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physical harm, name-calling, and physical aggression). The use of a response-cost system has been efficacious in reducing problem behaviors. A single-subject withdrawal design employing non-contingent reinforcement with response cost was used to reduce maladaptive verbal and physical behaviors exhibited by a post-institutional student with ADHD (Nolan & Filter, 2012). Wilhite & Bullock (2012) implemented a social-skills training group to increase the social competence of students with EBDs. Results showed significant differences between pre- and post-intervention disciplinary referrals, as well as several other elements of behavioral-ratings scales. Evidence also exists for the usefulness of social reinforcement as a part of behavioral interventions for children with ADHD. A study by Kohls, Herpertz-Dahlmann, & Kerstin (2009) found that both social and monetary rewards increased inhibition control in both the control and experimental groups. However, results showed that children with ADHD benefitted more from social reinforcement than typical children, indicating that social reinforcement can significantly improve cognitive control in ADHD children. The techniques listed are only a few of the many types of behavioral interventions that can be used to treat children with EBDs. Additional information regarding types of behavioral interventions can be found in the 2003 book
339:
are able to develop basic quantitative frameworks. New information is incorporated into the framework and serves as the basis for the problem-solving skills a child develops as she or he is exposed to different types of stimuli (e.g., new situations, people, or environments). The experiences and environment that a child is exposed to can have either a positive or negative outcome, which, in turn, impacts how he or she remembers, reasons, and adapts when encountering aversive stimuli. Furthermore, when children have acquired extensive knowledge, it affects what they notice and how they organize, represent, and interpret information in their current environment (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000). Many of the children housed in RTCs have been exposed to negative environmental factors that have contributed to the behavior problems that they are exhibiting.
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31:
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outcomes or occasions where a person has not been constrained by their situation; (d) connecting specific results to the future and providing an alternate and desired narrative; (e) inviting supports among the community to spectate the new narrative and (f) logging new document Since postmodern viewpoints prioritize concepts rather than techniques, in narrative therapy, formal methods are restricted. However, some researchers have described techniques that are useful in helping an individual rewrite a specific experience, like retelling stories and writing letters.
495:
children in RTCs depends heavily on their background i.e., their state, situation, circumstances and behavioral status before commencement of treatment. Children who displayed lower rates of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems at intake and had a lower level of exposure to negative environmental factors (e.g., domestic violence, parental substance use, high crime rates), showed better results than children whose symptoms were more severe (den Dunnen, 2012).
2001:
186:. Bettelheim helped increase awareness of staff attitudes on children in treatment. He reinforced the idea that a psychiatric hospital was a community, where staff and patients influenced each other and patients were shaped by each other's behaviors. Bettelheim also believed that families should not have frequent contact with their child while he or she was in treatment. This differs from community-based therapy and
499:
likely to need hospitalization for mental-health problems (Lindqvist, 2010). Further evidence exists supporting the long-term effectiveness of RTCs for children exhibiting severe mental health issues. Preyde (2011) found that clients showed a statistically significant reduction in symptom severity 12–18 months after leaving an RTC, results which were maintained 36–40 months after their discharge from the facility.
126:
398:, oppose placement in RTC programs, calling into question the appropriateness and efficacy of such placements, noting the failure of such programs to address problems in the child's home and community environment, and calling attention to the limited mental-health services offered and substandard educational programs. Concerns specifically related to a specific type of residential treatment center called
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effectiveness of behavior modification. Behavioral intervention has been found to be successful even when medication interventions fail. However, there is evidence that certain populations may benefit more from interventions that fall outside of the behavior-modification paradigm. For instance, positive outcomes have been reported for neurosequential interventions targeting issues of
818:
Latest
Findings in Children's Mental Health, Nearly 66,000 Youth Live in U.S, Mental Health Programs, Vo1. 2, No. 1 (Summer 2003). In 1997, the year in which the most recent data was available, over 42,000 children were living in RTCs. Given the growth of children living in RTCs, see supra note 2,
338:
Behavioral interventions are successful in treating children with behavioral disorders in part because they incorporate two principles that make up the core of how children learn: conceptual understanding and building on their pre-existing knowledge. Research by
Resnick (1989) shows that even infants
195:
Treischman in 1961 for adolescent boys with severe emotional or behavioral disorders. He involved families in order to help them develop relationships with their children within homes, public schools and communities. Family and community involvement made this program different from previous programs.
359:
Narrative
Therapy: Narrative therapy has shown an increase in popularity in the field of family therapy. Narrative therapy developed out from the postmodern viewpoint, which is expressed in its principles: (a) not one universal reality exists, but socially constructed reality; (b) reality is created
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In the 1960s, the second generation of psychoanalytical RTC was created. These programs continued the work of the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society in order to include families and communities in the child's treatment. One example of this is the Walker Home and School which was established by Dr. Albert
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In a problem-saturated narrative, therapy is a process of rewriting personal narratives. The process of rewriting the narrative of the client involves (a) expressing the problem(s) they are experiencing; (b) breaking down narratives that trigger problems through questioning; (c) recognizing special
246:
programs are usually large (80-plus clients and as many as 250) and level-focused in their treatment approach. That is, in order to manage clients' behavior, they frequently put systems of rewards and punishments in place. Specialist programs are usually smaller (less than 100 clients and as few as
209:
In the 1990s, the number of children entering RTCs increased dramatically, leading to a policy shift from institution- based services to a family-centered community system of care. This also reflected the lack of appropriate treatment resources. However, residential treatment centers have continued
506:
One problem that hinders the effectiveness of RTCs is elopement or "running". A study by
Kashubeck found that runaways from RTCs were "more likely to have a history of elopement, a suspected history of sexual abuse, an affective-disorder diagnosis, and parents whose rights had been terminated." By
363:
Narrative family therapy views human issues from those roots as emerging and being sustained by dominant stories that control the life of an individual. Problems arise when individual stories do not match with their experience of living. According to the narrative viewpoint, by offering a new and
346:
Wolfe, Dattilo, & Gast (2003) found that using a token economy in concert with cooperative games increased pro-social behaviors (e.g. statements of encouragement, praise, or appreciation, shaking hands, and giving high fives) while decreasing anti-social ones (swearing, threatening peers with
289:
setting, employing a staff of social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists to work with the students on a daily basis. This form of treatment has a goal of academic achievement as well as physical and mental stability in children, adolescents, and young adults. Recent trends have ensured that
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Additional research demonstrates that planned treatment, or knowing the expected duration of treatment, is strongly correlated with positive treatment outcomes. Long-term results for children using planned treatment showed that they are 21% less likely to engage in criminal behavior and 40% less
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Participants in a pilot program employing family-driven care and positive peer modeling displayed no incidence of elopement, self-injurious behaviors, or physical aggression, and just one case of property destruction when compared to a control group (Holstead, 2010). The success of treatment for
371:
Children admitted to a residential treatment center have behavior problems so extreme that residential treatment is their last hope. Parents seem to think the child is the problem needed to be fixed, and everything will be okay; on the other hand, the child generally sees themselves as a victim.
190:
of recent years, in which the goal of treatment is for a child to remain in the home. Also, emphasis is placed on the family's role in improving long term outcomes after treatment in a RTC. The
Pioneer House created a special-education program to help improve impulse control and sociability in
502:
However, although there is a great deal of research supporting the validity of RTCs as a way of treating children and youth with behavioral disorders, little is known about the outcomes-monitoring practices of such facilities. Those that track clients after they leave the RTC only do so for an
490:
Studies of different treatment approaches have found that residential treatment is effective for individuals with a long history of addictive behavior or criminal activity. RTCs offer a variety of structured programs designed to address the specific need of the inmates. Despite the controversy
250:
Different RTCs work with different types of problems, and the structure and methods of RTCs vary. Some RTCs are lock-down facilities; that is, the residents are locked inside the premises. In a locked residential treatment facility, clients' movements are restricted. By comparison, an unlocked
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Many interventions build on children's prior knowledge of how reward works. Reinforcing children for pro-social behaviors (i.e., using token economies, in which children earn tokens for appropriate behaviors; response cost (losing previously earned tokens following inappropriate behavior; and
306:
Behavioral interventions have been very helpful in reducing problem behaviors in residential treatment centers. The type of clients receiving services in a facility (children with emotional or behavioral disorders versus intellectual disability versus psychiatric disorders) is a factor in the
109:
residential schools for indigenous populations. A common feature of residential programs is controlled social access to people outside the program, and limited access for outside parties to witness daily conditions within the program. Within psychiatry, it is understood that it can be almost
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The model has shown success in sustaining long-standing improvements in children's and adolescents' antisocial behaviors. Families in MST have demonstrated improved family stability and post-treatment adaptability and growing support, and reduced conflict- hostility
957:
Perry, B.D. (2006) The
Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics: Applying principles of neuroscience to clinical work with traumatized and maltreated children. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 27-52). New York: The Guilford
382:
The method's ultimate objectives include a) eliminating behavior problems, b) enhancing family functioning, c) strengthening the adolescents' ability to perform better at school and other community settings, and d) decreasing out-of-home placement
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Effectiveness of coerced addiction treatment (alternative consequences) A review of the clinical research; Norman S. Miller M.D. and Joseph A. Flaherty M.D.b.; Journal of
Substance Abuse Treatment, Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages 9-16 (January 2000)
372:
Narrative therapy enables these perspectives to be broken down and troubling behaviors of the child to be externalized, which could encourage both the child and the family members to achieve a new perspective no one feels prosecuted or blamed.
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children were placed in jail with adults because society did not know what to do with them. There were no RTCs in place to provide the 24-hour care they needed, and they were placed in jail when they could not live in the home. In the 1900s,
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average of six months. In order to continue to provide effective long-term treatment to at-risk populations, further efforts are needed to encourage the monitoring of outcomes after discharge from residential treatment (J.D. Brown, 2011).
478:
Due to the absence of regulation of these programs by the federal government and because many are not subject to state licensing or monitoring, the
Federal Trade Commission has issued a guide for parents considering such placement.
158:
and her peers were part of the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society, and they worked on how to care for children. They worked to create residential treatment centers for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders.
251:
residential treatment facility allows them to move about the facility with relative freedom, but they are only allowed to leave the facility under specific conditions. Residential treatment centers should not be confused with
110:
impossible to change entrenched behaviour without impacting habitual relationships, at least in the short term, but the relatively closed nature of many residential programs also makes it possible to conceal abusive practice.
1648:
A National Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes for Cocaine Dependence; D. Dwayne Simpson, PhD; George W. Joe, EdD; Bennett W. Fletcher, PhD; Robert L. Hubbard, PhD; M. Douglas Anglin, PhD; Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:507-514.
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children. After WWII, Bettelheim and the joint efforts of Redl and Wineman were instrumental in establishing residential facilities as therapeutic-treatment alternative for children and adolescents who can not live at home
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Jon Martin-Crawford and Kathryn Whitehead of CAFETY testified at a hearing of the United States Congressional Committee on Education and Labor on April 24, 2008, and described abusive practices they had experienced at the
266:. Various studies of youth in residential treatment centers have found that many have a history of family-related issues, often including physical or sexual abuse. Some facilities address specialized disorders, such as
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implementing social-skills training groups, where participants observe and participate in modeling appropriate social behaviors help them develop a deeper understanding of the positive results of pro=social behavior.
1738:
Den Dunnen W., St, Pierre J., Stewart S.L., Johnson A., Cook S., Leschied A.W. (2012). "Predicting residential treatment outcomes for emotionally and behaviorally disordered youth: The role of pretreatment factors".
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surrounding the efficacy of (RTCs), recent research has revealed that community-based residential treatment programs have positive long-term effects for children and youth with behavioral problems.
1830:
Preyde M., Frensch K., Cameron G., White S., Penny R., Lazure K. (2011). "Long-term outcomes of children and youth accessing residential or intensive home-based treatment: Three year follow up".
809:
Susan Yelton, Children in residential treatment — Policies for the '90s, Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 15, Issue 3, 1993, Pages 173-193, ISSN 0190-7409, 10.1016/0190-7409(93)90002-Q.
1013:
Wolfe B.D., Dattilo J., Gast D.L. (2003). "Effects of a token economy system within the context of cooperative games on social behaviors of adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders".
1697:
Holstead J., Dalton J., Horne A., Lamond D. (2010). "Modernizing residential treatment centers for children and youth – an informed approach to improve long-term outcomes: The Damar pilot".
482:
Residential treatment programs are often caught in the cross-fire during custody battles, as parents who are denied custody try to discredit the opposing spouse and the treatment program.
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also developed in response to the rise of children admitted to RTCs who were abused or neglected. These children needed specialized care by caretakers who were knowledgeable about trauma.
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507:
employing these characteristics of patients in the design of treatment, RTCs may be more successful in reducing elopement and otherwise improving the probability of clients' success.
449:
93:). Sometimes residential facilities provide enhanced access to treatment resources, without those seeking treatment considered residents of a treatment program, such as the
2860:
908:
Fuoco F.J., Lawrence P.S., Vernon J.B. (1988). "Post-treatment effects of token reinforcement, verbal praise, and self-monitoring in a residential psychiatric program".
2850:
1914:
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1032:
935:
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Bodfish J.W., Konarski E.A. (1992). "Reducing problem behaviors in a residential unit using structural analysis and staff management procedures: A preliminary study".
758:
2865:
1879:
Brown J.D., Barrett K., Ireys H.T., Allen K., Blau G. (2011). "Outcomes monitoring after discharge from residential treatment facilities for children and youth".
1275:"Catherine Freer Wilderness Therapy Expeditions: An Exploratory Case Study of Adolescent Wilderness Therapy, Family Functioning, and the Maintenance of Change"
1081:
Wilhite S., Bullock L.M. (2012). "Effects of the WhyTry social skills program on students with emotional and/or behavioral problems in an alternative school".
298:
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to grow and today house over 50,000 children. The number of residential treatment centers in the United States is currently estimated at 28,900 facilities.
854:
311:
and attachment. (Perry, 2006). Although the majority of children who receive services in RTCs present emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs), such as
202:
was more commonly used in child psychiatry, as a source of intervention for troubled youth, and was applied in RTCs to produce better long-term results.
1003:
Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., & Cocking, R.R. (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
106:
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30:
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2005:
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323:(CD), behavior-modification techniques can be an effective way of decreasing the maladaptive behavior of these clients. Interventions such as
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by removing them from their families and forcing them to live in group homes. In the 1800s, the United States copied this system, but often
1252:
2911:
1426:
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Nolan J.D., Filter K.J. (2012). "A function-based classroom behavior intervention using non-contingent reinforcement plus response cost".
2155:
142:
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1983:
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide. Feb. 2005. 18 Oct. 2007.
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encompasses any residential program which treats a behavioural issue, including milder psychopathology such as eating disorders (e.g.
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training groups, and the use of positive social reinforcement can be used to increase prosocial behavior in children (Ormrod, 2009).
2160:
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Henggeler, Scott W.; Letourneau, Elizabeth J.; Chapman, Jason E.; Borduin, Charles M.; Schewe, Paul A.; McCart, Michael R. (2009).
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residential treatment facilities have more input from behavioral psychologists to improve outcomes and lessen unethical practices.
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102:
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Bazelon promotes community-based services on the basis that they are more effective and less costly than residential placement.
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIDA InfoFacts: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction. Aug. 2007. 18 Oct. 2007.
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U.S. Supreme Court to Decide Forest Grove v. T.A.: Parents Should Win, But Bazelon Center Opposes Therapeutic Boarding Schools
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522:
90:
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organizations such as the Alliance for the Safe, Therapeutic and Appropriate use of Residential Treatment (ASTART) and the
2501:
2370:
2093:
1928:
Kashubeck, Susan; Pottebaum, Sheila M.; Read, Nancy O. (1994). "Predicting elopement from residential treatment centers".
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Cohler B.J., Friedman D.H. (2004). "Psychoanalysis and the early beginnings of residential treatment for troubled youth".
316:
219:
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1118:"Hyperresponsiveness to social rewards in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)"
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RTCs for adolescents, sometimes referred to as teen rehab centers, provide treatment for issues and disorders such as
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Evaluating Private Residential Treatment Programs for Troubled Teens, FTC Urges Caution When Considering 'Boot Camps'
855:"Principles of Care for Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Mental Illnesses in Residential Treatment Centers"
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Considering a Private Residential Treatment Program for a Troubled Teen? Questions for Parents and Guardians to Ask
1570:
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Geurts E. M. W., Boddy J., Noom M. J., Knorth E. J. (2012). "Family-centered residential care: the new reality?".
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10 or 12). Specialist programs typically are not as focused on behavior modification as generalist programs are.
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of Eastern Europe. Controversial uses of residential programs for behavioural and cultural modification include
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1574:
1558:
1183:"Treatment of Choice or a Last Resort? A Review of Residential Mental Health Placements for Children and Youth"
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by language; (c) narrative maintains reality (d) not all narratives are equivalent (Freedman and Combs, 1996).
255:, which offer an alternative environment for at-risk children to live and learn together outside their homes.
66:, or other behavioral problems. Residential treatment may be considered the "last-ditch" approach to treating
775:
Zimmerman D.P. (2004). "Psychotherapy in residential treatment: historical development and critical issues".
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2266:
2205:
1379:"Mastering competencies in family therapy: A practical approach to theories and clinical case documentation"
472:
1441:"Residential Treatment Programs: Concerns Regarding Abuse and Death in Certain Programs for Troubled Youth"
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Residential treatment centers for children and adolescents treat multiple conditions from drug and alcohol
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2037:
2012:
Residential Treatment Programs — Concerns Regarding Abuse and Death in Certain Programs for Troubled Youth
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Ormrod, J.E. (2009). Essentials of Educational Psychology (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
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paradigm. Others are relationally oriented. Some utilize a community or positive peer-culture model.
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1233:"Introduction to Family Therapy with Adolescents in Residential Settings: Intervention and Research"
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2018:
Residential Facilities — State and Federal Oversight Gaps May Increase Risk to Youth Well-Being
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1979:
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1341:
1294:
1248:
1202:
1149:
792:
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612:
527:
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restricted communication such as lack of access to child protection and advocacy hotlines, and
391:
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167:
86:
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2405:
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1937:
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1812:
1804:
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1333:
1286:
1240:
1239:, Focused Issues in Family Therapy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–10,
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82:
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1523:
1504:
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1422:
517:
409:
328:
286:
71:
1497:
1378:
2789:
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2719:
2709:
2704:
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1415:
1394:
1354:
1321:
1144:
1117:
562:
187:
63:
2000:
1554:
788:
706:
649:
Callan J. E. (1976). "Residential treatment for youth: a bicentennial consideration".
125:
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2809:
2694:
2674:
2659:
2649:
2614:
2584:
2430:
2339:
2236:
2226:
2060:
1808:
1485:
1306:
1102:
1067:
744:
557:
445:
332:
324:
273:
Residential treatment centers generally are clinically focused and primarily provide
138:
17:
1957:
1900:
1851:
1273:
Harper, Nevin J.; Russell, Keith C.; Cooley, Rob; Cupples, Jacqueline (2007-06-22).
1214:
2834:
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2714:
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2579:
2511:
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582:
150:
1760:
1892:
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1685:
1232:
1094:
2764:
2739:
2669:
2634:
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2221:
2200:
1790:"Planned treatment and outcomes in residential youth care: Evidence from Sweden"
1244:
572:
532:
437:
1274:
990:
2724:
2639:
2534:
2024:
Residential Programs — Selected Cases of Death, Abuse, and Deceptive Marketing
1843:
1322:"Mediators of change for multisystemic therapy with juvenile sexual offenders"
1290:
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662:
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259:
175:
155:
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433:) found cases involving serious abuse and neglect at some of these programs.
2684:
2619:
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2334:
587:
243:
2023:
2017:
2011:
1710:
1440:
1363:
1153:
1134:
921:
894:
796:
714:
238:, and phase-of-life issues, as well as substance use disorders. Most use a
1949:
1182:
1059:
2410:
2083:
452:(CAFETY), provided testimony and support that led to the creation of the
1789:
1498:"Child Abuse and Deceptive Marketing by Residential Programs for Teens."
349:
Behavioral, Social, and Emotional Assessment of Children and Adolescents
1976:
Troubled: The Failed Promise of America's Behavioral Treatment Programs
1816:
441:
183:
171:
1941:
1337:
35:
34:
The SOCCSKSARGEN Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in
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Official transcript from the U.S. Congress. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
1526:
Official transcript from the U.S. Congress. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
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124:
1475:"Stop Child Abuse in Residential Programs for Teens Act of 2008."
302:
A therapeutic self-help group at the Rehab Center Parus in Moscow
2029:
2033:
1507:
Official testimony to the U.S. Congress. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
454:
Stop Child Abuse in Residential Programs for Teens Act of 2008
355:
Types of Family Therapy used in Residential Treatment Center
977:
Resnick L.B. (1989). "Developing mathematical knowledge".
777:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
695:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
2856:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
1237:
Family Therapy with Adolescents in Residential Treatment
1439:
Office, U.S. Government Accountability (2007-10-10).
450:
Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth
2843:
2567:
2525:
2462:
2396:
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2307:
2275:
2214:
2171:
2112:
2074:
2067:
1231:Christenson, Jacob D.; Merritts, Ashley N. (2017),
862:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2861:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
1116:Kohls G., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Konrad K. (2009).
436:From late 2007 through 2008, a broad coalition of
113:Upon discharge, the patient may be enrolled in an
1517:"Transcript of testimony of Jon Martin-Crawford."
2851:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
2026:- United States Government Accountability Office
2020:- United States Government Accountability Office
2014:- United States Government Accountability Office
145:that allowed poor children to become trained in
2866:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1536:"Transcript of testimony of Kathryn Whitehead."
285:provide therapy and academics in a residential
262:to emotional and physical disorders as well as
117:for follow-up outside the residential setting.
1741:Residential Treatment for Children & Youth
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1326:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
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819:this figure is likely well over 50,000 now.
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121:Historical background in the United States
1353:
1181:Frensch, Karen M.; Cameron, Gary (2002).
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1133:
1083:Emotional & Behavioural Difficulties
948:Luiselli, J.K. & Evans, T.P. (1987)
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682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
644:
642:
640:
638:
313:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
232:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
29:
634:
2871:European Association for Psychotherapy
1906:
1857:
1766:
1716:
1631:
1620:
1457:
1446:
1159:
1024:
927:
750:
162:The year 1944 marked the beginning of
1383:Journal of Marital and Family Therapy
1226:
1224:
475:, both therapeutic boarding schools.
7:
1427:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
651:Journal of Clinical Child Psychology
406:inappropriate discipline techniques,
396:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
2156:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
1930:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
1832:Journal of Child and Family Studies
1048:Education and Treatment of Children
277:and treatment for adolescents with
2876:Society for Psychotherapy Research
2104:Transference focused psychotherapy
1797:Children and Youth Services Review
1395:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00267_1.x
418:lack of monitoring and regulation.
25:
2161:Rational emotive behavior therapy
2134:Functional analytic psychotherapy
2129:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1612:"Giving up and Regaining Custody"
425:A 2007 Report to Congress by the
234:(ADHD), educational issues, some
1999:
1809:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.007
1484:Official bill language from the
745:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00838.x
598:Residential child care community
568:Foster care in the United States
461:Committee on Education and Labor
427:Government Accountability Office
2881:World Council for Psychotherapy
2004:Learning materials related to
1122:Behavioral and Brain Functions
1015:Therapeutic Recreation Journal
733:Child & Family Social Work
523:Behavior modification facility
440:efforts, as well as prominent
253:residential education programs
1:
2917:Residential treatment centers
2094:Mentalization-based treatment
789:10.1016/S1056-4993(03)00122-6
707:10.1016/S1056-4993(03)00115-9
317:Oppositional Defiant Disorder
220:oppositional defiant disorder
182:work at the Pioneer House in
79:residential treatment program
2151:Dialectical behavior therapy
2141:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2006:Residential treatment center
1893:10.1080/0886571x.2011.615237
1753:10.1080/0886571x.2012.642268
1575:FTC Federal Trade Commission
1559:FTC Federal Trade Commission
1377:Chang, Jeff (October 2011).
1095:10.1080/13632752.2012.675135
400:therapeutic boarding schools
283:therapeutic boarding schools
268:reactive attachment disorder
200:cognitive behavioral therapy
115:intensive outpatient program
44:residential treatment center
2912:Substance-related disorders
2181:Emotionally focused therapy
1245:10.1007/978-3-319-51747-6_1
608:Therapeutic boarding school
394:organizations, such as the
27:Live-in healthcare facility
2933:
2452:Systematic desensitization
2381:Practitioner–scholar model
2124:Clinical behavior analysis
1279:Child and Youth Care Forum
1187:Child and Youth Care Forum
991:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.162
1974:Kenneth R. Rosen (2021).
1844:10.1007/s10826-010-9442-z
1291:10.1007/s10566-007-9035-1
663:10.1080/15374417609532725
538:Child and family services
486:Research on effectiveness
2463:Other individual therapy
1488:. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
910:Behavioral Interventions
883:Behavioral Interventions
469:Family Foundation School
375:Multi Systemic Therapy:
294:Behavioral interventions
198:Beginning in the 1980s,
85:) or indiscipline (e.g.
2485:Cognitive restructuring
2206:Person-centered therapy
1588:"Child Custody Changes"
1577:, Retrieved May 1, 2009
1561:, Retrieved May 1, 2009
1429:, Retrieved May 1, 2009
1199:10.1023/a:1016826627406
473:Mission Mountain School
91:lifestyle interventions
60:substance use disorders
2416:Contingency management
2295:Transtheoretical model
2285:Eclectic psychotherapy
2262:Transactional analysis
1630:Cite journal requires
1456:Cite journal requires
1135:10.1186/1744-9081-5-20
922:10.1002/bin.2360030404
895:10.1002/bin.2360070305
623:Wraparound (childcare)
618:Troubled teen industry
458:United States Congress
309:early childhood trauma
303:
134:
58:providing therapy for
50:), sometimes called a
39:
2902:Behavior modification
2366:Common factors theory
2330:Residential treatment
1060:10.1353/etc.2012.0017
979:American Psychologist
603:Teaching-family model
364:distinct perspective
301:
240:behavior modification
236:personality disorders
128:
33:
18:Residential treatment
2795:Lorna Smith Benjamin
2630:Harry Stack Sullivan
2555:Sensitivity training
2356:Clinical formulation
1788:Lindqvist E (2010).
548:Community-based care
543:Child and Youth Care
351:by Kenneth Merrell.
56:health care facility
2527:Group psychotherapy
2438:Counterconditioning
2315:Brief psychotherapy
2186:Existential therapy
275:behavior management
131:Brattleboro Retreat
68:abnormal psychology
2655:Milton H. Erickson
2490:Emotion regulation
2470:Autogenic training
2361:Clinical pluralism
2290:Multimodal therapy
2089:Analytical therapy
1541:2009-04-30 at the
1522:2009-04-30 at the
1503:2008-12-12 at the
1480:2008-12-29 at the
1421:2009-05-21 at the
304:
214:Children and teens
164:Bruno Bettelheim's
135:
99:conversion therapy
87:fitness boot camps
40:
2889:
2888:
2815:William R. Miller
2800:Marsha M. Linehan
2770:Jean Baker Miller
2730:Salvador Minuchin
2610:Ludwig Binswanger
2563:
2562:
2398:Behaviour therapy
2325:Online counseling
2303:
2302:
2242:Narrative therapy
2146:Cognitive therapy
1592:WomansDivorce.com
1254:978-3-319-51746-9
613:Total institution
528:Child abandonment
392:Disability rights
204:Attachment theory
168:Orthogenic School
16:(Redirected from
2924:
2805:Vittorio Guidano
2775:Otto F. Kernberg
2645:Donald Winnicott
2502:Free association
2447:Exposure therapy
2426:Stimulus control
2406:Aversion therapy
2394:
2257:Systemic therapy
2232:Feminist therapy
2084:Adlerian therapy
2072:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2003:
1989:
1962:
1961:
1942:10.1037/h0079498
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1546:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1508:
1495:
1489:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1338:10.1037/a0013971
1317:
1311:
1310:
1285:(2–3): 111–129.
1270:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
994:
974:
968:
965:
959:
955:
949:
946:
940:
939:
933:
925:
905:
899:
898:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
859:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
826:
820:
816:
810:
807:
801:
800:
772:
763:
762:
756:
748:
728:
719:
718:
690:
667:
666:
646:
593:Residential care
321:Conduct Disorder
264:mental illnesses
228:bipolar disorder
224:conduct disorder
141:established the
83:weight loss camp
21:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2839:
2820:Steven C. Hayes
2750:Paul Watzlawick
2735:Paul Watzlawick
2690:Virginia Axline
2600:Sándor Ferenczi
2559:
2540:Couples therapy
2521:
2495:Affect labeling
2458:
2443:Desensitization
2385:
2371:Discontinuation
2344:
2299:
2271:
2252:Reality therapy
2210:
2196:Gestalt therapy
2167:
2115:
2108:
2063:
2058:
1996:
1986:
1973:
1970:
1968:Further reading
1965:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1905:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1856:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1765:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1715:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1543:Wayback Machine
1534:
1530:
1524:Wayback Machine
1515:
1511:
1505:Wayback Machine
1496:
1492:
1482:Wayback Machine
1473:
1469:
1455:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:Wayback Machine
1414:
1410:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1158:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
976:
975:
971:
966:
962:
956:
952:
947:
943:
926:
907:
906:
902:
880:
879:
875:
866:
864:
857:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
828:
827:
823:
817:
813:
808:
804:
774:
773:
766:
749:
730:
729:
722:
692:
691:
670:
648:
647:
636:
632:
627:
553:Congregate care
518:Anti-psychiatry
513:
488:
410:medical neglect
389:
329:token economies
296:
287:boarding school
281:. In contrast,
216:
180:David Wineman's
147:apprenticeships
123:
72:psychopathology
54:, is a live-in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Arnold Lazarus
2787:
2785:Irvin D. Yalom
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Eugene Gendlin
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Ogden Lindsley
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Virginia Satir
2717:
2712:
2710:James Bugental
2707:
2705:Silvano Arieti
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Philippe Pinel
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Family therapy
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2482:
2480:Clean language
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2340:Support groups
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
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2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2118:
2114:Cognitive and
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:Psychoanalysis
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2008:at Wikiversity
1995:
1994:External links
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:978-1542007887
1984:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1936:(1): 126–135.
1920:
1887:(4): 303–310.
1871:
1838:(5): 660–668.
1822:
1780:
1730:
1705:(2): 115–130.
1689:
1678:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1632:|journal=
1603:
1579:
1563:
1547:
1528:
1509:
1490:
1467:
1458:|journal=
1443:(GAO-08-146T).
1431:
1408:
1389:(4): 503–504.
1369:
1332:(3): 451–462.
1312:
1265:
1253:
1220:
1193:(5): 307–339.
1173:
1108:
1089:(2): 175–194.
1073:
1054:(3): 419–430.
1038:
1005:
996:
985:(2): 162–169.
969:
960:
950:
941:
916:(4): 267–286.
900:
889:(3): 225–234.
873:
846:
821:
811:
802:
783:(2): 347–361.
764:
739:(2): 170–179.
720:
701:(2): 237–254.
668:
633:
631:
628:
626:
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620:
615:
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563:Family support
560:
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487:
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420:
419:
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388:
385:
295:
292:
279:serious issues
226:, depression,
215:
212:
188:family therapy
137:In the 1600s,
122:
119:
101:and mandatory
64:mental illness
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Psychotherapy
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Jeffrey Young
2828:
2826:
2825:Michael White
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Les Greenberg
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
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2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Carl Whitaker
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Viktor Frankl
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Jacques Lacan
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Wilhelm Reich
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Melanie Klein
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Sigmund Freud
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
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2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:Token economy
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
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2283:
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2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Music therapy
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Dance therapy
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
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2178:
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2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2076:Psychodynamic
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:Psychotherapy
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
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2016:
2013:
2010:
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1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Child Welfare
1693:
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1679:
1676:
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1668:
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1645:
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2595:Alfred Adler
2590:Pierre Janet
2580:Josef Breuer
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2222:Art therapy
2201:Logotherapy
1817:10419/81451
834:www.cdc.gov
830:"FastStats"
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438:grass-roots
387:Controversy
319:(ODD), and
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2896:Categories
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2640:Anna Freud
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2390:Techniques
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2116:behavioral
1597:2016-05-25
1260:2020-12-08
867:2012-11-30
840:2020-05-15
630:References
578:Group home
260:addictions
244:Generalist
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