58:. The respiratory quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. If metabolism consists solely of lipids, the respiratory quotient is approximately 0.7, for proteins it is approximately 0.8, and for carbohydrates it is 1.0. Most of the time, however, energy consumption is composed of both fats and carbohydrates. The approximate respiratory quotient of a mixed diet is 0.8. Some of the other factors that may affect the respiratory quotient are energy balance, circulating insulin, and insulin sensitivity.
685:, non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) values act as good indicators in the prediction of overall survival rate. Patients having a npRQ < 0.85 show considerably lower survival rates as compared to patients with a npRQ > 0.85. A decrease in npRQ corresponds to a decrease in glycogen storage by the liver. Similar research indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases are also accompanied by a low respiratory quotient value, and the non protein respiratory quotient value was a good indication of disease severity.
674:, will increase it. Underfeeding is marked by a respiratory quotient below 0.85, while a respiratory quotient greater than 1.0 indicates overfeeding. This is particularly important in patients with compromised respiratory systems, as an increased respiratory quotient significantly corresponds to increased respiratory rate and decreased
610:). Historically, it was assumed that 'average fat' had an RQ of about 0.71, and this holds true for most mammals including humans. However, a recent survey showed that aquatic animals, especially fish, have fat that should yield higher RQs on oxidation, reaching as high as 0.73 due to high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid.
463:
601:
being the predominant fuel source, and a value between 0.7 and 1.0 suggests a mix of both fat and carbohydrate. In general a mixed diet corresponds with an RER of approximately 0.8. For fats, the RQ depends on the specific fatty acids present. Amongst the commonly stored fatty acids in vertebrates,
692:
using different single substrates suggested that RQ is linked to the elemental composition of the respired compounds. By this way, it is demonstrated that bacterioplankton RQ is not only a practical aspect of
Bacterioplankton Respiration determination, but also a major ecosystem state variable that
613:
The range of respiratory coefficients for organisms in metabolic balance usually ranges from 1.0 (representing the value expected for pure carbohydrate oxidation) to ~0.7 (the value expected for pure fat oxidation). In general, molecules that are more oxidized (e.g., glucose) require less oxygen to
588:
135:
The RER can exceed 1.0 during intense exercise. A value above 1.0 cannot be attributed to the substrate metabolism, but rather to the aforementioned factors regarding bicarbonate buffering. Calculation of RER is commonly done in conjunction with exercise tests such as the
50:(BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body, when the body is in a steady state. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect
324:
614:
be fully metabolized and, therefore, have higher respiratory quotients. Conversely, molecules that are less oxidized (e.g., fatty acids) require more oxygen for their complete metabolism and have lower respiratory quotients. See
658:, in which patients spend a significant amount of energy on respiratory effort. By increasing the proportion of fats in the diet, the respiratory quotient is driven down, causing a relative decrease in the amount of CO
645:
Insulin, which increases lipid storage and decreases fat oxidation, is positively associated with increases in the respiratory quotient. A positive energy balance will also lead to an increased respiratory quotient.
469:
1312:
McClave, Stephen A.; Lowen, Cynthia C.; Kleber, Melissa J.; McConnell, J. Wesley; Jung, Laura Y.; Goldsmith, Linda J. (2003-01-01). "Clinical use of the respiratory quotient obtained from indirect calorimetry".
1489:
Vachon, Dominic; Sadro, Steven; Bogard, Matthew J.; Lapierre, Jean-François; Baulch, Helen M.; Rusak, James A.; Denfeld, Blaize A.; Laas, Alo; Klaus, Marcus; Karlsson, Jan; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. (August 2020).
669:
Respiratory
Quotient can be used as an indicator of over or underfeeding. Underfeeding, which forces the body to utilize fat stores, will lower the respiratory quotient, while overfeeding, which causes
638:
as measured includes a contribution from the energy produced from protein. However, due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single
1037:
Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo; Hernández-Torres, Rosa P.; Torres-Durán, Patricia V.; Romero-Gonzalez, Jaime; Mascher, Dieter; Posadas-Romero, Carlos; Juárez-Oropeza, Marco A. (2008-02-01).
1266:
Kuo, C. D.; Shiao, G. M.; Lee, J. D. (1993-07-01). "The effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet loads on gas exchange and ventilation in COPD patients and normal subjects".
1039:"The Respiratory Exchange Ratio is Associated with Fitness Indicators Both in Trained and Untrained Men: A Possible Application for People with Reduced Exercise Tolerance"
1361:
Nishikawa, Hiroki; Enomoto, Hirayuki; Iwata, Yoshinori; Kishino, Kyohei; Shimono, Yoshihiro; Hasegawa, Kunihiro; Nakano, Chikage; Takata, Ryo; Ishii, Akio (2017-01-01).
1818:
458:{\displaystyle 23\ \mathrm {O} _{2}+\mathrm {C} _{16}\mathrm {H} _{32}\mathrm {O} _{2}\to 16\ \mathrm {CO} _{2}+16\ \mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} +129\ \mathrm {ATP} }
1201:
688:
Recently the respiratory quotient is also used from aquatic scientists to illuminate its environmental applications. Experimental studies with natural
2184:
681:
Because of its role in metabolism, respiratory quotient can be used in analysis of liver function and diagnosis of liver disease. In patients with
721:. Using this quotient we could shed light on the metabolic behavior and the simultaneous roles of chemical and physical forcing that shape the
583:{\displaystyle \mathrm {RER} ={\frac {\mathrm {VCO} _{2}}{\mathrm {VO} _{2}}}={\frac {16\ \mathrm {CO} _{2}}{23\ \mathrm {O} _{2}}}\approx 0.7}
148:
and the limits of their cardio-respiratory system. An RER greater than or equal to 1.0 is often used as a secondary endpoint criterion of a VO
2313:
655:
108:
The ratio is determined by comparing exhaled gases to room air. Measuring this ratio is equal to RQ only at rest or during mild to moderate
1811:
632:
consumption numbers are available, they are usually used directly, since they are more direct and reliable estimates of energy production.
618:
for a discussion of how these numbers are derived. A mixed diet of fat and carbohydrate results in an average value between these numbers.
2255:
2110:
1177:
1144:
1108:
1021:
934:
1541:"Using O<sub>2</sub> to study the relationships between soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux and soil respiration"
2308:
1804:
124:. The body tries to compensate for the accumulation of lactate and minimize the acidification of the blood by expelling more CO
2174:
195:
must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either
2293:
1901:
1688:
Phinney, Stephen D.; Horton, Edward S.; Sims, Ethan A. H.; Hanson, John S.; Danforth, Elliot; Lagrange, Betty M. (1980).
2023:
744:) can be used to derive an apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ). This value reflects a cumulative effect of not only the
2193:
2142:
1993:
2298:
2147:
2055:
1986:
1967:
728:
Moving from a molecular and cellular level to an ecosystem level, various processes account for the exchange of O
697:
functioning. Based on the stoichiometry of the different metabolized substrates, the scientists can predict that
121:
1998:
2131:
1962:
1856:
718:
1423:"Magnitude and regulation of bacterioplankton respiratory quotient across freshwater environmental gradients"
2164:
2033:
1647:
Johnston, Carol S; Tjonn, Sherrie L; Swan, Pamela D; White, Andrea; Hutchins, Heather; Sears, Barry (2006).
1981:
1928:
1918:
1827:
43:
1103:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. pp. 219–223.
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2105:
62:
1649:"Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets"
2079:
2043:
1878:
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between the biosphere and atmosphere. Field measurements of the concurrent consumption of oxygen (-ΔO
615:
607:
47:
1690:"Capacity for Moderate Exercise in Obese Subjects after Adaptation to a Hypocaloric, Ketogenic Diet"
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1906:
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117:
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Owen, O. E.; Morgan, A. P.; Kemp, H. G.; Sullivan, J. M.; Herrera, M. G.; Cahill, G. F. (1967).
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Angert, A.; Yakir, D.; Rodeghiero, M.; Preisler, Y.; Davidson, E. A.; Weiner, T. (2015-04-07).
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Price, E. R.; Mager, E. M. (2020). "Respiratory quotient: Effects of fatty acid composition".
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994:
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1363:"Prognostic significance of nonprotein respiratory quotient in patients with liver cirrhosis"
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of all organisms (microorganisms and higher consumers) in the sample, but also all the other
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1492:"Paired O 2 –CO 2 measurements provide emergent insights into aquatic ecosystem function"
1600:"Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: A prospective pilot study"
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2018:
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Mosek, Amnon; Natour, Haitham; Neufeld, Miri Y.; Shiff, Yaffa; Vaisman, Nachum (2009).
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Practical applications of the respiratory quotient can be found in severe cases of
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Widmaier, Eric P.; Vander, Arthur J.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2018).
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Ellis, Amy C; Hyatt, Tanya C; Gower, Barbara A; Hunter, Gary R (2017-05-02).
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Ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body
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Berggren, Martin; Lapierre, Jean-François; del
Giorgio, Paul A (May 2012).
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896: – Measurement of the heat of living organisms through indirect means
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713:) in aquatic ecosystems should covary inversely due to the processing of
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1516:
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and thus metabolism of this compound gives an RQ of x/(x + y/4 - z/2).
231:
202:
Many metabolized substances are compounds containing only the elements
145:
137:
1754:
1705:
902: – Principle applied to the measurement of blood flow to an organ
1841:
1236:
234:. For complete oxidation of such compounds, the chemical equation is
211:
203:
144:. This can be used as an indicator that the participants are nearing
98:
957:"Respiratory Quotient Predicts Fat Mass Gain in Premenopausal Women"
1043:
Clinical
Medicine. Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine
82:
1139:(5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 117–118.
2238:
1937:
597:
is the predominant fuel source, a value of 1.0 is indicative of
1800:
1135:
Kenney, W. Larry.; Wilmore, Jack H.; Costill, David L. (2012).
1099:
Katch, Victor L.; McArdle, William D.; Katch, Frank I. (2011).
666:, thereby reducing the amount of energy spent on respirations.
199:, or else volumes of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
594:
662:
produced. This reduces the respiratory burden to eliminate CO
624:
value corresponds to a caloric value for each liter (L) of CO
925:
Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2016).
1170:
Vander's human physiology: the mechanisms of body function
1016:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 171.
927:
Vander's Human
Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function
642:
can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet.
180:
where the term "eliminated" refers to carbon dioxide (CO
760:
production and vice versa influencing the observed RQ.
678:, placing compromised patients at a significant risk.
472:
327:
2248:
2124:
2098:
2009:
1927:
1834:
582:
457:
314:For oxidation of a fatty acid molecule, namely
1785:Telugu Academi, Botany text book, 2007 Version
1812:
120:is among others due to factors including the
8:
1172:(15th ed.). New York, NY. p. 460.
1094:
1092:
1090:
1315:Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
184:) removed from the body in a steady state.
116:. The loss of accuracy during more intense
1819:
1805:
1797:
1653:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1200:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
267:For glucose, with the molecular formula, C
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929:(14th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
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764:Respiratory quotients of some substances
912:
740:) and production of carbon dioxide (ΔCO
1193:
279:, the complete oxidation equation is C
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656:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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2185:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
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2111:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
1739:"Brain Metabolism during Fasting*"
1496:Limnology and Oceanography Letters
693:provides unique information about
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1743:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1694:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1101:Essentials of exercise physiology
1137:Physiology of sport and exercise
1217:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1012:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1997).
385:
1:
1617:10.1016/j.seizure.2008.06.001
593:A RQ near 0.7 indicates that
2314:Underwater diving physiology
112:without the accumulation of
2143:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
1994:pulmonary stretch receptors
1379:10.1097/MD.0000000000005800
187:In this calculation, the CO
2330:
2175:alveolar–arterial gradient
1327:10.1177/014860710302700121
1083:– via SAGE journals.
756:without a corresponding CO
160:The respiratory quotient (
75:respiratory exchange ratio
69:Respiratory exchange ratio
18:Respiratory exchange ratio
2056:respiratory minute volume
1968:ventral respiratory group
752:processes which consume O
122:bicarbonate buffer system
54:. It is measured using a
1963:dorsal respiratory group
1857:obligate nasal breathing
46:used in calculations of
2165:pulmonary gas pressures
1566:10.5194/bg-12-2089-2015
1280:10.1378/chest.104.1.189
725:of aquatic ecosystems.
606:) to as high as 0.759 (
40:respiratory coefficient
2309:Respiratory physiology
1919:mechanical ventilation
1828:Respiratory physiology
1666:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1055
1447:10.1038/ismej.2011.157
771:Name of the substance
602:RQ varies from 0.692 (
584:
459:
61:It can be used in the
2170:alveolar gas equation
2106:pulmonary circulation
774:Respiratory Quotient
585:
460:
303:O. Thus, the RQ= 6 CO
63:alveolar gas equation
2294:Biochemistry methods
2225:respiratory quotient
2080:body plethysmography
1999:Hering–Breuer reflex
1874:pulmonary surfactant
894:Indirect calorimetry
608:docosahexaenoic acid
470:
325:
97:) and the uptake of
48:basal metabolic rate
44:dimensionless number
32:respiratory quotient
2068:Lung function tests
1902:hyperresponsiveness
1557:2015BGeo...12.2089A
1508:2020LimOL...5..287V
1439:2012ISMEJ...6..984B
1229:2020JEZA..333..613P
973:10.1038/oby.2010.96
746:aerobic respiration
249:+ (x + y/4 - z/2) O
214:. Examples include
2235:diffusion capacity
2230:arterial blood gas
2210:carbonic anhydrase
1944:pneumotaxic center
1517:10.1002/lol2.10135
1055:10.4137/CCRPM.S449
580:
455:
130:respiratory system
118:anaerobic exercise
2299:Energy conversion
2281:
2280:
2189:Oxygen saturation
2155:zones of the lung
1894:airway resistance
1755:10.1172/JCI105650
1706:10.1172/JCI109945
1014:Animal Physiology
967:(12): 2255–2259.
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1700:(5): 1152–61.
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942:
935:
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:Fick principle
897:
889:
886:
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
840:
839:
836:
829:
828:
825:
818:
817:
814:
813:(hypocaloric)
807:
806:
803:
796:
795:
792:
786:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
765:
762:
757:
753:
750:biogeochemical
741:
737:
733:
729:
715:photosynthesis
710:
707:carbon dioxide
702:
663:
659:
651:
648:
629:
628:produced. If O
625:
591:
590:
579:
576:
568:
563:
555:
548:
543:
540:
532:
526:
519:
514:
511:
504:
499:
496:
493:
486:
482:
479:
476:
465:
453:
450:
447:
440:
437:
433:
427:
422:
414:
411:
406:
401:
398:
390:
387:
382:
377:
370:
365:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
330:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:products, and
192:
188:
181:
175:
171:
157:
154:
149:
139:
125:
102:
94:
91:carbon dioxide
89:production of
70:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2326:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:high altitude
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:Insufficiency
2247:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:oxyhemoglobin
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:hysteresivity
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:9781259903885
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:9780736094092
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:9781608312672
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1023:0-521-57098-0
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
949:
947:
943:
938:
936:9781259294099
932:
928:
921:
919:
917:
913:
906:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
885:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
865:Tartaric acid
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
845:
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
781:
780:Carbohydrates
778:
777:
773:
770:
769:
763:
761:
751:
747:
726:
724:
720:
716:
708:
700:
696:
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
673:
667:
657:
649:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
623:
619:
617:
611:
609:
605:
600:
596:
577:
574:
566:
553:
546:
530:
524:
517:
502:
484:
466:
438:
435:
425:
412:
409:
404:
388:
380:
368:
356:
346:
341:
328:
321:
320:
319:
317:
316:palmitic acid
312:
265:
262:
235:
233:
229:
225:
224:carbohydrates
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
185:
178:
169:
165:
163:
155:
153:
147:
143:
133:
131:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
100:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2224:
2160:gas exchange
2125:Interactions
2050:calculations
2011:Lung volumes
1974:
1955:
1936:
1907:constriction
1869:respirometer
1781:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1576:11572/225681
1548:
1544:
1534:
1499:
1495:
1430:
1426:
1373:(3): e5800.
1370:
1366:
1321:(1): 21–26.
1318:
1314:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1169:
1163:
1136:
1100:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1013:
1007:
964:
960:
926:
884:
802:(eucaloric)
727:
687:
680:
676:tidal volume
668:
653:
650:Applications
644:
639:
635:
634:
621:
620:
612:
604:stearic acid
599:carbohydrate
592:
313:
266:
263:
236:
201:
186:
179:
172:2 eliminated
167:
166:
161:
159:
134:
128:through the
107:
85:between the
78:
74:
72:
60:
56:respirometer
39:
35:
31:
29:
2199:Bohr effect
2099:Circulation
1835:Respiration
1610:(1): 30–3.
875:Oxalic acid
844:Tripalmitin
719:respiration
672:lipogenesis
228:deamination
216:fatty acids
156:Calculation
52:calorimetry
2304:Metabolism
2288:Categories
2261:death zone
2180:hemoglobin
2075:spirometry
2034:dead space
1987:peripheral
1912:dilatation
1898:bronchial
1879:compliance
1852:exhalation
1847:inhalation
1188:1006516790
907:References
855:Malic acid
833:Oleic acid
794:0.8 - 0.9
176:2 consumed
152:max test.
146:exhaustion
2137:Perfusion
1585:1726-4189
1526:2378-2242
1455:1751-7362
1387:1536-5964
1335:0148-6071
1288:0012-3692
1253:222833275
1196:cite book
1155:747903364
1119:639161214
1063:1178-1157
981:1930-7381
575:≈
386:→
257:+ (y/2) H
87:metabolic
81:) is the
2148:V/Q scan
1675:16685046
1626:18675556
1473:22094347
1405:28099336
1367:Medicine
1343:12549594
1245:33063463
1081:21157516
999:20448540
888:See also
822:Triolein
790:Proteins
220:glycerol
208:hydrogen
142:max test
2273:hypoxia
2194:2,3-BPG
1982:central
1957:medulla
1929:Control
1773:6061736
1724:7000826
1634:2393385
1604:Seizure
1553:Bibcode
1504:Bibcode
1464:3329109
1435:Bibcode
1396:5279081
1296:8325067
1225:Bibcode
1072:2990231
1049:: 1–9.
990:3075532
961:Obesity
811:Ketones
800:Ketones
232:ethanol
114:lactate
42:) is a
1842:breath
1771:
1764:292907
1761:
1722:
1715:371554
1712:
1673:
1632:
1624:
1583:
1524:
1471:
1461:
1453:
1403:
1393:
1385:
1341:
1333:
1294:
1286:
1251:
1243:
1186:
1176:
1153:
1143:
1117:
1107:
1079:
1069:
1061:
1020:
997:
987:
979:
933:
846:(Fat)
835:(Fat)
824:(Fat)
732:and CO
705:) and
557:
534:
442:
416:
392:
332:
295:→ 6 CO
253:→ x CO
212:oxygen
210:, and
204:carbon
99:oxygen
1630:S2CID
1268:Chest
1249:S2CID
859:1.33
838:0.71
827:0.71
816:0.66
805:0.73
307:/ 6 O
299:+ 6 H
291:+ 6 O
197:moles
191:and O
83:ratio
2239:DLCO
2139:(Q)
1938:pons
1769:PMID
1720:PMID
1671:PMID
1622:PMID
1581:ISSN
1522:ISSN
1469:PMID
1451:ISSN
1401:PMID
1383:ISSN
1339:PMID
1331:ISSN
1292:PMID
1284:ISSN
1241:PMID
1202:link
1184:OCLC
1174:ISBN
1151:OCLC
1141:ISBN
1115:OCLC
1105:ISBN
1077:PMID
1059:ISSN
1018:ISBN
995:PMID
977:ISSN
931:ISBN
879:4.0
869:1.6
849:0.7
717:and
311:=1.
170:= CO
73:The
30:The
2044:PEF
2024:FRC
1759:PMC
1751:doi
1710:PMC
1702:doi
1661:doi
1612:doi
1571:hdl
1561:doi
1512:doi
1459:PMC
1443:doi
1391:PMC
1375:doi
1323:doi
1276:doi
1272:104
1233:doi
1221:333
1067:PMC
1051:doi
985:PMC
969:doi
709:(CO
616:BMR
595:fat
578:0.7
439:129
174:/ O
105:).
93:(CO
79:RER
38:or
2290::
2039:CC
2029:Vt
2019:VC
1767:.
1757:.
1747:46
1745:.
1741:.
1718:.
1708:.
1698:66
1696:.
1692:.
1669:.
1657:83
1655:.
1651:.
1628:.
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1608:18
1606:.
1602:.
1579:.
1569:.
1559:.
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1547:.
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1520:.
1510:.
1498:.
1494:.
1481:^
1467:.
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1429:.
1425:.
1413:^
1399:.
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1381:.
1371:96
1369:.
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1351:^
1337:.
1329:.
1319:27
1317:.
1304:^
1290:.
1282:.
1270:.
1247:.
1239:.
1231:.
1219:.
1198:}}
1194:{{
1182:.
1149:.
1127:^
1113:.
1089:^
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1057:.
1045:.
1041:.
993:.
983:.
975:.
965:18
963:.
959:.
945:^
915:^
784:1
701:(O
640:RQ
636:RQ
622:RQ
554:23
531:16
413:16
389:16
369:32
357:16
329:23
318::
285:12
273:12
261:O
226:,
222:,
218:,
206:,
168:RQ
162:RQ
138:VO
132:.
101:(O
65:.
36:RQ
2241:)
2237:(
2216:)
2212:(
2206:)
2187:(
1820:e
1813:t
1806:v
1775:.
1753::
1726:.
1704::
1677:.
1663::
1636:.
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1587:.
1573::
1563::
1555::
1528:.
1514::
1506::
1500:5
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1445::
1437::
1431:6
1407:.
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1227::
1204:)
1190:.
1157:.
1121:.
1053::
1047:2
1026:.
1001:.
971::
939:.
758:2
754:2
742:2
738:2
734:2
730:2
711:2
703:2
664:2
660:2
630:2
626:2
567:2
562:O
547:2
542:O
539:C
525:=
518:2
513:O
510:V
503:2
498:O
495:C
492:V
485:=
481:R
478:E
475:R
452:P
449:T
446:A
436:+
432:O
426:2
421:H
410:+
405:2
400:O
397:C
381:2
376:O
364:H
352:C
347:+
342:2
337:O
309:2
305:2
301:2
297:2
293:2
289:6
287:O
283:H
281:6
277:6
275:O
271:H
269:6
259:2
255:2
251:2
247:z
245:O
243:y
241:H
239:x
237:C
193:2
189:2
182:2
150:2
140:2
126:2
103:2
95:2
77:(
34:(
20:)
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