47:
458:
229:
1129:
1276:
1026:
2266:
985:. When a major storm approaches, the dam operators calculate the volume of water that the storm will add to the reservoir. If forecast storm water will overfill the reservoir, water is slowly let out of the reservoir prior to, and during, the storm. If done with sufficient lead time, the major storm will not fill the reservoir and areas downstream will not experience damaging flows. Accurate weather forecasts are essential so that dam operators can correctly plan drawdowns prior to a high rainfall event. Dam operators blamed a faulty weather forecast on the
1457:
442:
66:
1641:. Disputes have occurred regarding when RTS has occurred due to a lack of hydrogeological knowledge at the time of the event. It is accepted, though, that the infiltration of water into pores and the weight of the reservoir do contribute to RTS patterns. For RTS to occur, there must be a seismic structure near the dam or its reservoir and the seismic structure must be close to failure. Additionally, water must be able to infiltrate the deep rock
921:. When river flow exceeds the capacity of the orifice plate, water builds up behind the dam; but as soon as the flow rate reduces, the water behind the dam is slowly released until the reservoir is empty again. In some cases, such reservoirs only function a few times in a decade, and the land behind the reservoir may be developed as community or recreational land. A new generation of balancing dams are being developed to combat the possible
874:
1097:
205:
821:
863:
190:
2280:
1653:
1994:
1702:
1195:
1593:(RTS) as seismic events have occurred near large dams or within their reservoirs in the past. These events may have been triggered by the filling or operation of the reservoir and are on a small scale when compared to the amount of reservoirs worldwide. Of over 100 recorded events, some early examples include the 60 m (197 ft) tall
597:
representing an outdated model of productive agriculture. They argue that these reservoirs lead to a loss in both quantity and quality of water necessary for maintaining ecological balance and pose a risk of increasing severity and duration of droughts due to climate change. In summary, they consider it a misadaptation to climate change.
1293:
associated with concrete manufacture, are relatively easy to estimate. Other impacts on the natural environment and social and cultural effects can be more difficult to assess and to weigh in the balance but identification and quantification of these issues is now commonly required in major construction projects in the developed world
749:
925:. They are called "Flood Detention Reservoirs". Because these reservoirs will remain dry for long periods, there may be a risk of the clay core drying out, reducing its structural stability. Recent developments include the use of composite core fill made from recycled materials as an alternative to clay.
811:
into deep, cold anoxic water during the summer months. In the autumn and winter the lake becomes fully mixed again. During drought conditions, it is sometimes necessary to draw down the cold bottom water, and the elevated levels of manganese in particular can cause problems in water treatment plants.
600:
Proponents of reservoirs or substitution reserves, on the other hand, see them as a solution for sustainable agriculture while waiting for a truly durable agricultural model. Without such reserves, they fear that unsustainable imported irrigation will be inevitable. They believe that these reservoirs
1409:
in Brazil (inaugurated in 1987) had over 20 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels, due to the large area flooded per unit of electricity generated. Another study published in the Global
Biogeochemical Cycles also found that newly flooded reservoirs
1229:
While much of the effort is directed at the dam and its associated structures as the weakest part of the overall structure, the aim of such controls is to prevent an uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir. Reservoir failures can generate huge increases in flow down a river valley, with the
1115:
that can discharge water from the reservoir at different levels, both to access water as the water level falls, and to allow water of a specific quality to be discharged into the downstream river as "compensation water": the operators of many upland or in-river reservoirs have obligations to release
849:
Some reservoirs generating hydroelectricity use pumped recharge: a high-level reservoir is filled with water using high-performance electric pumps at times when electricity demand is low, and then uses this stored water to generate electricity by releasing the stored water into a low-level reservoir
1420:
A two-year study of carbon dioxide and methane releases in Canada concluded that while the hydroelectric reservoirs there do emit greenhouse gases, it is on a much smaller scale than thermal power plants of similar capacity. Hydropower typically emits 35 to 70 times less greenhouse gases per TWh of
1136:
The units used for measuring reservoir areas and volumes vary from country to country. In most of the world, reservoir areas are expressed in square kilometers; in the United States, acres are commonly used. For volume, either cubic meters or cubic kilometers are widely used, with acre-feet used in
592:
This type of infrastructure has sparked an opposition movement in France, with numerous disputes and, for some projects, protests, especially in the former Poitou-Charentes region where violent demonstrations took place in 2022 and 2023. In Spain, there is greater acceptance because all beneficiary
319:
Dams are typically located at a narrow part of a downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as natural walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength and the lowest cost of construction. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and
1325:
As a human-made reservoir fills, existing plants are submerged and during the years it takes for this matter to decay, will give off considerably more greenhouse gases than lakes do. A reservoir in a narrow valley or canyon may cover relatively little vegetation, while one situated on a plain may
596:
The specific debate about substitution reservoirs is part of a broader discussion related to reservoirs used for agricultural irrigation, regardless of their type, and a certain model of intensive agriculture. Opponents view these reservoirs as a monopolization of resources benefiting only a few,
1539:
of reservoirs has many similarities to that of lakes of equivalent size. There are however significant differences. Many reservoirs experience considerable variations in level producing significant areas that are intermittently underwater or dried out. This greatly limits the productivity or the
1392:
A study for the
National Institute for Research in the Amazon found that hydroelectric reservoirs release a large pulse of carbon dioxide from decay of trees left standing in the reservoirs, especially during the first decade after flooding. This elevates the global warming impact of the dams to
1292:
All reservoirs will have a monetary cost/benefit assessment made before construction to see if the project is worth proceeding with. However, such analysis can often omit the environmental impacts of dams and the reservoirs that they contain. Some impacts, such as the greenhouse gas production
828:
In 2005, about 25% of the world's 33,105 large dams (over 15 metres in height) were used for hydroelectricity. The U.S. produces 3% of its electricity from 80,000 dams of all sizes. An initiative is underway to retrofit more dams as a good use of existing infrastructure to provide many smaller
2810:
Claudia Näser; The Great Hafir at
Musawwarat as-Sufra. Fieldwork of the Archaeological Mission of Humboldt University Berlin in 2005 and 2006. On: Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006; In: Polish Centre of
916:
also known as an "attenuation" or "balancing" reservoirs, flood control reservoirs collect water at times of very high rainfall, then release it slowly during the following weeks or months. Some of these reservoirs are constructed across the river line, with the onward flow controlled by an
576:
and providing water capacity to even-out peak demand from consumers, enabling the treatment plant to run at optimum efficiency. Large service reservoirs can also be managed to reduce the cost of pumping by refilling the reservoir at times of day when energy costs are low.
3381:
Kelly, C. A.; Rudd, J. W. M.; Bodaly, R. A.; Roulet, N. P.; St.Louis, V. L.; Heyes, A.; Moore, T. R.; Schiff, S.; Aravena, R.; Scott, K. J.; Dyck, B. (May 1997). "Increases in Fluxes of
Greenhouse Gases and Methyl Mercury following Flooding of an Experimental Reservoir".
3425:
St.Louis, Vincent L.; Rudd, John W. M.; Kelly, Carol A.; Bodaly, R. A. (Drew); Paterson, Michael J.; Beaty, Kenneth G.; Hesslein, Raymond H.; Heyes, Andrew; Majewski, Andrew R. (March 2004). "The Rise and Fall of
Mercury Methylation in an Experimental Reservoir†".
560:
Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909. When it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world and it is still one of the largest in Europe. This reservoir now forms part of the southern extension of the
1092:
or to maintain river flows to support downstream uses. Occasionally reservoirs can be managed to retain water during high rainfall events to prevent or reduce downstream flooding. Some reservoirs support several uses, and the operating rules may be complex.
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1201:
1526:
can be flooded by the creation of reservoirs, ruining many livelihoods. For this very reason, worldwide 80 million people (figure is as of 2009, from the
Edexcel GCSE Geography textbook) have had to be forcibly relocated due to dam construction.
1164:, and downstream releases. In addition, a reservoir's "flood control capacity" is the amount of water it can regulate during flooding. The "surcharge capacity" is the capacity of the reservoir above the spillway crest that cannot be regulated.
3295:
Teodoru, Cristian R.; Bastien, Julie; Bonneville, Marie-Claude; del
Giorgio, Paul A.; Demarty, Maud; Garneau, Michelle; Hélie, Jean-Francois; Pelletier, Luc; Prairie, Yves T.; Roulet, Nigel T.; Strachan, Ian B.; Tremblay, Alain (June 2012).
1199:
980:
Reservoirs can be used to balance the flow in highly managed systems, taking in water during high flows and releasing it again during low flows. In order for this to work without pumping requires careful control of water levels using
712:. The Hafirs catch the water during rainy seasons in order to ensure water is available for several months during dry seasons to supply drinking water, irrigate fields and water cattle. The Great Reservoir near the Lion Temple in
1410:
released more carbon dioxide and methane than the pre-flooded landscape, noting that forest lands, wetlands, and preexisting water features all released differing amounts of carbon dioxide and methane both pre- and post-flooding.
1052:. Special rules may apply for the safety of the public and to protect the quality of the water and the ecology of the surrounding area. Many reservoirs now support and encourage less formal and less structured recreation such as
46:
837:
connected to the retained water body by large-diameter pipes. These generating sets may be at the base of the dam or some distance away. In a flat river valley a reservoir needs to be deep enough to create a
1260:
rivers. The economic and social impact was derived from the enormous volumes of previously stored water that swept down the valleys, wreaking destruction. This raid later became the basis for several films.
2842:
Soumis, Nicolas; Lucotte, Marc; Canuel, René; Weissenberger, Sebastian; Houel, Stéphane; Larose, Catherine; Duchemin, Éric (2004). "Hydroelectric
Reservoirs as Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases".
1547:
through the water body so that they are more quickly lost to the system. This may be seen as a mismatch between water chemistry and water biology with a tendency for the biological component to be more
1116:
water into the downstream river to maintain river quality, support fisheries, to maintain downstream industrial and recreational uses or for a range of other purposes. Such releases are known as
2876:
505:. The use of bank-side reservoirs also allows water abstraction to be stopped for some time, for instance when the river is unacceptably polluted or when flow conditions are very low due to
1559:
characteristics because the residence time in the reservoir is much greater than in the river and the biological systems have a much greater opportunity to utilise the available nutrients.
1152:, spillway, or power plant intake and can only be pumped out. Dead storage allows sediments to settle, which improves water quality and also creates an area for fish during low levels.
1326:
flood a great deal of vegetation. The site may be cleared of vegetation first or simply flooded. Tropical flooding can produce far more greenhouse gases than in temperate regions.
493:, which may exceed 6 km (4 miles) in circumference. Both the floor of the reservoir and the bund must have an impermeable lining or core: initially these were often made of
501:
clay. The water stored in such reservoirs may stay there for several months, during which time normal biological processes may substantially reduce many contaminants and reduce
170:
The term is also used technically to refer to certain forms of liquid storage, such the "coolant reservoir" that captures overflow of coolant in an automobile's cooling system.
1197:
910:
or secondary water systems. Irrigation may also be supported by reservoirs which maintain river flows, allowing water to be abstracted for irrigation lower down the river.
1252:"), in which three German reservoir dams were selected to be breached in order to damage German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from the
2600:
3757:
2463:
892:
water may be released from an upland reservoir so that it can be abstracted for drinking water lower down the system, sometimes hundreds of miles further downstream.
5515:
5256:
4852:
1429:
1672:
Reservoirs may change the local climate increasing humidity and reducing extremes of temperature, especially in dry areas. Such effects are claimed also by some
359:
Construction of a dammed reservoir will usually require the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel.
842:
of water at the turbines; and if there are periods of drought the reservoir needs to hold enough water to average out the river's flow throughout the year(s).
5471:
4980:
3146:
1480:
Dams can produce a block for migrating fish, trapping them in one area, producing food and a habitat for various water-birds. They can also flood various
5303:
4754:
2632:
1178:
There is a wide variety of software for modelling reservoirs, from the specialist Dam Safety
Program Management Tools (DSPMT) to the relatively simple
1405:
from the reservoir could be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant. For instance, In 1990, the impoundment behind the
1080:
emerging as springs, is stored in the reservoir. Any excess water can be spilled via a specifically designed spillway. Stored water may be piped by
2947:
377:
Where the topography is poorly suited to forming a single large reservoir, a number of smaller reservoirs may be constructed in a chain, as in the
601:
should be accompanied by a territorial project that unites all water stakeholders with the goal of preserving and enhancing natural environments.
362:
In hilly regions, reservoirs are often constructed by enlarging existing lakes. Sometimes in such reservoirs, the new top water level exceeds the
3708:
426:
are preferred economically and technically since they do not use scarce land area. Many coastal reservoirs were constructed in Asia and Europe.
2915:
1230:
potential to wash away towns and villages and cause considerable loss of life, such as the devastation following the failure of containment at
489:
may be built to store the water. Such reservoirs are usually formed partly by excavation and partly by building a complete encircling bund or
3010:
2752:
2711:
2413:
1562:
Deep reservoirs with multiple level draw off towers can discharge deep cold water into the downstream river greatly reducing the size of any
1170:
In the United
Kingdom, "top water level" describes the reservoir full state, while "fully drawn down" describes the minimum retained volume.
2658:
552:
liners on their base to limit seepage and/or as floating covers to limit evaporation, particularly in arid climates. In the United Kingdom,
3750:
3503:
1401:
report (Dams And Development), when the reservoir is relatively large and no prior clearing of forest in the flooded area was undertaken,
689:
in 3000 BC. Artificial lakes dating to the 5th century BC have been found in ancient Greece. The artificial Bhojsagar lake in present-day
540:, often as elevated structures on concrete pillars where the landscape is relatively flat. Other service reservoirs can be storage pools,
1511:
Dams can severely reduce the amount of water reaching countries downstream of them, causing water stress between the countries, e.g. the
3054:
2502:
1848:
1270:
939:
to cross a range of hills. Another use is to reduce costs or construction time when the canal must be dug through rock, as used on the
2860:
1713:
1417:
in Brazil (completed in 1984) had only 0.4 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels.
947:
locks dividing the two Rideau's and essentially turning the upper Rideau into an enlarged reservoir, albeit only by two or three feet.
728:
4881:
3787:
2784:
2429:
843:
213:
2424:
Construction of Hoover Dam: a historic account prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Interior. KC Publications. 1976.
735:("sea of King Parakrama"). Vast artificial reservoirs were also built by various ancient kingdoms in Bengal, Assam, and Cambodia.
457:
4975:
3128:
2552:
Bryn Philpott-Yinka Oyeyemi-John Sawyer (2009). "ICE Virtual Library: Queen Mary and King George V emergency draw down schemes".
155:
Reservoirs are created by controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water, interrupting a watercourse to form an
3026:
986:
228:
5500:
4891:
3929:
3743:
2685:
1128:
851:
1601:
in the U.S. (1935). Most events involve large dams and small amounts of seismicity. The only four recorded events above a 6.0-
1275:
3000:
2607:
1645:
as the weight of a 100 m (328 ft) deep reservoir will have little impact when compared the deadweight of rock on a
1578:
149:
3674:
3656:
3637:
3618:
3600:
3582:
3564:
3531:
2823:
1566:. This in turn can reduce the concentrations of phosphorus released during any annual mixing event and may therefore reduce
422:
to store the flood water of a river. As the land-based reservoir construction is fraught with substantial land submergence,
1543:
Upland reservoirs tend to have a much shorter residence time than natural lakes and this can lead to more rapid cycling of
1476:. As reservoirs may contain stocks of fish, numerous water-bird species may rely on reservoirs and form habitats near them.
5113:
4643:
3903:
1025:
5108:
4648:
4121:
2005:
1329:
The following table indicates reservoir emissions in milligrams per square meter per day for different bodies of water.
971:) are made to encourage natural migration behaviours in fish and to provide a variety of fishing conditions for anglers.
494:
3477:
771:
through water mains. The reservoir does not merely hold water until it is needed: it can also be the first part of the
4074:
2973:
1010:
3298:"The net carbon footprint of a newly created boreal hydroelectric reservoir: C EMISSIONS FROM THE EASTMAIN RESERVOIR"
2897:
3971:
509:. The London water supply system exhibits one example of the use of bank-side storage: here water is taken from the
5376:
5177:
2167:
1693:
In 2005, there were 33,105 large dams (≥15 m height) listed by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).
244:
179:
31:
3143:
5622:
5088:
4997:
1167:
In the United States, the water below the normal maximum level of a reservoir is called the "conservation pool".
922:
731:
said "Do not let a drop of water seep into the ocean without benefiting mankind." He created the reservoir named
682:
573:
536:
store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution. Many service reservoirs are constructed as
1226:
In many countries large reservoirs are closely regulated to try to prevent or minimize failures of containment.
935:, a reservoir may be built to guarantee the water level in the canal: for example, where a canal climbs through
5627:
5371:
4463:
4008:
1402:
1398:
217:
3070:
2528:
1389:
can either reduce or increase the net production of greenhouse gases when compared to other sources of power.
556:
has many underground reservoirs built in the 1800s, most of which are lined with brick. A good example is the
2636:
2366:
5488:
5398:
4570:
4337:
4156:
4089:
3821:
2951:
2299:
1499:(MeHg) via microbial methylation in flooded soils and peat. MeHg levels have also been found to increase in
1307:
1206:
674:
522:
309:
1456:
5617:
5576:
5450:
5056:
4947:
4935:
4631:
4372:
4211:
3848:
3782:
3766:
1602:
1386:
936:
562:
462:
4518:
3205:
5315:
5251:
5125:
4818:
4744:
4513:
4451:
4327:
4275:
4268:
3814:
3548:
2325:
2144:
1944:
446:
435:
209:
3709:"Durability-Based Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Reservoirs Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm"
441:
693:
state of India, constructed in the 11th century, covered 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi).
320:
re-housed, historical artifacts moved or rare environments relocated. Examples include the temples of
5532:
5527:
5510:
5505:
5483:
5273:
4987:
4840:
4732:
4636:
4429:
4114:
4084:
3913:
3856:
3720:
3435:
3246:
3171:
1488:
1245:
1235:
518:
300:
2922:
885:
Reservoirs can be used in a number of ways to control how water flows through downstream waterways:
5612:
5571:
5182:
5041:
4874:
4407:
4280:
4161:
4136:
2320:
1798:
1775:
866:
800:
713:
514:
50:
5522:
5425:
5327:
5140:
4535:
4322:
4052:
4018:
3407:
3319:
3262:
3187:
2684:
Sahoo, Debabrata; Nayeb Yazdi, Mohammad; Owen, Jr., James S.; White, Sarah A. (13 October 2021).
2662:
2304:
1688:
1646:
1590:
1249:
1068:, and often provide information boards and interpretation material to encourage responsible use.
1061:
427:
382:
70:
3507:
585:
An irrigation reservoir is a water reservoir for agricultural use. They are filled using pumped
65:
1663:(built in 1975), an example of an artificial lake which significantly changed the local climate
1428:
generation, since electricity produced from hydroelectric generation does not give rise to any
1140:
The capacity, volume, or storage of a reservoir is usually divided into distinguishable areas.
5564:
5554:
5544:
5493:
5150:
4362:
4347:
4332:
4312:
4203:
4182:
3993:
3836:
3459:
3451:
3399:
3006:
2856:
2780:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2579:
2425:
2409:
1921:
1656:
1495:. After a reservoir's initial formation, there is a large increase in the production of toxic
1492:
1469:
1280:
1160:
storage is the portion of the reservoir that can be used for flood control, power production,
1089:
732:
423:
402:
390:
386:
58:
3364:"The Issue of Greenhouse Gases from Hydroelectric Reservoirs from Boreal to Tropical Regions"
3339:"Production of the greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 by hydroelectric reservoirs of boreal region"
3051:
2506:
1555:
Conversely, lowland reservoirs drawing water from nutrient rich rivers, may show exaggerated
5559:
5466:
5209:
5051:
4992:
4712:
4668:
4468:
4290:
4141:
4101:
3797:
3443:
3391:
3309:
3254:
3179:
2848:
2561:
2340:
2071:
1871:
1634:
1519:, which damages farming businesses in the downstream countries, and reduces drinking water.
1221:
1006:
830:
752:
569:
565:. The top of the reservoir has been grassed over and is now used by the Aquarius Golf Club.
490:
84:
5581:
5440:
5410:
5172:
5100:
5078:
5036:
4931:
4901:
4766:
4761:
4412:
4295:
3866:
3678:
3660:
3641:
3622:
3604:
3586:
3568:
3535:
3150:
3132:
3058:
2827:
2213:
1673:
1461:
1441:
1242:
1053:
772:
764:
724:
705:
697:
305:
259:
129:
123:
117:
38:
3005:. Developments in Water Science. Vol. 33. Elsevier Publishing Company. p. 187.
1540:
water margins and also limits the number of species able to survive in these conditions.
1148:
storage refers to water in a reservoir that cannot be drained by gravity through a dam's
589:, pumped river water or water runoff and are typically used during the local dry season.
30:
This article is about an artificial body of water or a natural lake. For other uses, see
3439:
3250:
3206:"Reservoir Surfaces as Sources of Greenhouse Gases to the Atmosphere: A Global Estimate"
3175:
3109:
873:
5549:
5476:
5298:
5263:
5194:
5083:
4955:
4663:
4248:
4238:
4040:
2315:
2236:
2190:
1433:
1414:
1319:
1315:
1112:
1085:
1034:
990:
839:
768:
690:
431:
363:
349:
295:
160:
3125:
2712:
Rapport préliminaire en vue de l’expertise collective sur l'impact cumulé des retenues
1096:
204:
5606:
5435:
5420:
5366:
5241:
5229:
5145:
5068:
4896:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4545:
4456:
4385:
4126:
4069:
4047:
3956:
3888:
3883:
3861:
3411:
3363:
3338:
3323:
3191:
3183:
3030:
2529:"Coastal reservoirs strategy for water resource development-a review of future trend"
1496:
1425:
1241:
A notable case of reservoirs being used as an instrument of war involved the British
1210:
1057:
1005:. Bala Lake is a natural lake whose level was raised by a low dam and into which the
918:
834:
367:
240:
232:
142:
3506:. International Water Power & Dam Construction. 20 February 2010. Archived from
3281:
3266:
2877:"Small Hydro: Power of the Dammed: How Small Hydro Could Rescue America's Dumb Dams"
1186:
that place reservoir operations in the context of system-wide demands and supplies.
548:, especially in more hilly or mountainous country. Modern reserviors will often use
5354:
5310:
5291:
5246:
5118:
5046:
4970:
4792:
4727:
4722:
4678:
4305:
4187:
4151:
4131:
3983:
3961:
3873:
2285:
2271:
1614:
1594:
1567:
1437:
1394:
1385:
Depending upon the area flooded versus power produced, a reservoir built for hydro-
1257:
1161:
1149:
1101:
1030:
940:
759:
Many dammed river reservoirs and most bank-side reservoirs are used to provide the
553:
510:
474:
221:
197:
5403:
1581:
of the water falling from them reduces and deposition is a result below the dams.
862:
3671:
3653:
3633:
3615:
3597:
3579:
3561:
3528:
3088:
2820:
604:
Two main types of reservoirs can be distinguished based on their mode of supply.
5393:
5383:
5339:
5334:
5286:
5224:
5160:
5061:
4906:
4828:
4749:
4737:
4530:
4498:
4483:
4473:
4444:
4402:
4317:
4285:
4233:
4166:
4003:
3878:
2811:
Mediterranean Aerchaeology University of Warsaw. PAM Supplement Series 2.2./1-2.
2503:"Assessment of social and environmental impacts of coastal reservoirs (page 19)"
2442:
2345:
2335:
2310:
2094:
2044:
1997:
1894:
1821:
1563:
1500:
1473:
1406:
1231:
1209:
time-lapse video of the strengthening of the embankment of a small reservoir in
1077:
1014:
1002:
954:
944:
820:
792:
586:
549:
537:
498:
419:
411:
341:
329:
193:
145:
189:
5537:
5430:
5388:
5204:
5167:
5130:
4613:
4525:
4390:
4352:
4253:
4226:
4146:
4059:
3976:
3944:
3898:
3809:
3777:
3258:
3234:
2565:
2261:
2121:
1853:
1752:
1705:
1622:
1598:
1574:
1549:
1041:
899:
808:
667:
541:
378:
353:
345:
321:
274:
to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. These reservoirs can either be
271:
17:
3695:
3455:
3403:
3235:"Hydroelectric dams in the Brazilian Amazon as sources of 'greenhouse' gases"
2852:
2762:
708:. 800 ancient and modern hafirs have been registered in the Meroitic town of
5445:
5344:
5236:
5214:
5199:
5014:
4782:
4707:
4690:
4608:
4493:
4424:
4419:
4342:
4221:
4109:
4035:
3802:
3792:
3481:
2330:
2279:
2172:
1972:
1652:
1610:
1556:
1536:
1481:
994:
804:
796:
760:
720:
568:
Service reservoirs perform several functions, including ensuring sufficient
557:
502:
466:
374:. In such cases additional side dams are required to contain the reservoir.
371:
325:
291:
279:
236:
3504:"The relationship between large reservoirs and seismicity 08 February 2010"
3463:
2977:
931:
Where a natural watercourse's water is not available to be diverted into a
2901:
775:
process. The time the water is held before it is released is known as the
727:
kings in order to store water for irrigation. The famous Sri Lankan king
5219:
5155:
4960:
4700:
4695:
4603:
4478:
4300:
4263:
4243:
3735:
3314:
3297:
3144:
Proposed reservoir – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Scoping Report
2294:
2049:
1967:
1826:
1660:
1544:
1523:
982:
788:
678:
313:
248:
54:
1993:
5281:
5187:
5073:
5031:
5007:
4787:
4593:
4503:
4357:
4258:
4216:
4079:
3998:
3951:
3939:
1701:
1642:
1311:
1081:
1049:
1045:
967:
659:
545:
506:
470:
3447:
3395:
1393:
levels much higher than would occur by generating the same power from
1306:
Naturally occurring lakes receive organic sediments which decay in an
783:
to settle out, as well as time for natural biological treatment using
5349:
5026:
4886:
4864:
4717:
4653:
4598:
3988:
3966:
3934:
3908:
2241:
2218:
2195:
2149:
2076:
2053:
1949:
1926:
1876:
1830:
1803:
1780:
1676:
1649:, which may be located at a depth of 10 km (6 mi) or more.
1626:
1179:
1065:
962:
878:
829:
communities with a reliable source of energy. A reservoir generating
709:
686:
663:
482:
473:
is an example of a bank-side reservoir; its water is pumped from the
287:
267:
2385:
1589:
The filling (impounding) of reservoirs has often been attributed to
73:
are made for recreational purposes, rather than storing fresh water.
3616:
International Lake Environment Committee – Aswam high dam reservoir
1076:
Water falling as rain upstream of the reservoir, together with any
1009:
flows or discharges depending upon flow conditions, as part of the
748:
5415:
5135:
5019:
4869:
4823:
4685:
4540:
4488:
4434:
4064:
4030:
2747:. International Association of Hydrological Science. p. 161.
2126:
2103:
2099:
1992:
1903:
1899:
1757:
1700:
1651:
1516:
1512:
1455:
1424:
A decrease in air pollution occurs when a dam is used in place of
1274:
1214:
1193:
1127:
1105:
1095:
1024:
958:
932:
903:
872:
861:
819:
784:
747:
701:
456:
440:
415:
337:
283:
227:
203:
188:
164:
64:
45:
1318:. The methane released is approximately 8 times more potent as a
5361:
5322:
5002:
4802:
4658:
4588:
4508:
4380:
3893:
3719:(3–E). Civil and Structural Engineering (GJRE-E). Archived from
3654:
International Lake Environment Committee – Manicouagan Reservoir
3634:
International Lake Environment Committee – Caniapiscau Reservoir
2481:
1445:
1253:
1183:
907:
780:
333:
134:
4929:
4568:
3834:
3739:
3707:
Global Journal of Research Engineering (USA) (28 August 2012).
2408:, Thomas E., Cyhoeddiadau Barddas & Gwynedd Council, 2007,
953:
water may be released from a reservoir to create or supplement
4965:
4673:
4439:
4397:
3598:
International Lake Environment Committee – Bratskoye Reservoir
3562:
International Lake Environment Committee – Reservoir Kuybyshev
2821:– International Lake Environment Committee – Parakrama Samudra
497:, but this has generally been superseded by the modern use of
263:
200:
and was the first large stone dam built in the United Kingdom.
156:
138:
99:
803:
in the water, which tends to partition some elements such as
108:
93:
2837:
2835:
2482:"International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research"
3672:
International Lake Environment Committee – Williston Lake
3110:"Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Operation Chastise"
850:
when electricity demand is high. Such systems are called
846:
in a steep valley with constant flow needs no reservoir.
799:
processes in temperate climate lakes produce temperature
593:
users are involved in the implementation of the system.
251:'s efforts to bring electricity to the Tennessee Valley.
366:
height on one or more of the feeder streams such as at
3580:
International Lake Environment Committee – Lake Kariba
3529:
International Lake Environment Committee – Volta Lake
2686:"The Basics of Irrigation Reservoirs for Agriculture"
779:. This is a design feature that allows particles and
685:
techniques, including the building of a reservoir at
105:
96:
1597:
in Greece (1929), the 221 m (725 ft) tall
102:
90:
5459:
5272:
5099:
4946:
4811:
4775:
4624:
4581:
4371:
4202:
4175:
4100:
4017:
3922:
3847:
2974:"Canoe Wales – National White Water Rafting Centre"
2027:
1735:
1719:The world's ten largest reservoirs by surface area
517:into several large Thames-side reservoirs, such as
87:
1679:as increasing the quality of the wine production.
795:that naturally live in the water. However natural
2728:, 2nd edition, Milton Keynes, The Open University
1111:Most modern reservoirs have a specially designed
324:(which were moved before the construction of the
159:within it, excavating, or building any number of
2406:Capel Celyn, Ten Years of Destruction: 1955–1965
1013:. This mode of operation is a form of hydraulic
438:in Hong Kong are a few such coastal reservoirs.
3162:Houghton, John (4 May 2005). "Global warming".
2547:
2545:
1430:flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion
37:For other types of man-made water bodies, see
3751:
3282:"Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed"
2580:"Open Learning – OpenLearn – Open University"
2011:The world's ten largest reservoirs by volume
666:were used as reservoirs by farmers for their
8:
2606:. London Borough of Lewisham. Archived from
2386:"Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae"
1248:raid on Germany in World War II (codenamed "
989:. Examples of highly managed reservoirs are
877:Recreational-only Kupferbach reservoir near
239:. It was formed after the impounding of the
2741:Rodda, John; Ubertini, Lucio, eds. (2004).
1184:Water Evaluation And Planning system (WEAP)
965:rivers special releases (in Britain called
902:reservoir may be released into networks of
723:, large reservoirs were created by ancient
4943:
4926:
4578:
4565:
4023:
3844:
3831:
3758:
3744:
3736:
2999:Votruba, Ladislav; Broža, Vojtěch (1989).
2744:The Basis of Civilization – Water Science?
2009:
1717:
1613:in India and the 120 m (394 ft)
1487:Creating reservoirs can alter the natural
485:from a river of variable quality or size,
3713:Global Journal of Research in Engineering
3313:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2736:
2734:
1331:
1279:Brushes Clough Reservoir, located above
606:
298:the surrounding forested catchments, or
2358:
1573:The dams in front of reservoirs act as
1421:electricity than thermal power plants.
521:that can be seen along the approach to
434:in Singapore, Qingcaosha in China, and
316:water from other on-stream reservoirs.
3428:Environmental Science & Technology
3384:Environmental Science & Technology
2948:"Huddersfield Narrow Canal Reservoirs"
2443:"Llanidloes Mid Wales – Llyn Clywedog"
1609:are the 103 m (338 ft) tall
658:Circa 3000 BC, the craters of extinct
414:storage reservoirs located on the sea
1617:in Greece which both registered 6.3-M
128:
7:
2898:"First Hydro Company Pumped Storage"
2692:. Clemson University, South Carolina
1621:, the 122 m (400 ft) high
340:), the relocation of the village of
278:, which are located on the original
167:to enclose any area to store water.
1484:on land and may cause extinctions.
1381:Hydroelectricity and climate change
1271:Environmental impacts of reservoirs
2801:Fritz Hintze, Kush XI; pp.222-224.
1714:List of reservoirs by surface area
1552:than the chemistry would suggest.
1302:Reservoir greenhouse gas emissions
824:Hydroelectric dam in cross section
704:, a type of reservoir, during the
544:or sometimes entirely underground
350:Borgo San Pietro of Petrella Salto
25:
4882:Megalithic architectural elements
3478:"Ecology of Reservoirs and Lakes"
3337:Éric Duchemin (1 December 1995).
1633:and the 105 m (344 ft)
1234:which killed 17 people.(see also
1132:Water level marker in a reservoir
1040:Many reservoirs often allow some
961:and other white-water sports. On
3126:CIWEM – Reservoirs:Global Issues
2635:. Mott MacDonald. Archived from
2278:
2264:
1182:, to integrated models like the
83:
69:Some reservoirs such as this in
5501:Evolutionary origin of religion
3700:California Data Exchange Center
3694:Department of Water Resources.
1288:Whole life environmental impact
3164:Reports on Progress in Physics
3002:Water Management in Reservoirs
2777:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
2384:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1591:reservoir-triggered seismicity
1174:Modelling reservoir management
923:consequences of climate change
216:, is formed by impounding the
150:hydroelectric power generation
1:
5114:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
4644:British megalith architecture
3052:North Carolina Dam safety law
629:Outside the low-water period
447:Plover Cove coastal reservoir
196:Reservoir. The dam spans the
5109:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
4649:Nordic megalith architecture
3302:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2775:Wilson & Wilson (2005).
2006:List of reservoirs by volume
1989:List of reservoirs by volume
729:Parākramabāhu I of Sri Lanka
716:is a notable hafir in Kush.
677:led to early development of
393:form a chain up the valley.
262:created and controlled by a
212:, part of the New York City
2232:
2209:
2186:
2163:
2140:
2117:
2090:
2067:
2040:
1963:
1940:
1917:
1890:
1867:
1844:
1817:
1794:
1771:
1748:
1011:River Dee regulation system
987:2010–2011 Queensland floods
352:during the construction of
344:during the construction of
5644:
5257:British Isles and Brittany
5178:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
3239:Environmental Conservation
3184:10.1088/0034-4885/68/6/R02
2003:
1711:
1697:List of reservoirs by area
1686:
1268:
1219:
400:
245:Tennessee Valley Authority
180:Porosity Storage Reservoir
177:
36:
32:Reservoir (disambiguation)
29:
4942:
4925:
4577:
4564:
4026:
3843:
3830:
3773:
3603:21 September 2010 at the
3259:10.1017/s0376892900034020
2726:Water: the vital resource
2566:10.1680/dare.2009.19.2.79
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1522:Farms and villages, e.g.
683:water resource management
626:River or alluvial aquifer
620:
574:water distribution system
481:Where water is pumped or
247:in 1941 as a part of the
3567:3 September 2009 at the
3233:Fearnside, P.M. (1995).
2853:10.1002/047147844X.sw791
2724:Smith, S. et al. (2006)
1403:greenhouse gas emissions
1399:World Commission on Dams
858:Controlling watersources
634:Pumping from an aquifer
348:, and the relocation of
308:from a nearby stream or
270:and rely on the natural
5489:Evolutionary musicology
4892:Oldest extant buildings
4819:Archaeological features
4338:Prepared-core technique
3696:"Reservoir Information"
3213:era.library.ualberta.ca
2300:Coastal sediment supply
1708:from space (April 1993)
1468:) perched on a buoy at
1207:Natural Resources Wales
889:Downstream water supply
675:water scarcity in India
523:London Heathrow Airport
27:Storage space for water
5451:Unchambered long cairn
5299:Mound Builders culture
4632:Neolithic architecture
3767:Prehistoric technology
3702:. State of California.
2001:
1709:
1664:
1477:
1387:electricity generation
1310:environment releasing
1284:
1217:
1133:
1108:
1037:
882:
870:
844:Run-of-the-river hydro
825:
756:
563:Thames Water Ring Main
478:
463:Queen Mother Reservoir
449:
252:
225:
201:
122:
74:
62:
57:is a reservoir in the
5126:List of Stone Age art
4328:Microblade technology
4276:Langdale axe industry
3874:Ard / plough
3621:20 April 2012 at the
3585:26 April 2006 at the
3549:"Smallwood Reservoir"
3280:Graham-Rowe, Duncan.
3071:"Reservoirs Act 1975"
3057:16 April 2010 at the
2633:"Honor Oak Reservoir"
2601:"Honor Oak Reservoir"
2326:Head of the reservoir
2214:Krasnoyarsk Reservoir
2145:Manicouagan Reservoir
1996:
1945:Caniapiscau Reservoir
1704:
1655:
1459:
1357:Temperate reservoirs
1322:than carbon dioxide.
1278:
1205:
1131:
1099:
1028:
1017:in the river system.
876:
865:
823:
767:plant which delivers
751:
622:Irrigation reservoir
460:
444:
301:off-stream reservoirs
266:constructed across a
231:
210:East Branch Reservoir
207:
192:
178:Further information:
148:, often doubling for
68:
49:
5533:Prehistoric medicine
5528:Prehistoric counting
5511:Prehistoric religion
5506:Paleolithic religion
5484:Behavioral modernity
4841:Causewayed enclosure
4733:Abri de la Madeleine
3857:Neolithic Revolution
3677:21 July 2009 at the
3640:19 July 2009 at the
3484:on 24 September 2015
3315:10.1029/2011GB004187
3149:8 March 2009 at the
2847:. pp. 203–210.
2665:on 23 September 2015
2659:"Aquarius Golf Club"
2468:Fforest Fawr Geopark
1647:crustal stress field
1489:biogeochemical cycle
1368:Tropical reservoirs
1265:Environmental impact
1236:List of dam failures
581:Irrigation reservoir
519:Queen Mary Reservoir
487:bank-side reservoirs
276:on-stream reservoirs
5572:Prehistoric warfare
4318:Magdalenian culture
4281:Levallois technique
4212:Earliest toolmaking
3659:14 May 2011 at the
3440:2004EnST...38.1348S
3251:1995EnvCo..22....7F
3176:2005RPPh...68.1343H
3131:12 May 2008 at the
3033:on 18 November 2013
2954:on 23 December 2001
2826:5 June 2011 at the
2554:Dams and Reservoirs
2367:"Coolant Reservoir"
2012:
1849:Bukhtarma Reservoir
1799:Kuybyshev Reservoir
1776:Smallwood Reservoir
1720:
1466:Phalacrocorax carbo
1397:. According to the
867:Bankstown Reservoir
744:Direct water supply
714:Musawwarat es-Sufra
214:water supply system
141:, usually built to
130:[ʁezɛʁvwaʁ]
5523:Origin of language
5516:Spiritual drug use
5426:Rectangular dolmen
5328:Dartmoor kistvaens
5141:Carved stone balls
4853:Circular enclosure
4812:Other architecture
4755:Alp pile dwellings
4343:Solutrean industry
4254:Gravettian culture
3904:Secondary products
3534:6 May 2009 at the
2980:on 28 October 2012
2845:Water Encyclopedia
2639:on 9 December 2011
2305:Colourful lakelets
2010:
2002:
1718:
1710:
1689:List of reservoirs
1683:List of reservoirs
1665:
1478:
1285:
1250:Operation Chastise
1218:
1134:
1118:compensation water
1109:
1062:landscape painting
1038:
883:
871:
826:
757:
534:Service reservoirs
479:
450:
424:coastal reservoirs
408:Coastal reservoirs
391:Beacons Reservoirs
286:and are filled by
282:of the downstream
253:
233:Cherokee Reservoir
226:
202:
75:
71:Argos, Peloponnese
63:
51:Kardzali Reservoir
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5545:Prehistoric music
5494:music archaeology
5151:Cup and ring mark
4976:Clothing/textiles
4921:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4363:Yubetsu technique
4348:Striking platform
4313:Lithic technology
4198:
4197:
4183:Game drive system
4102:Projectile points
3994:Mortar and pestle
3448:10.1021/es034424f
3396:10.1021/es9604931
3012:978-0-444-98933-8
2754:978-1-901502-57-2
2414:978-1-900437-92-9
2255:
2254:
1986:
1985:
1922:Rybinsk Reservoir
1637:in China at 6.1-M
1470:Farmoor Reservoir
1378:
1377:
1281:Shaw and Crompton
1203:
1090:hydro-electricity
993:in Australia and
733:Parakrama Samudra
651:
650:
644:only water runoff
616:Period of Supply
403:Coastal reservoir
381:valley where the
256:Dammed reservoirs
218:eastern tributary
133:) is an enlarged
59:Rhodope Mountains
16:(Redirected from
5635:
5623:Artificial lakes
5560:Divje Babe flute
5467:Archaeoastronomy
5210:Petrosomatoglyph
4944:
4927:
4776:Water management
4579:
4566:
4469:Denticulate tool
4291:Lithic reduction
4024:
3845:
3832:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3703:
3681:
3669:
3663:
3651:
3645:
3631:
3625:
3613:
3607:
3595:
3589:
3577:
3571:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3547:Maccallum, Ian.
3544:
3538:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3474:
3468:
3467:
3434:(5): 1348–1358.
3422:
3416:
3415:
3390:(5): 1334–1344.
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:researchgate.net
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3159:
3153:
3141:
3135:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3029:. Archived from
3027:"Water glossary"
3023:
3017:
3016:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2976:. Archived from
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2950:. Archived from
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2921:. Archived from
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2904:on 29 July 2010.
2900:. Archived from
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2839:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2738:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2690:Land-Grant Press
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2661:. Archived from
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2613:on 18 March 2012
2612:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2505:. Archived from
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2341:Reservoir safety
2288:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2072:Bratsk Reservoir
2013:
1872:Bratsk Reservoir
1721:
1674:South Australian
1635:Xinfengjiang Dam
1332:
1222:Reservoir safety
1204:
831:hydroelectricity
816:Hydroelectricity
753:Gibson Reservoir
673:Dry climate and
640:Stream reservoir
613:Source of Supply
607:
572:of water in the
430:in South Korea,
304:, which receive
260:artificial lakes
132:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
21:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5628:Bodies of water
5603:
5602:
5601:
5588:
5455:
5441:Stone box grave
5411:Megalithic tomb
5316:Cotswold-Severn
5268:
5173:Guardian stones
5101:Prehistoric art
5095:
4938:
4913:
4902:Timber trackway
4807:
4771:
4767:Wattle and daub
4620:
4599:Standing stones
4573:
4552:
4367:
4194:
4171:
4096:
4013:
3923:Food processing
3918:
3867:New World crops
3839:
3826:
3769:
3764:
3726:
3724:
3723:on 3 April 2022
3706:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3679:Wayback Machine
3670:
3666:
3661:Wayback Machine
3652:
3648:
3642:Wayback Machine
3632:
3628:
3623:Wayback Machine
3614:
3610:
3605:Wayback Machine
3596:
3592:
3587:Wayback Machine
3578:
3574:
3569:Wayback Machine
3560:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3536:Wayback Machine
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3510:on 18 June 2012
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3232:
3231:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3170:(6): E2865-74.
3161:
3160:
3156:
3151:Wayback Machine
3142:
3138:
3133:Wayback Machine
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3075:www.opsi.gov.uk
3069:
3068:
3064:
3059:Wayback Machine
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3013:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2928:on 3 March 2016
2925:
2918:
2916:"Irrigation UK"
2914:
2913:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2828:Wayback Machine
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2774:
2770:
2755:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2715:, p. 15-16
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2509:on 26 July 2018
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2419:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2008:
1991:
1716:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1670:
1640:
1632:
1620:
1606:
1587:
1533:
1509:
1462:great cormorant
1454:
1442:carbon monoxide
1383:
1338:Carbon Dioxide
1304:
1299:
1290:
1273:
1267:
1243:Royal Air Force
1224:
1194:
1192:
1176:
1126:
1074:
1054:natural history
1023:
978:
957:conditions for
860:
818:
773:water treatment
765:water treatment
746:
741:
706:Meroitic period
698:Kingdom of Kush
656:
583:
531:
455:
445:Aerial view of
405:
399:
187:
182:
176:
161:retaining walls
86:
82:
42:
39:artificial lake
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5641:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5550:Alligator drum
5542:
5541:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5477:lunar calendar
5474:
5463:
5461:
5460:Other cultural
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5264:Venus figurine
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5195:Megalithic art
5192:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5146:Cave paintings
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4948:Material goods
4940:
4939:
4930:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4666:
4664:Cliff dwelling
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
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4611:
4606:
4596:
4591:
4585:
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4554:
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4506:
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4496:
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4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:Fire hardening
4246:
4241:
4239:Clovis culture
4236:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4162:Manis Mastodon
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4041:throwing stick
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3853:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3704:
3689:
3688:External links
3686:
3683:
3682:
3664:
3646:
3626:
3608:
3590:
3572:
3554:
3539:
3521:
3495:
3469:
3417:
3373:
3355:
3329:
3287:
3272:
3218:
3197:
3154:
3136:
3118:
3101:
3080:
3062:
3044:
3018:
3011:
2991:
2965:
2939:
2907:
2889:
2868:
2862:978-0471478447
2861:
2831:
2813:
2803:
2789:
2768:
2753:
2730:
2717:
2703:
2676:
2650:
2624:
2592:
2571:
2541:
2520:
2494:
2473:
2455:
2434:
2417:
2398:
2376:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Drainage basin
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2237:Zeya Reservoir
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2191:Williston Lake
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2004:Main article:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1796:
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1791:
1789:
1786:
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1778:
1773:
1769:
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1766:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1712:Main article:
1698:
1695:
1687:Main article:
1684:
1681:
1669:
1666:
1657:Liptovská Mara
1638:
1630:
1618:
1604:
1586:
1583:
1532:
1529:
1508:
1505:
1453:
1450:
1434:sulfur dioxide
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1320:greenhouse gas
1316:carbon dioxide
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Climate change
1295:
1289:
1286:
1269:Main article:
1266:
1263:
1220:Main article:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1172:
1125:
1122:
1113:draw-off tower
1088:, to generate
1086:drinking water
1073:
1070:
1064:, walking and
1044:uses, such as
1035:North Carolina
1022:
1019:
991:Burrendong Dam
977:
976:Flow balancing
974:
973:
972:
951:
948:
929:
926:
914:
911:
896:
893:
890:
859:
856:
817:
814:
801:stratification
777:retention time
769:drinking water
745:
742:
740:
737:
691:Madhya Pradesh
655:
652:
649:
648:
645:
642:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
611:
610:Reservoir Type
582:
579:
530:
527:
454:
451:
432:Marina Barrage
401:Main article:
398:
395:
306:diverted water
243:Valley by the
186:
185:Dammed valleys
183:
175:
172:
26:
24:
18:Reservoir lake
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5640:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Lakes by type
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:Simple dolmen
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Passage grave
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:Gallery grave
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5282:Burial mounds
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Statue menhir
5240:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5230:Stone carving
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:Sewing needle
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Timber circle
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4846:Tor enclosure
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4834:fulacht fiadh
4832:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
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4810:
4804:
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4736:
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4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
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4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
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4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
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4633:
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4612:
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4607:
4605:
4602:
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4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
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4517:
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4510:
4507:
4505:
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4500:
4497:
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4462:
4458:
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4453:
4450:
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4436:
4433:
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4428:
4426:
4423:
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4418:
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4411:
4410:
4409:
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4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
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4379:
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4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
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4356:
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4351:
4349:
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4339:
4336:
4334:
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4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
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4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
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4266:
4265:
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4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4189:
4186:
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4174:
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4145:
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4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:spear-thrower
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:Bow and arrow
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Grinding slab
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Domestication
3887:
3885:
3884:Digging stick
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Founder crops
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3803:New Stone Age
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3550:
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3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3090:
3089:"Llyn Eigiau"
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:0-415-97334-1
2782:
2779:. Routledge.
2778:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:0-916122-51-4
2427:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2371:Canadian Tire
2368:
2362:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1733:Surface area
1722:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1503:and in fish.
1502:
1498:
1497:methylmercury
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:thermal power
1422:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1211:Gwydir Forest
1208:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:bird watching
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
975:
970:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:orifice plate
915:
913:Flood control
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
886:
880:
875:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
847:
845:
841:
836:
832:
822:
815:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
754:
750:
743:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:invented the
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
632:
628:
625:
623:
619:
615:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
588:
580:
578:
575:
571:
566:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
452:
448:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:Llyn Clywedog
365:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
250:
246:
242:
241:Holston River
238:
234:
230:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
199:
198:Vyrnwy Valley
195:
191:
184:
181:
173:
171:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
126:
125:
119:
113:
80:
72:
67:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5377:wedge-shaped
5362:Funeral pyre
5355:Great dolmen
5311:Chamber tomb
5292:Round barrow
5247:Stone circle
5119:Blombos Cave
5047:Grooved ware
4971:Chalcolithic
4875:Thornborough
4797:
4793:Flush toilet
4728:Blombos Cave
4723:Rock shelter
4679:Quiggly hole
4571:Architecture
4546:illustration
4188:Buffalo jump
4009:Storage pits
3972:Aşıklı Höyük
3962:Ground stone
3798:Subdivisions
3725:. Retrieved
3721:the original
3716:
3712:
3699:
3667:
3649:
3629:
3611:
3593:
3575:
3557:
3542:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3508:the original
3498:
3488:20 September
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3472:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3348:20 September
3346:. Retrieved
3343:ResearchGate
3342:
3332:
3305:
3301:
3290:
3275:
3242:
3238:
3212:
3200:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3139:
3121:
3104:
3094:20 September
3092:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3065:
3047:
3037:20 September
3035:. Retrieved
3031:the original
3021:
3001:
2994:
2984:20 September
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2968:
2958:20 September
2956:. Retrieved
2952:the original
2942:
2932:20 September
2930:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2910:
2902:the original
2892:
2882:20 September
2880:. Retrieved
2871:
2844:
2816:
2806:
2776:
2771:
2743:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2689:
2679:
2669:20 September
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:the original
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2595:
2585:20 September
2583:. Retrieved
2574:
2560:(2): 79–84.
2557:
2553:
2532:. Retrieved
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2464:"Reservoirs"
2458:
2448:20 September
2446:. Retrieved
2437:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2391:20 September
2389:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2361:
2286:Water portal
2272:Lakes portal
1692:
1671:
1615:Kremasta Dam
1603:magnitude (M
1595:Marathon Dam
1588:
1572:
1568:productivity
1561:
1554:
1550:oligotrophic
1542:
1534:
1521:
1510:
1507:Human impact
1486:
1479:
1465:
1438:nitric oxide
1423:
1419:
1412:
1395:fossil fuels
1391:
1384:
1328:
1324:
1305:
1291:
1240:
1228:
1225:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1150:outlet works
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1110:
1102:Llyn Brianne
1100:Spillway of
1075:
1042:recreational
1039:
1031:Chatuge Lake
998:
979:
966:
941:Rideau Canal
898:water in an
884:
852:pump-storage
848:
827:
797:limnological
776:
758:
718:
695:
672:
657:
639:
621:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
567:
554:Thames Water
538:water towers
533:
532:
511:River Thames
495:puddled clay
486:
480:
475:River Thames
407:
406:
376:
361:
358:
318:
299:
290:, rivers or
275:
255:
254:
222:Croton River
169:
154:
121:
78:
76:
43:
5399:unchambered
5394:Long barrow
5384:Grave goods
5340:Court cairn
5335:Clava cairn
5287:Bowl barrow
5225:Rock cupule
5168:Golden hats
5161:Hill figure
5062:Unstan ware
5042:Cord-marked
4907:Sweet Track
4829:Burnt mound
4750:Stilt house
4738:Sibudu Cave
4531:Tally stick
4499:Quern-stone
4484:Hammerstone
4474:Fire plough
4445:Pesse canoe
4403:Bannerstone
4373:Other tools
4286:Lithic core
4234:Aurignacian
4122:Bare Island
4004:Quern-stone
3727:15 February
3245:(1): 7–19.
2643:1 September
2617:1 September
2346:Shade balls
2336:Quarry lake
2311:Dam failure
2307:(in Poland)
2095:Lake Nasser
2045:Lake Kariba
2036:cu mi
1998:Lake Kariba
1895:Lake Nasser
1822:Lake Kariba
1744:sq mi
1575:knickpoints
1564:hypolimnion
1501:zooplankton
1474:Oxfordshire
1432:(including
1415:Tucuruí Dam
1407:Balbina Dam
1232:Llyn Eigiau
1124:Terminology
1084:for use as
1078:groundwater
1015:capacitance
1003:North Wales
955:white water
945:The Narrows
906:for use in
793:zooplankton
587:groundwater
550:geomembrane
542:water tanks
436:Plover Cove
420:river mouth
412:fresh water
342:Capel Celyn
330:Lake Nasser
194:Lake Vyrnwy
146:fresh water
116:; from
5613:Reservoirs
5607:Categories
5538:trepanning
5431:Ring cairn
5389:Jar burial
5372:transepted
5304:U.S. sites
5205:Petroglyph
5131:Bird stone
5089:wine press
4762:Stone roof
4745:Roundhouse
4637:long house
4614:Stonehenge
4582:Ceremonial
4526:Stone tool
4353:Tool stone
4323:Metallurgy
4227:Mousterian
4204:Toolmaking
4142:Cumberland
4115:Transverse
4085:Schöningen
3977:Qesem cave
3945:Earth oven
3899:Irrigation
3810:Technology
3778:Prehistory
3308:(2): n/a.
2353:References
2122:Lake Volta
2000:from space
1854:Kazakhstan
1753:Lake Volta
1706:Lake Volta
1623:Kariba Dam
1599:Hoover Dam
1585:Seismicity
1482:ecosystems
1246:Dambusters
1162:navigation
1029:A boat on
1021:Recreation
999:Llyn Tegid
950:Recreation
900:irrigation
895:Irrigation
809:phosphorus
763:feed to a
681:and other
668:irrigation
491:embankment
428:Saemanguem
379:River Taff
354:Lake Salto
346:Llyn Celyn
328:to create
322:Abu Simbel
272:topography
5582:symbolism
5446:Tor cairn
5404:Grønsalen
5345:Cremation
5237:Sculpture
5215:Pictogram
5200:Petroform
5020:amber use
4988:Cosmetics
4798:Reservoir
4783:Check dam
4713:Pueblitos
4708:Pit-house
4691:Longhouse
4625:Dwellings
4494:Microlith
4425:Bow drill
4420:Bone tool
4413:prismatic
4222:Acheulean
4137:Cresswell
4110:Arrowhead
4036:Boomerang
3952:Granaries
3914:Terracing
3793:Stone Age
3456:0013-936X
3412:129247176
3404:0013-936X
3324:128389377
3192:250915571
2763:224463869
2331:Mill pond
2173:Venezuela
2168:Lake Guri
1973:Venezuela
1968:Lake Guri
1629:at 6.25-M
1611:Koyna Dam
1557:eutrophic
1545:nutrients
1537:limnology
1531:Limnology
1335:Location
1308:anaerobic
1283:, England
1072:Operation
1007:River Dee
995:Bala Lake
983:spillways
908:farmlands
881:, Germany
869:in Sydney
854:schemes.
833:includes
805:manganese
761:raw water
755:, Montana
725:Sinhalese
721:Sri Lanka
679:stepwells
660:volcanoes
647:All year
558:Honor Oak
515:River Lee
503:turbidity
467:Berkshire
453:Bank-side
372:Mid Wales
364:watershed
332:from the
326:Aswan Dam
292:rainwater
280:streambed
237:Tennessee
157:embayment
137:behind a
124:réservoir
79:reservoir
5220:Rock art
5183:painting
5156:Geoglyph
4981:timeline
4961:Beadwork
4701:Mehrgarh
4696:Mudbrick
4604:megalith
4479:Fire-saw
4301:debitage
4296:analysis
4264:Hand axe
4244:Cupstone
3822:Glossary
3783:Timeline
3675:Archived
3657:Archived
3638:Archived
3619:Archived
3601:Archived
3583:Archived
3565:Archived
3532:Archived
3514:12 March
3464:15046335
3267:86080700
3147:Archived
3129:Archived
3055:Archived
2824:Archived
2295:Ab Anbar
2258:See also
2050:Zimbabwe
2022:Country
1827:Zimbabwe
1730:Country
1677:wineries
1661:Slovakia
1524:Ashopton
1341:Methane
1146:inactive
1137:the US.
968:freshets
963:salmonid
959:kayaking
835:turbines
789:bacteria
546:cisterns
483:siphoned
383:Llwyn-on
314:pipeline
310:aqueduct
296:runs off
249:New Deal
55:Bulgaria
5577:Symbols
5188:pigment
5074:Weaving
5037:Cardium
5032:Pottery
5027:Mirrors
5015:Jewelry
4956:Baskets
4936:culture
4788:Cistern
4594:Pyramid
4536:Weapons
4514:Scraper
4504:Racloir
4464:Cleaver
4452:Chopper
4358:Uniface
4269:Grooves
4259:Hafting
4217:Oldowan
4176:Systems
4127:Cascade
4090:woomera
4080:harpoon
4053:history
4019:Hunting
3999:Pottery
3940:Cooking
3849:Farming
3815:history
3788:Outline
3436:Bibcode
3247:Bibcode
3172:Bibcode
2787:. pp. 8
2696:27 July
2534:9 March
2470:. 2011.
2321:Forebay
2025:Volume
1668:Climate
1643:stratum
1493:mercury
1452:Biology
1312:methane
1104:dam in
1082:gravity
1050:boating
1046:fishing
670:water.
654:History
529:Service
507:drought
471:England
418:near a
397:Coastal
387:Cantref
220:of the
5555:flutes
5350:Dolmen
5274:Burial
5084:winery
5057:Linear
4887:Midden
4865:Cursus
4858:Goseck
4718:Pueblo
4669:Dugout
4654:Burdei
4333:Mining
4157:Lamoka
4152:Folsom
4132:Clovis
3989:Metate
3967:Hearth
3935:Basket
3909:Sickle
3462:
3454:
3410:
3402:
3322:
3265:
3190:
3009:
2859:
2783:
2761:
2751:
2513:9 July
2487:9 July
2428:
2412:
2242:Russia
2219:Russia
2196:Canada
2150:Canada
2077:Russia
2054:Zambia
2028:Notes
1980:1,640
1977:4,250
1957:1,667
1954:4,318
1950:Canada
1934:1,770
1931:4,580
1927:Russia
1911:2,026
1908:5,248
1884:2,095
1881:5,426
1877:Russia
1861:2,120
1858:5,490
1838:2,150
1835:5,580
1831:Zambia
1811:2,490
1808:6,450
1804:Russia
1788:2,520
1785:6,527
1781:Canada
1765:3,275
1762:8,482
1736:Notes
1627:Zambia
1579:energy
1346:Lakes
1190:Safety
1180:WAFLEX
1154:Active
1066:hiking
928:Canals
904:canals
879:Aachen
710:Butana
687:Girnar
664:Arabia
499:rolled
288:creeks
268:valley
165:levees
118:French
5472:sites
5416:Mummy
5136:Cairn
5052:Jōmon
5003:shoes
4998:Hides
4870:Henge
4824:Broch
4686:Jacal
4541:Wheel
4489:Knife
4435:Canoe
4430:Burin
4408:Blade
4306:flake
4167:Plano
4075:baton
4065:Spear
4031:Arrow
3984:Manos
3837:Tools
3408:S2CID
3320:S2CID
3263:S2CID
3209:(PDF)
3188:S2CID
3113:(PDF)
2926:(PDF)
2919:(PDF)
2611:(PDF)
2604:(PDF)
2127:Ghana
2104:Sudan
2100:Egypt
2019:Name
2016:Rank
1904:Sudan
1900:Egypt
1758:Ghana
1727:Name
1724:Rank
1577:-the
1517:Egypt
1513:Sudan
1444:from
1371:3000
1360:1500
1215:Wales
1106:Wales
1001:) in
943:with
937:locks
933:canal
785:algae
781:silts
702:Hafir
416:coast
338:Egypt
294:that
284:river
174:Types
143:store
120:
5565:gudi
5323:Cist
5252:list
5079:Wine
5008:Ötzi
4993:Glue
4966:Beds
4934:and
4932:Arts
4803:Well
4659:Cave
4589:Kiva
4519:side
4509:Rope
4457:tool
4391:bone
4381:Adze
4147:Eden
4060:Nets
3930:Fire
3894:Goad
3879:Celt
3729:2013
3516:2011
3490:2015
3460:PMID
3452:ISSN
3400:ISSN
3350:2015
3096:2015
3039:2015
3007:ISBN
2986:2015
2960:2015
2934:2015
2884:2015
2857:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2759:OCLC
2749:ISBN
2698:2023
2671:2015
2645:2011
2619:2011
2587:2015
2536:2018
2515:2018
2489:2018
2450:2015
2426:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2393:2015
2177:135
2154:142
2131:148
2108:157
2081:169
2058:180
1535:The
1515:and
1446:coal
1440:and
1413:The
1374:100
1349:700
1314:and
1258:Eder
1256:and
1254:Ruhr
1158:live
1142:Dead
1048:and
840:head
807:and
791:and
739:Uses
696:The
570:head
513:and
461:The
410:are
389:and
334:Nile
258:are
208:The
135:lake
4674:Hut
4609:row
4440:Oar
4398:Axe
4386:Awl
3444:doi
3392:doi
3310:doi
3255:doi
3180:doi
2849:doi
2562:doi
2249:16
2246:68
2226:18
2223:73
2203:18
2200:74
2180:32
2157:34
2134:36
2111:38
2084:41
2061:43
2033:km
1964:10
1741:km
1659:in
1625:in
1491:of
1448:).
1363:20
1156:or
1144:or
1033:in
719:In
662:in
465:in
370:in
336:in
312:or
264:dam
235:in
163:or
139:dam
109:ɑːr
53:in
5609::
3717:12
3715:.
3711:.
3698:.
3636:.
3458:.
3450:.
3442:.
3432:38
3430:.
3406:.
3398:.
3388:31
3386:.
3366:.
3341:.
3318:.
3306:26
3304:.
3300:.
3261:.
3253:.
3243:22
3241:.
3237:.
3221:^
3211:.
3186:.
3178:.
3168:68
3166:.
3073:.
2855:.
2834:^
2792:^
2757:.
2733:^
2688:.
2558:19
2556:.
2544:^
2466:.
2369:.
2233:9
2210:8
2187:7
2164:6
2141:5
2118:4
2102:,
2091:3
2068:2
2052:,
2041:1
1941:9
1918:8
1902:,
1891:7
1868:6
1845:5
1829:,
1818:4
1795:3
1772:2
1749:1
1570:.
1472:,
1460:A
1436:,
1352:9
1238:)
1213:,
1120:.
1060:,
1056:,
787:,
525:.
469:,
385:,
356:.
152:.
100:ər
77:A
61:.
3759:e
3752:t
3745:v
3731:.
3644:.
3551:.
3518:.
3492:.
3466:.
3446::
3438::
3414:.
3394::
3370:.
3352:.
3326:.
3312::
3284:.
3269:.
3257::
3249::
3215:.
3194:.
3182::
3174::
3115:.
3098:.
3077:.
3041:.
3015:.
2988:.
2962:.
2936:.
2886:.
2865:.
2851::
2765:.
2700:.
2673:.
2647:.
2621:.
2589:.
2568:.
2564::
2538:.
2517:.
2491:.
2452:.
2432:.
2395:.
2373:.
1639:w
1631:w
1619:w
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1605:w
1464:(
997:(
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112:/
106:w
103:v
97:z
94:ɛ
91:r
88:ˈ
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81:(
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