Renewable energy in China

1828:, China's largest source of coal is approximately 40%, though the rate of recovery of village and township coal mines in Shanxi Province is only 10%–20%. Cumulatively over the course of the past 20 years (1980–2000) China has wasted upwards of 28 gigatons of coal. The same causes for a low rate of recovery in coal mining – that extraction methods are backward – lead to safety problems in China's coal mining sector. Another reason for the low rate of recovery is that the majority of extraction comes from small-scale mining; of the 346.9 gigatons of coal extracted by China, only 98 gigatons has come from large or mid-sized mines while 250 gigatons are extracted from small mines. Based on coal production in 2005 of 2.19 gigatons and a current rate of recovery of 30%, if China were able to double its rate of recovery it would save approximately 3.5 gigatons of coal. 1700:. Likewise, the Twelfth Five-Year Plan also placed great emphasis on green energy. Detailed incentive policies and programs included the Golden Sun program, which provides financial subsidies, technology support and market incentives to facilitate the development of the solar power industry; the Suggestions on Promoting Wind Electricity Industry in 2006, which offers preferential policies for wind power development; and many other policies. Besides promoting policies, China has enacted a number of policies to standardise renewable energy products, to prevent environmental damage, and to regulate the price of green energy. These policies include, but are not limited to Renewable Energy Law, the Safety Regulations of Hydropower Dams, and the National Standard of Solar Water Heaters. 1486: 76: 2040: 1401: 1892: 1478: 32: 1664:

Commerce, State electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) and so forth. In 2008, the National Energy Administration was founded under the NDRC, however its work has been proven inefficient. In January 2010, the State Council decided to set up a National Energy Commission (NEC), headed by then-Premier Wen Jiabao. The commission will be responsible for drafting a national energy development plan, reviewing energy security and major energy issues and coordinating domestic energy development and international cooperation.

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the second direct user of geothermal energy in the world. Recognizing geothermal energy as an alternative and renewable energy resource since the 1970s, China has conducted extensive explorations aiming at identifying high temperature resources for electric generation. Until 2006, 181 geothermal systems had been found on mainland China, with an estimated generation potential of 1,740 MW. However, only seven plants, with a total capacity of 32 MW, had been constructed and were operating in 2006.

2014:. However, there are limited high capacity transmission lines capable of transmitting the necessary amounts of electricity across that distance, leading to curtailments in the northwest and a need for fossil fuels in the southeast. The development of more long-distance, high-voltage transmission lines is necessary to maximising the use of the renewable energy that is being produced. Broader infrastructure initiatives like this can ensure the efficacy of renewable energy policy in China. 1641: 1980:) and thus conserving domestic resources, lowering energy consumption, lessening China's dependence on imported oil (80%–90% of which must be shipped through unsafe waters), and reducing pollution discharge. Multiple long-distance high-tension, high-capacity line for international transmission have been built, including a 110kV transmission project, and three others with 220kV, 220kV, and 550kV. China also is considering connecting its power transmission lines with 48: 294:

have 80 per cent of its total energy mix come from non-fossil fuel sources by 2060, and achieve a combined 1,200 GW of solar and wind capacity by 2030. In 2023, it was reported that China was on track to reach 1,371 gigawatts of wind and solar by 2025, five years ahead of target due to new renewables installations breaking records. In 2024, it was reported that China would reach its target by the end of July 2024, six years ahead of target.

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126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments. According to researcher Dr Cornelia Tremann, "China has since become the world's largest investor, producer and consumer of renewable energy worldwide, manufacturing state-of-the-art solar panels, wind turbines and hydroelectric energy facilities" as well as becoming the world's largest producer of electric cars and buses.

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hasn't been synchronised with the time-consuming procurement of land permits to build grid connection. It takes more than twice as long to obtain the necessary permits and approval for the construction of high-voltage transmission lines and other grid connections as it does to obtain the permits and begin construction of power plants, creating a significant time lag.

5545: 1615: 1807:, Jiangsu Province. Earlier in 2006 Bosch Rexroth started up its Shanghai Jinqiao (Golden Bridge) factory, which is involved in the manufacture, installation, distribution and service of transmission and control parts and systems; the Shanghai facility will also serve as Bosch's principal center for technology, personnel and distribution in China. 1779:, of a total of more than 600 registered CDM Projects worldwide through mid-April 2007, there are now 70 registered CDM projects in China. The pace of Chinese CDM project registration is accelerating; prior to the beginning of 2007 China had 34 registered CDM projects, yet to date in 2007 another 36 Chinese CDM projects have been registered. 298:

2020, renewable energy comprised about 40% of China's total installed electric power capacity, and 26% of total power generation. By 2021, it had grown to 29.4% of total power generation. The share of renewables in total power generation is expected to continue increasing to 36% by 2025, in line with China's pledge to achieve

1875:. Topics discussed by representatives of Asian countries and developed countries, international organisations and nongovernmental organisations, included vulnerability assessments, implementing adaptation actions in various sectors of the economy and in specific geographical areas, such as coastal and mountainous regions. 1683:

The Renewable Energy Law passed in 2005 explicitly states in its first chapter that the development and the usage of renewable energy is a prioritised area in energy development. The law established China's framework for regulating renewable energy. It also created four mechanisms designed to promote

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As of year end 2021 hydroelectric power remains by far the largest component of renewable electricity production at 1,340 TWh. Wind power provided the next largest share with 655 TWh, followed by solar at 327 TWh, subsequent to rapid growth from a low base of just 152 GWh in 2008.

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The Shanghai Power Transmission and Distribution Joint Stock Company, a subsidiary of the Shanghai Electric and Gas Group Joint Stock Company entered into a joint venture agreement with Canada's Xantrex Technology, Inc, to build a factory to design, manufacture and sell solar and wind power electric

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According to the UNFCCC database, by November 2011, China was the leading host nation for CDM projects with 1661 projects (46.32%) of a total of 3586 registered project activities (100%). According to the IGES (Japan), the running total of CERs generated by CDM projects in China at 31 March 2011 was

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Chinese policies explicitly promote the use of clean energy as well as increasing the use of domestically manufactured technology. In the clean energy sector, China is a leading source of technology transfer to other developing countries. Since 2010 it has often led the European Union and the United

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capacity, and is expected to contribute 43% of global renewable capacity growth. China's total renewable energy capacity exceeded 1,000 GW in 2021, accounting for 43.5 per cent of the country's total power generation capacity, 10.2 percentage points higher than in 2015. The country aims to

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that border China. Until 2020, Russia exported a total of 30.42 TWh electricity to China, decreasing coal consumption in the latter by 10.17 million tons. By importing electricity China not only reduced its dependence on imported crude oil, but also enhanced energy security by diversifying its

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As of 2010, China has become the world's largest maker of wind turbines, surpassing Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the United States. The initial future target set by the Chinese government was 10 GW by 2010, but the total installed capacity for wind power generation in China had already reached

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Although China currently has the world's largest installed capacity of hydro, solar and wind power, its energy needs are so large that in 2019, renewable sources provided 26% of its electricity generation—compared to 17% in the U.S.—with most of the remainder provided by coal power plants. In early

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There are significant logistical challenges to renewable energy in China. One such issue is grid connections from renewable energy power sources to the electricity grid. In recent years renewable energy developers have rushed to rapidly build wind farms, solar panels, and other power plants, which

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Geothermal resources in China are abundant and widely distributed throughout the country. There are over 2,700 hot springs occurring at the surface, with temperatures exceeding 250 °C. In 1990, the total flow rate of thermal water for direct uses amounted to over 9,500 kg/s, making China

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in the Henan province using its own proprietary solar technology. The agreement was signed by LDK for a 500 MW solar project in the desert, alongside First Solar and Ordos City. The effort to drive the renewable energy use in China was further assured after the speech of the Chinese President

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Deng, Haifeng and Farah, Paolo Davide and Wang, Anna, China's Role and Contribution in the Global Governance of Climate Change: Institutional Adjustments for Carbon Tax Introduction, Collection and Management in China (24 November 2015). Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Oxford University

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plans to further develop and improve standards for conservation and comprehensive use of natural resources in the following areas: energy, water, wood and land conservation, development of renewable energy, the comprehensive utilisation of mineral resources, recovery, recycling and reuse of scrap

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fuel consumption in China. In the 11th Five Year Plan period (2006 through 2010) China planned to develop six megatons/year of fuel ethanol capacity, which is expected to grow to 15 megatons/year by 2020. Despite this level of production, experts say that there will be no threat to food security,

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Furthermore, even when connections have been built sometimes the grid still cannot absorb all of the electricity produced because the connections have voltage limits below what is being produced by many of China's renewable energy power plants, a phenomenon called curtailment. This issue of grid

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as of 2007, China has wasted an average of 400 million tons carbon equivalents annually. In 2020, China consumed 4.98 gigatons coal equivalents, up from 2.46 in 2006. According to Dai Yande, the chairman of the Energy Research Institute of the NDRC, while continued high consumption of energy is

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In 2008 China was the fourth largest producer of wind power after the United States, Germany, and Spain. At the end of 2008, wind power in China accounted for 12.2 GW of electricity generating capacity. By the end of 2008, at least fifteen Chinese companies were commercially producing wind

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The country is the world's largest investor in renewable energy, with the country's companies accounting for four of the world's five biggest renewable energy deals made in 2016. In 2017, investments in renewable energy amounted to US$ 279.8 billion worldwide, with China accounting for US$

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China is also a major leader of clean energy technology. As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped dramatically due to both innovation and economies of scale from market expansion. In 2015, China became the world's largest producer of

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In 2021, China produced 7.727% of its energy from hydroelectric, 2.32% from nuclear, and 7.141% from other renewable energy sources, from 2.25%, 8.468%, 5.77%, relatively, in 2020. By 2023, the total non-fossil electricity installed capacity was over 50% of the total capacity installed in the

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After the dissolution of the Energy and Industry Department in 1993, China has been running without a government agency effectively managing the country's energy. Related issues are supervised by multiple organisations such as the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Ministry of

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Following the new incentive scheme of Golden Sun announced by the government in 2009, there are numerous recent developments and plans announced by industry players that became part of the milestones for solar industry and technology development in China, such as the new thin film solar plant

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Contemporaneous with the Renewable Energy Law, China issued its Eleventh Five Year Plan. It sought to move China away from energy-intensive manufacturing and into high-value sectors. Every subsequent plan has done the same and, like the Eleventh, they have also highlighted the importance of

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In 2018, transportation's share of energy consumption in China was 10.0%, consuming 436.2 million tons carbon equivalent, up by 7.6% in 2009 and 58.6 Mtce in 1995. The growth rate of the percentage, meanwhile, have seen a steady decline from 2010 to 2018, down from 10.8% to 3.5%.

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In 2009, China amended the Renewable Energy Law to improve the process through which renewable energy is connected to the power grid and distributed. These amendments also sought to address interprovincial equity in bearing to costs associated with developing renewable energy.

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China has become a world leader in the manufacture of solar photovoltaic technology, with its six biggest solar companies having a combined value of over $ 15 billion. Around 820 MW of solar PV were produced in China in 2007, second only to Japan.

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China encourages foreign companies, especially from the United States, to visit and invest in Chinese wind power generation. However, use of wind energy in China has not always kept up with the remarkable construction of wind power capacity in the country.

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the development of China's renewable energy: (1) a national renewable energy target, (2) a mandatory connection and purchase policy, (3) a feed-in tariff system, and (4) a cost-sharing mechanism which includes a fund for renewable energy development.

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manufacturing, Bosch Rexroth (China) Ltd. contracted €120 million in wind turbo generator business in China in 2006, a 66% increase year-on-year. Responding to the increase in wind energy business in China, Bosch Rexroth (China) Ltd. invested

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project and expressed that coal-to-liquids production was one important part of China's energy security, there have been many new 'coal to oil' projects announced by many large coal producing provinces and cities. As of the end of 2006, 88

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The overall share of electricity generated from renewable sources based on the figures in the above table has grown from a little over 17% in 2008 to a little over 27.7% by 2021. Solar and wind power continue to grow at a rapid pace.

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In 2021 a total of 8571.4 TWh of electricity was generated in China, up from 7814.3 in 2020, from an installed base of 2380 GW of power generating capacity, 12.6% among which from windpower sources and 12.2% from solar sources.

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expressed concern that there would be increasing competition worldwide between bio-fuels and food consumption for agricultural products and that that competition would likely continue to result in increases in the price of crops.

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Chinese energy experts estimate that by 2050 the share of electricity from coal will decline to 30%–50%, and that the remaining 50%–70% will come from a combination of oil, natural gas, and renewable energy sources, including

1863:. In 2006 in China storms, floods, heat and drought killed more than 2,700 people; effects ranged from drought in the southwest of China, which were the worst since records began to be kept in the late nineteenth century, to 1711:

Law of the People's Republic of China, Article 18 of the Renewable Energy Law of the People's Republic of China and Article 12 of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning Restoring Farmland to Forest.

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projects were planned; their total was 48.5 megatons/year. By 2019, methyl alcohol output reached 69.9 megatons/year. This rapid development to build coal to oil projects prompted concerns about wasteful development and

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In 2020, 84.33% of Chinese primary energy consumption relied on fossil fuels, and 56.56% of it relied on coal, down from 70% in 2011. These energy production processes generated approximately 9.9 billion tonnes of

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in China is only 30%, less than one-half the rate of recovery throughout the world; the rate of recovery of coal resources in the US, Australia, Germany and Canada is ~80%. The rate of recovery of coal from mining in

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continues to increase. Based on planned ethanol projects in some provinces in China, the output of corn would be insufficient to provide the raw material for plants in these provinces. In the recently published

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Although in some countries there are aesthetic objections to large-scale solar farms, in China they are often perceived as an aesthetic positive due to their associations with modernity and green development.

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Although in some countries there are aesthetic objections to large-scale wind farms, in China they are often perceived as an aesthetic positive due to their associations with modernity and green development.

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that move it away from being the "World's Factory" and improves energy efficiency. It also must avoid unnecessary waste, foster a sustainable economy and encourage renewable energy to reduce its reliance on

313:. China's Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution issued by China's State Council in September 2013, illustrates the government's desire to increase the share of renewables in China's 6686: 6636: 5614: 1438:. China also increased the production of small-scale wind turbines to about 80,000 turbines (80 MW) in 2008. Through all these developments, the Chinese wind industry appeared unaffected by the 317:. Unlike oil, coal and gas, the supplies of which are finite and subject to geopolitical tensions, renewable energy systems can be built and used wherever there is sufficient water, wind, and sun. 2006:

connection is especially true in regard to long-distance transmission of electricity. Most of China's wind and solar energy sources, and thus its renewable energy power plants, are located in the

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from animal manure. As of at least 2023, China is both the world's largest producer and largest consumer of household biogas, with more than 30 million rural households using biogas digesters.

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in China has expanded 100-fold. However, China is not expected to achieve grid parity – when an alternate source of energy is as cheap or cheaper than power purchased from the grid—until 2022.

6293: 6641: 6429: 1331:. By the end of 2019, China's hydropower capacity reached 356 GW. China's installed capacity of solar power reached 252 GW and wind power capacity was 282 GW, as of 2020. 6945: 6929: 6434: 6184: 1772:

topped by HFC reduction/avoidance projects (365,577 x 1000t/CO2-e) followed by hydro power (227,693), wind power (149,492), N2O decomposition (102,798), and methane recovery (102,067).

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China's solar exports in 2022 grew by 64% to US$ 52 billion. Chinese exports mainly consist of solar modules, with Europe being the destination for 56% of the share of exports in 2022.

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As of 2021, China operates four of the world's six largest dams. These include the world's biggest (Three Gorges Dam, with 22.5 gigawatts capacity) and second biggest (Baihetan Dam).

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given at the UN climate summit on 22 September 2009 in New York, pledging that China would adopt plans to use 15% of its energy from renewable sources within a decade.

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resulting from costly emissions reductions in developing counties. China became the largest source of credits (i.e., Certified Emissions Reductions or CERs).

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By 2009 China had total installed windpower capacity up to 26 GW. China has identified wind power as a key growth component of the country's economy.

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in central and southeastern China. The weather events in China in 2006 were seen to be a prelude to weather patterns likely to become more common due to

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In the year 2022, China is set to install more 56 GW of wind turbines, of which 50 GW are from onshore wind and 6W from offshore wind turbines.

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By 2020, installed power for hydropower, wind, solar and biomass had increased to 385 GW, 299 GW, 282 GW and 35.34 GW, respectively.

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turbines and several dozen more were producing components. Turbine sizes of 1.5 MW and 2 MW became common. Leading wind power companies were

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On 13 April 2007, the Department of Science, Technology and Education of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture hosted the Asian regional workshop on

1418:, China aimed to have 210 GW of wind power capacity by 2020. It exceeded that goal, reaching 276 GW of onshore wind power by the end of 2020. 5104: 4883: 3248: 1879: 1503:(PV). It is the world's largest solar panel manufacturer as of at least 2024. It also has the world's largest domestic market for solar panels. 7254: 7103: 7090: 6489: 6449: 6419: 5744: 5094: 5038: 2139: 257: 2650: 7301: 5764: 3659: 3469: 3366: 3358: 2519: 2133: 4934: 1459:

In 2020, China deployed 71.7 GW of wind energy capacity, a 60% increase compared to 2019 and more than the rest of the world combined.

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and state-owned China Power International Holding (CPIH) announced their plan to cooperate in developing offshore wind in China and Europe.

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Following a report from China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute, in 2022 China is set to install more 100 GW of solar panels.

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in rural China. These provisions include Article 54 of the Agriculture Law of the People's Republic of China, Articles 4 and 11 of the

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As of 2020, China had more than 150 dams with generating capacity of more than 300 megawatts and installed capacity of 369 gigawatts.

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for solar PV panel manufacturing. Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every Five-Year Plan since.

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China has the largest wind resources in the world and three-quarters of this natural resource is located at sea. Per its 13th

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Jiang, Ting (2024). "Belt and Road by the Sea: 21st Century Maritime Silk Road". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).

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unavoidable, China must take steps to change the form of its economic growth and increase substantially the

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organised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Climate change will affect

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States in clean energy investments. As of at least 2024, it is the world's leading energy financier.

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Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector

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By the end of 2019, the country had a total capacity of 790 GW of renewable power, mainly from

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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order

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flooding. Coastal zones are under increasing risk from sea level rises as well as pollution and

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prompted significant stimulus efforts by China to invigorate its then-struggling solar industry.

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China and Russia are linking their electric power networks so that China can buy power from the

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though there will be an increasing number of farmers who will be "farming oil" if the price of

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and gas electronics products. The new company is in the final stages of the approval process.

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Dong, Jie-fang; Wang, Qiang; Deng, Chun; Wang, Xing-min; Zhang, Xiao-lei (April 2016).

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Several provisions in relevant Chinese laws and regulations address the development of

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Li, Jing; Fang, Hong; Fang, Siran; Zhang, Zhiming; Zhang, Pengyuan (25 July 2021).

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foreign energy sources, making China less vulnerable to disruptions in supply.

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Solar power water heaters are very popular among middle sized cities in China.

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As of at least 2024, China has the largest domestic market for wind turbines.

1328: 314: 211: 206: 147: 137: 4263: 4187:"China's installed non-fossil fuel electricity capacity exceeds 50% of total" 4172: 3505:"China's solar exports booming, up 64% in 2022 despite global trade tensions" 3349: 2651:"Commentary: China will bet big on clean energy to achieve carbon neutrality" 1935:

of industry and society. Among other things, China should find new points of

6794: 6723: 5494: 4557:"How to Move China toward a Green-Energy Economy: From a Sector Perspective" 2511: 1804: 1565: 1525:

As of at least 2023, solar power in China is cheaper than coal-fired power.

5520: 4586: 4281: 4254: 4057:

China coal industry unlikely to open up completely to foreign owners – AACI

3597: 3331: 2865:"China doubles new renewable capacity in 2020; still builds thermal plants" 2451: 4341:

China Association of Alcohol and Ether Fuel and Automobiles (March 2021).

3835:

http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0066/2006620_10460.html太阳热水器国家标准与行业标准发展背景

2573:"India is beating China in the race to build massive solar power projects" 1692:

technology as a strategic emerging industry, particularly in the areas of

6315: 5484: 4153:. 2021 International Conference on Energy Engineering and Power Systems. 2904:"China reports installing record 72 GW of new wind capacity in 2020" 1981: 1868: 1548: 1427: 3313: 2331:"Electricity in the U.S. - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 6834: 5489: 1977: 1614: 1599: 1592: 1544: 1453: 1435: 95: 85: 5326: 4576: 3824:

http://www.hbsafety.cn/article/318/320/201002/69453.shtml水电站大坝运行安全管理规定

2536:"China's solar capacity overtakes Germany in 2015, industry data show" 1745:'s energy projects are in clean energy or alternative energy sectors. 1723:

convened a conference on the occasion of the first anniversary of the

279:

world's leader in electricity production from renewable energy sources

4497:"Analysis: China adds to UHV network to transfer surplus wind energy" 3648:

Chinese Village Life Today: Building Families in an Age of Transition

1864: 1825: 1603: 90: 40: 3972:"Xantrex and Shanghai Electric Supply China Renewable Energy Market" 2442: 2417: 2253:"China on Track to Blow Past Xi's Clean Power Goal Five Years Early" 2239:"China to remain leader in renewable energy capacity growth in 2022" 5561: 4441:"China's installed capacity of renewable energy expands in Jan–Nov" 3267:"China's Clean Energy Growth Outlook for 2022 Keeps Getting Bigger" 2370: 1851:

will cause problems such as water shortages and increased risks of

4993: 3351:

The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People

3223:"Norway's Equinor to cooperate with China's CPIH in offshore wind" 3100: 2626:"Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2018 | Capacity4dev" 2599:"The East Is Green: China's Global Leadership in Renewable Energy" 2149: 1639: 1613: 1484: 1476: 1399: 1376: 1367: 1361: 1352: 46: 30: 4242:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3531:

China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict

3394: 1815:

According to China's "Energy Blue Paper" recently written by the

1803: million in October 2006 in plant expansions in Beijing and 1715:

On 20 April 2007, the Environment and Resources Committee of the

2963: 2356:"China could exceed renewables generation target of 33% by 2025" 6902: 5565: 5330: 4997: 4590: 3348:

Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024).

2842:"International Hydropower Association. Country Profile – China" 2150:

The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century(REN21)

1598:

Bioenergy is also used at the domestic level in China, both in

6637:

Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

4201:"Statistical Review of World Energy | Energy economics | Home" 3438:"India's solar mission: How it is harnessing unlimited energy" 2690:"2020 electricity & other energy statistics (preliminary)" 2387:"China's Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences" 2305:"2019 electricity & other energy statistics (preliminary)" 3249:"Digital solutions to optimise China's wind energy potential" 1922:

According to a study by the Energy Research Institute of the

6465:

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission

2985:"China's Big Push for Renewable Energy: Scientific American" 2418:"Economics: Manufacture renewables to build energy security" 2391:

The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report

2369:

Press, Volume 8, Issue 6, December 2015. Available at SSRN:

341:

Renewable electricity generation in China by source in GWh:

6294:

National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation

3146:"Wind power becomes Europe's fastest growing energy source" 2716:"2019 detailed electricity statistics (update of Jan 2021)" 1786:

According to Theo Ramborst, the general manager and CEO of

447:

Electricity production (GWh) in China by source, 2008–2023

6642:

Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

3878:

The Renewable Energy Law of the People's Republic of China

4471:"The Challenges and Promises of Greening China's Economy" 7428:

Science and technology in the People's Republic of China

3074:"China's Wind Power Industry: Blowing Past Expectations" 2908:

Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis

1926:

on the economic circumstances of China's crude oil and

1794:, a world leader in controls, transmission and machine 1543:

China emerged as the world's third largest producer of

18:

Renewable energy in the People's Republic of China

6415:

China Council for the Promotion of International Trade

4225:

Energy and Advanced Coal Utilization Strategy in China

3558:

Chinese development status of bioethanol and biodiesel

1764:

as means for countries with Kyoto targets to purchase

1777:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3041:"China's wind-power boom to outpace nuclear by 2020" 7346: 7310: 7274: 7197: 7089: 7082: 6989: 6936: 6752: 6685: 6602: 6556: 6488: 6395: 6208: 6172: 6090: 6023: 5985: 5703: 5613: 5472: 5434: 5382: 5240: 5187: 5113: 5082: 5031: 4922: 4882: 4624: 4475:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

4465: 4463: 4461: 2817:"Renewables – Global Energy Review 2020 – Analysis" 2554:"Chinese solar capacity outshone Germany's in 2015" 2416:John A. Mathews & Hao Tan (10 September 2014). 3621:"Shaanxi Mothers, biogas for cooking and lighting" 1878:Based on a recently completed survey in 2007, the 6279:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund 4033:"China's Coal Industry: The Waste Has Us Gasping" 3452:"Anwell Produces its First Thin Film Solar Panel" 3125:"China tops the world in clean energy production" 2010:, while the highest electricity demand is in the 3978:. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012 3948:http://www.iges.or.jp/en/cdm/report_country.html 3581:Sector looks set to grow to be pillar of economy 3173:"China Leading Global Race to Make Clean Energy" 1811:Environmental protection and energy conservation 1676:(1981–1985) was the first to address government 6440:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 6264:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation 5250:China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation 4145:Li, Binlin; Haneklaus, Nils (1 November 2021). 3468:. First Solar. 8 September 2009. Archived from 2604:Center for Strategic and International Studies 1839:in different but consistently negative ways. 6914: 6405:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce 5577: 5342: 5009: 4602: 4524:Global Energy Interconnection | ScienceDirect 258: 8: 6445:National Financial Regulatory Administration 3958:Source: UNFCCC website, statistics section: 3260: 3258: 3105:Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update 2888:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1819:, the average rate of recovery of coal from 302:before 2060 and peak emissions before 2030. 6657:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 5674:Grasping the large, letting go of the small 4371:"China Coal Chemical Industry Report, 2006" 3417:"Size key to success in solar panel sector" 2863:Stanway, Muyu Xu, David (21 January 2021). 2175:Renewable energy legislation and incentives 7086: 6921: 6907: 6899: 6878: 6632:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area 6470:State Administration for Market Regulation 6455:National Development and Reform Commission 5584: 5570: 5562: 5349: 5335: 5327: 5016: 5002: 4994: 4609: 4595: 4587: 2846:International Hydropower Association – IHA 2233: 2231: 2229: 1924:National Development and Reform Commission 1721:National Development and Reform Commission 445: 265: 251: 223:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy 58: 6930:Renewable energy by country and territory 6339:National Equities Exchange and Quotations 4575: 4271: 4253: 4162: 3265:Ding, Luz; Murtaugh, Dan (24 June 2022). 3191:"China blasts through wind energy target" 2441: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2170:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1452:In September 2019, Norwegian energy firm 6475:State Administration of Foreign Exchange 3909:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment 3068: 3066: 3012:"The 13th Five-Year-Plan for Wind Power" 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 1890: 1499:China produces 63% of the world's solar 5105:State Electricity Regulatory Commission 3343: 3341: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2385:Andrews-Speed, Philip (November 2014). 2225: 2197: 1880:Standardization Administration of China 1489:Global Horizontal Irradiation in China. 66: 6450:National Bureau of Statistics of China 6420:China Securities Regulatory Commission 5095:National Nuclear Safety Administration 3989: 2881: 2140:World energy resources and consumption 4321:"Improving Chinese energy efficiency" 4094:"China jumps into e-waste initiative" 3359:European Council on Foreign Relations 3096: 3094: 2936:An Ecological History of Modern China 2134:International Renewable Energy Agency 1947:Since June 2006 when Chinese Premier 305:China sees renewables as a source of 7: 6667:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone 6612:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 6410:All-China Federation of Trade Unions 5544: 5459:Longyuan Rudong Intertidal Wind Farm 5044:China Beijing Environmental Exchange 3484:"China pioneers in renewable energy" 2852:from the original on 6 January 2021. 2380: 2378: 2085:List of offshore wind farms in China 6144:Hong Kong Trade Development Council 4069:"China to share disaster expertise" 3171:Bradsher, Keith (30 January 2010). 3039:Miles, Rujun Shen (20 April 2009). 2792:"中华人民共和国2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 - 国家统计局" 2767:"中华人民共和国2022年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 - 国家统计局" 1442:, according to industry observers. 5648:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 5255:China National Nuclear Corporation 5207:HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong 5202:HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou 4114:Borenstein, Seth (12 April 2013). 3896:Environmental Regulations in China 3300:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). 2145:Renewable energy commercialisation 2100:Electric vehicle industry in China 1817:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 1790:(China) Ltd., a subsidiary of the 285:sector is growing faster than its 25: 6672:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone 6425:General Administration of Customs 6289:China Reform Holdings Corporation 5680:Scientific Outlook on Development 5260:Electric power companies of China 4417:"China-Russia Energy Cooperation" 3594:"Daxu, stoves burning crop waste" 3375:from the original on 17 July 2024 1887:Energy production and consumption 1449:25.1 GW by the end of 2009. 7391: 7382: 7381: 6946:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6877: 6868: 6867: 6719:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan 6480:State Administration of Taxation 6368:Stock Exchange Executive Council 6222: 6221: 5835: 5834: 5602: 5601: 5543: 5532: 5531: 5519: 5425: 5392:Bayannur Wulanyiligeng Wind Farm 5308: 5296: 5284: 5273: 5272: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4012:"Bosch Rexroth revs up capacity" 3867:Energy Conservation Law of China 2597:Chiu, Dominic (6 October 2017). 2510:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The 2371:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2695612 2038: 2024: 1883:materials and clean production. 74: 6729:2015–16 stock market turbulence 6652:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone 5227:Ultra-high-voltage transmission 2080:List of power stations in China 234:Topics by country and territory 55:reservoir and solar power park. 6647:Northeast China Revitalization 6284:China Internet Investment Fund 6269:China Government Guidance Fund 4935:British Indian Ocean Territory 4521:Liu, Zhenya (21 August 2015). 3652:University of Washington Press 3454:. Solarbuzz. 7 September 2009. 3019:National Energy Administration 2940:University of Washington Press 337:Renewable electricity overview 1: 6739:China–United States trade war 6604:Regional economic initiatives 6557:National economic initiatives 6274:China-Africa Development Fund 5668:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 5090:China Atomic Energy Authority 4343:"Methanol Fuel in China 2020" 3675:Geothermal Resources in China 3569:World Economic Outlook Update 3440:. EcoSeed. 23 September 2009. 1591:Economic Development Zone in 1375:hydroelectric power plant in 1360:hydroelectric power plant in 6840:List of Chinese by net worth 6823:China Compulsory Certificate 6734:Protein export contamination 6385:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange 6301:China Investment Corporation 5765:Business process outsourcing 4495:Jianxiang, Yang; Shan, Gao. 2720:China Energy Portal | 中国能源门户 2694:China Energy Portal | 中国能源门户 2309:China Energy Portal | 中国能源门户 2090:Automotive industry in China 1833:adaptation to climate change 309:and not just only to reduce 6154:Water supply and sanitation 5417:Shangyi Qijiashan Wind Farm 4392:"中国找外援解"电荒" 俄罗斯对华输电量翻倍-侨报网" 2185:Renewable energy by country 1976:to supply Northeast China ( 1843:will experience changes in 1758:Clean Development Mechanism 1750:Clean Development Mechanism 1620:Yangbajain Geothermal Field 1577:International Monetary Fund 1481:PV capacity growth in China 1344:Electricity sector in China 239:Marketing and policy trends 7444: 6662:Rise of Central China Plan 6460:National Energy Commission 5100:SASAC of the State Council 4164:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.09.194 3751:"可再生能源十二五规划初稿拟定水电核电领衔新能源" 3535:W. W. Norton & Company 2278:Ahmed, Zo (22 July 2024). 1717:National People's Congress 1647: 1636:National laws and policies 1624: 1536: 1492: 1407: 1382: 1341: 7418:Renewable energy in China 7377: 6858: 6695:2005–2011 property bubble 6627:China Western Development 6334:Dalian Commodity Exchange 5599: 5513: 5449:Guishan Offshore Windfarm 5423: 5374:Renewable energy in China 5364: 5268: 4963: 4618:Renewable energy in Asia 3996:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3772:"金太阳示范工程财政补助资金管理暂行办法(全文)" 2506:Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). 2070:Geothermal power in China 1741:Approximately 54% of the 1627:Geothermal power in China 1618:A 24 MW power station in 1404:Mean Wind Speed in China. 1385:Hydroelectricity in China 1282: 1239: 1196: 1153: 471: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 51:Satellite picture of the 6569:Belt and Road Initiative 6548:Rural credit cooperative 6321:Foreign exchange reserve 6254:Beijing Financial Street 5663:Socialist market economy 5444:Donghai Bridge Wind Farm 4684:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4189:. Reuters. 12 June 2023. 3646:Santos, Gonçalo (2021). 3304:. New Haven and London: 2934:Harrell, Stevan (2023). 2742:"中国电力企业联合会网-中国最大的行业门户网站" 2129:Renewable energy in Asia 2008:northwest of the country 1743:Belt and Road Initiative 1602:stoves and by producing 6811:Globalization and women 6677:Zhongyuan Economic Zone 6617:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim 6397:Government institutions 6373:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 6363:Shanghai Metal Exchange 6351:Shanghai Stock Exchange 6015:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park 6000:Megalopolises in China 5464:Xiangshui demonstration 5315:Renewable energy portal 4945:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3913:Leiden University Press 2095:Climate change in China 2032:Renewable energy portal 1967:unintended consequences 1847:cover, while vanishing 6850:Science and technology 6744:2020–2021 reform spree 6498:International rankings 6344:Beijing Stock Exchange 6010:Suzhou Industrial Park 6005:Special Economic Zones 5500:A Power Energy Systems 5412:Huitengliang Wind Farm 5369:Energy policy of China 5197:HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai 5188:Electricity generation 5069:List of power stations 4255:10.3390/ijerph18157873 3976:Renewable Energy World 3687:"国家能源部雏形初现折射中国能源格局混乱" 3078:Renewable Energy World 2630:capacity4dev.europa.eu 2105:Energy policy of China 1895: 1650:Energy policy of China 1645: 1622: 1583:Work has begun on the 1572:World Economic Outlook 1490: 1482: 1405: 1380: 1365: 200:Tidal stream generator 56: 44: 6200:Intellectual property 5695:1949–1976 wage reform 5638:Industrial Revolution 5526:Wind power portal 5232:Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC 5039:Carbon trading scheme 3306:Yale University Press 1894: 1648:Further information: 1643: 1617: 1488: 1480: 1403: 1371: 1356: 50: 34: 6888:Economy of East Asia 6594:Youth Business China 6430:Ministry of Commerce 6378:SZSE Component Index 5995:Dalian Software Park 5473:Wind power companies 5397:Dabancheng Wind Farm 4859:United Arab Emirates 4501:windpowermonthly.com 4120:The Huffingtion Post 3883:15 July 2007 at the 3395:"Global Solar Atlas" 3110:12 June 2009 at the 2358:. 23 September 2022. 2065:Solar power in China 1986:former Soviet states 1937:economic development 1725:Renewable Energy Law 1495:Solar power in China 160:Marine current power 106:Crosswind kite power 6435:Ministry of Finance 6356:SSE Composite Index 6326:Hedge fund industry 6173:Law and regulations 5880:academic publishing 5658:Four Modernizations 5436:Offshore wind farms 5402:Danjinghe Wind Farm 5358:Wind power in China 4886:limited recognition 3730:"中华人民共和国可再生能源法(全文)" 3627:on 11 December 2008 3600:on 15 February 2009 3357:. Berlin, Germany: 3314:10.2307/jj.11589102 3251:. 23 November 2021. 3229:. 25 September 2019 2990:Scientific American 2964:"Global Wind Atlas" 2434:2014Natur.513..166M 2060:Wind power in China 1709:Energy Conservation 1533:Biomass and biofuel 1509:Anwell Technologies 1410:Wind power in China 448: 190:Sustainable biofuel 101:Carbon-neutral fuel 62:Part of a series on 6845:Chinese economists 6818:National Standards 6714:2007 slave scandal 6622:Bohai Economic Rim 6589:Made in China 2025 6538:Internal migration 6523:Standard of living 6311:Financial services 6185:Labor contract law 6139:Illegal drug trade 6109:World Trade Center 5945:Telecommunications 5893:equipment industry 5725:Advanced materials 5690:Population history 5653:Great Leap Forward 5607:Companies of China 5384:Onshore wind farms 5241:State-owned energy 5164:Petroleum industry 5054:Electricity sector 4350:Methanol Institute 3709:"国家能源委员会成立温家宝任主任" 3211:中国风电装机容量连续5年增长100% 3177:The New York Times 2560:. 21 January 2016. 2542:. 21 January 2016. 2213:Excluding biomass. 2204:Including biomass. 2180:Sustainable energy 2110:Pollution in China 2075:Bioenergy in China 1944:energy resources. 1896: 1646: 1623: 1539:Bioenergy in China 1491: 1483: 1406: 1381: 1366: 446: 440:Biofuels and waste 323:photovoltaic power 116:Geothermal heating 57: 45: 7423:Industry in China 7405: 7404: 7270: 7269: 6896: 6895: 6709:2007 stock bubble 6574:Common prosperity 6564:Beijing Consensus 6518:Income inequality 5987:Development Zones 5559: 5558: 5480:Dongfang Electric 5324: 5323: 4991: 4990: 4928:other territories 4577:10.3390/su8040337 3792:发改委关于促进风电产业发展实施意见 3661:978-0-295-74738-5 3368:978-1-916682-42-9 3152:. 3 February 2009 3028:on 16 April 2017. 2910:. 20 January 2021 2722:. 20 January 2021 2696:. 22 January 2021 2558:businessgreen.com 2521:978-0-262-54482-5 2428:(7517): 166–168. 2311:. 21 January 2020 2241:. 2 January 2022. 2165:Greenhouse effect 1957:coal liquefaction 1933:energy efficiency 1928:chemical industry 1861:natural resources 1849:mountain glaciers 1841:Temperate regions 1775:According to the 1760:emerged from the 1752:projects in China 1659:Government bodies 1317: 1316: 300:carbon neutrality 275: 274: 111:Geothermal energy 16:(Redirected from 7435: 7395: 7385: 7384: 7328:French Polynesia 7087: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6900: 6883:Outline of China 6881: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6704:pet food recalls 6579:Dual circulation 6330:Stock Exchanges 6259:Financial system 6225: 6224: 6164:Trading partners 5910:Renewable energy 5838: 5837: 5605: 5604: 5593:Economy of China 5586: 5579: 5572: 5563: 5547: 5546: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5429: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5275: 5222:Three Gorges Dam 5190:and transmission 5143: 5136:Hydroelectricity 5074:Renewable energy 5018: 5011: 5004: 4995: 4981: 4971: 4970: 4940:Christmas Island 4626:Sovereign states 4611: 4604: 4597: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4467: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4396:uschinapress.com 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4257: 4233: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4122:. 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Wood Mackenzie 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3472:on 3 March 2016. 3462: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3356: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3297: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3115: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3051:on 22 April 2009 3047:. Archived from 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3021:. Archived from 3016: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2796:www.stats.gov.cn 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2771:www.stats.gov.cn 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2503: 2464: 2463: 2445: 2413: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2382: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2155:Hydrogen economy 2115:Three Gorges Dam 2048: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2029: 2028: 1974:Russian Far East 1857:overexploitation 1802: 1586: 1358:Three Gorges Dam 449: 439: 433: 427: 421: 283:renewable energy 267: 260: 253: 131:Run-of-the-river 126:Hydroelectricity 121:Geothermal power 78: 68:Renewable energy 59: 39:'s wind farm in 21: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7373: 7342: 7306: 7266: 7193: 7078: 6985: 6932: 6927: 6897: 6892: 6854: 6748: 6681: 6598: 6552: 6484: 6391: 6204: 6190:Labor relations 6168: 6086: 6019: 5981: 5867:Pharmaceuticals 5699: 5633:Five-year plans 5609: 5595: 5590: 5560: 5555: 5518: 5509: 5505:Envision Energy 5468: 5430: 5421: 5407:Gansu Wind Farm 5378: 5360: 5355: 5325: 5320: 5264: 5242: 5236: 5212:HVDC Tian–Guang 5189: 5183: 5141: 5109: 5078: 5064:Energy security 5027: 5025:Energy in China 5022: 4992: 4987: 4959: 4927: 4918: 4899:Northern Cyprus 4885: 4878: 4620: 4615: 4585: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4126:on 6 March 2016 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3988: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3885:Wayback Machine 3876: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3804:"中华人民共和国可再生能源法" 3802: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619:Ashden Awards. 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3592:Ashden Awards. 3591: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3369: 3354: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3324: 3299: 3298: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3112:Wayback Machine 3099: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2880: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2505: 2504: 2467: 2443:10.1038/513166a 2415: 2414: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2119: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2020: 1999: 1902: 1889: 1837:Asian countries 1813: 1800: 1754: 1732:Great Recession 1670: 1661: 1652: 1638: 1629: 1612: 1584: 1541: 1535: 1497: 1475: 1440:Great Recession 1412: 1398: 1387: 1351: 1346: 1340: 505: 468: 444: 443: 437: 431: 425: 419: 415: 414: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 339: 311:carbon emission 307:energy security 271: 53:Longyangxia Dam 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7389: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7255:United Kingdom 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7104:Czech Republic 7101: 7095: 7093: 7091:European Union 7084: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6875: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6754:Related topics 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6503:Social welfare 6500: 6494: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6229: 6218: 6216: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6124:Postal history 6121: 6119:Communications 6116: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6096:infrastructure 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6062: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6053:Oil refineries 6050: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5887: 5882: 5873: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5795:Electric power 5792: 5790:Electric motor 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5685:Historical GDP 5682: 5677: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5643:Iron rice bowl 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5454:Huaneng Rudong 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142:power stations 5140:Hydroelectric 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5049:Climate change 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4584: 4583: 4564:Sustainability 4547: 4533: 4513: 4487: 4457: 4432: 4408: 4383: 4362: 4333: 4312: 4287: 4228: 4217: 4192: 4178: 4151:Energy Reports 4137: 4106: 4085: 4060: 4049: 4024: 4003: 3963: 3951: 3940: 3928: 3921: 3899: 3888: 3870: 3859: 3838: 3827: 3816: 3795: 3784: 3763: 3742: 3721: 3699: 3678: 3667: 3660: 3638: 3611: 3584: 3573: 3571:, 25 July 2007 3561: 3550: 3544:978-0393292398 3543: 3518: 3496: 3475: 3457: 3443: 3429: 3407: 3386: 3367: 3337: 3322: 3285: 3272:Bloomberg News 3254: 3240: 3214: 3203: 3182: 3163: 3137: 3116: 3090: 3062: 3031: 3003: 2976: 2955: 2948: 2921: 2895: 2855: 2833: 2808: 2783: 2758: 2746:www.cec.org.cn 2733: 2707: 2681: 2665:"IEA – Report" 2656: 2642: 2617: 2589: 2563: 2545: 2527: 2520: 2465: 2403: 2374: 2361: 2347: 2322: 2296: 2270: 2259:. 28 June 2023 2244: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2160:Global warming 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2035: 2019: 2016: 1998: 1995: 1962:methyl alcohol 1900: 1888: 1885: 1873:global warming 1812: 1809: 1792:Bosch Group AG 1766:carbon credits 1762:Kyoto Protocol 1753: 1747: 1678:policy support 1674:Five-Year Plan 1672:China's Sixth 1669: 1668:Policy history 1666: 1660: 1657: 1637: 1634: 1625:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1537:Main article: 1534: 1531: 1493:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1416:Five-Year Plan 1408:Main article: 1397: 1394: 1383:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1003: 997: 996: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 943: 942: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 889: 888: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 835: 834: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 781: 780: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 727: 726: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 673: 672: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 619: 618: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 565: 564: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 511: 510: 507: 502: 501:Solar thermal 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 474: 473: 470: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 442: 441: 435: 429: 423: 416: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 365: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 335: 273: 272: 270: 269: 262: 255: 247: 244: 243: 242: 241: 236: 228: 227: 226: 225: 217: 216: 215: 214: 209: 204: 203: 202: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 156: 155: 150: 145: 135: 134: 133: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 80: 79: 71: 70: 64: 63: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7440: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347:South America 7345: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7302:United States 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275:North America 7273: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6876: 6874: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6829:Made in China 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6806:Globalization 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584:Go Out policy 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 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policy 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:Pearl farming 5860: 5858: 5857:Online gaming 5855: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760:Biotechnology 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 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5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5059:Energy policy 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909:South Ossetia 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 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Seattle: 3631:25 November 3604:25 November 3332:jj.11589102 2938:. Seattle: 2751:11 December 1907:country. 1705:methane gas 1698:solar power 1589:Suqian City 1551:(after the 1473:Solar power 327:solar cells 195:Tidal power 185:Solar power 153:Small hydro 143:Micro hydro 7412:Categories 7287:Costa Rica 7159:Luxembourg 7034:Kazakhstan 7004:Bangladesh 6976:Seychelles 6767:Bankruptcy 6543:Emigration 6513:Corruption 6227:Accounting 6180:Tax system 6080:Geothermal 5950:Television 5915:Securities 5900:Rare earth 5876:Publishing 5820:Hedge fund 5735:Automotive 5705:Industries 5131:Geothermal 4864:Uzbekistan 4839:Tajikistan 4754:Kyrgyzstan 4734:Kazakhstan 4654:Bangladesh 4644:Azerbaijan 4570:(4): 337. 4425:10 October 4376:10 October 4326:10 October 4099:10 October 4078:10 October 4073:SciDev.Net 4042:10 October 4037:TreeHugger 4017:10 October 3982:10 October 3809:10 October 3777:10 October 3735:10 October 3714:10 October 3692:10 October 3489:10 October 3422:10 October 3400:7 December 3196:10 October 3156:10 October 3130:10 October 3083:10 October 3055:10 October 2996:10 October 2969:7 December 2396:5 December 2221:References 1997:Challenges 1949:Wen Jiabao 1913:hydropower 1796:hydraulics 1690:low-carbon 1610:Geothermal 1561:automotive 1396:Wind power 1349:Hydropower 1329:wind power 1308:2,755,880 1289:1,285,850 1283:6,265,740 1280:9,456.440 1265:2,542,120 1246:1,352,200 1240:5,888,790 1237:8,848,710 1222:2,322,700 1203:1,340,100 1197:5,646,300 1194:8,376,800 1179:2,082,800 1160:1,355,200 1154:5,174,300 1151:7,623,600 1136:2,044,000 1116:1,302,100 1104:4,553,800 1101:7,326,900 1086:1,868,400 1066:1,232,100 1054:4,482,900 1051:6,994,700 1036:1,700,000 1017:1,194,700 1005:6,452,900 990:1,581,979 966:1,193,374 954:4,241,786 951:6,217,907 936:1,425,180 912:1,130,270 900:4,108,994 897:5,859,958 882:1,307,170 858:1,064,337 846:4,115,215 843:5,678,945 828:1,127,686 792:4,110,826 789:5,447,231 774:1,019,238 738:3,785,022 735:4,994,038 684:3,723,315 681:4,715,761 630:3,250,409 627:4,207,993 576:2,940,751 573:3,741,961 522:2,743,767 519:3,481,985 469:renewable 464:Renewable 315:energy mix 212:Wind power 207:Wave power 148:Pico hydro 138:Hydropower 7354:Argentina 7318:Australia 7154:Lithuania 7054:Palestine 7029:Indonesia 6864:See also: 6795:The Hongs 6772:Companies 6724:2010 Expo 6114:Transport 6065:Renewable 6048:Oil shale 5780:Container 5750:Aerospace 5495:Ming Yang 5243:companies 5169:Shale gas 5159:Oil shale 5121:Bioenergy 4950:Hong Kong 4904:Palestine 4829:Sri Lanka 4824:Singapore 4704:Indonesia 4450:24 August 4401:25 August 4355:24 August 4305:24 August 4264:1660-4601 4210:24 August 4205:bp global 4173:2352-4847 2884:cite news 2826:6 January 2512:MIT Press 2340:6 January 2315:6 January 2012:southeast 1805:Changzhou 1566:crude oil 1549:bio-fuels 495:Biofuels 492:Solar PV 7387:Category 7369:Colombia 7292:Honduras 7260:Scotland 7179:Portugal 7069:Thailand 7049:Pakistan 7039:Malaysia 6956:Ethiopia 6873:Category 6316:Renminbi 6134:Shipping 5967:Textiles 5935:Software 5925:Shipping 5920:Sex toys 5889:Railway 5871:pharmacy 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