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27:
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38:
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375:
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resin (also called resinite) from coniferous and other tree species. Copal, kauri gum, dammar and other resins may also be found as subfossil deposits. Subfossil copal can be distinguished from genuine fossil amber because it becomes tacky when a drop of a solvent such as
402:
have been removed by distillation. Typical rosin is a transparent or translucent mass, with a vitreous fracture and a faintly yellow or brown colour, non-odorous or having only a slight turpentine odour and taste. Rosin is insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol,
90:
Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury. Resins protect plants from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens, while the
652:
they are called balsams. Oleoresins are naturally-occurring mixtures of an oil and a resin; they can be extracted from various plants. Other resinous products in their natural condition are a mix with
955: – method of plastic casting where a mold is filled with a liquid synthetic resin, which then hardens. It is primarily used for small-scale production like industrial prototypes and dentistry
1468:
3300:
725:. The oldest known use of plant resin comes from the late Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa where it was used as an adhesive for hafting stone tools.
918: – Type of tree balsam – used in food and drink for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in medicine and pharmaceutical items.
1289:
1461:
1212:
1403:
1090:
Bittrich, V.; Amaral, Maria C. E. (1996). "Flower morphology and pollination biology of some Clusia species from the Gran Sabana (Venezuela)".
1074:
1133:
Gonçalves-Alvim, Silmary de Jesus (2001). "Resin-collecting bees (Apidae) on Clusia palmicida (Clusiaceae) in a riparian forest in Brazil".
2565:
3429:
2554:
1454:
660:. Several natural resins are used as ingredients in perfumes, e.g., balsams of Peru and tolu, elemi, styrax, and certain turpentines.
3285:
3280:
3295:
3290:
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680:, are sometimes confused with resin but are not the same. Saps, in particular, serve a nutritive function that resins do not.
1978:
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The word "resin" has been applied in the modern world to nearly any component of a liquid that will set into a hard
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485:. Plant resins are generally produced as stem secretions, but in some Central and South American species of
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20:
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2020:
1603:
1395:
1290:"Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives"
866:
Many materials are produced via the conversion of synthetic resins to solids. Important examples are
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430:, from which the resin acids are regenerated upon treatment with acids. Examples of resin acids are
411:, and hot fatty oils. Rosin softens and melts when heated and burns with a bright but smoky flame.
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1835:
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While animal resins are not as common as either plant or synthetic resins some animal resins like
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766:, are principally used for varnishes and adhesives, while the softer odoriferous oleo-resins (
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Rosin consists of a complex mixture of different substances including organic acids named the
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1170:"Propolis and bee health: The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees"
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571:
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The material dripping from an almond tree looks confusingly like resin, but actually is a
275:
231:
192:
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Some naturally-derived resins, when soft, are known as 'oleoresins', and when containing
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1103:
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upon the addition of a hardener. Silicones are often prepared from silicone resins via
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on the other hand are less volatile and consist of diterpenes among other compounds.
147:
139:
45:
1213:"Queen Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt: The first oceanographic cruise?"
1198:
1154:
1027:"Plant Resins: Chemistry, evolution, ecology, and ethnobotany", by Jean Langenheim,
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989:. 3.0.1 (3rd ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2019.
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924: – Resin traditionally obtained from the mastic tree on the island of Chios
879:
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807:
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638:
551:
487:
246:
143:
135:
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resin. Abietic acid can also be extracted from rosin by means of hot alcohol.
360:
and the kauri gum of New
Zealand are also procured in a semi-fossil condition.
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to seal small gaps in their hives, while larger gaps are filled with beeswax.
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Human use of plant resins has a very long history that was documented in
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Other liquid compounds found inside plants or exuded by plants, such as
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633:-like finish. An example is nail polish. Certain "casting resins" and
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2005:
1909:
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119:
30:
1288:
Kozowyk, P. R. B.; Langejans, G. H. J.; Poulis, J. A. (2016-03-16).
1111:
618:"resin of the pine", of unknown earlier origin, though probably non-
3138:
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36:
25:
1215:. Dept. of Oceanography, Texas A&M University. Archived from
949:– plant resins are naturally biodegradable in many circumstances.
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2407:
2392:
1637:
474:
2581:
1450:
2232:
1937:
1493:
87:. This article focuses mainly on naturally occurring resins.
610:
505:, consisting largely of resins collected from plants such as
1057:
Fiebach, Klemens; Grimm, Dieter (2000). "Resins, Natural".
497:
they are produced as pollination rewards, and used by some
912: – Process of collecting sap or resin from pine trees
2577:
966:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
947:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
586:. These were highly prized substances, and required as
79:
or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into
102:
or predators of the herbivores that attack the plant.
1356:"Non-wood forest products from conifers - CHAPTER 6"
957:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
938:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
802:) are more used for therapeutic purposes, food and
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1044:, 1996, p 16-20, American Museum of Natural History
754:The hard transparent resins, such as the copals,
747:, a hard, brittle, resinous gum from species of
713:. They are also prized as raw materials for the
154:. Some resins also contain a high proportion of
1059:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
701:Plant resins are valued for the production of
2593:
1462:
782:), and gum resins containing essential oils (
8:
44:cone showing flecks of resin as used in the
605:"resin", which either derives from or is a
382:resin extruding from the trunk of a mature
2708:
2678:
2652:
2600:
2586:
2578:
1469:
1455:
1447:
528:is an example of an insect-derived resin.
1331:
1313:
1244:. Oxford University Press. September 2014
1188:
1052:
1050:
994:
945: – Decomposition by living organisms
641:) have also been given the name "resin".
418:. Related to the terpenes, resin acid is
1168:Simone-Finstrom, M.; Spivak, M. (2010).
987:IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
656:or mucilaginous substances and known as
574:, and especially in the resins known as
977:
138:, and smaller amounts of the tricyclic
930: – Natural or manufactured resin
395:is a solidified resin from which the
7:
3399:
2560:
715:synthesis of other organic compounds
521:Petroleum- and insect-derived resins
1396:"Basics of Alkyd Resin Technology"
890:and harden or cure by exposure to
422:terpenes. Resin acids dissolve in
110:Most plant resins are composed of
14:
836:) are used for applications like
170:Examples of plant resins include
83:. Resins are usually mixtures of
16:Solid or highly viscous substance
3398:
3389:
3388:
2559:
2550:
2549:
1434:
1420:
1406:from the original on 2021-05-14.
870:, which is a resin converted to
558:, and chemically very different.
98:may attract benefactors such as
964: – Type of synthetic resin
876:room temperature vulcanization
501:species in nest construction.
319:, the national tree of Malta,
283:from mediterranean species of
1:
3215:Environmental impact of paper
1425:The dictionary definition of
906: – Fossilized tree resin
534:and Utah resin are petroleum
1315:10.1371/journal.pone.0150436
868:bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
717:and provide constituents of
1268:Online Etymology Dictionary
1135:Journal of Tropical Ecology
3456:
3430:Non-timber forest products
3162:Surface chemistry of paper
2665:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
1478:Non-timber forest products
859:
611:
367:
130:, the monocyclic terpenes
114:. Specific components are
18:
3384:
2615:
2545:
1147:10.1017/s0266467401001092
1042:Amber: Window to the Past
590:in some religious rites.
356:is placed on it. African
337:from Australian grasses.
207:from trees of the family
2694:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
1067:10.1002/14356007.a23_073
996:10.1351/goldbook.RT07166
450:contained in cedar, and
3210:Elemental chlorine free
3167:Units of paper quantity
1061:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
473:Rosin is obtained from
215:from the dragon trees (
3190:Bleaching of wood pulp
2492:(Iberian agroforestry)
1730:Pacific mountain onion
751:
737:
688:
559:
389:
316:Tetraclinis articulata
273:(Cannabis resin) from
52:
34:
21:Resin (disambiguation)
3109:Corrugated fiberboard
2866:Electrical insulation
2719:Thomas Francis Carter
2512:Indian forest produce
1983:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1384:"The art of sealing."
1190:10.1051/apido/2010016
743:
731:
686:
664:Non-resinous exudates
570:, in ancient Rome by
549:
542:History and etymology
377:
293:from the mastic tree
40:
29:
1755:Bare-toothed russula
1443:at Wikimedia Commons
1031:, Portland, OR. 2003
922:Mastic (plant resin)
806:. The resin of the
385:Araucaria columnaris
291:mastic (plant resin)
19:For other uses, see
2366:musical instruments
1624:Woodland strawberry
1306:2016PLoSO..1150436K
1238:"resin, n. and adj"
1104:1996KewBu..51..681B
810:is used to flavour
466:, a constituent of
253:trees of the genus
752:
738:
689:
597:comes from French
560:
390:
296:Pistacia lentiscus
200:Hymenaea courbaril
96:phenolic compounds
53:
35:
3412:
3411:
2737:
2736:
2729:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
2707:
2706:
2677:
2676:
2620:Paper engineering
2575:
2574:
1439:Media related to
1400:Chemical Dynamics
1076:978-3-527-30673-2
936: – plant gum
266:Agathis australis
85:organic compounds
61:materials science
57:polymer chemistry
50:Egyptian Pharaohs
3447:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3376:Beverage cartons
3366:Watercolor paper
3225:Hollander beater
2709:
2679:
2653:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2527:Resin extraction
2517:Mushroom hunting
2493:
2239: / etc.
2093:
1986:
1821:Saffron milk cap
1811:Parasol mushroom
1651:Fiddlehead ferns
1471:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1438:
1424:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1362:. Archived from
1352:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1317:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1253:
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1249:
1234:
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1227:
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1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1054:
1045:
1040:David Grimaldi,
1038:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
982:
967:
958:
948:
939:
910:Resin extraction
856:Synthetic resins
635:synthetic resins
614:
613:
434:(sylvic acid), C
209:Dipterocarpaceae
42:Cedar of Lebanon
33:trapped in resin
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3380:
3319:
3264:
3260:Sulfite process
3245:Paper recycling
3200:Conical refiner
3182:
3176:
3133:
3119:Paper chemicals
3092:
2733:
2703:
2699:Charles Fenerty
2673:
2651:
2647:Missal of Silos
2642:Battle of Talas
2628:
2611:
2606:
2576:
2571:
2541:
2491:
2476:
2467:Vegetable ivory
2339:
2227:
2139:
2087:
1980:
1942:
1924:
1858:
1840:
1806:Oyster mushroom
1796:Meadow mushroom
1741:
1725:Twincrest onion
1628:
1532:
1515:
1486:Animal products
1480:
1475:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1300:(3): e0150436.
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1262:
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1211:
1210:
1206:
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1166:
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1132:
1131:
1127:
1112:10.2307/4119722
1089:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1056:
1055:
1048:
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1035:
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1022:
1009:
1008:
1004:
984:
983:
979:
974:
965:
956:
946:
937:
900:
864:
862:Synthetic resin
858:
830:(obtained from
824:
732:Lumps of dried
699:
694:
666:
572:Pliny the Elder
544:
523:
477:and some other
465:
461:
457:
445:
441:
437:
372:
366:
303:from shrubs of
276:Cannabis indica
232:Boswellia sacra
168:
108:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
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3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3276:Paper industry
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Handmade paper
3217:
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3207:
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3178:
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3141:
3139:Specifications
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2985:
2980:
2978:Plastic-coated
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2801:
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1402:. 2016-03-29.
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860:Main article:
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816:resinated wine
711:glazing agents
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405:essential oils
365:
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335:spinifex resin
263:from trees of
242:Ferula gummosa
213:dragon's blood
190:from trees of
176:Balm of Gilead
167:
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152:delta-cadinene
140:sesquiterpenes
124:delta-3 carene
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1431:at Wiktionary
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953:Resin casting
951:
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943:Biodegradable
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929:
928:Pitch (resin)
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650:cinnamic acid
647:
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623:
621:
620:Indo-European
617:
609:of the Greek
608:
604:
601:, from Latin
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584:ancient Egypt
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513:, is used by
512:
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500:
499:stingless bee
496:
495:
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469:
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448:plicatic acid
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333:species) and
332:
331:
327:from various
326:
325:Benzoin resin
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184:Canada balsam
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46:mummification
43:
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28:
22:
3440:Tree tapping
3341:Papier-mâché
3336:Paper towels
3255:Soda pulping
3172:Wet strength
2973:Photographic
2846:Cotton (rag)
2819:Construction
2564:
2537:Wildcrafting
2522:Naval stores
2500: /
2488:
2457:Tendu leaves
2413:Natural dyes
2283:Gutta-percha
2235: /
2173:Frankincense
2144:
2133:
2089:
2046:Mango butter
1991:Cocoa butter
1982:
1979:Chaulmoogra
1949:Allanblackia
1880:Black pepper
1765:Birch bolete
1715:Canada onion
1700:Wild ginseng
1695:Saw palmetto
1636: /
1526: /
1427:
1399:
1390:
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1359:
1350:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1264:"resin (n.)"
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1207:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1095:
1092:Kew Bulletin
1091:
1085:
1058:
1041:
1036:
1029:Timber Press
1023:
1014:
1005:
986:
980:
894:in the air.
882:are used in
880:Alkyd resins
865:
833:Kerria lacca
831:
825:
768:frankincense
753:
748:
734:frankincense
700:
697:Plant resins
667:
646:benzoic acid
643:
624:
615:
602:
598:
594:
592:
582:, prized in
576:frankincense
568:Theophrastus
561:
530:
524:
492:
486:
472:
452:pimaric acid
432:abietic acid
413:
391:
383:
339:
328:
314:
304:
294:
284:
274:
264:
254:
251:lignum vitae
247:gum guaiacum
240:
230:
227:frankincense
216:
198:
191:
169:
116:alpha-pinene
109:
89:
64:
54:
3435:Papermaking
3371:Paper money
3331:Lined paper
3250:Papermaking
3183:and process
3181:Manufacture
3157:Paper sizes
2886:Greaseproof
2871:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
2724:Dard Hunter
2656:Originators
2624:Papermaking
2472:Willow bark
2303:Maple syrup
2298:Maple sugar
2273:Fruit syrup
2256:chewing gum
2246:Birch syrup
2103:Shea butter
1775:Chanterelle
1720:Crow garlic
1710:Bear garlic
1705:Wild onions
1683:filé powder
1604:Lingonberry
1589:Huckleberry
1360:www.fao.org
846:lacquerware
838:sealing wax
808:Aleppo Pine
709:, and food
639:epoxy resin
488:Dalechampia
428:resin soaps
416:resin acids
313:resin from
156:resin acids
144:longifolene
136:terpinolene
120:beta-pinene
106:Composition
100:parasitoids
3419:Categories
3308:Paper mill
3235:Organosolv
3114:Fiber crop
3104:China clay
3063:Waterproof
2963:Paperboard
2841:Correction
2834:Carbonless
2682:Developers
2383:Birch beer
2378:Birch bark
2335:Spruce gum
2318:akpeteshie
2308:Palm sugar
2278:Gum arabic
2268:Date sugar
2218:Turpentine
2098:Sandalwood
2001:Eucalyptus
1996:Eucalyptol
1885:Brazil nut
1760:Bay bolete
1614:Strawberry
1569:Cocoa bean
1564:Breadfruit
1554:Blackberry
1528:tree fruit
1370:2015-06-18
1273:2 December
1248:2 December
1242:OED Online
1223:2010-05-08
1177:Apidologie
972:References
934:Kino (gum)
872:epoxy glue
814:, a Greek
788:asafoetida
784:ammoniacum
776:turpentine
658:gum resins
532:Asphaltite
515:honey bees
378:Extremely
368:See also:
354:chloroform
306:Commiphora
221:species),
205:dammar gum
71:or highly
3361:Notebooks
3346:Cardboard
3129:Wood pulp
3097:Materials
3073:Wood-free
3048:Wallpaper
3043:Tree-free
2983:Red rosin
2968:Parchment
2953:Onionskin
2948:Newsprint
2809:Cartridge
2804:Cardstock
2799:Cardboard
2749:Acid-free
2502:gardening
2462:Thatching
2313:Palm wine
2158:Birch tar
2086:Sal-seed
2011:Japan wax
1964:Candlenut
1905:Malva nut
1870:Areca nut
1791:Matsutake
1747:Mushrooms
1688:root beer
1678:Sassafras
1666:Sago palm
1609:Raspberry
1594:Jackfruit
1559:Blueberry
1511:Wild game
1324:1932-6203
985:"resin".
962:Polyresin
888:varnishes
850:Sri Lanka
707:adhesives
703:varnishes
637:(such as
593:The word
481:, mostly
261:kauri gum
249:from the
3394:Category
3351:Clothing
3269:Industry
3205:Deinking
3195:Calender
3152:Grammage
3038:Transfer
3003:Security
2876:Glassine
2779:Blotting
2754:Air-laid
2712:Scholars
2555:Category
2371:textiles
2203:Pine tar
2168:Creosote
2118:Tea-tree
2113:Tea-seed
2081:Pongamia
2071:Phulwara
2056:Nagkesar
2051:Murumuru
2026:Kpangnan
1974:Carnauba
1915:Pine nut
1900:Hazelnut
1890:Cinnamon
1875:Bay leaf
1865:Allspice
1787:(reishi)
1619:Tamarind
1584:Gambooge
1544:Bilberry
1404:Archived
1342:26983080
1294:PLOS ONE
1199:15828725
1155:85842020
1011:"Resins"
898:See also
800:scammony
764:sandarac
678:mucilage
556:mucilage
536:bitumens
511:conifers
503:Propolis
483:conifers
426:to form
420:oxidized
400:terpenes
397:volatile
311:sandarac
281:labdanum
256:Guaiacum
237:galbanum
218:Dracaena
166:Examples
132:limonene
128:sabinene
112:terpenes
93:volatile
81:polymers
3404:Commons
3356:Tissues
3147:Density
3124:Papyrus
3083:Writing
3033:Tracing
3023:Thermal
2998:Scritta
2993:Rolling
2958:Origami
2921:Butcher
2856:Display
2824:Contact
2789:Bristol
2764:Asphalt
2669:Damjing
2663:Cai Lun
2634:History
2566:Commons
2481:Related
2445:Tanbark
2440:Shellac
2430:Quinine
2403:Gambier
2323:ogogoro
2223:Varnish
2188:Lacquer
2178:Gamboge
2163:Camphor
2153:Benzoin
2063: (
1969:Capuacu
1954:Babassu
1920:Vanilla
1831:Truffle
1816:Red cap
1785:Lingzhi
1574:Coconut
1549:Binukaw
1524:Berries
1333:4794155
1302:Bibcode
1120:4119722
1100:Bibcode
812:retsina
804:incense
792:gamboge
780:copaiba
756:dammars
749:Protium
745:Caranna
723:perfume
719:incense
627:lacquer
616:rhÄ“tĂnÄ“
607:cognate
588:incense
526:Shellac
507:poplars
468:galipot
424:alkalis
380:viscous
350:acetone
271:hashish
193:Protium
73:viscous
3425:Resins
3286:Europe
3281:Canada
3028:Tissue
2938:Manila
2911:Korean
2906:Ingres
2901:Inkjet
2814:Coated
2794:Carbon
2769:Banana
2489:Dehesa
2450:tannin
2435:Rattan
2398:Forage
2361:edible
2356:Bamboo
2351:Amadou
2330:Rubber
2251:Chicle
2193:Mastic
2145:Resins
2128:Ucuuba
2123:Tucuma
2108:Tamanu
2065:kernel
2036:Mafura
2006:Illipe
1959:Bacuri
1910:Nutmeg
1854:spices
1579:Durian
1539:Banana
1340:
1330:
1322:
1197:
1153:
1118:
1073:
892:oxygen
884:paints
844:, and
798:, and
762:, and
760:mastic
631:enamel
612:ῥητίνη
603:resina
599:resine
494:Clusia
479:plants
345:fossil
330:Styrax
321:styrax
286:Cistus
180:balsam
160:Rosins
150:, and
126:, and
31:Insect
3296:Japan
3291:India
3058:Wasli
3053:Washi
3013:Stone
2943:Mummy
2933:Lokta
2916:Kraft
2896:India
2881:Graph
2851:CrĂŞpe
2774:Bible
2759:Amate
2742:Types
2609:Paper
2418:henna
2393:Ferns
2344:Other
2293:Latex
2213:Rosin
2208:Pitch
2198:Myrrh
2183:Kauri
2041:Mahua
2031:Kusum
2021:Kombo
2016:Kokum
1938:waxes
1895:Clove
1801:Morel
1735:Ramps
1671:queen
1646:Betel
1638:roots
1499:Honey
1441:Resin
1428:resin
1195:S2CID
1173:(PDF)
1151:S2CID
1116:JSTOR
904:Amber
842:India
796:myrrh
772:elemi
736:resin
676:, or
674:latex
595:resin
580:myrrh
475:pines
409:ether
393:Rosin
370:Rosin
364:Rosin
358:copal
341:Amber
301:myrrh
239:from
229:from
223:elemi
195:copal
188:copal
172:amber
77:plant
69:solid
67:is a
65:resin
3324:Uses
3313:List
3088:Xuan
3078:Wove
3008:Seed
2988:Rice
2928:Laid
2891:Hemp
2829:Copy
2784:Bond
2425:Peat
2408:Moss
2388:Cork
2288:Kino
2076:Pilu
2061:Palm
1849:Nuts
1504:pine
1494:Furs
1338:PMID
1320:ISSN
1275:2014
1250:2014
1071:ISBN
886:and
721:and
692:Uses
578:and
509:and
491:and
197:and
134:and
63:, a
59:and
3068:Wax
3018:Tar
2237:gum
2233:Sap
1933:Oil
1770:Cep
1328:PMC
1310:doi
1185:doi
1143:doi
1108:doi
1063:doi
991:doi
848:in
840:in
828:lac
670:sap
654:gum
648:or
629:or
566:by
554:or
552:gum
454:, C
352:or
343:is
323:(a
158:.
55:In
48:of
3421::
2861:DĂł
2622:/
1398:.
1358:.
1336:.
1326:.
1318:.
1308:.
1298:11
1296:.
1292:.
1266:.
1240:.
1193:.
1181:41
1179:.
1175:.
1149:.
1139:17
1137:.
1114:.
1106:.
1096:51
1094:.
1069:.
1049:^
1013:.
878:.
852:.
818:.
794:,
790:,
786:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
758:,
705:,
672:,
622:.
538:.
460:30
456:20
446:,
440:30
436:20
407:,
309:,
299:,
289:,
279:,
269:,
259:,
245:,
235:,
225:,
211:,
203:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
146:,
142:,
122:,
118:,
2601:e
2594:t
2587:v
2092:)
2088:(
2067:)
1985:)
1981:(
1470:e
1463:t
1456:v
1373:.
1344:.
1312::
1304::
1277:.
1252:.
1226:.
1201:.
1187::
1157:.
1145::
1122:.
1110::
1102::
1079:.
1065::
1017:.
999:.
993::
464:2
462:O
458:H
444:2
442:O
438:H
388:.
23:.
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