738:. Resians were isolated from other Slovenes from the 14th century onward, before standard Slovene was developed, and later they never had the chance to learn it because there were no Slovene schools in that area and none of the Italian schools taught Slovene, not even as a foreign language. Resians thus not only have a hard time understanding Slovene, but they also do not feel themselves part of the Slovene nation because they were left out, and they consider themselves an ethnic group separate from Slovenes. In 2004, 1,014 out of 1,285 (78.9%) inhabitants of Resia signed a petition declaring that they are not Slovenes. The dialect also has its own orthography, which existed and was actively used even before standardization. Resian is also used instead of standard Slovene on bilingual signs and in public announcements.
2984:
283:
49:
4356:
5254:
211:
398:, it is one of the three dialects of Slovene spoken entirely outside the borders of Slovenia. It is unequivocally one of the most unique and difficult dialects to understand for speakers of central Slovene dialects, especially because most Resians are not familiar with standard Slovene. Its distinguishing characteristic is
3038:, which are thought to have been written after 1700, but the exact date remains unclear because only copies exist, one of them being dated to 1797. The first manuscript must have been written before the second because it contains archaisms not seen in the second manuscript. The second known manuscript is
1567:
of nasal vowels. After further division, it fell into the category of the northern dialect, the same as other
Carinthian dialects and unlike other Littoral dialects. It thus did not experience lengthening of non-final vowels at that time, because vowel lengthening in northern dialects happened only
418:
to the north. It belongs to the
Littoral dialect group, although it shows few similarities with other Littoral dialects and evolved from the Carinthian dialect base, northern Slovene, as opposed to other Littoral dialects, which evolved either from western or southern Slovene. It is spoken by fewer
758:
and seems to have lost distinctions in vowel length, with the only difference in length being tied to stress (stressed vowels are longer than short) and breathiness (breathy vowels are shorter than non-breathy), although standard Resian forms still differentiate between length. From the historical
1542:
The evolution of Resian into such a distinct dialect happened gradually and in three stages. The first stage lasted until the 14th century; at that time, Resian was mostly influenced by the Gail Valley dialect. In the second stage, it acquired many features of
Venetian Slovene dialects and other
704:
of vowels, making them more difficult to distinguish. Speakers of the Torre Valley and
Natisone Valley dialects, as well as other dialects in Littoral dialect group, can understand spoken Resian most easily because they have the most shared features and they all have extensive vocabulary from
4271:
Vidau, Zaira (12–19 November 2021). "Ocena stanja izvajanja določil iz 10. člena Zaščitnega zakona št. 38/2001 o krajevnih imenih in javnih napisih" [Evaluation of the state of execution of provision from 10th article of
Preservation law number 38/2001 about settlement names and public
2073:
until recently, which is unlike (other) Slovene dialects. The aorist is completely unknown to living generations but it was still present in the 19th century, whereas the imperfect is actively used only with a handful of verbs and is now mostly used as a past conditional.
547:). The Resia Valley is open to the west, where Friulian is spoken, and separated by tall mountains in other directions. There is a road connecting it to the Uccea Valley, reaching an elevation of more than 1,100 m above sea level, and it is further connected to the
823:
Due to years of isolated evolution from other
Slovene dialects, Resian has developed some iconic features, particularly breathy, centralized vowels that are almost exclusive to Resian, with only some microdialects of the
741:
On the other hand, linguists have always treated Resian as a dialect. It does not show any features sufficiently distinct to qualify it as a separate language. To avoid disputes, it is thus often referred to as a
699:
with other dialects. Written Resian can be understood by most
Slovenes, partially also due to its similar orthography. Spoken Resian, however, is much more difficult to understand, with the main reason being
612:
and his colleagues
Alfonso Barazzutti, Milko Matičetov, Pavle Merkù, Giovanni Rotta, and Willem Vermeer in the 1990s and continuing today. To date, they have standardized the writing, pronunciation, and
1551:
Until the 13th century, Resian experienced the same evolution as all other
Slovene dialects, forming into Alpine Slovene. It was part of the northwestern dialect because long yat diphthongized into *
1228:
In contrast to consonants, vowels differ significantly between the four microdialects, especially in accented syllables. They all have thoroughly researched accented vowels; however, Oseacco (
1568:
after the 16th century, well past the point when Resian lost contact with the
Carinthian dialects and leading to possible different reflexes for formerly long and short vowels. Long *
647:). For other areas of grammar, only the microdialect of San Giorno can be used because it is the only one described in sufficient detail thanks to Steenwijk's extensive research.
3019:); however that is found inappropriate today. Despite the standard orthography, many street signs are still not adapted to the new orthography and have misspelled names on them.
4273:
3674:
Ahačič, Kozma; Škofic, Jožica; Gliha Komac, Nataša; Gostenčnik, Januška; Ježovnik, Janoš; Kenda-Jež, Karmen; Šekli, Matej; Škofic, Jožica; Zuljan Kumarr, Danila (2020).
6464:
4088:
3877:
734:
There is disagreement between native speakers of the dialect and linguists regarding whether Resian should be considered a separate language or only a dialect of
4399:
4344:
6554:
573:), therefore limiting possible connections with neighboring dialects and languages, which in turn has led to so many distinct features of Resian dialect.
5618:
1992:-stem nouns in more than just the accusative case; the distinction is also present in the dative and locative singular. In the locative, the ending -
3808:
Rigler, Jakob (2001). "V Ocene in polemike: O rezijanskem naglasu" [V Evaluations and polemics: About Resian accent]. In Smole, Vera (ed.).
3042:, which has been dated between 1830 and 1848 but was probably written by a nonnative speaker. The first longer piece, spanning over 95 pages, was
6459:
3084:
5061:
4241:
3777:
3741:
Natale Zuanella (1978). "Informacija o jezikovnem položaju v Beneški Sloveniji – Informazione sulla realtà linguistica della Slavia Veneta".
3340:
1192:
623:), but later it was decided to allow four forms of standard Resian, based on the four microdialects of four larger villages: San Giorno (
1176:
1110:
6319:
1839:, respectively, forming a vowel system without diphthongs, another feature of Resian not seen in any neighboring dialects. The vowels *
588:
Valleys started speaking Romance languages. There is no Slovene-speaking minority in that area today because it is mainly populated by
4038:
Benacchio, Rosana (1998). "Oblikoslovno-skladenjske posebnosti rezijanščine" [Morphologically-sytactical features of Resian].
842:) and then also generalized the pronunciation to the other three standard forms, which are definitely similar, except that Stolvizza (
4322:
6337:
4214:
4186:
4167:
3821:
1580:. The evolution then continued the same as with other Carinthian dialects, leading to the Carinthian dialect base. Short non-final *
465:, making it the only Slovene dialect that is spoken exclusively in Italy. The speakers are settled in villages in the Resia Valley (
3378:
3314:
4337:
3573:
3030:
The first written texts in Resian were already written in the 18th century. The first known instances are two manuscripts called
1144:
1117:
1047:
429:
5692:
5635:
4914:
4490:
4312:
1503:
1339:
1325:
1103:
3675:
5611:
3816:] (in Slovenian). Vol. 1: Jezikovnozgodovinske in dialektološke razprave. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. pp. 494–495.
1489:
1360:
1169:
420:
773:
accent shift since Alpine Slovene, making it two accent shifts different from standard Slovene, which has not undergone the
3054:
sometime between 1923 and 1933. There are also numerous instances of Resian written by scholars that studied the dialect.
1297:
1151:
1078:
5584:
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.
6454:
1346:
1040:
6449:
6077:
5644:
4330:
3472:
1510:
1468:
1374:
1304:
1290:
224:
6484:
5922:
4113:
3066:
828:
also having a similar sound. Its consonant inventory is shared with the Littoral dialects, retaining palatal sounds.
4046:]. 46/3 (in Slovenian). Translated by Gruden, Živa. Ljubljana: Slavistično društvo Slovenije. pp. 249–259.
3335:[Resident population on 1st January 2022 by gender, age and marital status – data provider; Comune: Resia].
5117:
4706:
2082:
The standard orthography, devised in 1994 by Han Steenwijk, which is still in use today, has 34 letters for Gniva (
1524:
1408:
1185:
955:
708:
Mutual intelligibility with other South Slavic languages is even more difficult, although Resian has undergone the
701:
6549:
6241:
5604:
4930:
4439:
4101:
1126:
1070:
971:
617:. At first it was suggested to base the standard language on a central microdialect, particularly that of Gniva (
4287:
6281:
5196:
5187:
4592:
3760:[Slavic literary microlanguages: characterization and display of the feature inside Slovene language.]
2133:
1543:
Littoral dialects. The third stage represents changes that are unique to Resian and cannot be found elsewhere.
1475:
1311:
962:
6342:
6259:
6187:
5978:
5935:
5651:
5356:
5341:
5127:
5035:
4892:
4769:
4572:
1390:
994:
978:
680:
668:
107:
6179:
6112:
6107:
6072:
6031:
5834:
5802:
5482:
5314:
5122:
4832:
3286:
3004:
2964:
2941:
2918:
2895:
2872:
2849:
2826:
2803:
2780:
2757:
2734:
2711:
2688:
2665:
2642:
2619:
2596:
2573:
2550:
2527:
2504:
2481:
2458:
2435:
2412:
2389:
2366:
2343:
2320:
2297:
2274:
2251:
2228:
2205:
2182:
2122:
2118:
1981:
Resian retained neuter gender, as well as some dual forms. It uses the long infinitive without the final -
1010:
893:
857:
853:
849:
696:
656:
137:
122:
112:
4898:
3333:"Popolazione residente al 1° Gennaio 2022 per sesso, età e stato civile - dati provvisori; Comune: Resia"
6372:
6326:
6251:
6229:
6144:
6133:
5941:
5913:
5892:
5703:
5658:
5545:
5394:
4741:
4600:
4548:
4538:
2983:
2145:
2008:. Specific to Resian are also special unstressed forms for pronouns in the nominative case—for example,
1817:
Resian lost both tonal and length oppositions, which is unlike any neighboring dialect. The diphthongs *
1332:
1208:
1163:
1001:
923:
916:
743:
458:
360:
4864:
4319:, containing texts in Italian, German, Slovenian, and English, as well as a Resian-Slovenian dictionary
580:. Both areas remained connected until the 14th century, when sparsely populated Slovenes living in the
4286:(in Slovenian). Translated by Castegnaro, Laura; Clerici, Martina; Umer Kljun, Jerneja. Trieste/Trst:
3051:
6388:
5882:
5852:
5811:
5731:
5389:
5366:
5291:
5283:
5137:
4997:
4951:
4804:
4692:
4391:
4375:
3092:
3058:
1017:
932:
825:
692:
403:
387:
127:
6489:
3850:
6398:
6197:
6164:
6065:
6055:
6024:
5824:
5711:
5674:
5663:
5471:
5336:
5297:
5041:
5018:
4796:
4687:
4520:
4495:
3374:
3096:
2062:
1576:, which is unique to Resian in comparison to other Littoral dialects because there it turned into *
1090:
1025:
609:
605:
585:
577:
484:
474:
229:
3332:
3062:
493:) on the Italian side. This includes several villages, including (from west to east): San Giorno (
6060:
5997:
5972:
5819:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5740:
5323:
5132:
5082:
4679:
4670:
4656:
4474:
4419:
4370:
4360:
4251:
4082:
4070:
3871:
3701:
2114:
2058:
887:
433:. Despite this, Resians value their language and it is being passed down to younger generations.
6474:
2045:, the second being used to be more conceited. Atypical for a Slavic language, Resian also has a
2129:
of the eastern Alps and indicates the native Neolatin population's strong influence on Resian.
1805:, a feature that also appeared in the Gail Valley dialect. The dialect also devoiced all final
581:
6509:
6499:
6360:
6276:
6214:
6117:
6099:
6082:
6039:
6013:
5959:
5954:
5877:
5842:
5761:
5684:
5476:
5466:
5458:
5384:
5274:
5204:
5173:
5160:
5151:
5096:
5090:
5075:
4944:
4921:
4905:
4859:
4841:
4755:
4747:
4723:
4646:
4619:
4605:
4577:
4528:
4505:
4395:
4383:
4379:
4237:
4210:
4182:
4163:
4047:
3817:
3773:
3626:
3271:
3108:
3071:
3046:, dated to somewhere between 1845 and 1850, but it was still a manuscript. The first book was
1496:
1367:
1135:
1060:
987:
942:
898:
684:
676:
589:
462:
415:
411:
399:
372:
269:
4815:
6494:
6430:
6234:
5948:
5899:
5887:
5872:
5751:
5746:
5627:
5215:
5069:
5011:
4990:
4974:
4967:
4958:
4884:
4733:
4715:
4625:
4559:
4553:
4543:
4456:
4448:
4423:
4411:
3757:
3693:
3281:
3022:
In addition, the acute accent ( ´ ) can be used to mark stress where it cannot be inferred.
2046:
882:
877:
735:
688:
664:
660:
466:
446:
364:
352:
341:
333:
132:
117:
410:
to the east, both separated by tall mountain ranges. On the other sides, it mostly borders
6312:
6271:
6264:
6018:
6008:
5983:
5966:
5756:
5724:
5679:
5669:
5550:
5531:
5501:
5449:
5430:
5346:
5222:
5048:
4937:
4854:
4849:
4809:
4778:
4415:
4316:
4263:
3501:
2136:
plus eleven other letters, which are letters from the ISO basic Latin alphabet with added
2110:
2013:
1382:
1319:
1200:
910:
903:
593:
391:
99:
6514:
2349:
2000:
is generally reserved for inanimate nouns. In the dative, animate nouns have the ending -
407:
3366:
3317:["We are Resians and not Slovenians" One thousand signatures for a referendum].
2855:
2786:
6529:
6504:
6297:
6209:
6152:
5930:
5867:
5770:
5537:
5413:
5399:
5376:
5209:
5168:
5004:
4510:
4500:
4466:
4407:
2988:
2126:
1564:
1483:
1354:
723:
672:
282:
181:
48:
3581:
2970:
2901:
2579:
2556:
1891:
near a nasal consonant. Other changes did not cover the entire territory. The vowels *
261:
6543:
6479:
6469:
6169:
6045:
5790:
5716:
5506:
5435:
5422:
5351:
5229:
4786:
4403:
4387:
4074:
3705:
3291:
3276:
2992:
2832:
2740:
2441:
2188:
2125:). According to the Italian linguist Bartoli, this grapheme is characteristic of the
1797:
shift, which are present today in the Gail Valley dialect, but not in Resian. Final -
1434:
1256:
1096:
1031:
948:
548:
442:
4309:
2280:
6087:
5861:
5556:
5331:
5259:
4533:
2947:
2717:
2694:
2533:
2326:
2303:
2137:
755:
188:
2671:
2464:
3758:"Slovanski knjižni mikrojeziki: opredelitev in prikaz pojava znotraj slovenščine"
2995:. The name is not adapted to the new orthography, and the name should be spelled
2809:
2257:
2211:
1234:) lacks research on unaccented vowels. This is the accent system for San Giorno (
6416:
6403:
5564:
4427:
2602:
2510:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1429:
1284:
1276:
1269:
1251:
2395:
1988:
Its special feature is the distinction between animate and inanimate masculine
6353:
6332:
6224:
5249:
4874:
4611:
4143:
2648:
2487:
1623:
Later, Resian followed the same patterns as the Jaun Valley dialect, such as *
1518:
1439:
1402:
1261:
614:
368:
72:
4177:
Steenwijk, Han (1992a). Barentsen, A. A.; Groen, B. M.; Sprenger, R. (eds.).
4051:
3630:
3057:
Literature written in Resian is still being published; for instance, in 2021
2372:
1701:
The second stage was primarily influenced by the Torre Valley dialect. Open *
722:
accent shift, and so these words are now accented on the same syllable as in
6378:
6204:
6192:
4651:
4229:
4155:
3769:
3683:
3088:
2625:
2418:
2234:
2070:
1806:
555:
Valleys, where Slovene is spoken. To the south, it is bordered by the Musi (
395:
254:
242:
4280:
Third provincial conference about preservation of Slovene language minority
441:
The area where Resian is spoken is practically the same as the area of the
2924:
2878:
2763:
6423:
6347:
6305:
4981:
380:
1973:, or even disappeared. Other changes are specific to each microdialect.
6410:
6366:
5511:
5027:
4582:
4567:
3743:
Atti: conferenza sui Gruppi Etnico Linguistici della Provincia di Udine
3697:
754:
The Resian dialect, in contrast to neighboring dialects, does not have
552:
2057:; the only standard Slavic languages to contain definite articles are
1612:, whereas the nasal vowels remained intact and only lengthened. Long *
17:
6157:
4869:
3852:
Notranja glasovna in naglasna členjenost terskega narečja slovenščine
3266:
2066:
576:
The area was settled by Slovenes from the north, the area of today's
424:
5596:
2094:), whereas the other two standard forms have an additional letter,
1933:
turned into centralized vowels, whereas elsewhere they turned into
4355:
2141:
454:
376:
216:
62:
4275:
Tretja deželna konferenca o varstvu slovenske jezikovne manjšine
4233:
4159:
3414:
The Slovene Dialect of Egg and Potschach in the Gailtal, Austria
1996:
can be used for both animate and inanimate, whereas the ending -
5600:
4326:
4040:
Slavistična revija: časopis za jezikoslovje in literarne vede
3692:]. 26/2020/1 (in Slovenian). ZRC SAZU. pp. 219–223.
3678:[Why is Natisone dialect in Italy a Slovene dialect]
3315:""Siamo resiani e non sloveni" Mille firme per un referendum"
2037:'. It also has two stressed first-person singular pronouns,
1761:. This connection also hindered some developments, such as *
836:
Han Steenwijk recorded 25 consonant phonemes in San Giorno (
3766:
Država in narod v slovenskem jeziku, literaturi in kulturi
2104:
1592:
evolved differently from their long counterparts, into *
3772:: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete. p. 95.
3730:. Ljubljana: Slovenska Matica v Ljubljani. p. 100.
3576:[Towards the practical grammar of the Resian].
3083:
Notable linguists who have studied the dialect include
4228:(in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija.
3676:"Zakaj je nadiško narečje v Italiji slovensko narečje"
3617:
Logar, Tine (1970). "Slovenski dialekti v zamejstvu".
2132:
The standard orthography uses only the letters of the
363:
in the South Slavic continuum, generally considered a
4224:Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.).
3503:
Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3482:. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU
3309:
3307:
6440:
6387:
6296:
6250:
6178:
6143:
6132:
6098:
5996:
5921:
5912:
5851:
5833:
5810:
5801:
5702:
5634:
5524:
5494:
5457:
5448:
5421:
5412:
5375:
5322:
5313:
5282:
5273:
5195:
5186:
5159:
5150:
5108:
5060:
4883:
4840:
4831:
4795:
4777:
4768:
4732:
4714:
4705:
4678:
4669:
4637:
4591:
4519:
4483:
4465:
4447:
4438:
3251:
3233:
3225:
3207:
3199:
3181:
3173:
3155:
3147:
3129:
3121:
3115:
268:
252:
240:
235:
223:
199:
194:
178:
163:
96:
86:
78:
68:
58:
32:
675:. It represents the far northwestern part of the
4198:Ortografia resiana = Tö jošt rozajanskë pïsanjë
2109:, a letter that few Slavic languages use (only
4148:Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave
655:Resian belongs to the western subgroup of the
5612:
4338:
4181:. Vol. 18. Amsterdam - Atlanta: Rodopi.
4162:, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša.
3243:
3237:
3217:
3211:
3191:
3185:
3165:
3159:
3139:
3133:
2160:
2089:
2083:
2065:) and an indefinite article. It retained the
1956:
1950:
1914:
1905:from previously longer syllables turned into
1861:, which might have actually happened before *
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1663:
1656:
1235:
1229:
865:
843:
837:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
716:
709:
691:. The closest (other) Slovene dialect is the
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
568:
562:
556:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
478:
346:
327:
321:
315:
309:
38:
8:
4272:inscriptions]. In Jagodic, Devan (ed.).
4152:Dialectological and etymological discussions
4044:Journal for linguistics and literary studies
3473:"Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji"
3360:
3358:
27:Slavic variety, spoken in northeastern Italy
759:perspective, Resian has undergone only the
6140:
5918:
5807:
5619:
5605:
5597:
5454:
5418:
5319:
5279:
5270:
5192:
5156:
4837:
4774:
4711:
4675:
4444:
4435:
4345:
4331:
4323:
4209:(in Italian and Slovenian). Padua: CLEUP.
4087:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3926:
3914:
3890:
3876:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3745:. Cividale del Friuli: SLORI. p. 273.
3602:
3399:
3339:(in Italian and English). 1 January 2022.
3254:for text in the 1994 standard orthography.
3228:for text in the 1994 standard orthography.
3202:for text in the 1994 standard orthography.
3176:for text in the 1994 standard orthography.
3150:for text in the 1994 standard orthography.
3124:for text in the 1994 standard orthography.
1677:. Long nasal vowels also denasalized and *
419:than a thousand people and is listed as a
281:
47:
29:
4226:Tipologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov
4207:Grammatica pratica resiana: il sostantivo
4200:(in Italian and Slovenian). Padua: CLEUP.
3574:"Verso la grammatica pratica del resiano"
3560:
3549:
3506:, UNESCO's Endangered Languages Programme
561:) Mountains, to the east by Mount Canin (
453:). It is spoken entirely in northeastern
402:, breathy vowels. It borders the Slovene
4179:The Slovene dialect of Resia: San Giorno
3431:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 93.
3429:The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity
2982:
2150:
1669:accent shift, as well as the merger of *
1420:
1242:
862:
848:) has somewhat different allophones for
430:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
5577:
3303:
1620:and short non-final vowels lengthened.
864:Resian consonant phonemes: San Giorno (
856:. Tine Logar also recorded the phoneme
726:, as opposed to most Slovene dialects.
6460:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
4259:
4249:
4102:Te Mali Prïncip (verlag-tintenfass.de)
4080:
3962:
3869:
3373:(in English, Italian, and Slovenian).
3007:could optionally also be written with
679:. The closest written language is the
53:Pater Noster in the old Resian dialect
4025:
4021:
4019:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3950:
3938:
3902:
3858:(in Slovenian). Ljubljana. p. 26
3836:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3612:
3610:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3522:
3456:
3444:
1719:(in contrast to previously existing *
340:
329:Rozajonski langeč / Rozojonski langeč
317:Rozajanski langäč / Rozojanski langäč
311:Rozajanski langäč / Rozojanski langäč
162:
40:Rozajanski langäč / Rozojanski langäč
7:
3467:
3465:
3440:
3438:
3381:from the original on 19 January 2022
787:accent shift, but has undergone the
3343:from the original on 11 August 2022
3085:Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay
695:, another dialect known for little
567:), and to the north by Mount Sard (
6555:Languages of Friuli-Venezia Giulia
4521:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
3065:published a Resian translation of
3048:To kristjanske učilo po rozoanskeh
25:
4146:(1996). Kenda-Jež, Karmen (ed.).
2101:The alphabet contains the letter
1523:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1474:
1467:
1407:
1389:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1207:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1150:
1143:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1077:
1069:
1046:
1039:
1016:
1009:
1000:
993:
977:
970:
961:
954:
931:
922:
915:
604:Standard Resian was developed by
342:[ɾɛziˈjáːnskɔnaˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ]
5252:
4371:Historical linguistic minorities
4354:
4232:: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center
4158:: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center
3365:Steenwijk, Han (15 April 2004).
3337:Istituto Nazionale di Statistica
1801:in most cases also turned into -
209:
4114:"IETF Language Subtag Registry"
3814:Collected essays / Jakob Rigler
3768:(in Slovenian) (1st ed.).
3416:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 2.
6320:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
421:definitely endangered language
1:
2991:in Italian and Resian in the
6455:Slavic second palatalization
3728:Razprave o slovenskem jeziku
3580:(in Italian). Archived from
3427:Stankiewicz, Edward (1986).
3244:
3218:
3192:
3166:
3140:
3118:for the dialect in general.
328:
322:
316:
310:
39:
6450:Slavic first palatalization
4069:. Padua. pp. 313–322.
4067:The Roots of Written Resian
3810:Zbrani spisi / Jakob Rigler
1919:), where previously short *
379:, close to the border with
308:(self-designation Standard
6571:
5118:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
4601:Central-Southern Calabrian
4288:Slovene research institute
1753:before front vowels, and *
6523:
6242:Slavic dialects of Greece
5269:
5247:
4931:Comasco-Lecchese dialects
4434:
4367:
1705:and *ō became close-mid *
1522:
1473:
1466:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1406:
1337:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1199:
1162:
1089:
1024:
941:
909:
874:
280:
46:
37:
3849:Ježovnik, Janoš (2019).
3572:Steenwijk, Han (1992b).
3067:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
3032:Rez'janskij katichizis I
3003:Previously, the phoneme
2134:ISO basic Latin alphabet
1961:), where it turned into
1913:, except in San Giorno (
1616:turned into a very open
1563:. It did not experience
483:), as well as the upper
289:
4491:Central-Northern Latian
4205:Steenwijk, Han (1999).
4196:Steenwijk, Han (1994).
4065:Steenwijk, Han (2003).
681:Natisone Valley dialect
669:Natisone Valley dialect
5123:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
4915:Bustocco and Legnanese
4154:] (in Slovenian).
3726:Rigler, Jakob (1986).
3412:Pronk, Tijmen (2009).
3287:Littoral dialect group
3238:
3236:for the subdialect of
3212:
3210:for the subdialect of
3186:
3184:for the subdialect of
3160:
3158:for the subdialect of
3134:
3132:for the subdialect of
3000:
2969:
2946:
2923:
2900:
2877:
2854:
2831:
2808:
2785:
2762:
2739:
2716:
2693:
2670:
2647:
2624:
2601:
2578:
2555:
2532:
2509:
2486:
2463:
2440:
2417:
2394:
2371:
2348:
2325:
2302:
2279:
2256:
2233:
2210:
2187:
2161:
2090:
2084:
1957:
1951:
1915:
1825:monophthongized into *
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1749:started turning into *
1665:
1658:
1604:, respectively. Long *
1236:
1230:
866:
844:
838:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
718:
711:
705:Friulian and Italian.
697:mutual intelligibility
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
569:
563:
557:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
479:
470:
450:
356:
347:
337:
138:Littoral dialect group
6373:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
5546:Italian Sign Language
5495:Other German dialects
4638:Other Italo-Dalmatian
3756:Šekli, Matej (2015).
2986:
1949:, except in Oseacco (
667:, which includes the
459:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
443:Municipality of Resia
406:to the south and the
172:Eastern microdialects
169:Western microdialects
4998:Southwestern Lombard
1559:diphthongized into *
826:Torre Valley dialect
744:Slavic microlanguage
730:Language vs. dialect
693:Torre Valley dialect
437:Geographic extension
404:Torre Valley dialect
388:Rosen Valley dialect
128:Western South Slavic
6399:Pan-Slavic language
6198:Burgenland Croatian
6078:Marcho-Magdeburgian
5675:Old Church Slavonic
5298:Vaccarizzo Albanian
3375:University of Padua
3367:"Resian dictionary"
3321:. February 5, 2004.
3252:sl-rozaj-solba-1994
3226:sl-rozaj-osojs-1994
3200:sl-rozaj-njiva-1994
3174:sl-rozaj-lipaw-1994
3148:sl-rozaj-biske-1994
3044:Christjanske uzhilo
2165:) standard version
1945:mostly turned into
1423:
1245:
871:
610:University of Padua
578:Gail Valley dialect
499:), Prato di Resia (
230:University of Padua
201:Recognised minority
6485:Illič-Svityč's law
6465:Monophthongization
5973:Camaldolese Slovak
5786:Canadian Ukrainian
5652:Up to Proto-Slavic
5645:Proto-Balto-Slavic
5133:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5109:Other Gallo-Italic
4361:Languages of Italy
4315:2006-05-06 at the
3698:10.3986/Jz.26.1.15
3619:Prace Filologiczne
3584:on August 12, 2007
3109:IETF language tags
3001:
1631:simplifying into *
1572:also turned into *
1422:Unaccented vowels
1421:
1243:
863:
641:), and Stolvizza (
386:Together with the
338:rezijansko narečje
293:The Resian dialect
6537:
6536:
6530:extinct languages
6361:Solombala English
6292:
6291:
6215:Prekmurje Slovene
6128:
6127:
5908:
5907:
5762:Doukhobor Russian
5685:Glagolitic script
5594:
5593:
5573:
5572:
5520:
5519:
5477:Southern Bavarian
5444:
5443:
5408:
5407:
5400:Triestine Serbian
5309:
5308:
5284:Arbëresh language
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5182:
5181:
5146:
5145:
4899:Brianzöö dialects
4827:
4826:
4764:
4763:
4701:
4700:
4665:
4664:
4310:Resianic homepage
4243:978-961-05-0137-4
3779:978-961-237-753-3
3685:Jezikovni zapiski
3603:Steenwijk (1992a)
3272:Venetian Slovenia
3111:have registered:
3072:The Little Prince
3040:Passio Domini ec.
3009:⟨z⟩
2981:
2980:
2096:⟨y⟩
1969:then turned into
1965:. The consonant *
1737:turned into *a, *
1535:
1534:
1419:
1418:
1221:
1220:
685:standard language
677:dialect continuum
463:province of Udine
373:Province of Udine
298:
297:
225:Regulated by
16:(Redirected from
6562:
6550:Slovene language
6431:Slavonic-Serbian
6282:Cieszyn Silesian
6153:Carpathian Rusyn
6141:
5919:
5808:
5693:Modern languages
5628:Slavic languages
5621:
5614:
5607:
5598:
5585:
5582:
5559:
5540:
5485:
5455:
5419:
5320:
5300:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5193:
5157:
5099:
5085:
5078:
5062:Emilian–Romagnol
5051:
5044:
5030:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4924:
4917:
4908:
4901:
4838:
4818:
4797:Franco-Provençal
4775:
4750:
4712:
4707:Occitano-Romance
4676:
4628:
4614:
4593:Extreme Southern
4562:
4457:Regional Italian
4445:
4436:
4392:Franco-Provençal
4359:
4358:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4324:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4290:. pp. 60–61
4285:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4220:
4201:
4192:
4173:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4078:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3927:Steenwijk (1992a
3924:
3918:
3915:Steenwijk (1992a
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3891:Steenwijk (1992a
3888:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3681:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3614:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3569:
3563:
3561:Steenwijk (1999)
3558:
3552:
3550:Steenwijk (1994)
3547:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3469:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3403:
3400:Steenwijk (1992a
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3282:Slovene language
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3052:Giuseppe Cramaro
3010:
3006:
2966:
2943:
2920:
2897:
2874:
2851:
2828:
2805:
2782:
2759:
2736:
2713:
2690:
2667:
2644:
2621:
2598:
2575:
2552:
2529:
2506:
2483:
2460:
2437:
2414:
2391:
2368:
2345:
2322:
2299:
2276:
2253:
2230:
2207:
2184:
2164:
2151:
2108:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2047:definite article
1960:
1954:
1918:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1685:, resulting in *
1668:
1661:
1527:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1478:
1471:
1457:
1450:
1424:
1411:
1393:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1279:
1272:
1246:
1244:Accented vowels
1239:
1233:
1211:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1081:
1073:
1063:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1020:
1013:
1004:
997:
990:
981:
974:
965:
958:
951:
935:
926:
919:
872:
869:
859:
855:
851:
847:
841:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
721:
714:
683:and the closest
663:, together with
661:Slavic languages
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
572:
566:
560:
546:
540:
534:
528:
526:Karnïca, Karnica
522:
516:
514:Krïžaca, Križeca
510:
504:
498:
492:
482:
359:) is a distinct
357:Dialetto Resiano
350:
344:
331:
325:
323:Rozoanske langäč
319:
313:
292:
290:
285:
276:
264:
245:
215:
213:
212:
203:language in
184:
102:
51:
42:
30:
21:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6519:
6442:
6436:
6390:
6383:
6313:Bohemian Romani
6298:Mixed languages
6288:
6265:Pannonian Rusyn
6246:
6188:Banat Bulgarian
6174:
6136:
6124:
6094:
5992:
5984:Pannonian Rusyn
5904:
5847:
5829:
5797:
5757:Alaskan Russian
5732:Old Novgorodian
5725:Old East Slavic
5698:
5680:Cyrillic script
5670:Church Slavonic
5630:
5625:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5569:
5555:
5536:
5516:
5502:Austrian German
5490:
5481:
5440:
5431:Calabrian Greek
5404:
5371:
5357:Natisone Valley
5342:Inner Carniolan
5305:
5296:
5265:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5237:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5178:
5142:
5110:
5104:
5095:
5081:
5074:
5056:
5047:
5040:
5036:Eastern Lombard
5026:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4920:
4913:
4904:
4897:
4893:Western Lombard
4879:
4823:
4814:
4791:
4760:
4746:
4728:
4697:
4661:
4639:
4633:
4624:
4610:
4587:
4573:Southern Latian
4558:
4539:Castelmezzanese
4515:
4479:
4461:
4430:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4317:Wayback Machine
4306:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4270:
4258:
4248:
4244:
4223:
4217:
4204:
4195:
4189:
4176:
4170:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4096:
4079:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3638:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3263:
3105:
3093:Milko Matičetov
3081:
3059:Silvana Paletti
3028:
3008:
2102:
2095:
2091:Osoanë, Osojane
2088:) and Oseacco (
2080:
2016:; for example,
2014:clitic doubling
2012:'I'—as well as
1979:
1952:Osoanë, Osojane
1932:
1925:
1904:
1897:
1874:
1867:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1815:
1783:shift, and the
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1699:
1549:
1540:
1453:
1446:
1275:
1268:
1231:Osoanë, Osojane
1226:
1134:
1095:
1059:
1030:
986:
947:
834:
821:
815:accent shifts.
801:and optionally
752:
732:
653:
651:Characteristics
638:Osoanë, Osojane
602:
600:Standard Resian
520:Osoanë, Osojane
451:Comune di Resia
439:
392:Ebriach dialect
365:Slovene dialect
294:
288:
287:
274:
260:
241:
219:
210:
208:
204:
202:
195:Official status
185:
180:
159:
103:
100:Language family
98:
92:929 (2022)
89:
88:Native speakers
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6568:
6566:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6542:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6510:Van Wijk's law
6507:
6505:Ruki sound law
6502:
6500:Pedersen's law
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6343:Romano-Serbian
6340:
6335:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6260:Eastern Slovak
6256:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6149:
6147:
6138:
6134:Microlanguages
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6016:
6005:East Lechitic
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5979:Eastern Slovak
5976:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5960:White Croatian
5957:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5936:Biblical Czech
5927:
5925:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5868:Serbo-Croatian
5865:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5744:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:Italian Hebrew
5528:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:South Tyrolean
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5377:Serbo-Croatian
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5288:
5286:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5197:Rhaeto-Romance
5190:
5188:Rhaeto-Romance
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4994:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4971:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4305:
4304:External links
4302:
4301:
4300:
4268:
4242:
4221:
4215:
4202:
4193:
4187:
4174:
4168:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4105:
4094:
4057:
4030:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3841:
3829:
3822:
3800:
3785:
3778:
3748:
3733:
3718:
3690:Language notes
3666:
3651:
3636:
3606:
3595:
3564:
3553:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3493:
3461:
3449:
3434:
3419:
3404:
3392:
3354:
3324:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3234:sl-rozaj-solba
3231:
3230:
3229:
3208:sl-rozaj-osojs
3205:
3204:
3203:
3182:sl-rozaj-njiva
3179:
3178:
3177:
3156:sl-rozaj-lipaw
3153:
3152:
3151:
3130:sl-rozaj-biske
3127:
3126:
3125:
3104:
3101:
3080:
3077:
3027:
3024:
2989:bilingual sign
2979:
2978:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2172:Pronunciation
2170:
2167:
2155:
2127:Ladin language
2079:
2076:
1978:
1975:
1930:
1923:
1902:
1895:
1872:
1865:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1814:
1811:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1698:
1695:
1565:denasalization
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
982:
975:
968:
966:
959:
952:
945:
939:
938:
936:
929:
927:
920:
913:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
880:
875:
833:
830:
820:
817:
751:
748:
731:
728:
724:Serbo-Croatian
702:centralization
673:Serbo-Croatian
659:branch of the
652:
649:
601:
598:
541:), and Uccea (
538:Korïto, Korito
529:), Stolvizza (
461:region in the
438:
435:
367:spoken in the
302:Resian dialect
296:
295:
286:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
258:
250:
249:
246:
238:
237:
236:Language codes
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
207:
205:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:Writing system
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
165:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
106:
104:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
59:Native to
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6567:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6495:Meillet's law
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6311:20th century
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6230:Slavomolisano
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6170:West Polesian
6168:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6113:Lower Sorbian
6111:
6109:
6108:Upper Sorbian
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6073:West Lechitic
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6032:Middle Polish
6029:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5893:Slavomolisano
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5862:Alpine Slavic
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5792:
5791:Simple speech
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5717:Simple speech
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5581:
5578:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5423:Italiot Greek
5420:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Slavomolisano
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5250:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Judeo-Italian
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Gallo-Romance
4767:
4757:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:Vivaro-Alpine
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Italo-Romance
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4265:
4253:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4216:88-7178-646-7
4212:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4188:90-5183-366-0
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4169:961-6182-18-8
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3823:961-6358-32-4
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3319:Il Messaggero
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Slovene Lands
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3122:sl-rozaj-1994
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3097:Roberto Dapit
3094:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3050:, written by
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3014:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:Example word
2168:
2166:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:Lower Sorbian
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:) and Uccea (
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:turned into *
1882:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:turned into *
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:turned into *
1740:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:merged with *
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1647:turned into *
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:turned into *
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
944:
940:
937:
934:
930:
928:
925:
921:
918:
914:
912:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
889:
884:
881:
879:
876:
873:
868:
861:
846:
840:
831:
829:
827:
818:
816:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
749:
747:
745:
739:
737:
729:
727:
725:
720:
713:
706:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
616:
611:
607:
606:Han Steenwijk
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
565:
559:
554:
550:
545:
539:
533:
527:
523:), Carnizza (
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
486:
481:
476:
473:), along the
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
431:
426:
423:according to
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
343:
339:
335:
330:
324:
318:
312:
307:
303:
284:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
244:
239:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
206:
198:
193:
190:
187:
183:
177:
171:
168:
167:
166:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:Indo-European
105:
101:
95:
91:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6525:
6515:Winter's law
6475:Havlík's law
6429:
6422:
6415:
6371:
6359:
6352:
6327:Mednyj Aleut
6325:
6318:
6310:
6219:
6180:South Slavic
6137:and dialects
6044:
6030:
6023:
5971:
5947:
5942:Czechoslovak
5940:
5923:Czech-Slovak
5860:
5835:Transitional
5803:South Slavic
5739:
5730:
5723:
5691:
5659:Proto-Slavic
5657:
5650:
5643:
5580:
5557:Sinte Romani
5367:Torre Valley
5361:
5315:South Slavic
5260:Italy portal
4952:Vallassinese
4833:Gallo-Italic
4369:
4292:. Retrieved
4279:
4274:
4225:
4206:
4197:
4178:
4151:
4147:
4137:Bibliography
4122:. Retrieved
4120:. 2021-08-06
4117:
4108:
4097:
4066:
4060:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3963:Rigler (2001
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3860:. Retrieved
3851:
3844:
3832:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3765:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3689:
3684:
3669:
3622:
3618:
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3582:the original
3577:
3567:
3556:
3530:
3518:
3508:, retrieved
3502:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3479:
3452:
3428:
3422:
3413:
3407:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3370:
3345:. Retrieved
3336:
3327:
3318:
3106:
3082:
3070:
3063:Malinka Pila
3056:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2993:Resia Valley
2959:
2936:
2913:
2890:
2867:
2844:
2821:
2798:
2775:
2752:
2729:
2706:
2683:
2660:
2637:
2614:
2591:
2568:
2545:
2522:
2499:
2476:
2453:
2445:'ice cream'
2430:
2407:
2384:
2361:
2338:
2315:
2292:
2269:
2246:
2223:
2200:
2177:
2159:San Giorno (
2158:
2131:
2100:
2085:Njïwa, Njiva
2081:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1941:. Syllabic *
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:. Now only *
1869:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:turned into
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1798:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:Second stage
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1227:
894:Postalveolar
886:
835:
822:
756:pitch accent
753:
740:
733:
707:
657:South Slavic
654:
635:), Oseacco (
632:Njïva, Njiva
620:Njïva, Njiva
603:
575:
564:Ćanen, Kanin
535:), Coritis (
517:), Oseacco (
511:), Criacis (
508:Njïwa, Njiva
440:
428:
408:Soča dialect
385:
369:Resia Valley
348:rezijanščina
305:
301:
299:
253:
142:
123:South Slavic
113:Balto-Slavic
73:Resia valley
6490:Ivšić's law
6417:Army Slavic
6404:Interslavic
6389:Constructed
6252:West Slavic
6145:East Slavic
5914:West Slavic
5883:Montenegrin
5704:East Slavic
5565:Wenzhounese
5390:Montenegrin
5337:Gail Valley
5138:Piedmontese
5042:Bergamasque
4688:Campidanese
4529:Beneventano
4496:Marchigiano
4428:Wenzhounese
4260:|work=
4144:Logar, Tine
4026:Logar (1996
4011:Logar (1996
3999:Šekli (2018
3987:Šekli (2018
3975:Šekli (2018
3951:Šekli (2018
3939:Šekli (2018
3903:Logar (1996
3837:Šekli (2018
3796:Logar (1996
3662:Vidau (2021
3647:Šekli (2018
3535:Logar (1996
3523:Vidau (2021
3457:Logar (1996
3445:Logar (1996
3135:San Giorgio
3015:instead of
2537:'to write'
2422:'mushroom'
2078:Orthography
2053:, feminine
2049:(masculine
1813:Third stage
1547:First stage
1164:Approximant
414:, but also
400:centralized
6544:Categories
6480:Hirt's law
6470:Dybo's law
6441:Historical
6354:Russenorsk
6333:Ponaschemu
6225:Shtokavian
6165:Podlachian
6066:Slovincian
6056:Pomeranian
6025:Old Polish
5825:Macedonian
5712:Belarusian
5083:Parmigiano
4875:Tabarchino
4865:Monégasque
4693:Logudorese
4612:Manduriano
4475:Florentine
3510:2015-10-17
3298:References
3026:Literature
2882:'village'
2744:'to hold'
2468:'general'
2353:'teacher'
2307:'chimney'
2238:'grandma'
2192:'to seem'
2162:Bila, Bela
2063:Macedonian
2033:. 'I told
1977:Morphology
1916:Bila, Bela
1807:obstruents
1733:). Short *
1655:, and the
1555:and long *
1237:Bila, Bela
867:Bila, Bela
839:Bila, Bela
832:Consonants
629:), Gniva (
626:Bila, Bela
615:declension
596:speakers.
505:), Gniva (
496:Bilä, Bela
326:, Solbica
304:or simply
6528:indicate
6443:phonology
6391:languages
6379:Trasianka
6205:Kajkavian
6193:Chakavian
6118:Schleifer
6061:Kashubian
5843:Torlakian
5820:Bulgarian
5776:Ukrainian
5741:Ruthenian
5324:Slovenian
5174:Triestine
5111:languages
5097:Forlivese
5076:Bolognese
4922:Legnanese
4860:Intemelio
4805:Valdôtain
4748:Mentonasc
4724:Algherese
4680:Sardinian
4671:Sardinian
4657:Sassarese
4652:Gallurese
4640:languages
4606:Salentino
4578:Tarantino
4549:Cosentino
4506:Romanesco
4420:Sardinian
4294:21 August
4262:ignored (
4252:cite book
4230:Ljubljana
4156:Ljubljana
4124:7 October
4083:cite book
4075:209507567
4052:0350-6894
4028::233–236)
3977::300–302)
3953::297–300)
3872:cite book
3862:12 August
3839::311–312)
3770:Ljubljana
3711:13 August
3706:216486109
3649::310–314)
3631:0138-0567
3588:13 August
3578:Resianica
3385:13 August
3371:Resianica
3347:13 August
3239:Stolvizza
3089:Eric Hamp
2698:'stream'
2675:'person'
2606:'to fly'
2356:majéštra
2330:'to sit'
2157:Phoneme:
2146:diaeresis
2115:Kashubian
2071:imperfect
2059:Bulgarian
1538:Evolution
1448:unrounded
1383:Near-open
1320:Close-mid
1270:unrounded
1097:voiceless
1091:Fricative
1032:voiceless
1026:Affricate
949:voiceless
819:Phonology
608:from the
582:Raccolana
457:, in the
396:Carinthia
320:, Osoanë
255:Glottolog
243:ISO 639-3
79:Ethnicity
6424:Iazychie
6348:Runglish
6306:Balachka
6277:Silesian
6235:Bunjevac
6083:Polabian
6040:Silesian
6019:dialects
6014:Masurian
5998:Lechitic
5955:Moravian
5878:Croatian
5781:dialects
5752:dialects
5467:Cimbrian
5459:Bavarian
5385:Croatian
5292:Arbëresh
5275:Albanian
5216:Cadorino
5205:Friulian
5161:Venetian
5152:Venetian
5091:Romagnol
5019:Cremunés
5012:Novarese
4991:Varesino
4982:Ossolano
4975:Ticinese
4968:Milanese
4959:Lecchese
4842:Ligurian
4647:Corsican
4626:Pantesco
4620:Sicilian
4560:Arianese
4554:Irpinian
4544:Cilentan
4501:Marinese
4400:Germanic
4396:Friulian
4384:Croatian
4376:Albanian
4313:Archived
3379:Archived
3341:Archived
3261:See also
3116:sl-rozaj
3103:Encoding
3079:Research
2974:'woman'
2951:'green'
2928:'to be'
2859:'sugar'
2767:'alone'
2721:'group'
2678:parsóna
2560:'right'
2471:ǵanarál
2376:'where'
2350:maještra
2261:'cloth'
2107:⟩
2103:⟨
1484:Open-mid
1355:Open-mid
888:Alveolar
590:Friulian
487:Valley (
416:Bavarian
412:Friulian
381:Slovenia
275:sl-rozaj
262:resi1246
164:Dialects
6526:Italics
6411:Lydnevi
6367:Surzhyk
6100:Sorbian
5949:Knaanic
5900:Slovene
5888:Serbian
5873:Bosnian
5853:Western
5812:Eastern
5747:Russian
5636:History
5512:Yiddish
5472:Mòcheno
5347:Istrian
5070:Emilian
5049:Cremish
5028:Spasell
4938:Comasco
4885:Lombard
4855:Genoese
4850:Brigasc
4816:Cellese
4734:Occitan
4716:Catalan
4583:Vastese
4568:Molisan
4484:Central
4449:Italian
4424:Slovene
4412:Occitan
4380:Catalan
3929::19–20)
3664::60–61)
3486:June 8,
3480:Fran.si
3245:Solbica
3219:Osojane
3213:Oseacco
3167:Lipovec
3161:Lipovaz
3017:Ravanca
3013:Ravanza
3011:(e.g.,
2954:zalë́n
2905:'song'
2839:klubük
2813:'aunt'
2747:dýržat
2672:parsona
2652:'fast'
2609:listýt
2517:páǵina
2514:'page'
2491:'soft'
2465:ǵanaral
2448:ǧeláto
2399:'thin'
2284:'time'
2215:'aunt'
2195:parjät
2154:Letter
1455:rounded
1435:Central
1277:rounded
1257:Central
943:Plosive
899:Palatal
845:Solbica
736:Slovene
689:Slovene
665:Slovene
644:Solbica
532:Solbica
502:Ravanca
477:River (
467:Slovene
447:Italian
361:variety
353:Italian
334:Slovene
314:, Bila
133:Slovene
82:Resians
6338:Quelia
6220:Resian
6009:Polish
5967:Slovak
5664:Accent
5551:Romani
5532:Hebrew
5525:Others
5507:Walser
5450:German
5362:Resian
5223:Fornes
5169:Fiuman
5005:Pavese
4945:Laghée
4906:Canzés
4870:Royasc
4810:Faetar
4787:Aostan
4779:French
4756:Niçard
4534:Barese
4511:Sabino
4467:Tuscan
4416:Romani
4388:French
4282:]
4240:
4213:
4185:
4166:
4073:
4050:
3820:
3776:
3704:
3629:
3625:: 84.
3267:Friuli
3095:, and
2862:cükër
2836:'hat'
2833:klubük
2816:tatä́
2793:šëjst
2790:'six'
2741:dyržat
2724:grüpo
2701:patök
2655:natík
2629:'mom'
2603:listyt
2583:'key'
2540:pïsat
2511:paǵina
2494:míhak
2442:ǧelato
2333:sidët
2310:ćamïn
2189:parjät
2117:, and
2111:Polish
2067:aorist
2026:rë́kal
1794:mə̀gla
1769:, the
1600:, and
1588:, and
1224:Vowels
1136:voiced
1061:voiced
988:voiced
883:Dental
878:Labial
812:mə̀gla
750:Accent
671:, and
594:German
480:Rezija
471:Rezija
425:UNESCO
306:Resian
291:
214:
143:Resian
118:Slavic
69:Region
33:Resian
18:Resian
6272:Goral
6210:Pomak
6158:Lemko
5931:Czech
5771:Rusyn
5436:Griko
5414:Greek
5352:Karst
5230:Nones
5210:Ladin
4408:Ladin
4404:Greek
4284:(PDF)
4278:[
4150:[
4071:S2CID
4042:[
4013::233)
4001::325)
3989::303)
3965::315)
3941::297)
3905::122)
3856:(pdf)
3812:[
3798::248)
3762:(PDF)
3702:S2CID
3688:[
3680:(pdf)
3537::233)
3476:(PDF)
3447::231)
3292:Resia
3193:Njiva
3187:Gniva
2977:žanä
2948:zalën
2908:wïža
2856:cükër
2787:šëjst
2718:grüpo
2695:patök
2649:natik
2632:máma
2586:kjüč
2563:jüšt
2534:pïsat
2488:mihak
2425:góba
2327:sidët
2304:ćamïn
2264:cö́a
2241:bába
2218:tatä
2144:, or
2142:caron
2138:acute
2119:Upper
2030:tabë́
2018:Ja si
1926:and *
1898:and *
1887:and *
1879:and *
1868:and *
1846:and *
1832:and *
1821:and *
1792:*
1790:>
1787:məglȁ
1785:*
1778:*
1776:>
1771:*
1726:and *
1712:and *
1689:and *
1673:and *
1666:sě̀no
1664:*
1662:>
1657:*
1651:and *
1635:and *
1627:and *
1463:Close
1430:Front
1285:Close
1252:Front
1201:Trill
911:Nasal
904:Velar
810:*
805:məglȁ
803:*
796:*
789:*
784:sě̀no
782:*
780:>
775:*
770:sě̀no
768:*
766:>
761:*
719:sě̀no
717:*
715:>
710:*
586:Dogna
558:Mužci
549:Torre
485:Uccea
475:Resia
455:Italy
377:Italy
217:Italy
189:Latin
63:Italy
6088:Rani
6046:Lach
5332:Brda
4296:2022
4264:help
4238:ISBN
4234:SAZU
4211:ISBN
4183:ISBN
4164:ISBN
4160:SAZU
4126:2021
4118:IANA
4089:link
4048:ISSN
3917::20)
3893::14)
3878:link
3864:2022
3818:ISBN
3774:ISBN
3713:2022
3627:ISSN
3590:2022
3525::60)
3488:2020
3387:2022
3349:2022
3141:Bila
3107:The
3061:and
3034:and
3005:/ts/
2997:Bila
2971:žanä
2931:být
2919:/ə̝/
2902:wïža
2885:výs
2810:tatä
2770:sám
2626:mama
2580:kjüč
2557:jüšt
2436:/dʒ/
2419:goba
2402:fïn
2287:čäs
2275:/tʃ/
2258:cöta
2252:/ts/
2235:baba
2212:tatä
2121:and
2069:and
2061:and
2043:jä́s
2041:and
1958:Učja
1937:and
1909:and
1857:and
1780:žèna
1773:ženȁ
1659:sěnȏ
1643:and
1519:Open
1440:Back
1403:Open
1262:Back
858:/dz/
852:and
798:žèna
791:ženȁ
777:sěnȏ
763:sěnȏ
712:sěnȏ
592:and
584:and
570:Žard
553:Soča
551:and
544:Učja
490:Učja
390:and
300:The
270:IETF
3694:doi
3459::4)
3402::1)
3069:'s
2965:/ʒ/
2960:Ž ž
2942:/z/
2937:Z z
2925:byt
2914:Y y
2896:/w/
2891:W w
2879:vys
2873:/ʋ/
2868:V v
2850:/ʉ/
2845:Ü ü
2827:/u/
2822:U u
2804:/t/
2799:T t
2781:/ʃ/
2776:Š š
2764:sam
2758:/s/
2753:S s
2735:/r/
2730:R r
2712:/p/
2707:P p
2689:/ɵ/
2684:Ö ö
2666:/ɔ/
2661:O o
2643:/n/
2638:N n
2620:/m/
2615:M m
2597:/l/
2592:L l
2574:/k/
2569:K k
2551:/j/
2546:J j
2528:/ɨ/
2523:Ï ï
2505:/i/
2500:I i
2482:/x/
2477:H h
2459:/ɟ/
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2413:/g/
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2390:/f/
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2367:/ə/
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2344:/ɛ/
2339:E e
2321:/d/
2316:D d
2298:/c/
2293:Ć ć
2281:čäs
2270:Č č
2247:C c
2229:/b/
2224:B b
2206:/ɐ/
2201:Ä ä
2183:/a/
2178:A a
2039:jä́
2035:you
2006:evi
2002:ovi
1943:ł̥́
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