element of disorganization into the church environment, acting
394:
This move was quickly (18 June 1922) denounced by
Agathangel as unlawful and uncanonical. However, for a brief time it seemed that the Renovationists had gotten the upper hand. The Renovationists, with full support of Soviet authorities, seized many church buildings and monasteries, including the
508:
On June 24, 1923, a power struggle among the factions resulted in the forced resignation of
Metropolitan Antonin (Granovsky). On June 29, 1923, he declared his "Union for Church Renewal" autocephalous and soon reverting to his previous title of "bishop", engaged in a series of radical liturgical
677:
In 1943, the Renovationist church had 13 active hierarchs and 10 more bishops, retired or in exile. By 1945 only three bishops remained, one of whom was retired. In Moscow, only one church remained under Renovationist control; the rest of the church properties had been returned by the Soviet
374:
In the same month, the so-called "Petrograd Group of Progressive Clergy" was formed. The first program document of the group was the declaration on famine relief dated March 24, 1922, was signed by 12 clergymen. The participants of the Petrograd group immediately launched an active activity:
505:, who was visited by delegation from the council, refused to recognize the authority of this council and the validity of the "court" decision, due to many irregularities in canonical procedure: essentially, the decision had no effect on the life of the Patriarchal or "Tikhonite" Church.
448:. The consecration of the "married bishops" without waiting for a conciliar decision on changing appropriate Canons met with opposition even among many Renovationist leaders and those "married bishops" later received a second laying on of hands before the Council opened.
271:, this was specifically the name of just one of the groups that comprised the larger Renovationist movement. By the time of the Moscow Council of 1923, three major groups had formed within the movement, representing different tendencies within Russian Renovationism:
391:, 2. It was Krasnitsky who became the main organizer among the participants of the Petrograd group. Under his leadership, which, however, was disputed by Vvedensky and Boyarsky, the Petrograd group became the center of the nascent renovationist movement.
662:, rather than to its largely unsuccessful rivals. On 8 September 1943, Stalin met with three chief hierarchs of the "Patriarchal" Church and promised to make concessions to the Church and religion in general in exchange for its allegiance and support.
645:
in 1941. The Metropolitan's residence had to be relocated due to evacuation. Therefore, the Synod had difficulties contacting and controlling its clergy in the parishes. More importantly, in its efforts to seek moral and financial support from the
549:
In addition to ecclesiological experimentation, the 1920s, the Renovationist Church had some activity in the fields of education and apologetics. Particularly, in 1924 the church was allowed to open two institutions of higher learning: the
455:
Vladimir Krasnitsky (leader of the "Living Church"), Peter Blinov (leader of the Siberian Renovationist Church), Antonin (Granovsky) (leader of the "Union for Church Revival") on the sidelines of 1923 Renovationist local council for a
686:
The central administrative body of the Renovationist Church, as well as its entire administration, was in a state of constant flux and changed names several times in the 28-year period of its existence. Initially it was called the
496:
status. The council allowed the marriage for episcopate and second marriage for priests. Monasteries "as having deviated from the pure monastic idea" were ordered to be closed. The Council then resolved to abolish the
501:
altogether and to return to the "collegial" form of church government. The Supreme Church Administration was renamed to the Supreme Church Council, still under the chairmanship of Antonin (Granovsky).
615:
Soviet secret services: church buildings were closed down and often destroyed; active clergy and laity were imprisoned and sometimes executed. At the same time, trying to "win back" more traditional
343:
members of the Commission agreed that work on the removal of valuables from existing religious institutions should begin in the near future in the two or three most important regions of the country (
332:
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281:
406:
This campaign of terror had its effects: by the summer of 1922, more than 20 hierarchs had recognized the canonical authority of HCA, the most notorious of whom was Metropolitan
1240:
328:
1245:
1220:
359:
on March 15, 1922, where the commission for the seizure of valuables faced massive and stubborn resistance of believers, Leon Trotsky on March 17, 1922, in a letter to
100:, Benjamin Muratovsky, Seraphim Ruzhentsov, Alexius Bazhenov and protopresbyter Pavel Krasotin. Standing: Archpriest Nikolai Popov, Professor Sergey Zarin, Professor
634:. The Renovationist church continued to dwindle in numbers; the process intensified starting in 1939, when the Synod forbade the diocesan bishops to do any priestly
1215:
1230:
1118:
1250:
844:
849:
714:) was introduced, in opposition to the "Tikhonite" Church, which was not to have a Patriarch until 1943. The position was given to the then-President of Synod
217:
in 1922. Sanctioned by the Soviet authorities, the movement ceased its operations in the late 1940s. In 1927, the movement was blessed by the future Patriarch
670:
received in those orders in which they happened to be upon the moment when they joined the schism (i.e. 1922). The only exception was made for Metropolitan
241:
1128:
Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe, Christianity and Renewal — Interdisciplinary Studies / A. Djurić Milovanović and R. Radić (eds.)
674:, who was regarded as the ‘father-founder’ of the schism. Vvedensky refused to come into the Moscow Patriarchy as a layman, and died unreconciled.
339:). By the spring of 1922, the necessary organizational preparations for striking the Church were completed. The right moment to start was needed.
869:
1235:
1049:
Intra-confessional conflicts and problems of interfaith communication in the conditions of Soviet reality (October 1917 - the end of the 1930s)
1045:Внутриконфессиональные конфликты и проблемы межконфессионального общения в условиях советской действительности (окт. 1917 — конец 1930-х годов)
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671:
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97:
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In its later years, the Renovationist administration started to lean more toward more "traditionalist" titles. In 1933, the position of the
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53:
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718:; however, since the mid-1920s all power in the Renovationist Church had consolidated in the hands of its actual leader, Metropolitan
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529:) to be without grace, due to the "trickery" by which they tried to seize power in the Church and to their complete disregard for the
430:
Permission for the married priests to be consecrated as bishops (Christian Orthodox tradition is that only monastics may be Bishops).
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917:
320:
75:
327:. The general management of the process of the split of the Church was concentrated (although not immediately) in the hands of the
396:
722:. Toward the latter part of the 1930s, A. Vvedensky bore a very peculiar conglomerate of titles, invented specially for him:
20:
630:(Platonov) of Leningrad resigned from episcopacy in 1938, publicly denounced the faith and became an infamous propagator of
730:. In the fall of 1941 he himself assumed the title of the First Hierarch and made an abortive attempt to declare himself a
703:(1923–1935). Its President was usually considered a chief hierarch of the church, regardless of the see that he occupied.
387:
did not make reports, but he tied ties with various institutions, in particular with the Cheka, which was then located on
509:
experiments: e.g., moving the altar table to the middle of the church, etc. He made one of the first translations of the
838:
1019:]. Материалы по истории Церкви. Кн. 27. М.: Крутицкое патриаршее подворье : О-во любителей церковной истории.
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among the Russian Orthodox clergy for the reformation of the Church, but was quickly influenced by the support of the
218:
46:
40:
626:), i.e., the Patriarchal Church, to be a "heresy" and a "schism". The mastermind behind that decision, Metropolitan
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734:. The attempt was not received well by his fellow clergy, and in December 1941 he reverted to his previous titles.
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57:
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The last decision sparked a number of consecrations of "married bishops" throughout the country, especially in
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In 1934, the Renovationist Synod issued an infamous decision declaring the "allegiance to the old church" (
252:
on May 19. In such manner both factions were calling each other names "Renovationites" and "Tikhonovites" (
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384:
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815:
801:
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380:
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566:), convened in Moscow in 1–9 October 1925, was marked by the presence of the representatives from the
1143:]. Материалы по истории Церкви. Книга 54 (in Russian). М.: Общество любителей церковной истории.
1017:
The Renovationist Schism: the materials for its religious, historical and canonical characterization
264:, in 1946, although the last unrepentant Renovationist hierarch, Philaret (Yatsenko), died in 1951.
101:
229:
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388:
364:
205:), was the official Christian Church in the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946, which following the
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993:]. Материалы по истории Церкви. Книга 9 (in Russian). М.: Крутицкое Патриаршее подворье.
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932:Фахівець з історії православ'я Сергій Шумило: "Прийшов час золотити не куполи, а наші душі"
1072:
The phenomenon of Renovationism in Russian Orthodoxy in the first half of the 20th century
1013:"Обновленческий раскол": Материалы для церковно-исторической и канонической характеристики
411:
324:
472:
between 29 April and 8 May 1923. Its most controversial and infamous decision was to put
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Permission for the Clergy to marry after their ordination, to remarry or to marry widows;
825:(6 October 1941 – 8 August 1946) self-proclaimed Patriarch during October–December 1941
571:
530:
510:
601:
Stragorodsky issued a "Declaration" proclaiming absolute loyalty of the Church to the
1209:
651:
567:
1188:
882:
742:
The hierarchs in the position of official leaders of the Renovationist Church were:
498:
336:
233:
206:
424:(including bishops) to marry, while retaining their episcopal and clerical ranks;
872:// Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом. 2019. № 1-2. С. 226—248.
635:
526:
360:
96:
in 1926. Sitting (from left to right): bishops George Zhuk, George Dobronravov,
558:. Some contacts were made with other portions of the Christian East: thus, the
525:
all Renovationist decrees, as well as all their sacramental actions (including
575:
489:
485:
1004:
The Renovationist Movement in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 20th century
666:
579:
481:
348:
297:, whose interest was in liturgical reform; along with several minor groups.
870:Советское обновленчество: церковный феномен или инструмент госбезопасности?
260:). The movement is considered to have ended with the death of its leader,
1126:
Shkarovsky, Mikhail (2017). "The 'Renovationists' and the Soviet State".
493:
352:
154:
1026:
Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905–1946
631:
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with the Soviet regime. Significantly, in 1927, the Deputy Patriarchal
437:
1164:
The "Renovationist" schism in the Russian Orthodox Church (1922-1946)
1160:«Обновленческий» раскол в Русской Православной Церкви (1922–1946 гг.)
469:
440:. As a result of its promulgation, of 67 bishops that arrived to the
400:
344:
1068:Феномен обновленчества в русском православии первой половины XX века
476:(who was under house arrest, awaiting trial) on ecclesiastic trial
383:
made reports almost daily, urging them to give away church values.
311:
237:
93:
1091:Вершины и пропасти Александра Введенского, митрополита и человека
1095:
Heights and abysses of Alexander Vvedensky, Metropolitan and man
421:
245:
641:
The final blow to the movement came with the beginning of the
221:, a political move that allowed the reformation of the modern
25:
1000:Обновленческое движение в Русской Православной Церкви XX века
699:(1922–23). Thereafter it assumed a more traditional style:
1074:] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Политехника-сервис.
1043:Крапивин, М. Ю.; Далгатов, А. Г.; Макаров, Ю. Н. (2005).
1028:(First ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
520:
The telling blow against Renovationism was the return of
285:(Союз общин древнеапостольской церкви - Содац SODATs) of
1141:
The Renovationist schism in the portraits of its figures
282:
Union of the Communities of the Ancient Apostolic Church
910:
A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin
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Metropolitan Philaret (Yatsenko) (1946–1951) de facto
200:
184:
168:
138:
126:
654:
decided to turn to the more popular and traditional
444:
in April 1923, only 20 had been ordained before the
293:(Союз церковного возрождения) – the group of bishop
19:"Living Church" redirects here. For other uses, see
991:Essays from the History of Russian Church Troubles
985:Левитин-Краснов, Анатолий; Шавров, Вадим (1996).
701:The Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in the USSR
279:lobbied for the interests of married clergy; the
267:While the entire movement is often known as the
1130:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan: 67–76.
934:. www.segodnya.ua. 13 April 2019 (in Ukrainian)
738:The Chief Hierarchs of the Renovationist Church
585:In the second half of the 1920s, the canonical
582:with other members of the Renovationist Synod.
1137:Обновленческий раскол в портретах его деятелей
732:Patriarch of all Orthodox Churches in the USSR
845:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
194:
178:
162:
148:
132:
8:
209:was proclaimed as a religious movement that
1241:Christian organizations established in 1922
1246:1946 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
1221:Independent Eastern Orthodox denominations
1117:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
927:
925:
987:Очерки по истории русской церковной смуты
746:Chairman of Supreme Church Administration
589:started making steps toward some form of
306:Beginnings and first period (1920s–1930s)
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1051:] (in Russian). СПб.: Изд-во СПбГУ.
955:
943:
850:USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
841:, the analogous movement in Nazi Germany
450:
87:
39:This article includes a list of general
861:
542:, repented and were received back into
1216:History of the Russian Orthodox Church
1189:"Renovated Church | Russian Orthodoxy"
1110:
883:"Renovated Church | Russian Orthodoxy"
760:Chairman of the Supreme Church Council
724:Metropolitan - Apologete - Evangelizer
1231:Eastern Orthodoxy in the Soviet Union
1024:Roslof, Edward E. (24 October 2002).
143:'renovation, renewal') – also called
16:Russian Christian movement, 1922–1946
7:
1251:Organizations disestablished in 1946
1097:] (in Russian). Москва; Таруса.
665:One of the effects of this unlikely
538:who had been pressed to support the
228:This movement originally begun as a
517:. His group disintegrated in 1929.
301:History of the Renovationist Church
291:Union for the Renewal of the Church
225:in 1943 by Sergius (Stragorodsky).
972:Краснов-Левитин, Анатолий (1977).
556:Theological Institute in Leningrad
323:since 15 November 1923) headed by
186:Pravoslavnaya Rossiyskaya Tserkov'
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1006:] (in Russian). СПб.: Нестор.
533:. In August 1923, the council of
30:
397:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
180:Православная Российская Церковь
790:(8 August 1923 – 9 April 1925)
21:Living Church (disambiguation)
1:
1236:1922 establishments in Russia
818:(5 May 1933 - 6 October 1941)
804:(10 May 1930 – 29 April 1935)
689:Supreme Church Administration
682:Leadership and administration
202:Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' v SSSR
1066:Головушкин, Дмитрий (2009).
1011:Соловьев, Илья, ed. (2002).
839:German Christians (movement)
797:(February 1925 – 6 May 1930)
1256:State Political Directorate
1226:Christian clerical marriage
998:Шкаровский, Михаил (1999).
781:President of the Holy Synod
693:Высшее церковное управление
201:
196:Православная Церковь в СССР
191:Orthodox Church in the USSR
185:
169:
139:
127:
104:, Archdeacon Sergey Dobrov.
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1158:Лобанов, Вячеслав (2019).
1135:Лавринов, Валерий (2016).
1089:Галутва, Геннадий (2015).
978:Turbulent Years, 1925-1941
776:(13 April – 8 August 1923)
755:(15 May 1922 – 8 May 1923)
552:Moscow Theological Academy
484:, and to strip him of his
335:(personally responsible –
250:Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow
18:
980:]. Paris: YMCA-Press.
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1166:]. СПб.: Петроглиф.
560:II Renovationist Council
466:"II All-Russian" Council
1193:Encyclopedia Britannica
887:Encyclopedia Britannica
656:Russian Orthodox Church
648:Eastern Orthodox Church
587:Russian Orthodox Church
564:III All-Russian Council
223:Russian Orthodox Church
215:Russian Orthodox Church
175:Orthodox Russian Church
60:more precise citations.
769:(8 May – 24 June 1923)
697:Supreme Church Council
638:without its approval.
578:who concelebrated the
480:for his opposition to
457:
258:тихоновцы и обновленцы
173:) –, officially named
150:обновленческая церковь
105:
974:Лихие годы, 1925-1941
823:Alexander (Vvedensky)
795:Benjamin (Muratovsky)
788:Yevdokim (Meschersky)
774:Yevdokim (Meschersky)
728:Deputy First Hierarch
610:Decline (1930s–1940s)
454:
442:Second Moscow Council
91:
767:Antonin (Granovsky)
753:Antonin (Granovsky)
720:Alexander Vvedensky
672:Alexander Vvedensky
624:староцерковничество
385:Vladimir Krasnitsky
377:Alexander Vvedensky
287:Alexander Vvedensky
277:Vladimir Krasnitsky
262:Alexander Vvedensky
230:grassroots movement
98:Alexander Vvedensky
868:Мазырин А., свящ.
816:Vitaly (Vvedensky)
802:Vitaly (Vvedensky)
458:
410:(Stragorodsky) of
389:Gorokhovaya Street
381:Alexander Boyarsky
365:Vyacheslav Molotov
310:In 1919–1920, the
106:
92:The Renovationist
1173:978-5-8055-0373-4
1150:978-5-9906510-7-4
1104:978-5-9901857-2-2
1081:978-5-904030-51-3
1035:978-0-253-34128-0
603:Soviet government
333:Central Committee
295:Antonin Granovsky
273:The Living Church
236:secret services (
219:Sergius of Moscow
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474:Patriarch Tikhon
369:Timofei Sapronov
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357:events in Shuya
325:Yevgeny Tuchkov
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892:2021-10-04
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