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message, where all aspects were secondary to the overall design, in contrast to the
Renaissance Garden, which sought to create intimate and isolated spaces. As a result, the Renaissance garden remained a loose association of individual, yet coherent, adjacent garden spaces. The Baroque garden, on the other hand, was a fully composed and centrally oriented overall complex. Whereas in the Renaissance garden, nature was brought into the garden as an expression of the new humanism, the Baroque garden imposed rationalistic structures on nature. The old garden style emphasized concentration, while the new one expanded in scope and ambition.
643:
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new gardens’ design. Country residences, often situated on slopes, required the gardens to be laid out on terraces to accommodate the natural terrain. This arrangement was in line with the concepts of garden planners, as it allowed for the inclusion of perspectives, axes, stonework, and most importantly, water features. In urban settings, attempts were made to incorporate terrace forms into gardens, although this was not always feasible. The smallest garden units found within cities were known as
120:
342:
256:"If you look at an ideal Renaissance garden, you see a space in which architecture, art, nature and landscape form a harmonious whole to give man the ideal space for his development: for lingering, for reading, for art, for love, for philosophical conversation, for recreation, for being or becoming himself. This is a conception of paradise extended by the conception of man in paradise - a profoundly humanistic and at the same time profoundly religious thought."
238:
361:. Garden architects tried to achieve this by extending natural geometric structures (a symbol of cosmic order) to larger units. As a result, the Renaissance garden is often categorized as a type of geometric garden due to its variety of geometric forms and plant structuring. The interrelationship between outdoor space and the building was recognized, and builders and garden designers worked to integrate them into a single entity.
572:, water features became more elaborate. In addition to water basins and flooded caves, fountains, cascades, and playful water features, such as joke fountains that would surprise visitors by splashing them when stepping on a specific floor slab, were created to provide unexpected effects. Notable examples of grand water features include the cascades of Villa d'Este and the Neptune Fountain in the
365:"In 1485, the theorist Leon Battista Alberti first called for the garden to be related to architecture, to the villa, and to the visual arts, such as garden sculpture. Its regular plan form should follow architectural patterns, the garden should have a central median axis, and should develop perspective vanishing lines, suggesting the influence of central perspective in painting."
370:
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consideration. The overall layout typically consisted of different sections within the garden complex, such as pleasure gardens and kitchen gardens, which were designed to interact with each other and harmonize with the surrounding natural environment. In the classical
Renaissance garden, there were often up to four roughly equal rectangular areas, known as
493:, which featured strong geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles, diagonals, and circles. These areas were often enclosed by galleries with corner pavilions. Another distinctive feature of the Italian Renaissance garden was the grotto, a hidden and mysterious place that symbolized a passage to the underworld or a secret retreat within the garden.
252:) in contrast to the hustle and bustle of the city, which allegorically understood nature had produced artificial-looking formations. Nature was re-evaluated; it became the surface on which new happiness in life could be experienced. It was about the connection, or even the competition, between art and nature:
655:
perspectives about the planting of these gardens differ. Gardens are by definition transient because the plants and structures they support flourish and eventually vanish. The architecture of the garden is constantly evolving, gardens are reshaped; the subsequent epochs of
Baroque gardening, as well as
654:
It is improbable that original(pure) Renaissance gardens remain in their pristine form today. There are reconstructed complexes and those that have been preserved in the outlines of their structure. Thus, walls, staircases, terraces, fountains, grottoes, and even sculptures can be authentic. However,
414:
and published in 1499, played a pivotal role in shaping
Renaissance garden art. The novel, which at the time was considered the bible of garden design, narrates the story of Poliphilus, the protagonist, who visits an island with a vast garden that is incredibly beautiful and meticulously documented.
468:
areas. These differences were primarily influenced by the circumstances surrounding their creation. New gardens in Italy were often established in previously undeveloped rural locations. In contrast, gardens in France and German-speaking regions were often built within existing castles and palaces,
423:
In Italy, the earliest
Renaissance gardens were established either within existing city castles or as part of newly constructed countryside villas. Older fortification constructions were repurposed to accommodate these gardens. The spatial constraints of these areas provided the foundation for the
227:"The concept of a third nature means the creation of a third state, a kind of art-nature or nature-art. Only when art and nature profile themselves against each other, imitate each other, only then does the inwardly fixed gaze go beyond the walls, onto the earth, onto the axes into the horizontal"
633:
arrangements and horticultural design elements serving the overall ensemble. The perfection of the
Baroque garden became a symbol of royal absolutism, contrasting with the ideals of the Renaissance. Furthermore, the Baroque garden marked the integration of garden art as an equal form of artistic
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was a continuation and enhancement of the serene
Renaissance garden. Both are part of one idea, which they represent as a complete work of art. Geometry acts as the connecting element in the utilization of stone and plants. The Baroque Garden served as a grand and public environment with a clear
485:
Stone boundary walls, derived from medieval horticulture, were often used to enclose the gardens. Axes, such as avenues, walkways, canals, or arcades, were introduced as overarching elements that structured the garden's perspective while taking the location and architecture of the buildings into
88:
and villas started to emerge. Nature took on a new significance. Also, the representational needs of the enlightened urban upper middle classes were to be taken into consideration, who were increasingly developing retreats for leisure and contemplation outside of cities, particularly in northern
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decoration. However, certain elements like grottoes, cabinets, and pleasure houses were still incorporated. The usage of bricks in architecture gave way to plant-based architecture, where plants played a central role. The
Baroque Garden as opposed to Renaissance Garden, relied on standing water
391:
descriptions of gardens in ancient Rome. Alberti incorporated these ideas into his guidelines for the selection, placement, decoration, and arrangement of villas. These principles were applicable to both the design of palaces and gardens, reflecting a unified approach to creating harmonious and
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extended over a hundred hectares and contained meadows, arable land, vineyards, orchards, and artificial lakes), served as valuable models. Renaissance gardens’ design language was influenced by the revived aesthetics of Greek and Roman antiquity, embracing orderly homogeneity, and the use of
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Due to the scorching summers in Italy, the presence of springs and natural watercourses was a must for designing gardens. Water served not only as a means of irrigation but also as a focal point for many renowned
Renaissance gardens, showcasing stunning water features known as
222:
The master builders of the
Renaissance epoch aimed to achieve a balance between architecture and nature with their ideals. Today, the Renaissance garden is called the "third nature" - in distinction from the first (untouched) and second (cultivated) nature:
333:," which did not always require the use of stairs and may have originated from ancient Roman practices. These Arabic-inspired elements were integrated into the overall design of the gardens, adding a distinct and diverse touch to the Renaissance aesthetic.
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In this garden, the richness of nature blends with the refined elegance of geometric forms. Many influential garden designers of the Italian Renaissance drew inspiration from the novel's garden concepts, incorporating them into their own designs.
116:. Within this movement, humanism emerged as the "scientific-spiritual side," emphasizing the ancient concept of culture and the ideal of humanity as desires and goals. The educated individual became the ultimate objective of humanistic education.
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First and foremost, the use of classical order structures, such as perspective, proportion, symmetry, circles, quadrilaterals, and triangles, was a reflection of the strong connection and admiration for the aesthetics of antiquity during the
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utilizing available spaces, and frequently repurposing former fortifications. The distinct requirements and preferences of the builders also contributed to the variations. The French gardens were often commissioned by members of the higher
849:
Der Humanismus und sein Einfluss auf das Eheverständnis im 15. Jahrhundert: eine philosophisch-moraltheologische Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des frühhumanistischen Gedankenguts Albrechts von Eyb, Band 9 der Studien der
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in Tivoli stands out as one of the most famous examples in Italy. However, the reconstructed park at Villandry is the sole surviving Renaissance garden in France. In Germany, the restoration of the Renaissance garden at
551:(vacationing in the countryside) developed in flatlands, early villas were built on the few hills available. The terraced layout allowed for the creation of intricate staircases or belvederes, offering panoramic views.
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Gärten der Landstände: Marginale Räume als Signatur von Kultur und Politik : Natascha N. Hoefer, Anna Ananieva, Der andere Garten: Erinnern und Erfinden in Gärten von Institutionen, Band 22, Formen der
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The fundamental design of the Renaissance garden has its roots in Italy. A new outlook on life began to take hold here during the end of the 15th century, with a return to forms, values, and ideas from
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In addition, the design of Renaissance gardens also incorporated elements from Arabic horticultural traditions, often with a Christian reinterpretation. One example is the usage of cascades, such as "
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to the Christian-style Renaissance garden. The basic attitude of Renaissance humanism is optimism, where the spiritualization of the world consistently reflects a positive affirmation of the world.
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Terrace steps connected by stairs were built in accordance with the size and characteristics of the property. The Italian villa culture flourished on the climatically favorable mountain slopes of
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The immense significance of the church at that time led to the development of a garden architecture that combined Christian ideals with the ideas of antiquity: from the confined garden spaces (
600:, there were deliberate violations of the principle of harmonious design, exemplified by buildings intentionally constructed at unconventional angles (such as in the Sacro Bosco in
1320:
Der Garten: Zur Einführung. In: Wolfram Martini (Hrsg.), Architektur und Erinnerung: Formen der Erinnerung, Kleine Reihe V & R, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000
721:) was planned, which was once hailed as the "eighth wonder of the world" and now showcases elements of an English landscape garden. The Renaissance garden at Berg Castle in
396:"The architect must accurately maintain a sense of good proportion and regularity so that the pleasing balance of the whole is not lost over the appeal of individual parts."
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Die Architektur ist die Nachtseite der Kunst": erdichtete Architekturen und Gärten in der deutschsprachigen Literatur zwischen Frühaufklärung und Romantik, Band 34
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elements. Knotted parterres were replaced with intricate broderie parterres. The visual axis became the dominant feature in the garden's staging, with all
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class. The climate also had an impact on determining design options. Despite these regional distinctions, there were stylistic elements that were shared.
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Unlike the Renaissance garden, the Baroque park did not emphasize high terraces, belvederes, and elaborate staircases. Instead, it focused on extensive
112:
The Renaissance witnessed a significant transition towards the literature and culture of classical antiquity, which often contradicted the views of the
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568:. These water elements not only served practical purposes but also expressed a romantic admiration for nature. As the Renaissance garden evolved into
19:
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emerged as an influential architect of Renaissance gardens. Around 1500, the first French Renaissance garden was created at the royal castle of
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Kaskaden in der deutschen Gartenkunst des 18. Jahrhunderts: vom architektonischen Brunnen zum naturimitierenden Wasserfall, Band 7, Architektur
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685:. This garden is regarded as the first example of a Renaissance garden, and its creation and design are well-documented. It was designed by
547:. Due to the prevalence of malaria, the lowlands were considered unsuitable. Even in the Venetian terraferma, the only area in Italy where
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were depicted in the literary works studied for designing these spaces. Detailed literary descriptions of Roman gardens, such as those of
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Historische Kleinarchitekturen in Sachsen: eine Untersuchung zur Baukonstruktion und der Materialverwendung im Garten- und Landschaftsbau
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were restored in 1988. Furthermore, the Bishop's Palace in Kielce Poland unveiled a rebuilt Renaissance garden on its west side in 2003.
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Christentum der Endlichkeit: Heideggers Vorlesungen Einleitung in die Phänomenologie der Religion, Band 4, Forum Religionsphilosophie
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During the early 16th century, a notable Renaissance garden was established on the site of the current Belvedere courtyard and the
523:, various species of iris, and tulips. In Italy, where rainfall patterns were irregular, it was common to place these plants in
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1452:
697:. Although the Vatican Garden did not persist long, Bramante's innovative design language made an impression. In France,
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when creating living spaces, aiming to recreate the ambiance of classical antiquity. Beautiful settings such as the
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also led to a new understanding of gardens as well. Medieval limitations were abandoned, and instead of focusing on
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278:. It was the best-known Renaissance garden in Germany and a model for similar gardens in other German residences.
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Historische Gärten in Österreich: vergessene Gesamtkunstwerke, Österr. Gesellschaft für historische Gärten
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and ornamental features, often using boxwood. In certain complex gardens, such as those designed by
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Popular planting forms in Renaissance gardens included knotted parterres, borders, hedges, avenues,
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341:
1345:
Das Tal der Loire: Schlösser, Kirchen und Städte im "Garten Frankreichs", DuMont Kunst-Reiseführer
72:, which influenced not only the humanities but also architecture and horticulture. The concept of
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Referring to Villa Carpi and a grotto complex he admired in the garden of the del Bufalos.
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1077:. Habilitationsschrift, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Frankfurt (Main) 2014. p. 161.
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is also a popular tourist attraction. The "hanging gardens of Neufra" at the castle in
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473:, whereas the creation of gardens in Italy saw a greater involvement from the affluent
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387:" (On Architecture) to Pope Nicholas V. In this work, Alberti drew inspiration from
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1369:"ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl"
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date from the late Renaissance period and were commissioned by Prince Archbishop
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The Renaissance gardens varied in their form across different regions, such as
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Prominent figures of that era sought inspiration from ancient authorities like
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Geschichte der Landschaft in Mitteleuropa: Von der Eiszeit bis zur Gegenwart
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47:, they are sometimes called Italian gardens. However, gardens made later in
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might have had some differences compared to the original Italian gardens.
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604:) and the use of oversized masks in the garden of the Giusti Palace near
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Reconstructed Renaissance garden of the Bishop's Palace in Kielce, Poland
286:, the ideal of the country villa and garden as a refuge spread in Italy.
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320:, published in 1522, described the transition from the monastic-style
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Die Gärten des Stiftes Gurk: Renaissance eines Renaissancegartens
820:"Gartenästhetik - Glossar zur Garten- und Landschaftsarchitektur"
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Mit Gott im GrĂĽnen: Eine Praktische Theologie der Naturerfahrung
199:
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36:
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Geschichte der Gartenkunst: StreifzĂĽge durch vier Jahrtausende
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The garden was intended to be an aesthetic image of rurality (
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1099:
Renaissance-Gärten in Italien: Paradiese aus Stein und Natur
959:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2005. p. 188.
693:, drawing inspiration from the architectural principles of
933:. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2001. p. 176.
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ReisefĂĽhrer Mosel, DuMont Reise-TaschenbĂĽcher ReisefĂĽhrer
1257:. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2006. p. 47.
1014:
Garten Kunst: Auf der Suche nach dem verlorenen Paradies
1041:"Gardens of the Renaissance (Getty Center Exhibitions)"
931:
Die erhabene Natur: Entwurf einer ökologischen Ästhetik
1448: - Collection of images, videos, and audio files
1166:"The Structure of "De re aedificatoria" Reconsidered"
519:
Commonly utilized bulbous plants included hyacinths,
312:, "spirit and soul would be free from lower drives."
1396:. DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern 2014. p. 115.
1280:"Studien über Renaissance-Gärten in Oberdeutschland"
1170:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
16:Garden created in the era and style of Renaissance
1297:. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2006. p. 82.
131:with its ornamental geometric and kitchen gardens
96:The gardens of the Villa Medici of Castello near
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363:
254:
225:
43:. Because the first such gardens originated in
1343:Hansmann, Wilfried; Marianne Bongartz (2011).
795:. Frank & Timme, Berlin 2007. p. 46.
8:
708:Among the renowned Renaissance gardens, the
670:in Tivoli: transverse axis with fish ponds,
214:staircases, sculptures, and water features.
300:) of the medieval cult of Mary to the open
1347:. DuMont Reiseverlag, 2006. p. 170.
905:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster, 2003. p. 115.
1119:. LIT Verlag, MĂĽnster 2010. p. 30.
641:
435:
274:("Palatinate Garden") was the garden of
91:
1097:Andreas Greuter und Frank Maier-Solgk,
852:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster, 2001. p. 3.
783:
1468:Garden Art: In Search of Paradise Lost
1453:Italian Gardens in and around Florence
123:The reconstructed chateau park of the
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1073:Jan Peter Grevel (10 December 2014).
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689:in 1503 under the commission of Pope
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980:Christian Patzl (11 February 2005).
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504:. The gardens were accentuated with
232:Marianne Klenum nach John Dixon Hunt
39:created in the era and style of the
23:Garden of the Villa d'Este in Tivoli
634:expression alongside other genres.
612:Demarcation from the Baroque garden
1465:Hans von Trotha (17 August 2012),
1461: : Italian Renaissance Garden
14:
1212:"Italienischer Renaissancegarten"
877:. Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 4.
440:The elaborate trick fountains at
241:Gardens of the palace complex of
1318:GĂĽnter Oesterle; Harald Tausch.
1105:, Harenburg Edition, 1991, p. 46
791:Caroline Rolka (January 2007).
650:with trees, boxwoods, and vines
392:aesthetically pleasing spaces.
194:, the imperial gardens on the
1:
638:Important Renaissance gardens
450:Markus Sittikus von Hohenems
1446:Commons: Renaissance Garden
1392:Nicole HeĂź (January 2014).
1115:Heike Juliane Zech (2010).
657:English landscape gardening
401:Leon Battista Alberti, 1452
337:Geometry and interrelations
159:, or the Elysian fields of
1526:
1229:. C.H.Beck, MĂĽnchen 2010.
1164:van Eck, Caroline (1998).
1103:Bibliophilen TaschenbĂĽcher
243:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
984:. Diplom.de. p. 45.
901:Marta Zaccagnini (2003).
683:Vatican Apostolic Library
452:in the early 17th century
408:Hypnerotomachia Poliphili
1471:, Bastei Entertainment,
1225:Hansjörg Küster (2010).
954:Marianne Klemun (2005).
699:Jean Androuet du Cerceau
169:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
63:Contemporary development
406:The allegorical novel "
377:In 1452, the architect
1253:Harald Tausch (2006).
929:Elmar Treptow (2001).
678:
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592:In the gardens of the
527:pots for cultivation.
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314:Erasmus of Rotterdam's
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108:Antiquity and humanism
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1293:GĂĽnter Mader (2006).
695:Leon Battista Alberti
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379:Leon Battista Alberti
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261:Hans von Trotha, 2012
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147:, the gardens of the
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754:Château de Villandry
512:, early elements of
419:Landscape structures
381:dedicated his work "
318:Convivium religiosum
206:(which are based on
125:Château de Villandry
873:GĂ©za HajĂłs (1993).
389:Pliny the Younger's
384:De re aedificatoria
1141:"Hamilton Gardens"
1101:, Ausgabe 635 der
824:gartenaesthetik.de
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648:Château d' Amboise
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316:influential work,
310:paradiso terrestre
284:Francesco Petrarch
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29:Renaissance garden
25:
1478:978-3-8387-2054-8
1403:978-3-7701-7370-9
1354:978-3-7701-6614-5
1236:978-3-406-60849-0
1126:978-3-643-90045-6
1084:978-3-525-60451-9
1012:Hans von Trotha.
847:Maja Eib (2001).
802:978-3-86596-134-1
715:Heidelberg Castle
516:can be observed.
510:Sebastiano Serlio
428:(secret garden).
412:Francesco Colonna
306:Ulisse Aldrovandi
276:Heidelberg Castle
184:Horti Sallustiani
100:were designed by
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297:Hortus conclusus
272:Hortus Palatinus
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211:De vita Caesarum
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304:. According to
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347:Schallaburg
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1489:Categories
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957:Erinnerung
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778:References
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626:sculptural
525:terracotta
514:labyrinths
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192:Trastevere
149:Hesperides
145:Golden Age
1190:0037-9808
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70:antiquity
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761:See also
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399:—
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462:France
282:Since
218:Nature
200:Nero's
165:Virgil
153:Nymphs
151:, the
129:France
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33:garden
1194:JSTOR
458:Italy
202:vast
161:Homer
157:Muses
55:, or
45:Italy
31:is a
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