78:
66:
913:
945:
893:
332:
845:
935:
883:
921:, Minister Plenipotentiary to Peru until 1881, relations were established between the United States and the government in La Magdalena, with the former offering to act in favor of Peru in the diplomatic aftermath of the conflict to allow the latter to maintain its territorial integrity, as long as it was possible to pay compensation to the occupying power. By 1882, however, American mediation in the conflict turned less in favor of Peru and more in favor of Chile in the aftermath of the
93:
873:
813:
903:
859:
827:
307:
650:,a manifesto demanding peace with Chile even at the cost of losing territory, on 31 August, the same day Montero entered Arequipa. Montero refused to recognize Iglesias' manifesto, and established a parallel government that established itself in Arequipa as a provisional capital for the duration of its occupation, with the city receiving the name
558:
capital, as he had declared that the capital of Peru was his current location. De Piérola convened the
National Assembly of Ayacucho, which was installed on 28 July 1881, before which he resigned from the dictatorship. The Assembly, however, invested him with the title of Provisional President and
744:
to reinforce the command of Miguel
Iglesias in the north, convinced that with Iglesias he could sign peace according to his interests, and that Montero and GarcĂa CalderĂłn would not accept any territorial transfer. By this point Cáceres and his resistance proved popular among Peruvians, receiving
533:
A second expedition supported by
Leoncio Tagle was sent to "pacify" Chincha and Pisco on 28 and 29 January, occupying Tambo de Mora and Chincha Alta, as well as the cities of Laran, San Jose and San Regis. The local resistance continued nevertheless under the command of Pachas, who was caught by
521:
on 6 January 1882. Manuel de Erice, sent by Mas, attempted to negotiate with
Villavicencio that both factions join against the common enemy. After Villavicencio's refusal, Erice's troops occupied Chincha on 7 January, starting a massive fire in the town, which was followed by the looting of the
664:
constitutional president of Peru, with
Montero serving as first vice president and later proclaiming Cáceres as second vice president. This government would collaborate with the resistance while continuing to attempt negotiations with Chile, who recognized Iglesias' government.
578:. The plan evolved into the unrealized Peru–Bolivian United States. Successive pronouncements made in Arequipa, Cajamarca and Chosica eventually forced him to resign from the presidency on 28 November 1881, being succeeded by
753:
on 10 July 1883, and, as a result, discussions took place among members of the government at
Arequipa. In late 1883, amid civil discontent at the news of the imminent occupation by Chilean troops, Montero left Arequipa for
1442:[(“Save the Homeland with the law, and forget about the people”: Political speech of the Provisional Government of Francisco GarcĂa CalderĂłn through the newspaper “El Orden”, February–November 1881)].
710:
had not destroyed the bridge in La Oroya as he had been ordered to, he returned to Tarma, where on 18 July, Cáceres established his new headquarters. On 27 July, a
Chilean platoon was attacked in
839:
established itself in
Arequipa, Campero's government recognized it as legitimate, and assisted the government and the Cáceres' rebel troops with armament bought from Europe and the United States.
77:
668:
Prior to and during this period, Cáceres and his troops, who had been organized to a lesser extent in comparison to Piérola's in
Ayacucho, located themselves in central Peru, carrying out their
1440:""Salvad la patria con la ley, y olvidáos de las personas": Discurso polĂtico del gobierno provisorio de Francisco GarcĂa CalderĂłn a travĂ©s del diario "El Orden", febrero-noviembre de 1881"
1078:
As the earlier discussion of the geography of the
Atacama region illustrates, control of the sea lanes along the coast would be absolutely vital to the success of a land campaign there
65:
1175:
853:, which had been denounced by Chile in 1879, as Costa Rica had declared itself neutral, but was only proven in 1881, leading to a diplomatic incident between both states.
762:, he put Cáceres in charge of the powerless government, who did not exercise power in the end, later recognizing the Treaty of Ancón. After this action, Montero left for
526:
under the command of Andrés "Picuy" Pachas Hernández and Andrés Pacheco, who had been fighting since 1880. Villavicencia himself retreated along with some Italians to
1356:
1046:
849:
Costa Rica recognized and established relations with the Magdalena-based government. Before the occupation of Lima, Costa Rica had sent weapons to the port of
567:
was listed as Minister of War, but this cabinet never met. As a result of this assembly, a new government, parallel to that of La Magdalena, was established.
583:
442:
92:
446:
1051:
1189:
1071:
832:
986:
733:, Miguel Iglesias' brother, on 17 November, who successfully defended the city, forcing Puga and his troops to retreat to nearby Pauca.
639:
the same year, also refusing to accept the Chilean terms for a peace treaty, which included the transfer of territory in southern Peru.
1245:
922:
1325:
980:
497:
joining his cause. Despite this, different uncoordinated uprisings also took place in the vicinities of Lima and the Peruvian coast.
396:
1391:
1158:
1124:
465:
that reached the city by early 1881. As a result of this campaign, the Chileans established a collaborationist government headed by
695:
By this point, the occupation forces in the north were also at risk of being surrounded, with Cáceres' army gaining control of the
534:
Chilean troops in late 1882 and executed on 25 December. Despite this setback, the resistance continued until the end of the war.
620:
466:
835:
refrained from sending diplomats to Lima "until the uncertainty about the true representative of Peru was cleared up." After
1093:
1366:
680:
in 1882, where a counteroffensive took place against Chilean troops. During this counteroffensive, battles such as that of
658:), which appeared on passports issued at the time. Montero's government ratified GarcĂa CalderĂłn, by then in Chile, as the
1494:
560:
454:
352:
was composed of the Peruvian militias and guerrillas commanded by local, civilian or military leaders, who confronted the
1439:
1233:(in Spanish). Institut français d’études andines, DESCO. Centro de Estudios y Promocion des Desarrollo. pp. 81–133.
722:
troops under the command of Dr. José Mercedes Puga fought against collaborationist Peruvian troops under the command of
564:
490:
437:
was officially declared between Peru and Chile, starting military confrontations between both states. As a result, the
392:
1484:
787:
571:
1310:
1181:
799:
783:
775:
681:
603:
428:
361:
325:
312:
234:
158:
114:
103:
1463:[The Participation of the Peruvian Diplomatic Mission in Costa Rica During the War with Chile (1879)].
806:, different countries took different attitudes regarding who to recognize as the legitimate government of Peru.
975:
967:
1006:
950:
818:
699:
by July 1882. Cáceres attempted to pursue the Chilean forces in their retreat, but upon learning that Colonel
547:
478:
388:
177:
140:
1272:(in Spanish). Vol. 3: OcupaciĂłn del PerĂş – La Paz. ValparaĂso: Sociedad Imprenta y LitografĂa Universo.
971:
746:
1489:
1361:
741:
711:
616:
612:
587:
518:
723:
918:
750:
563:
was also appointed as general minister. In October, Piérola formed his ministerial cabinet, in which
506:
450:
247:
1461:"La participación de la misión diplomática peruana en Costa Rica durante la guerra con Chile (1879)"
1383:
La laguna de los villanos. Bolivia, Arequipa y Lizardo Montero en la Guerra del PacĂfico (1881–1883)
1227:
Manrique, Nelson (1988). "III. Señores e Indios: Guerra y postguerra en el Sur Andino (1879–1895)".
1301:
106:
700:
1151:
779:
677:
424:
372:
365:
591:
260:
522:
warehouses owned by foreign locals around midnight. Erice's troops had been joined by men from
17:
1387:
1185:
1154:
1120:
926:
574:
to attack the Chileans, travelling to Bolivia to coordinate said plan with Bolivian President
482:
376:
758:
to avoid its destruction, with the city being occupied on 29 October. By the time he reached
1303:
The influence of domestic politics on America's chilean policy during the war of the pacific
1264:
1098:
523:
45:
1460:
1338:
718:. By early August 1882, Chilean troops had returned to Lima. Meanwhile, in Cajamarca, the
669:
643:
607:
579:
575:
494:
400:
189:
728:
737:
696:
404:
371:
Despite not having an official founding date, the movement began to function after the
1414:(in Spanish) (7th ed.). Lima: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 262–269, 278–279.
749:, and even Bolivia. Despite this support, Cáceres would be eventually defeated at the
705:
1478:
1407:
1143:
939:
Switzerland recognized and established relations with the Magdalena-based government.
912:
877:
El Salvador recognized and established relations with the Magdalena-based government.
759:
624:
458:
384:
1047:"30/08/08: La Guerra del PacĂfico: la campaña de Lima y la resistencia en la sierra"
1334:
897:
Nicaragua recognized and established relations with the Magdalena-based government.
864:
763:
715:
510:
445:
against Peru, which guaranteed her control over the seas., as well as a successful
438:
434:
412:
408:
357:
353:
887:
Honduras recognized and established relations with the Magdalena-based government.
1381:
1284:
1114:
907:
Uruguay recognized and established relations with the Magdalena-based government.
934:
872:
844:
570:
Piérola proposed to continue the war against Chile and suggested reviving the
1119:(in Spanish). Vol. 29: Nicolás de Piérola. Editorial Brasa. p. 53.
944:
892:
812:
791:
628:
582:. Afterwards, he left for Europe, unsuccessfully attempting to convince the
514:
1246:"Orgullo Characato: el pasaporte de la RepĂşblica Independiente de Arequipa"
1228:
740:, head of the occupation forces, received an order from Chilean President
1010:
882:
867:
recognized and established relations with the Magdalena-based government.
803:
795:
689:
636:
590:
to act as mediators for Peru, returning to Lima after the signing of the
551:
486:
148:
1286:
El doctor José Mercedes Puga y su participación en los sucesos del norte
902:
858:
826:
673:
660:
627:, assumed the presidency of the Chilean-recognized government while in
1444:
850:
632:
685:
543:
527:
684:
took place, which led to Chilean troops retreating, initially to
1207:
Un siglo a la deriva. Ensayos sobre el PerĂş, Bolivia y la guerra
755:
462:
128:
676:
after the fall of Lima, later moving to Ayacucho, returning to
469:
with the intention of signing a peace treaty in their favor.
1357:"Arequipa y la leyenda "negra" durante la guerra con Chile"
1230:
YAWAR MAYU: Sociedades terratenientes serranas, 1879–1910
1009:
declared that the capital was his current location, with
642:
Before Montero's departure from Cajamarca, he appointed
1094:"La Guerra con Chile y la DestrucciĂłn de Chincha Alta"
800:
collaborationist government turned parallel government
1017:
capital after De Piérola's establishment in the city.
794:, and De Piérola's partially organized resistance in
379:. The resistance was the joint formation of Peruvian
821:
declared that Argentina would "abstain from acting."
1209:(in Spanish). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
646:as Military Chief of the North, who proclaimed the
270:
257:
244:
231:
221:
211:
199:
183:
171:
157:
124:
99:
31:
1177:Las Relaciones Entre el Perú y Bolivia (1826–2013)
953:condemned the Chilean invasion and recognized the
672:against Chile. Cáceres had established himself in
403:and his army, as well as the occupation forces of
559:issued a Statute, also provisional, on 29 July.
1386:(in Spanish). Lima: Fondo Editorial PUCP-IFEA.
415:in general were the resistance's main enemies.
1412:Historia de la República del Perú (1822–1933)
1355:Huanca Urrutia, Elizabeth (26 January 2014).
1148:Historia de la República del Perú (1822–1933)
1138:
1136:
745:support from the government in Arequipa, the
37:
8:
1070:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFarcau2000 (
1045:Orrego Penagos, Juan Luis (30 August 2008).
774:With the governance of Peru split between a
513:in December 1881. Peruvian troops headed by
1459:Abanto Chani, Julio CĂ©sar (19 March 2020).
457:and other regions in southern Peru, with a
115:Partially recognized provisional government
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
477:The resistance was nominally in charge of
91:
28:
1244:Cruz Torres, Cristhian (23 August 2019).
1088:
1086:
1438:LĂłpez Chang, Aramis (16 November 2019).
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1030:
998:
554:. By this point the city served as the
1065:
782:and the rest of the Peruvian coast, a
269:
256:
243:
230:
220:
210:
206:
182:
170:
166:
156:
7:
542:After first establishing himself in
509:'s collaborationist troops occupied
485:since 1879, establishing himself in
917:After contact was established with
714:, and two days later, a company in
656:RepĂşblica Independiente de Arequipa
1327:Patricio Lynch marino y gobernante
1005:After the fall of Lima, President
25:
1289:(in Spanish). Imp. de T. Aguirre.
1152:Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A.
1380:Parodi Revoredo, Daniel (2001).
1324:Larenas Quijada, Victor (1992).
943:
933:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
857:
843:
825:
811:
652:Independent Republic of Arequipa
330:
305:
223:• Montero reaches Arequipa
76:
64:
1465:National Archives of Costa Rica
1113:Leiva Viacava, Lourdes (1995).
375:, reaching its peak during the
272:• Montero leaves Arequipa
18:Resistance (War of the Pacific)
1:
1150:(in Spanish) (9th ed.).
981:Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)
954:
836:
1283:Puga, José Mercedes (1886).
623:prior to his deportation to
615:, who had been appointed as
397:Justiniano Borgoño Castañeda
350:Peruvian resistance movement
784:collaborationist government
635:in June 1882, and left for
572:Peru-Bolivian Confederation
364:that took place during the
1511:
1311:University of Saskatchewan
1205:Bonilla, Heraclio (1980).
1182:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
798:, later joined by another
601:
429:Chilean occupation of Peru
422:
955:Ayacucho-based government
833:Bolivian Foreign Ministry
621:Francisco GarcĂa CalderĂłn
517:and Manuel de Erice took
467:Francisco GarcĂa CalderĂłn
441:carried out a successful
383:forces and troops of the
284:
280:
207:
195:
167:
90:
60:
55:
1263:Bulnes, Gonzalo (1919).
983:, from the same conflict
976:War of the Confederation
968:Restoration Army of Peru
972:United Restoration Army
604:La Magdalena government
561:Aurelio GarcĂa y GarcĂa
489:, with figures such as
1300:Zorbas, Jason (2004).
1174:Novak, Fabián (2013).
776:Chilean administration
655:
617:Vice President of Peru
613:Lizardo Montero Flores
491:Andrés Avelino Cáceres
393:Andrés Avelino Cáceres
326:Regenerator Government
235:Regenerator Government
38:
951:Antonio Guzmán Blanco
949:Venezuelan president
360:during the period of
1495:Rebel groups in Peru
1180:(in Spanish). Lima:
919:Isaac P. Christiancy
837:Montero's government
751:Battle of Huamachuco
736:On 9 February 1883,
507:Manuel Villavicencio
104:Partially recognised
1266:Guerra del PacĂfico
1116:Forjadores del PerĂş
817:Argentine diplomat
742:Domingo Santa MarĂa
459:successful campaign
449:, starting with an
433:On 5 April 1879, a
213:• Established
107:resistance movement
1485:War of the Pacific
1369:on 15 August 2016.
1007:Nicolás de Piérola
987:Peruvian Civil War
865:Kingdom of Denmark
766:and later Europe.
548:Nicolás de Piérola
501:Chincha and Cañete
479:Nicolás de Piérola
425:War of the Pacific
389:Nicolás de Piérola
387:at the service of
373:occupation of Lima
366:War of the Pacific
313:Chilean occupation
178:Nicolás de Piérola
1191:978-9972-671-18-0
927:James A. Garfield
770:Foreign relations
670:military campaign
483:President of Peru
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
318:
317:
185:• 1881–1883
153:
146:
137:
120:
112:
39:RepĂşblica Peruana
33:Peruvian Republic
16:(Redirected from
1502:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1365:. Archived from
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1337:. Archived from
1332:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1102:. 15 April 2012.
1090:
1081:
1075:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1042:
1018:
1003:
948:
947:
938:
937:
916:
915:
906:
905:
896:
895:
886:
885:
876:
875:
862:
861:
848:
847:
830:
829:
816:
815:
732:
724:Lorenzo Iglesias
709:
334:
333:
322:
321:
309:
308:
302:
301:
286:
285:
248:Cáceres defeated
151:
144:
131:
118:
110:
95:
80:
68:
50:
49:
41:
29:
21:
1510:
1509:
1505:
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1501:
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1453:
1437:
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1419:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1069:
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1044:
1043:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1004:
1000:
995:
964:
942:
932:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
856:
842:
824:
819:José E. Uriburu
810:
772:
747:Catholic Church
726:
703:
644:Miguel Iglesias
610:
602:Main articles:
600:
592:Treaty of AncĂłn
580:Lizardo Montero
576:Narciso Campero
540:
503:
495:Lizardo Montero
481:, who had been
475:
431:
423:Main articles:
421:
401:Miguel Iglesias
331:
306:
276:27 October 1883
273:
266:20 October 1883
263:
261:Treaty of AncĂłn
250:
237:
224:
214:
190:Lizardo Montero
186:
174:
147:
138:
117:
113:
109:
86:
85:
84:
81:
73:
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12:
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1487:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1451:
1417:
1408:Basadre, Jorge
1399:
1392:
1372:
1347:
1344:on 8 May 2005.
1335:Revista Marina
1333:(in Spanish).
1316:
1292:
1275:
1255:
1236:
1212:
1197:
1190:
1184:. p. 29.
1166:
1159:
1144:Basadre, Jorge
1132:
1125:
1105:
1082:
1080:
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822:
771:
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738:Patricio Lynch
697:Mantaro Valley
631:. He moved to
608:Breña campaign
599:
596:
539:
536:
502:
499:
474:
471:
443:naval campaign
420:
417:
405:Patricio Lynch
377:Breña campaign
344:
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240:1 January 1883
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3:
2:
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1490:1880s in Peru
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1393:9972-42-388-3
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1126:9788483896297
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1013:serving as a
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924:
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721:
717:
713:
712:Tambo de Mora
707:
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687:
683:
682:La ConcepciĂłn
679:
675:
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648:Cry of Montán
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1367:the original
1362:La RepĂşblica
1360:
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1339:the original
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1068:, p. 65
1061:
1050:
1014:
1001:
788:La Magdalena
773:
764:Buenos Aires
735:
719:
701:Máximo Tafur
694:
688:and then to
667:
659:
651:
647:
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611:
569:
555:
541:
532:
519:Chincha Baja
504:
476:
439:Chilean navy
435:state of war
432:
409:Chilean Army
380:
370:
354:Chilean Army
349:
347:
295:Succeeded by
294:
289:
253:10 July 1883
173:• 1881
139:
133:
83:Coat of arms
26:
1066:Farcau 2000
727: [
704: [
550:settled in
290:Preceded by
152:(1882–1883)
119:(1882–1883)
111:(1881–1883)
1479:Categories
1025:References
790:and later
654:(Spanish:
625:ValparaĂso
473:Resistance
419:Background
362:occupation
1052:Blog PUCP
974:, of the
792:Cajamarca
720:Cacerista
678:Izcuchaca
629:Cajamarca
594:in 1883.
515:Pedro Mas
451:offensive
381:montonera
159:President
141:Undefined
56:1881–1883
1410:(1983).
1146:(2005).
1015:de facto
1011:Huamanga
962:See also
957:in 1881.
804:Arequipa
796:Ayacucho
690:La Oroya
637:Arequipa
598:Arequipa
556:de facto
552:Huamanga
538:Huamanga
487:Ayacucho
455:Tarapacá
407:and the
149:Arequipa
1250:El BĂşho
1099:Sunampe
716:Chincha
674:Chosica
661:de jure
584:British
565:Cáceres
524:Sunampe
511:Chincha
259:•
246:•
233:•
200:History
134:de jure
125:Capital
46:Spanish
1445:SciELO
1390:
1188:
1157:
1123:
851:Callao
633:Huaraz
588:French
505:After
203:
163:
145:(1881)
100:Status
42:
1342:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
1307:(PDF)
1270:(PDF)
993:Notes
731:]
708:]
686:Tarma
544:Jauja
528:Pisco
461:into
1388:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1072:help
970:and
863:The
831:The
780:Lima
756:Puno
606:and
586:and
493:and
463:Lima
427:and
413:Navy
411:and
395:and
358:Navy
356:and
348:The
129:Lima
71:Flag
802:in
786:in
778:in
619:by
453:in
1481::
1420:^
1359:.
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20:)
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