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minorities before the
Turkish/SNA takeover in October 2019. War crimes committed since the Turkish occupation began have since caused an exodus of Kurds, Christians, and other minorities from the town. The Turkish government's resettling of mainly Arab
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1450:"8 days of Operation "Peace Spring": Turkey controls 68 areas, "Ras al-Ain" under siege, and 416 dead among the SDF, Turkish forces and Turkish-backed factions • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"
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is a literal translation of the
Akkadian name and has the same meaning; "head of the spring", or idiomatically, "hill of the spring", indicating a prominent mountain formation close to a well.
917:
The city fell to the Arabs in 640 who confiscated parts of the city which were abandoned by their inhabitants. The
Byzantines raided the city in 942 and took many prisoners. In 1129, Crusader
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rebels in Ras al-Ayn. Reports on casualties differed, but according to several sources the explosion killed over 10 people including 2 Turkish soldiers. Turkish authorities blamed the
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1108:(YPG), present from the outset, gradually entrenched its position, and eventually formed an alliance with a non-jihadist FSA faction. On 21 July 2013, this alliance expelled the
734:, is close to Ras al-Ayn. Since the Turkish occupation began, the water supply has been interrupted several times. Previously, the station supplied about 460,000 people in
608:
British ethnographical map from 1910 showing the name "Ras el Ain" in the red ellipse (top center). The blue color represents Arab population and yellow represents Kurds
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702:. While more than 80% of the Upper Khabur's water originates in Turkey, this mostly comes as underground flow. So rather than the overground streams, it is the giant
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846:(c. 8.000 BC). Today's Ras al-Ayn can be traced back to a settlement existing since c. 2000 BC, which in the early 1st millennium BC became the ancient city of
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1707:"Interruption to key water station in the northeast of Syria puts 460,000 people at risk as efforts ramp up to prevent the spread of Coronavirus disease"
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city of
Theodosiopolis, the town was destroyed and rebuilt several times, and in medieval times was the site of fierce battles between several Muslim
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destroyed the city twice in 578 and 580 before rebuilding it and constructing one of the three
Sassanian academies in it (the other two being
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With a population of 29,347 (as of 2004), it is the third largest city in al-Hasakah
Governorate, and the administrative center of
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686:, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the southwest of the city. The overground feeders, originating on the headwaters of the
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also means "head of the spring" or "head of the fountain", referring to water source areas. This name is probably a modern
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1527:"Journal of a Tour in Armenia, Kurdistan and Upper Mesopotamia, with Notes of Researches in the Deyrsim Dagh, in 1866"
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who granted the settlement city rights. The latter name was also shared with the
Armenian city of Karin (modern
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975:. The Ottomans also built barracks and a fort for a thousand soldiers to control and protect the refugees.
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John F. Kolars; William A. Mitchell (1991). "A critical pressure point: The
Ceylanpinar/Ras al-Ayn Area".
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Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Reshʿayna — ܪܝܫ ܥܝܢܐ ” in The Syriac
Gazetteer last modified December 9, 2016,
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In 2004 the population was 29,347. The town has been described as having an Arab majority, in addition to
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2110:"Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps"
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Musa, Esref; Koparan, Omer; Karaahmet, Ahmet; Misto, Mohamad; Ozcan, Ethem Emre (2 January 2021).
567:). He also described it as a big city with plenty of water, around 300 springs from which most of
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The
Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE
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2188:"Turks and jihadists in 'soft' ethnic cleansing of Kurds and Christians in North East Syria"
2004:"Car bomb explosion kills 11 in rebel-held area in NE Syria - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Thomas the Apostle (كنيسة مار توما الرسول للسريان الأرثوذكس)
1093:
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2156:"Turkish army captures key Kurdish city in Syria's Hasakah - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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998:. Approximately 80,000 Armenians, mostly women and children, were slaughtered in desert
694:, usually do not carry water in the summer, even though Turkey brings in water from the
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from November 2012 until it was finally captured by the YPG in July 2013. It was later
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1683:"Turkish-backed group's disruption of water puts 460,000 people at risk, UNICEF warns"
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from other parts of Syria in Ras al-Ayn has further altered the town's demographics.
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springs of the Ras al-Ayn area that is considered the river's main perennial source.
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1877:"Kurdish forces depart border city of Ras al-Ayn as part of cease-fire with Turkey"
1143:
On December 10, 2020, a car bomb exploded at a checkpoint run by Turkish-supported
1027:
887:
545:
533:
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2211:"Ethnic cleansing already taking place in Turkey's Syrian safe zone - Independent"
1046:
is located in the western outskirts of Ras al-Ayn. The town was first part of the
616:
Ottoman map from 1893 showing "Ras al-Ain" (رأس العين) (in red circle, top center)
2200:"Kurds watch their homes burn from afar as picture of 'ethnic cleansing' emerges"
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Syriac Catholic Church of Mary Magdalene (كنيسة مريم المجدلية للسريان الكاثوليك)
1100:
positions, expelling them from the town. During the following eight months, the
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1396:"Kurdish-led fighters battle pro-Turkish forces for control of key border town"
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Armenian Orthodox Church of Saint Hagop (كنيسة القديس هاكوب للارمن الارثوذكس)
822:
figurines (9000–7000 BC), gypsum with bitumen and stone inlays, excavated in
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2229:"Majority of refugees forced to return to Turkey's Syria safe zone - report"
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718:. The most famous spring is Nab'a al-Kebreet, a hot spring with a very high
675:
252:
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bishopric and many monasteries. The city also contained two mosques and an
2248:
1606:
The Cyclopædia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature
564:
555:
visited the town, mentioning its name as Ras al-'Ayn, and assigning it to
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2092:"How will Syrian border towns react to Turkey's Operation Peace Spring?"
1423:"Turkey claims capture of key Syrian border town as offensive continues"
1151:(YPG) for the car bombing as Turkey claims they are affiliated with the
921:
managed to hold the city briefly, killing many of its Arab inhabitants.
17:
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2134:"Rebels capture Ras al Ayn, 1st town to fall in Syria's Kurdish region"
1464:"Turkish army takes control over Syrian border city of Ras al-Ayn - TV"
1119:
for the following six years, until it was attacked and captured by the
1038:. Today, the two cities are separated by a fenced border strip and the
936:
891:
858:. The archaeological site is located on the southern edge of the mound
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at the end of the 14th century, ending its role as a major city in
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2122:"Turkish-backed groups continue looting, lawlessness in Sari Kani"
1654:
The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project
1623:
Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East
1055:
986:. From 1915 on, 1.5 million Armenians were deported from all over
663:
611:
603:
503:
380:
160:
1463:
982:, Ras al-Ayn was one of the major collecting points for deported
882:", "Ayn Warda", and "Theodosiopolis", the latter named after the
775: with: missing epochs of the city's history. You can help by
730:
The Allouk water pumping station, which distributes water to the
3210:
2481:
2431:
2343:
2333:
1907:"Car bomb kills at least four in Turkish-controlled north Syria"
1757:"Armenian genocide survivors' stories: 'My dreams cannot mourn'"
1184:
662:
Ras al-Ayn is located in the Upper Khabur basin in the northern
560:
4123:
4032:
3954:
3606:
3540:
2262:
1382:
394:, the area of Ras al-Ayn has been inhabited since at least the
2730:
1986:"Civilians flee Ain Issa, northeast Syria as clashes escalate"
1960:"16 Menschen sterben bei Anschlag in Syrien | DW | 10.12.2020"
757:
624:
575:, medieval Arab Muslim sources refer to the town sometimes as
366:
2177:"Inside the ethnic cleansing of Turkey's Syrian 'safe zone'"
1935:"Car bomb in Syrian city kills 2 Turkish soldiers, 2 locals"
1179:
1135:
retreated from Ras al-Ayn as part of a ceasefire agreement.
2145:"US, Allied Kurdish Force Conduct Patrol on Syrian Border"
579:. Nineteenth-century English sources refer to the town as
2049:"Twin blasts hit northern Syrian district of Ras al-Ayn"
1609:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown. pp. 449–.
842:
The area of Ras al-Ayn was inhabited at least since the
1159:, no group has claimed responsibility for the bombing.
776:
643:
642: with: about everything missing. You can help by
349:
2171:
2169:
1620:
Greg Shapland (1997). "The Tigris–Euphrates Basin".
332:
2660:
2396:
2303:
2023:"4 civilians dead, 37 injured in Syria bomb blasts"
1590:نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق: Or, Tabula Rogeriana
1123:and allied Syrian National Army during the October
894:) making it difficult to distinguish between them.
302:
289:
268:
251:
243:
235:
202:
190:
178:
166:
146:
39:
722:content, containing calcium, lithium, and radium.
1853:"Turkey claims capture of key Syrian border town"
947:in the 12th and 13th centuries. It was sacked by
932:church and numerous schools, baths, and gardens.
548:, who enlarged the town in 380. The 11th century
1162:Bombing continued in January and February 2021.
2047:Musa, Esref; Ozcan, Ethem Emre (3 March 2021).
1817:. Routledge/Taylor & Francis. p. 110.
1125:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
474:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
488:
3552:
2274:
1532:The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society
1010:became "synonymous with Armenian suffering."
748:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
592:
8:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1297:A view in October 2013. The city fell under
1170:
402: 8,000 BC). Later known as the ancient
1784:: Cambridge University Press. p. 390.
4120:
4029:
3951:
3603:
3559:
3545:
3537:
2281:
2267:
2259:
2074:"Christians Killed on Syria's Front Lines"
1739:Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1995).
1545:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1535:. London. pp. 281–360, here: 346–350.
1417:
1415:
1169:
1131:. After 11 days of clashes and siege, the
878:In later times, the town became known as "
870:is also a former site of an Aramean city.
36:
4206:Divided cities on the Syria–Turkey border
1054:and, from 1946, the independent state of
1030:when its northern neighborhoods, today's
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
935:Ras al-Ayn became contested between the
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1529:. In Royal Geographical Society (ed.).
1336:
1263:
963:In the 19th century a colony of Muslim
288:
250:
242:
234:
201:
145:
110:
76:
64:
1811:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
1538:
1080:, Ras al-Ayn was engulfed by the long
493:during the reign of the Assyrian king
1929:
1927:
1901:
1899:
1564:. Courier Corporation. pp. 94–.
714:Ras al-Ayn has more than 100 natural
456:between Syrian opposition forces and
301:
267:
189:
177:
165:
7:
1777:World War One: The Global Revolution
864:Tell Fekheriye bilingual inscription
484:The first mention of the town is in
359:
1742:The Encyclopaedia of Islam: NED-SAM
1592:. عالم الكتب. pp. vol. 2, 661.
1490:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 61–.
1301:control during the Syrian Civil War
342:
322:
2254:Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah Governorate
2198:Ensor, Josie (November 17, 2019).
1659:Southern Illinois University Press
1321:Second Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)
90:
25:
1562:History of the Later Roman Empire
1112:after a night of heavy fighting.
1052:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
516:), showing Ras al-Ayn as part of
3941:
3595:
3568:
2387:
2290:
2247:
2206:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
1290:
1278:
1266:
1002:near Ras al-Ayn. As well as the
971:were settled in the town by the
969:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
808:
799:
762:
629:
434:when its northern part, today's
223:
211:
153:
89:
82:
66:
4226:Circassian communities in Syria
1657:. Carbondale and Edwardsville:
1630:. pp. 103–143, here: 127.
1486:Dominik Bonatz (1 April 2014).
103:Location of Ras al-Ayn in Syria
1958:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
1068:Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)
1042:on the Turkish side. The only
866:was found. The nearby town of
497:(911-891 BC). The Arabic name
1:
4221:Armenian communities in Syria
4216:Assyrian communities in Syria
1371:. Humanitarian Data Exchange.
924:At its height the city had a
838:Neolithic and ancient history
601:of the ancient Semitic name.
524:The ancient Greek geographer
399:
4211:Kurdish communities in Syria
1383:http://syriaca.org/place/172
1358:Central Bureau of Statistics
390:One of the oldest cities in
367:
1774:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2011).
1560:J. B. Bury (18 July 2012).
1362:Also available in English:
1129:Second Battle of Ras al-Ayn
1072:Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)
674:, largest tributary of the
532:. The town, as part of the
350:
333:
29:Ras al-Ayn (disambiguation)
4242:
1065:
1020:fall of the Ottoman Empire
698:to irrigate the region of
239:360 m (1,180 ft)
26:
4132:
4119:
4041:
4028:
3963:
3950:
3939:
3615:
3602:
3593:
3581:
2385:
2297:Cities and towns of Syria
1273:People in the city center
1197:—
1106:People's Protection Units
1084:. In late November 2012,
829:Oriental Institute Museum
591:(1868). The Kurdish name
230:Syrian Interim Government
111:
77:
65:
56:
34:City in al-Hasakah, Syria
2114:www.theaustralian.com.au
1745:. Brill. pp. 433 f.
1149:Peoples Protection Units
1133:Syrian Democratic Forces
528:(d. 168) names the town
43:
1153:Kurdistan Workers Party
571:starts. In addition to
520:administrative division
489:
438:, was ceded to Turkey.
4181:Umm al-Dibs Dirbasiyah
3575:Al-Hasakah Governorate
3086:Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud
2532:al-Mukharram al-Foqani
1350:"2004 Census Data for
1048:French colonial empire
1040:Berlin–Baghdad Railway
1026:, Ras al-Ayn became a
617:
609:
593:
521:
430:, Ras al-Ayn became a
377:al-Hasakah Governorate
4035:Al-Malikiyah District
2256:at Wikimedia Commons
1603:Abraham Rees (1819).
1171:Historical population
1155:(PKK). According the
1115:The town was part of
967:refugees fleeing the
615:
607:
507:
270: • Summer (
3797:Tell Fuweidat Jazira
3627:Abu Hajirat Khuatana
3416:al-Surah al-Saghirah
1356:(in Arabic). Syrian
1316:Battle of Ras al-Ayn
1243:Churches in the town
1145:Syrian National Army
1082:Battle of Ras al-Ayn
744:Al-Hawl refugee camp
508:Map of the medieval
470:Syrian National Army
466:Turkish Armed Forces
27:For other uses, see
4126:Ras al-Ayn District
3661:Dashishah Gharbiyah
3609:Al-Hasakah District
3261:Rasm Harmil al-Imam
2120:Mohammed Rwanduzy.
1882:The Washington Post
1687:www.kurdistan24.net
1628:Hurst & Company
1523:Taylor, John George
1452:. October 17, 2019.
1172:
1006:further south, the
732:Hasakah Governorate
599:literal translation
540:. Another name was
443:Ras al-Ayn District
385:Syria–Turkey border
131:36.8503°N 40.0706°E
127: /
3730:al-Sabaa wa Arbain
2098:. 10 October 2019.
2078:Christianity Today
1586:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1369:"2004 Census Data"
710:Ras al-Ayn springs
692:Şanlıurfa Province
680:border from Turkey
618:
610:
553:Muhammad al-Idrisi
522:
452:, the city became
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4176:Tell Sinan Sharqi
4156:al-Lid Dirbasiyah
4115:
4114:
4024:
4023:
3957:Qamishli District
3937:
3936:
3909:Tell Tawil Gharbi
3720:Markada Sharqiyah
3671:al-Fakkah Markada
3534:
3533:
2876:al-Hajar al-Aswad
2252:Media related to
2160:www.xinhuanet.com
2008:www.xinhuanet.com
1990:www.aljazeera.com
1857:www.aljazeera.com
1791:978-0-521-51648-8
1763:. April 24, 2015.
1571:978-0-486-14338-5
1497:978-3-11-026640-5
1352:Nahiya Ras al-Ayn
1212:
1211:
1004:Deir ez-Zor Camps
990:, many forced on
980:Armenian genocide
793:
792:
696:Atatürk reservoir
682:near the town of
660:
659:
392:Upper Mesopotamia
365:
348:
331:
312:
311:
16:(Redirected from
4233:
4121:
4030:
3952:
3945:
3604:
3599:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3538:
3381:al-Shaykh Maskin
3081:Khirbet Ghazaleh
2911:Harran al-Awamid
2502:Maarat al-Numaan
2497:Jisr ash-Shughur
2391:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2152:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1827:. Archived from
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1346:
1326:Ras al-Ayn camps
1294:
1282:
1270:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1034:, were ceded to
1024:Treaty of Ankara
1008:Ras al-Ayn Camps
913:Medieval history
812:
803:
788:
785:
766:
758:
655:
652:
633:
625:
596:
544:, after emperor
538:Ressaina/Resaina
492:
428:Treaty of Ankara
426:. With the 1921
401:
379:in northeastern
371:), also spelled
370:
364:romanized:
363:
361:
356:Classical Syriac
353:
347:romanized:
346:
344:
336:
326:
324:
297:
275:
228:
227:
217:
215:
214:
159:
157:
156:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:36.8503; 40.0706
132:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
93:
92:
86:
70:
51:
37:
21:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4185:
4128:
4111:
4037:
4020:
3959:
3946:
3933:
3757:Sumayhan Gharbi
3752:al-Shaykh Hamad
3611:
3600:
3589:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3535:
3530:
3386:Shayukh Tahtani
3376:Shaykh al-Hadid
3226:Qalaat al-Madiq
3096:Ma'arrat Misrin
3071:Kuwayris Sharqi
2656:
2622:al-Suqaylabiyah
2617:ash-Shaykh Badr
2392:
2383:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2245:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2192:www.asianews.it
2186:
2185:
2183:. May 16, 2020.
2181:The Independent
2175:
2174:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2149:Asharq AL-awsat
2143:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:. p. 222.
1650:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1537:
1521:
1520:
1505:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1400:Middle East Eye
1394:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1285:Orthodox church
1283:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1237:Syrian refugees
1168:
1141:
1074:
1066:Main articles:
1064:
1044:border crossing
1016:
961:
959:Ottoman history
915:
876:
840:
835:
834:
833:
832:
831:, Chicago, USA.
827:
815:
814:
813:
805:
804:
789:
783:
780:
773:needs expansion
767:
756:
728:
712:
656:
650:
647:
640:needs expansion
634:
623:
569:al-Khabur river
550:Arab geographer
482:
375:, is a city in
295:
269:
222:
221:
212:
210:
154:
152:
135:
133:
129:
126:
121:
118:
116:
114:
113:
107:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:
94:
73:
61:
52:
47:
45:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Qaber Shamiyah
3722:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:al-Sabe' Biyar
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Mashta al-Helu
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Jubb al-Jarrah
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:al-Ghizlaniyah
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2244:
2243:External links
2241:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2165:
2132:David Enders.
2101:
2083:
2065:
2039:
2013:
1995:
1976:
1950:
1923:
1895:
1868:
1844:
1823:
1797:
1790:
1766:
1748:
1722:
1711:www.unicef.org
1698:
1674:
1667:
1643:
1636:
1612:
1595:
1577:
1570:
1552:
1503:
1496:
1473:
1455:
1441:
1411:
1387:
1374:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1140:
1137:
1090:al-Nusra Front
1063:
1060:
1015:
1014:Modern history
1012:
973:Ottoman Empire
960:
957:
914:
911:
875:
872:
860:Tell Fekheriye
850:, part of the
839:
836:
824:Tell Fekheriye
817:
816:
807:
806:
798:
797:
796:
795:
794:
791:
790:
770:
768:
761:
755:
752:
727:
724:
711:
708:
688:Karaca volcano
678:, crosses the
658:
657:
637:
635:
628:
622:
619:
559:(abode of the
542:Theodosiopolis
495:Adad-nirari II
481:
478:
323:رَأْس ٱلْعَيْن
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
293:
287:
286:
276:
266:
265:
255:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
206:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
150:
144:
143:
109:
108:
102:
96:
95:
88:
87:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
46:
44:رَأْس ٱلْعَيْن
40:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4238:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:al-Dirbasiyah
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:al-Yaarubiyah
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:al-Suwaydiyah
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4016:Umm al-Fursan
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:al-Tannuriyah
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:al-Qahtaniyah
3990:
3988:
3987:al-Manathirah
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Tell Shamiram
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Tell Makhadah
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Tell Balouaah
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:al-Haddadiyah
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Bureij Sharqi
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:al-Yaarubiyah
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Urum al-Kubra
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Tell al-Daman
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
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2053:www.aa.com.tr
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2017:
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1022:and the 1921
1021:
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996:Syrian desert
993:
992:death marches
989:
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844:Neolithic age
837:
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787:
784:November 2015
778:
774:
771:This section
769:
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651:November 2015
645:
641:
638:This section
636:
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536:, was called
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396:Neolithic age
393:
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151:
149:
140:
112:Coordinates:
85:
69:
60:
55:
50:
38:
30:
19:
4148:
4136:
4099:
4059:al-Jawadiyah
4057:
4052:Al-Malikiyah
4050:
4003:
3991:
3974:
3967:
3896:
3792:Tell Damshij
3762:Tell Arboush
3746:al-Shaddadeh
3744:
3712:
3695:
3650:Bir al-Helou
3648:
3641:
3619:
3583:
3511:Wadi al-Oyun
3351:al-Shaddadah
3236:al-Qaryatayn
3186:al-Mushannaf
2986:al-Jawadiyah
2966:al-Janudiyah
2946:Ibbin Samaan
2891:al-Hamidiyah
2781:Bir al-Helou
2766:Barri Sharqi
2736:Ayn al-Fijah
2662:Sub-district
2577:Ra's al-'Ayn
2507:al-Malikiyah
2246:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2203:
2191:
2180:
2159:
2148:
2138:Mcclatchy DC
2137:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1984:Fox, Tessa.
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1915:. Retrieved
1913:. 2020-12-10
1910:
1886:. Retrieved
1880:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1829:the original
1810:
1800:
1776:
1769:
1761:the Guardian
1760:
1751:
1741:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1653:
1646:
1622:
1615:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1530:
1487:
1467:
1458:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1426:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1377:
1351:
1257:
1213:
1166:Demographics
1161:
1142:
1121:Turkish army
1114:
1075:
1028:divided city
1017:
977:
962:
945:Khwarazmians
934:
923:
916:
896:
888:Theodosius I
877:
841:
781:
777:adding to it
772:
729:
726:Water supply
713:
661:
648:
644:adding to it
639:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
557:Diyar Rabi'a
546:Theodosius I
541:
537:
534:Roman Empire
529:
523:
518:Diyar Rabi'a
498:
483:
447:
440:
432:divided city
389:
372:
334:Raʾs al-ʿAyn
314:
313:
208:
48:
4075:Sabaa Jafar
4065:al-Muabbada
4011:Tell Maaruf
3924:Umm al-Keif
3919:Umm Ghargan
3892:Tell Talaah
3877:Tell Shamah
3867:Tell Safouk
3852:Tell Massas
3842:Tell Majdal
3837:Tell Maghas
3827:Tell Jemaah
3822:Tell Jedaya
3817:Tell Jazira
3812:Tell Hermez
3807:Tell Hefyan
3787:Tell Bureij
3777:Tell Beydar
3703:Al-Kharitah
3666:al-Fadghami
3481:Tell Salhab
3476:Tell Rifaat
3276:al-Ruhaybah
3161:al-Masmiyah
3136:al-Mansurah
2996:Jubb Ramlah
2976:al-Jarniyah
2856:al-Ghariyah
2826:Deir Atiyah
2751:Ayn al-Nasr
2741:Ayn Halaqim
2607:al-Sanamayn
2572:al-Qutayfah
2427:Ayn al-Arab
2369:Rif Dimashq
2329:Deir ez-Zor
2305:Governorate
2058:23 November
2032:23 November
1966:(in German)
1888:27 November
1806:Jones, Adam
1098:Syrian Army
1076:During the
1032:Ceylanpınar
1000:death camps
978:During the
930:East Syrian
926:West Syrian
903:Gundishapur
856:Bit Bahiani
854:kingdom of
700:Ceylanpınar
594:Serê Kaniyê
587:(1819), or
514:Mesopotamia
472:during the
448:During the
436:Ceylanpınar
351:Serê Kaniyê
192:Subdistrict
168:Governorate
134: /
4200:Categories
4171:Tell Halaf
4166:al-Manajir
4138:Ras al-Ayn
4085:al-Tabaqah
4005:Tell Hamis
3929:Umm Madfaa
3914:al-Tweinah
3904:Tell Tawil
3898:Tell Tamer
3872:Tell Sakra
3862:Tell Ruman
3857:Tell Nasri
3832:Tell Kifji
3802:Tell Goran
3708:Khatuniyah
3691:al-Hajiyah
3681:al-Ghariri
3643:al-Arishah
3621:Al-Hasakah
3587:Al-Hasakah
3526:az-Ziyarah
3486:Tell Tamer
3471:Tell Hamis
3456:al-Tamanah
3436:al-Sukhnah
3356:al-Shajara
3301:al-Sabkhah
3241:al-Qurayya
3201:al-Nasirah
3131:al-Malihah
3051:al-Khafsah
3036:al-Karamah
3016:Kafr Batna
2906:Harbnafsah
2811:Darat Izza
2721:al-Asharah
2706:al-Arishah
2671:Abu Qilqil
2642:al-Thawrah
2637:Tell Abyad
2452:Dayr Hafir
2374:as-Suwayda
2339:al-Hasakah
1970:2021-04-04
1944:2021-04-04
1917:2021-04-04
1862:2023-07-05
1838:2015-11-10
1716:2020-03-24
1692:2020-03-24
1626:. London:
1434:12 October
1405:2023-07-05
1332:References
1104:-majority
1018:After the
943:, and the
919:Joscelin I
868:Tell Halaf
742:, and the
740:Tell Tamer
736:Al-Hasakah
684:Tell Halaf
666:region of
589:Ras el Ain
585:Ain Verdeh
573:Ras al-Ayn
499:Ras al-Ayn
418:, and the
373:Ras al-Ain
343:سەرێ کانیێ
315:Ras al-Ayn
244:Population
197:Ras al-Ayn
185:Ras al-Ayn
173:al-Hasakah
122:40°04′14″E
119:36°51′01″N
97:Ras al-Ayn
72:Ras al-Ayn
49:سەرێ کانیێ
41:Ras al-Ayn
4144:Abu Rasin
4095:Tell Arab
4090:Tell Adas
4046:Ain Diwar
3782:Tell Brak
3735:al-Saadah
3632:Abu Tinah
3521:al-Zirbah
3501:Uqayribat
3271:al-Riqama
3216:al-Qadmus
3166:al-Mazraa
3091:al-Kiswah
3041:al-Kasrah
3031:Kafr Zita
3021:Kafr Nabl
2941:al-Huwash
2896:al-Hamraa
2851:Ghandoura
2846:Ghabaghib
2836:al-Dumayr
2771:Beit Jinn
2701:al-Ariqah
2627:Talkalakh
2597:Salamiyah
2587:as-Safira
2582:al-Rastan
2567:al-Qusayr
2492:Jarabulus
2472:al-Haffah
2462:Duraykish
2407:Abu Kamal
2096:Arab News
1782:Cambridge
1541:cite book
1127:, in the
1110:jihadists
1096:attacked
1078:civil war
1062:Civil War
994:into the
984:Armenians
953:al-Jazira
949:Tamerlane
909:) in it.
907:Ctesiphon
899:Sasanians
884:Byzantine
820:Neolithic
676:Euphrates
621:Geography
577:Ain Werda
480:Etymology
454:contested
450:civil war
424:dynasties
420:Byzantine
383:, on the
328:romanized
291:Area code
253:Time zone
236:Elevation
4161:Mabrouka
3982:Jimaayah
3969:Qamishli
3887:Tell Tal
3772:Tell Baz
3676:Ghabshah
3584:Capital:
3446:Talbiseh
3441:al-Tabni
3431:al-Susah
3421:al-Suwar
3401:Sirghaya
3316:Saidnaya
3291:Sabburah
3246:Qurqania
3191:Muzayrib
3171:Muhambal
3156:Maskanah
3111:Maaloula
3101:Maabatli
3076:Khanaser
3001:Jindires
2971:Jaramana
2961:al-Jalaa
2936:Huraytan
2916:al-Hirak
2881:al-Hajib
2866:al-Hader
2831:al-Dimas
2796:Busayrah
2746:Ayn Issa
2681:Akhtarin
2652:Zabadani
2547:Qamishli
2398:District
2359:Quneitra
2319:Damascus
1939:ABC News
1808:(2006).
1588:(1154).
1525:(1868).
1428:NBC News
1310:See also
1232:Chechens
1224:Armenian
1220:Assyrian
1139:Bombings
1092:and the
988:Anatolia
941:Ayyubids
886:emperor
880:Rhesaina
852:Aramaean
486:Akkadian
468:and the
462:captured
416:Rhesaina
414:city of
406:city of
368:Rēš Aynā
360:ܪܝܫ ܥܝܢܐ
180:District
18:Reshaina
4070:Maashuq
3714:Markada
3697:al-Hawl
3637:al-Alwa
3406:Slinfah
3371:Shathah
3366:Sharran
3326:Saraqib
3311:Sahnaya
3281:al-Saan
3176:Muhasan
3146:Markada
3061:Khasham
3011:al-Qabu
3006:al-Jiza
2931:al-Hawl
2901:Harasta
2871:Hadidah
2841:Furqlus
2816:Darkush
2806:al-Dana
2776:Binnish
2756:Babbila
2711:Armanaz
2664:centres
2647:Yabroud
2632:al-Tall
2602:Salkhad
2562:Qudsaya
2552:Qardaha
2542:Palmyra
2537:an-Nabk
2527:Mhardeh
2522:Mayadin
2447:Darayya
2442:Baniyas
2400:centres
2354:Latakia
2307:centres
1911:Reuters
1365:UN OCHA
1228:Turkmen
1216:Kurdish
1208:+105.5%
1102:Kurdish
965:Chechen
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