Respirator assigned protection factors

594: 120: 633: 319: 670:= 10 during the fit test; threshold fit factor become 10 × 10 = 100). The widespread use of fit testing in the industry gives professionals optimism, and they allowed to the employers restrict the use of half mask respirators in accordance with the values of worker's personal fit factor (the maximum concentration of pollutants = personal Fit Factor × PEL), but not more than 100 × PEL. However, scientific studies have shown that although such test increases the effectiveness of protection, the risk of leakage of large amounts of unfiltered air is maintained. Furthermore, the studies have shown that non-filtered air under the mask is not uniformly mixed with the filtered air, which leads to large errors in the measurement of the in-facepiece concentration of contaminants, and subsequent calculations of fit factors - the latter is often much smaller than the "measured" value. So, specialists recommend not allowed usage negative pressure half mask respirators then harmful substances' concentrations exceeds 10 PEL. Therefore, OSHA standards require to restrict using of half-mask negative-pressure respirators up to 10 PEL after obtaining fit factor greater than or equal to 100 during the mask selection for the worker (they used a 471: 1002:

use of half-face masks in the US is limited to 10 PEL for the "worst case" - work in the polluted atmosphere of 8 hours per day, 40 hours a week. But British experts took into account large experience of the use of negative pressure air purifying RPDs, and they concluded that to achieve continuous wear respirator 8 hours a day is impossible (because of the negative impact on the health of workers). For this reason, they recommend to the employer to give the job to the workers so that they work in the polluted atmosphere not during entire shift, but only a part of the shift. The remaining time the employee needs to work in a non-polluted atmosphere (without the respirator). The fact that the employee is in a non-polluted atmosphere some part of working time provide additional protection of his health, and therefore, the requirements to the efficiency of the respirator may be less stringent.

414: 610:(PAPRs) with helmets (that is not tight-fitted to the face) showed that the ingress of harmful substances in the inhaled air can be very high (PF = 28 and 42 for two models). This came as a surprise, since earlier studies in the laboratory showed that the flow of clean filtered air from the inside to the outside of the helmet prevents ingress of harmful substances under the helmet (PF > 1000). Additional studies, from 1986 and 1981, agreed with the result from the Myers et al. 1986 study: the minimum values of the workplace protection factors of two models of respirators were 31 and 23; and leakage of unfiltered air attained 16% in some cases in 650: 625: 593: 17: 1248:

maximum value of the WPF from one of the models did not exceed 500 no times at all. And for all results together, the WPF was not more than 100 in ~ 30% of the measurements. So, for this reason, the values of the APFs for this RPD type in Germany (400), Finland (500), Italy (400), and Sweden (500), may not fully take into account the lower this type respirators' performance at the workplace compared to the performance in the laboratory (during certification). The same was true for other RPD types and their APF.

2976: 1006:

air purifying filtering respirators (PAPR), and a similar supplied air respirators SAR) - provided that the mode and the quantity of air supply, and the facepieces (masks) were the same. Experts in the two countries often used the results of the same studies of WPF (because of their limited number). For example, British standard had been developed with usage of results of 1897 WPF measurements during 31 studies; and 23 of this 31 studies had been conducted in United States.

646:

However, the experts in the UK believed that the quality of their masks is higher than American masks, and were allowed to use up to 900 OEL. But the study showed that the value of the protection factor of > 900 has been achieved in practice infrequently. Minimum protection factors of 3 different models of full facepiece respirators were 11, 18 and 26. So, the new standards limit usage of these respirators up to 40 OEL in UK (after this study).

577:

the measurement of workplace PF is very difficult, time-consuming, and expensive work, which was carried out not very often. For these types of respirators experts used the results of WPF measurements of other types of respirators, which are similar. For example, the effectiveness of the Supplied Air Respirators (SARs, with hose) was considered similar to the efficiency of

1244:

significant difference between the effectiveness of respirators in a laboratory environment; and in applying them in the workplaces). For example, after the study in 1990, the APF value of negative pressure full face masks was reduced from 900 to 40 (1997) in UK. But in other countries, similar research was not carried out; and a similar decrease did not occur.

446:. Dozens of such field studies have shown that the performance of serviceable respiratory protective equipment at the workplaces may be significantly less than in laboratory conditions. Therefore, the usage of laboratory results to assess the real efficiency is incorrect; and can lead to a wrong choice of such respirators that can not reliably protect workers. 31: 3145: 1275:, as well as in many other countries, and selection of respirators is not regulated by its national legislation. This contributes to errors, and the usage of such respirator's types, which are not able to reliably protect the workers due to its design (even at high quality of specific certified models). 1017:

Studies of respirator's performance was carried out not very often, and almost all of these studies were conducted in USA (and UK). It is possible that the lack of information about the RPD efficiency in the workplaces, was the reason behind developing these assigned PF in several European countries,

576:

Results of measurements of WPF in the US and the UK became the basis for the development of APF for UK standard and for English version of EU standard. In some cases, there was no information on the effectiveness for respirators of specific design (type) in the workplace. This is due to the fact that

1782:

If the concentration of a harmful substance is less than the IDLH, the coefficient of air pollution for the harmful substance (Hazard Factor) is determined, which is equal to the ratio of this concentration to the PEL (TLV, OEL) for the harmful substance. The APF of the selected respirator type must

1001:

is strongly dependent on the conditions of their use, not only from the design, and this partly explains the difference in APF values. The APF for negative pressure half mask respirators are twofold. But this difference cannot be considered separately from recommendations for use of respirators. The

425:

The shape and size of these gaps is not constant, and depends on many factors (the degree of fit the mask to the face - by shape and size; the correct donning the mask; the mask slippage on the face during the work due to execution of different movements; the design of the mask). The respirator's PF

20:

Example of measurement of efficiency of the respirator (in the workplace). Description: (1) personal sampling pump, (2) the cassette and the filter for determining the concentration (in the breathing zone), (3) the sampling line (from the breathing zone), (4) the cassette and the filter to determine

1263:

version of the EU standard EN 529 does not set any values of the APFs for the selection of respirator in this country. This document only listed the values of APFs in several European countries (for reference); and declares the inadmissibility of the use of laboratory efficiency for predicting the

1255:

points to the need to use the workplace protection factors for restricting the permissible use of respirators, but does not set any values of the APFs. The standard also recommends the use of those PFs, which are obtained during the certification (in the laboratories, but not at workplaces). These

1005:

The development of the Assigned PF in the United States and Britain were based on measurements of the effectiveness of respirators in the workplace (after statistical processing). Also used opinions of experts, based on the similarity of the respirators with different designs (for example, powered

458:

to develop more completely terminology for description of the respirators' performance; and this terminology has been applied officially, and in the preparation of research results for publication. Specialists began to use different terms to describe the protection factors, which were measured at

1247:

The study showed that the three models of full face masks had a significant leakage of unfiltered air through the gaps between the mask and the face. The minimum values of the workplace protection factors (WPF) of each of the three negative pressure full face mask models were 11, 17 and 26. The

645:

Measurement of protection factors of negative pressure full face masks with high-efficiency filters in the laboratory revealed a risk of decrease in protective properties to a small values. Therefore, the use of such respirators has been limited to the values 50 or 100 PEL in the United States.

548:

not allowed to use the laboratory results to predict the degree of protection offered in practice. And instability of respirators' protective properties (for the same RPD design, and in the same usage conditions) prevented evaluate their efficiency. For solving these problems, scientists Donald

1243:

Most European countries (except UK) did not conduct very complex and expensive studies on the effectiveness of respirators in the workplaces, or spent very little of such research. Therefore, it may be that some countries do not take full account of results of foreign researches (that showed a

665:

of tight-fitting masks of negative-pressure respirators became widely used in US industry in 1980-s. At the beginning, it was thought that the half-mask fit quite well to the worker's face, if during a fit test the protection factor (fit factor) is not less than 10 (later, experts began to use

817:

Elastomeric masks may fail to protect if they are not donned before entering a hazardous environment. Other problems include using a size other than the size the wearer was fit-tested on, using the wrong sort of cartridge, re-using a cartridge that is no longer good, not doing a positive- and

994:) are similar to P3; filtering materials in US N95 filtering facepieces are similar to FFP2. However, in the UK and Europe any tight fitting half mask/full face mask is required to have a second check based on total inward leakage (TIL) which cannot exceed 8% for FFP2 and 2% for FFP3 433:

Experts believed that the measurement of protection factors in the laboratory allows them to correctly evaluate, predict the RPD efficiency in the workplace conditions. But after the detection of cases of excessive harmful exposure on employees who used high quality respirators with

119: 409:

is sufficiently high, then the gaps between the mask and the face become the main way of penetration of air contamination under the mask, in the same way that on a cold day, a person wearing a warm jacket and pants will lose most of their heat through the head and extremities.

632: 405:, and others, and they measured their concentrations under the mask, and outside masks (simultaneously). The ratio of the measured concentrations is an indicator of the protective properties of different types of respirators. These measurements showed that if the efficiency of 2569:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-100. NIOSH Respirator Policy Group; Heinz Ahlers, Roland BerryAnn, Frank Hearl, Richard Metzler, Teresa Seitz, Douglas Trout and Ralph Zumwalde. Cincinnati, OH: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). p. 39. 318: 3160:) ДСТУ EN 529:2006. Засоби індивідуального захисту органів дихання. Рекомендації щодо вибору, використання, догляду і обслуговування. Настанова (EN 529:2005, IDT) (Respiratory protective devices. Recommendations for selection, use and maintenance. - in Ukrainian). 322:

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) with auxiliary breathing apparatus (for evacuation in case of possible supply disruptions of air through the hose) with pressure-demand air supply mode into the full face mask. This is one of the most reliable RPD type, its APF =

331:, workers must use respirators. These respirators must be sufficiently effective, and they should correspond to known or expected conditions at the workplace. However, the sole reliance on personal protective equipment for personnel is considered the least 1879:

specialists critique these documents, noting these standards are set to values of APF that differ from those established in the US and the UK; and these values are set not for a specific RPD type but rather for any RPD that meets approval requirements:

3463:

Tannahill S.N., R.J. Willey and M.H. Jackson (1990). The British Occupational Hygiene Society (ed.). "Workplace Protection Factors of HSE Approved Negative Pressure Full-Facepiece Dust Respirators During Asbestos Stripping: Preliminary Findings".

589:

Measurement of workplace protection factors surprisingly revealed the low efficiency of some designs of respirators, and that results have led to a sharp tightening of the requirements for application limits for respirators of such designs.

818:

negative-pressure seal check each time the mask is donned, failing to test the respirator (and perhaps inhaling the carbon from a broken cartridge), and even putting the nose-clip up the nose rather than using it to pinch the nose shut.

701:, U.S. regulations require that respirators be worn, but they may also be worn at lower concentrations. Similar mandatory legal requirements apply to employers in many other countries (examples). The respirator must have a sufficient 1969:

The report concluded that new ISO standards set insufficiently high APF values and recommended that these values should not be used in practice, and to continue work on APF justification for the different types of respirators.

2225:

Respiratory Protective Devices - Tests for Permissibility; Fees: Schedule 21B, Filter-Type Dust, Fume, and Mist Respirators. Code of Federal Regulations Ref. 30 CFR Part 14, Jan. 19, 1965; amended March 23, 1965, and June 12,

420:

of filtering facepiece, measured in real time with two optical dust meters. In-facepiece dust concentration is changed dozens of times in a matter of minutes due to changes of the size of the gaps between the mask and face.

1779:). If concentrations exceed the IDLH, the standard allows the use of only the most reliable respirators - SAR or self-contained breathing apparatus: with pressure-demand air supply in the full facepiece mask ( §(d)(2)). 581:(PAPRs), if they have the same facepieces and the same air supply mode. Finally, in the absence of this information, specialists could use the results of Simulated WPF measurements; or estimates of competent experts. 470: 3499:

Myers W.R., M.J. Peach III (1983). The British Occupational Hygiene Society (ed.). "Performance measurements on a powered air-purifying respirator made during actual field use in a silica bagging operation".

474:

The diagram show 92 values of the Workplace PFs of PAPRs with loose-fitting facepieces (hood or helmet). After them, the Assigned Protection Factors of such PAPRs were reduced from 1000 to 25 (US) and to 40

2061:(in German) (Deutsche Fassung EN 529:2005 ed.). Brussels: Deutsche Gremium ist NA 027-02-04 AA «Atemgeräte für Arbeit und Rettung» im Normenausschuss Feinmechanik und Optik (NAFuO). p. 50. 2842:

Tannahill, S.N.; R.J. Willey; M.H. Jackson (1990). "Workplace Protection Factors of HSE Approved Negative Pressure Full-Facepiece Dust Respirators During Asbestos Stripping: Preliminary Findings".

1775:

at workplaces. The results of such measurements are used to assess whether short-term inhalation of harmful substances may lead to irreversible and significant deterioration of health, or death (

1850:

In all cases, if they employer selects a respirator with tight-fitting facepiece (full face mask, elastomeric half-mask or quarter-mask, or filtering facepiece respirator), all employee must be

2746:

Myers, Warren; M.J. Peach; K. Cutright; W. Iskander (1984). "Workplace Protection Factor Measurements on Powered Air-Purifying Respirators at a Secondary Lead Smelter: Results and Discussion".

95:(APF) - the decrease of the concentration of harmful substances in the inhaled air, which (is expected) to be provided with timely and proper use of a certified respirator of certain types ( 3670:

ISO/TS 16975-2:2016 Respiratory protective devices. Selection, use and maintenance. Part 2: Condensed guidance to establishing and implementing a respiratory protective device programme

2165:(in Russian) (3rd edition, updated and expanded ed.). Moscow: The state Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers on the use of atomic energy, "Атомиздат" publ. pp. 106–112. 997:

The difference of the APF for air purifying negative pressure full-facepiece masks are not large. The difference between PAPR with helmets a few more. But measurements showed that the

406: 336: 1755:- APF = 25 for all approved PAPR; and APF = 1000 only for those approved respirators, that have been further tested in the workplace and there have shown high performance ( 522:

A surrogate measure of the workplace protection provided by a respirator (SWPF are measured in laboratory conditions, that imitate real workplace conditions during "work")

1735:- There is no information that would show that the values of these APFs were developed so that the difference in efficiency at the workplaces and in the laboratories is 2288:"Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a New Personal Sampling System for Assessing the Protection Provided by the N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators against Particles" 459:

workplaces with continuous use of respirators; and measured in the workplace when the workers used of respirators intermittently; measured not in the workplace while

498:

The minimum anticipated protection provided by a properly functioning respirator or class of respirators to a given percentage of properly fitted and trained users.

2057:

European Committee for Standardization (2005). "6 Verfahren zur Gefährdungsbeurteilung". In Technischen Komitee CEN/TC 79 "Respiratory protective devices" (ed.).

1869: 3202: 2729: 565: 335:, for reasons including: non-usage of the respirators in the contaminated atmosphere; leakage of unfiltered air through the gaps between the mask and face; and 444:

Studies have been carried out to measure the protection factors for the various types of respirators - not only in the laboratories, but also at the workplaces

413: 3661:

ISO/TS 16975-1 Respiratory protective devices. Selection, use and maintenance. Part 1: Establishing and implementing a respiratory protective device programme

3567:

Myers W. R.; Michael J. Peach III; K. Cutright; W. Iskander (1986). "Field Test of Powered Air-Purifying Respirators at a Battery Manufacturing Facility".

385:

In the first half of the 20th century, experts measured protective properties of respirators in the laboratories. They used different control substances (

1723:

1.2. The supplied air respirators - with positive pressure demand air supply to the masks; and with continuous flow air supply to the helmets or hoods.

147:. Protecting of the workers' health in this situation may be achieved by different means, listed below in order of decreasing of their effectiveness: 1861:

Values of IDLH concentrations and detailed recommendations for the selection of respirators (and self-rescuers) are available in the NIOSH directory.

3428:

Myers W.R.; Z. Zhuang; T. Nelson (1996). AIHA & ACGIH (ed.). "Field Performance Measurements of Half-Facepiece Respirators—Foundry Operations".

1979: 1856:

to prevent the leakage of unfiltered polluted air through gaps between their faces and the tight-fitting masks, which may not match to their faces

1776: 690: 3302:

Yao, Hong (姚红); She, Qiyuan (佘启元); Ding, Songtao (丁松涛); Li, Xiaoyin (李小银); Liu, Jiangge (刘江歌); Nai, Fang (奈芳); Li, Qinhua (黎钦华), eds. (2002).

2615:

Lenhart, Steeven; Donald L. Campbell (1984). "Assigned protection factors for two respirators types based upon workplace performance testing".

3551: 3270: 3241: 3176:(RPD selection, use and maintenance - in Russian) had no one APF value et all; but the authors of this document (which has been developed by 3049: 3011: 1984: 998: 561: 545: 455: 443: 417: 3625:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149 (3 ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 454. 2337:"Correlation Between Quantitative Fit Factors and Workplace Protection Factors Measured in Actual Workplace Environments at a Steel Foundry" 41: 52: 3401:

Wallis G.; Menke R.; Chelton C. (1993). "Workplace field testing of a disposable negative pressure half-mask dust respirator (3M 8710)".

530:

A measure of the protection provided in the workplace only while the respirator was properly worn and used during normal work activities

382:

The term "Protection Factor PF" has been used in the U.S., and the term "Penetration" was used in the soviet literature from the 1960s.

3128: 649: 1673: 944: 802: 123: 2391: 2026: 70: 3546:. HSE Contract research report No. 112/1996 (Institute of Occupational Medicine ed.). Edinburgh: Crown. pp. 73, 75, 77. 463:; measured in the laboratories under the simulation workplace's conditions; and for the protection factors, that can be expected ( 920: 764: 607: 578: 1786:

If there are several harmful substances in the workplace air, then the selected respirator must meet the following requirement:

3382:

CEN/TC 79 - Atemschutzgeräte (2005). "Anhang C. Schutzfactoren. C.2 Gebrauch von Schutzfaktoren" [Protection Factors].

1009:

Therefore, the values of the assigned PF in the US and in the UK are evidence-based; and they are very similar to each other.

728: 549:

Campbell and Steven Lenhart suggested to use the results of measurements of Workplace PF values for development of Assigned (

3600:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 87-116. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 305. 3184:), declare the document as a "national version of the EU standard EN 529". And this standard is non-mandatory for employers. 2115:

Hounam, R. F.; D. J. Morgan; D. T. O'Connor; R. J. Sherwood (1964). "The Evaluation of Protection Provided by Respirators".

1872:

is developing two international standards that govern the certification of respirators; and their selection and application

1847:

If this requirement is not met, the employer needs to choose a different type of respirator, which has a greater APF value.

378:(PF) = (the concentration of harmful substances on the outside of the mask) / (concentration under mask) = 1 / Penetration. 3230:

BS EN 529:2005 Respiratory protective devices. Recommendations for selection, use, care and maintenance. Guidance document

3194: 3698:) - the sum of its leakage through gaps betwing RPD mask and the face; and penetration through the air-purifying element. 2733: 126:(SCBA) with pressure-demand air supply mode into the full face mask. This is the most reliable RPD type, its APF = 10 000 3314:] (in Chinese). National Personal Protective Equipment Standardization Technical Committee, 3M China Ltd. p. 6. 1756: 1746: 1736: 1300: 624: 2335:

Zhuang, Ziqing; Christopher C. Coffey; Paul A. Jensen; Donald L. Campbell; Robert B. Lawrence; Warren R. Myers (2003).

195:

The substitution of a process by an alternative process likely to generate lower airborne concentrations of substances

2990:

JIS T 8150: 2006. Guidance for selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices = 呼吸用保護具の選択，使用及び保守管理方法

1876: 1720:

1.1. The air purifuing respirators (negative pressure; and powered PAPR) - with high efficiency filters (>99.95%);

883: 879: 698: 686: 618: 402: 332: 153: 327:

If the use of these methods is impossible, or if their use did not reduce the concentration of harmful substances to

3114: 1841: 328: 245: 231: 218: 91:. Therefore, specialists have developed criteria for the selection of proper, adequate respirators, including the 16: 694: 682: 287:

Use of monitors and warning devices to give a clear indication when unsafe airborne concentrations are present

564:(for the recommended standard, that is not mandatory). The same was made during the development of the APF by 3257:

Joint Technical Committee SF-010, Occupational Respiratory Protection (2009). "Section 4. Selection of RPE".

2059:

DIN EN 529:2006 "Atemschutzgeräte - Empfehlungen für Auswahl, Einsatz, Pflege und Instandhaltung - Leitfaden"

788: 689:(less than 19.5% oxygen). Nor can they be used in atmospheres with a contaminant concentration that may be 3390:] (in German). Leitfaden: Gremium NA 027-02-04 AA "Atemgeräte für Arbeit und Rettung". pp. 35–36. 3066: 2019:

British Standard BS 4275:1997 "Guide to implementing an effective respiratory protective device programme"

3095:"PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management" 45:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

3714: 3177: 3146:

IS 9623:2008 Recommendations for the selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices

182: 140: 2072:

Griffin, G. and D.J. Longson (1970). "The Hasard Due Inward Leakage of Gas into a Full Face Mask".

1851: 1844:

is the maximum allowable concentration for corresponding harmful substances in the breathing zone.

1772: 662: 557: 533: 509: 460: 259: 104: 3225: 428:

that were measured for the same worker in one day; for example - before and after the lunch break

178: 2017:

Technical Committee PH/4, Respiratory protection, ed. (1997). "4 Overall protective programme".

636:

Negative pressure full face mask. APF decreased from 900 to 40 after PF studies in the workplace

506:

A quantitative measure of the fit of a specific respirator facepiece to a particular individual

3334:

JIS T 8150: 2006. Guidance for selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices

3173: 272:

The introduction of appropriate working practices and systems of work, e.g. to close and store

3576: 3547: 3517: 3481: 3445: 3266: 3265:(5 ed.). Sydney (Australia) - Wellington (New Zealand): Standards Australia. p. 28. 3237: 3045: 3007: 2972: 2912: 2867: 2859: 2802: 2771: 2763: 2690: 2682: 2640: 2632: 2597: 2536: 2509: 2482: 2455: 2428: 2387: 2364: 2356: 2317: 2309: 2268: 2260: 2205: 2197: 2140: 2132: 2097: 2089: 2022: 697:

must be used. If concentrations of hazardous particulates or gasses that are greater than the

177:

The substitution of a given substance in a form that is less hazardous, e.g. replacing a fine

87:

can protect workers only if their protective properties are adequate to the conditions in the

1157:

Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) with loose-fitting hood or helmet, and THP3 filters

560:

of WPF values. The results of measurements of WPF has been used in the development of APF by

3626: 3601: 3509: 3473: 3437: 3410: 2954: 2851: 2755: 2674: 2624: 2570: 2420: 2409:"Overview of Industrial Testing Outcome of Respiratory Organs Personal Protection Equipment" 2348: 2299: 2252: 2189: 2124: 2081: 671: 667: 3536: 3384:

Atemschutzgeräte - Empfehlungen für Auswahl, Einsatz, Pflege und Instandhaltung - Leitfaden

1208:

Supplied Air Respirators (SARs) with full facepiece and positive pressure demand air supply

1018:

whose values differ significantly from the evidence-based values of APFs in the US and UK.

3028:Средства за защита на дихателните органи. Препоръки за избор, употреба, грижи и поддържане 394: 354:= (the concentration of harmful substances under mask) / (concentration outside the mask); 1718:- The APF values in the table are the maximum values for the selected RPD type, that is: 2500:

Myers, Warren; Lenhart, Steven; Campbell, Donald; Provost, Glendel (1983). "The Forum".

544:

A significant difference between respirator performance in the laboratories compared to

366:(concentration outside the mask) - (the concentration of harmful substances under mask) 2946: 2708: 1025: 826:

The table lists the APF values for the most common respirator types (for US and UK).

3708: 3544:

Workplace effectiveness of respiratory protective equipment for asbestos removal work

3042:

AS/NZS 1715:2009 "Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment"

2791:"Field Test of Powered Air-Purifying Respirators at a Battery Manufacturing Facility" 2424: 617:

Therefore, the use of such RPD types was limited 25 PEL in the United States, and 40

439: 3286: 3006:. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Standards Association International. 2012. p. 111. 3388:

DIN EN 529:2006-01 Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices

299: 3312:

GB/T 18664-2002 Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment

3291:(4 ed.). Mississauga (Ontario, Canada): Canadian Standards Association. 2011. 906:

Negative pressure air-purifying respirators with full facepieces with P100 filters

347:

Different terms may be used to describe the protective properties of respirators:

2820:

Cecala, Andrew B.; Volkwein, Jon C.; Thomas, Edward D.; Charles W. Urban (1981).

2158:

Gorodinski, Semyon (1979). "Chapter 4. Methods for PPE performance measurement".

143:

and other equipment can lead to air contamination with harmful substances in the

3201:. Personal Protective Equipment. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( 2408: 1272: 912:

Negative pressure air-purifying respirators with full facepieces with P3 filters

611: 597:

PAPR with hood. APF decreased from 1000 to 25 after PF studies in the workplaces

398: 3094: 1840:... and Cn are the concentrations of harmful substances number 1, 2 ... n; and 1729:

The APF for South Korea and RF are not mandatory, but recommended values only.

3636: 3513: 3477: 3441: 3414: 2988:

Japan Safety Appliances Association & Japan Standards Association (2006).

2855: 2759: 2678: 2628: 2352: 2240: 2193: 2085: 1140:

Negative pressure air-purifying respirators with full face mask and P3 filters

1123:

Negative pressure air-purifying respirators with full face mask and P2 filters

1024:

The Assigned Protection Factors for some main RPD types, developed in several

136: 131:

The different methods of protection from air pollution and their effectiveness

108: 84: 3580: 2959: 2916: 2863: 2806: 2767: 2686: 2662: 2636: 2601: 2574: 2540: 2513: 2486: 2459: 2432: 2360: 2336: 2313: 2264: 2256: 2201: 2177: 2136: 2128: 2093: 1767:

The use of the APFs when selecting respirators for known workplace conditions

1434:

Powered air purifying respirators (with forsed air supply into the facepiece)

3336:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Japanese Standards Association. 2006. p. 14 3233: 3199:

OSHA Standard: 29 Code of Federal Register 1910.134 "Respiratory Protection"

2386:. Vol. 3A (2 ed.). London: Willey-Interscience. pp. 677–678. 2304: 2287: 1875:

The standards governing the selection of respirators use the APF value. But

628:

Results of respirator Workplace Protection Factors (WPF) measurement. Source

273: 144: 100: 88: 21:

the concentration (under a mask), and (5) the sampling line (from the mask).

3630: 3605: 2562: 2368: 2321: 2209: 2144: 836:(developed on the basis of results of Workplace Protection Factors studies) 3521: 3485: 3449: 3409:(10) (American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal ed.): 576–583. 2871: 2775: 2694: 2644: 2272: 2101: 568:(in the development of the standard, that is mandatory for the employer). 3620: 3595: 3436:(2) (American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal ed.): 166–174. 1745:- For reference: there are the minimum values of the protection factors, 953:

SARs or SCBAs with full face mask and negative pressure demand air supply

856: 450:

Terminology to describe the different PF, and methods for APF development

426:

may change dozens of times over several minutes; and the two average PF (

3030:(in Bulgarian). София: Български институт за стандартизация. p. 54. 482:

The modern terminology for RPD performance description (pp. 22–26)

3535:

Howie R.M.; Johnstone J.B.G.; Weston P.; Aitken R.J.; Groat S. (1996).

1351:

Negative pressure respirators (without forsed air supply into the mask)

1260: 390: 3174:СИЗОД. Рекомендации по выбору, применению и техническому обслуживанию. 3067:"Elastomeric and Powered-Air Purifying Respirators in U.S. Healthcare" 2889:. Report No. LA-6084-MS. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 2789:

Myers, Warren; Michael J. Peach III; K. Cutright; W. Iskander (1986).

2446:

Hack, Alan; Fairchild, Chack; Scaggs, Barbara (1982). "the forum...".

1268: 454:

The experts used the results of measurements at the laboratories and

2241:"Respirator Efficiency Measurement Using Quantitative DOP Man Tests" 1554:

Supplied air respirators (with forsed air supply into the facepiece)

3652:

ISO 17420 Respiratory protective devices. Performance requirements.

3044:. Sidney, New South Wales: Standards Australia. 2009. p. 105. 467:) when the workers properly used the respirators at the workplace. 3368: 3263:

Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment

1252: 653:

Negative pressure half mask, possible APF decreased from 100 to 10

386: 1225:

SCBAs with full facepiece and positive pressure demand air supply

981:

SCBAs with full face mask and positive pressure demand air supply

2561:

Bollinger, Nancy; Campbell, Donald; Coffey, Christopher (2004).

2021:(3 ed.). London: British Standards Institution. p. 3. 1191:

SARs with full facepiece and negative pressure demand air supply

991: 967:

SARs with full face mask and positive pressure demand air supply

895: 868: 435: 3569:

Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection

2905:

Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection

2795:

Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection

1858:). Appendix A provides a detailed description of this testing. 1256:

values greatly exceed the values used in the US and in the UK.

898:

filtering facepieces or elastomeric half masks with P3 filters

871:

filtering facepieces or elastomeric half masks with P2 filters

111:

performs an effective respiratory protective device programme.

2992:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Japan Standards Association. p. 22. 24: 3355:

Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) (2012).

3508:(3) (The Annals of Occupational Hygiene ed.): 251–259. 3472:(6) (The Annals of Occupational Hygiene ed.): 541–552. 166:

The use of alternative substances which are less hazardous.

1737:

taken into account to the full extent (as in the US and UK)

923:(PAPRs) with loose-fitting hood or helmet, and P100 filters 658:

Negative pressure half mask respirators (after fit testing)

42:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3371:: Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. p. 21. 3129:"Respiratory Safety: An Interview with Industry Experts -" 2951:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2527:

Guy, Harry (1985). "Respirator Performance Terminology)".

606:

In a 1984 study by Myers et al., the WPF measurements for

572:

Development of APF values for the various respirator types

103:(after individual selection with a tight-fitting mask and 3195:"1910.134(d)(3)(i)(A) Assigned Protection Factors (APFs)" 3004:

CAN/CSA-Z94.4-11. Selection, use, and care of respirators

2160:

Personal protective equipment from radioactive substances

206:

Total or partially enclosed process and handling systems

3288:

CAN/CSA-Z94.4-11 Selection, use, and care of respirators

2707:

Federal Register vol. 68, No 109 / Friday, June 6, 2003

2176:

Burgess, William; Leslie Silverman; Felix Stein (1961).

3325: 2178:"A New Technique for Evaluating Respirator Performance" 2163:Средства индивидуальной защиты от радиоактивных веществ 999:

real effectiveness of RPD (at the workplace conditions)

929:

PAPRs with loose-fitting hood or helmet, and P3 filters

709:

Respirators are rated by APF; higher APFs protect more

343:

The effectiveness of respirators with different designs

48: 3696:

of air pollution from breathing zone to in-mask cavity

3365:

KOSHA Guide H-82–2012 Selection and use of respirators

2900: 2790: 886:

negative pressure air-purifying half mask respirators

859:

negative pressure air-purifying half mask respirators

2901:"Critical Issues Conference On In-Facepiece Sampling" 2382:

Cralley, Lewis; Cralley, Lester; et al. (1985).

2239:

Hyatt, E. C.; J. A. Pritchard; C.P. Richards (1972).

990:

US particle filters N95 are similar to P2; and P100 (

372:/ (concentration outside the mask) = 1 - Penetration; 312:

Provision of a respiratory protective device program

3359:[Appendix 3. Assigned Protection Factors]. 3110: 3108: 975:

SCBAs with full mask and pressure demand air supply

3682:Validation of ISO Protection Levels: Initial Steps 3594:Nancy J. Bollinger, Robert H. Schutz, ed. (1987). 2663:"The Assigned Protection Factor According to ANSI" 1865:International standard for RPD selection and usage 961:SARs with full mask and pressure demand air supply 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 3597:NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection 3430:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 3403:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2748:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2667:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2590:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2529:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2502:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2475:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2448:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2341:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2245:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 2182:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1013:The values of the APF in EU and other countries 830:The Assigned Protection Factors for some main ( 2824:. Bureau of Mines Report No. 8591. p. 10. 2656: 2654: 2588:Dupraz, Carol (1986). "Letter to the Editor". 947:(SCBA) with full mask and air supply on demand 536:; and without mask doffing during measurement) 442:of the US, the experts changed their opinion. 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 1284:for different RPD types in several countries 8: 3117:, time 8:19 (loose) and 8:43 (tight-fitting) 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 693:, or in unknown atmospheres. In these cases 519:Simulated Workplace Protection Factor (SWPF) 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 1174:PAPRs with full face mask, and TMP3 filters 532:(WPF are measured at the workplaces, after 3168: 3166: 2822:Protection Factors of the Airstream Helmet 2563:"III. Respirator Selection Logic Sequence" 1882: 1771:US law obliges the employer to accurately 1277: 1020: 478: 149: 3232:. London: British Standards Institution ( 3133:Occupational Health & Safety Magazine 2958: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2384:Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 2303: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 71:Learn how and when to remove this message 3684:. 17th ISRP Biennial Conference. Prague. 2407:Kirillov, Vladimir; et al. (2014). 1264:protective properties at the workplace. 828: 707: 648: 631: 623: 592: 469: 430:) can differ by more than 12 000 times. 412: 317: 118: 15: 3172:RF state standard ГОСТ Р 12.4.279-2012 1996: 1980:Immediately dangerous to life or health 691:immediately dangerous to life or health 3622:NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards 2286:Lee, Shu-An; Sergey Grinshpun (2005). 1106:Elastomeric half masks with P3 filters 1072:Elastomeric half masks with P2 filters 888:(filtering facepieces or elastomeric) 861:(filtering facepieces or elastomeric) 822:Comparison of APF in the US and the UK 752:Full-face-mask elastomeric respirators 333:effective means of controlling hazards 181:by a coarser powder, pellets, or by a 3065:Radonovich, Lew (September 5, 2017). 1985:Respirators testing in the workplaces 1747:measured in the workplace during work 337:delayed replacement of gas cartridges 7: 85:respiratory protective devices (RPD) 2473:Dupraz, Carol (1983). "The Forum". 1886:New ISO RPD classification and APF 1783:equal or exceed the Hazard Factor. 943:Supplied Air Respirators (SARs) or 124:Self Containing Breathing Apparatus 3502:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 3466:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 3180:- corporation "ROSKHIMZASCHITA" / 2947:"NIOSH respirator selection logic" 2844:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2617:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2292:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2117:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2074:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1674:Self-contained breathing apparatus 945:Self Contained Breathing Apparatus 803:Self-contained breathing apparatus 389:, halogenated hydrocarbon vapour, 14: 3226:"Appendix C. Protection Factors." 1749:in the last column of the table. 921:Powered Air-Purifying Respirators 741:Half-mask elastomeric respirators 641:Negative pressure full face masks 608:Powered Air Purifying Respirators 579:Powered Air Purifying Respirators 527:Workplace Protection Factor (WPF) 3259:Australian/New Zealand Standard 2567:NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic 2425:10.17686/sced_rusnauka_2014-1034 585:Correction of Assigned PF values 546:the efficiency at the workplaces 495:Assigned Protection Factor (APF) 29: 3619:Michael E. Barsan, ed. (2007). 2945:Bollinger, Nancy (2004-10-01). 1281:The Assigned Protection Factors 729:filtering facepiece respirators 1267:The APFs are not developed in 1: 3306:[4. RPD selection]. 3182:"Russian Chemical Protection" 2887:Respirator Protection Factors 1894:ISO requirements for approval 811:both particulates and gasses 797:both particulates and gasses 783:both particulates and gasses 772:both particulates and gasses 758:both particulates and gasses 747:both particulates and gasses 1825:) + ... + Cn/(APF×PELn) ≤ 1 1036:APF in several EU countries 687:oxygen-deficient atmospheres 3694:TIL, Total Inward Leakage ( 3326:"Appendix 1. RPD selection" 3224:BSI PH/4 Committee (2005). 3178:RPD manufacturer and seller 2711:Assigned Protection Factors 699:occupational exposure limit 614:at 2 m/s air velocity 553:) PF values (APF) - as the 154:Hierarchy of hazard control 93:Assigned Protection Factors 3731: 3156:Ukrainian state standard ( 3115:File:Respirator Types.webm 2415:(in English and Russian). 2413:Toksikologicheskiy Vestnik 1714: 1677:with full facepiece mask 1552: 1432: 1349: 1301:measured at the workplaces 1294: 1280: 705:(APF) for the conditions. 703:assigned protection factor 602:PAPR with helmets or hoods 490:A description of the term 3442:10.1080/15428119691015106 3415:10.1080/15298669391355080 2760:10.1080/15298668491400449 2679:10.1080/15428119691014594 2353:10.1080/15428110308984867 2194:10.1080/00028896109343432 1885: 1297: 1288: 1035: 1032: 1023: 695:air-supplying respirators 683:Air-purifying respirators 481: 276:securely when not in use 232:Local exhaust ventilation 219:local exhaust ventilation 152: 3360: 3356: 3329: 3307: 3303: 3027: 2960:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100 2736:"Respiratory Protection" 2575:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100 2257:10.1080/0002889728506721 2223:Bureau of Mines (1965). 2162: 1089:FFP3 filtering facepices 1055:FFP2 filtering facepices 789:Supplied-air respirators 508:(FF are measured during 438:particle filters in the 99:) by taught and trained 3514:10.1093/annhyg/27.3.251 3478:10.1093/annhyg/34.6.547 3158:national version EN 529 2856:10.1093/annhyg/34.6.547 2661:Nelson, Thomas (1996). 2629:10.1093/annhyg/28.2.173 2086:10.1093/annhyg/13.2.147 558:95% confidence interval 217:Partial enclosure with 137:technological processes 3680:Clayton, Mike (2014). 3631:10.26616/NIOSHPUB87108 3606:10.26616/NIOSHPUB87116 2129:10.1093/annhyg/7.4.353 654: 637: 629: 598: 476: 422: 324: 127: 51:by rewriting it in an 22: 3641:more detailed version 2305:10.1093/annhyg/meh097 1773:measure air pollution 678:US Assigned PF values 652: 635: 627: 596: 473: 416: 321: 122: 19: 3330:呼吸用保護具の選択，使用及び保守管理方法 2885:Hyatt, E.C. (1976). 551:expected in practice 135:The imperfection of 3367:] (in Korean). 3357:별표 3. 호흡용 보호구별 보호계수 1777:IDLH concentrations 838: 710: 258:Reducing period of 1291:по лицевой части 1251:State standard in 829: 736:particulates only 708: 685:cannot be used in 655: 638: 630: 599: 477: 423: 325: 128: 53:encyclopedic style 40:is written like a 23: 3553:978-0-7176-1201-7 3272:978-0-7337-9000-3 3243:978-0-580-46908-4 3051:978-0-7337-9000-3 3013:978-1-55491-684-9 2973:Wikimedia Commons 1967: 1966: 1897:Protection level 1764: 1763: 1241: 1240: 988: 987: 815: 814: 777:Elastomeric PAPRs 542: 541: 487:Protection Factor 456:at the workplaces 403:dioctyl phthalate 376:Protection Factor 316: 315: 81: 80: 73: 3722: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3634: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3261:AS/NZS 1715:2009 3254: 3248: 3247: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3191: 3185: 3170: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3099:www.remm.nlm.gov 3091: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2971:For download on 2970: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2942: 2921: 2920: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2839: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2558: 2545: 2544: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2307: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2054: 2033: 2032: 2014: 1883: 1298:Minimum values, 1278: 1021: 839: 711: 479: 440:nuclear industry 150: 76: 69: 65: 62: 56: 33: 32: 25: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3639:on NIOSH site ( 3637:on-line version 3618: 3617: 3613: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3308:呼吸防护用品的选择、使用与维护 3305: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3171: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3127:Brooks, Robyn. 3126: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2965: 2963: 2944: 2943: 2924: 2911:(1): 25. 1988. 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2841: 2840: 2829: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2754:(10): 681–688. 2745: 2744: 2740: 2734:29 CFR 1910.134 2728: 2715: 2709:pp. 34036-34119 2706: 2702: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2560: 2559: 2548: 2535:(5): В22, B24. 2526: 2525: 2521: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2251:(10): 635–643. 2238: 2237: 2233: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2055: 2036: 2029: 2016: 2015: 1998: 1993: 1976: 1905:TIL < 0.001% 1867: 1839: 1833: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1769: 1289:Facepiece type 1015: 824: 680: 668:"safety factor" 587: 574: 452: 395:sodium chloride 371: 365: 345: 133: 117: 77: 66: 60: 57: 49:help improve it 46: 34: 30: 12: 11: 5: 3728: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3687: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3611: 3586: 3559: 3552: 3527: 3491: 3455: 3420: 3393: 3374: 3361:호흡용 보호구의 사용지 침 3347: 3317: 3294: 3278: 3271: 3249: 3242: 3216: 3186: 3162: 3149: 3138: 3119: 3104: 3075: 3057: 3050: 3033: 3019: 3012: 2995: 2980: 2922: 2892: 2877: 2850:(6): 541–552. 2827: 2812: 2781: 2738: 2713: 2700: 2673:(8): 735–740. 2650: 2623:(2): 173–182. 2607: 2580: 2546: 2519: 2508:(3): B25–B26. 2492: 2481:(3): B24–B25. 2465: 2438: 2419:(129): 44–49. 2399: 2392: 2374: 2347:(6): 730–738. 2327: 2298:(3): 245–257. 2278: 2231: 2215: 2188:(6): 422–429. 2168: 2150: 2123:(4): 353–363. 2107: 2080:(2): 147–151. 2064: 2034: 2027: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916:TIL < 0.01% 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1866: 1863: 1835: 1829: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1634:Hood or helmet 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597:Full face mask 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1514:Hood or helmet 1511: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477:Full face mask 1474: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395:Full face mask 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1313:United Kingdom 1311: 1307: 1306: 1296: 1293: 1286: 1285: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1014: 1011: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 965: 962: 958: 957: 954: 951: 948: 940: 939: 937:TH3 or TM3 40 934:TH2 or TM2 20 932:TH1 or TM1 10 930: 927: 924: 917: 916: 913: 910: 907: 903: 902: 899: 893: 890: 876: 875: 872: 866: 863: 853: 852: 849: 848:RPD type in UK 846: 843: 842:RPD type in US 823: 820: 813: 812: 809: 806: 799: 798: 795: 792: 785: 784: 781: 778: 774: 773: 770: 767: 760: 759: 756: 753: 749: 748: 745: 742: 738: 737: 734: 731: 724: 723: 722:protects from 720: 715: 679: 676: 660: 659: 643: 642: 604: 603: 586: 583: 573: 570: 540: 539: 528: 524: 523: 520: 516: 515: 504: 500: 499: 496: 492: 491: 488: 484: 483: 451: 448: 397:and oil mist, 380: 379: 373: 367: 361: 355: 344: 341: 314: 313: 310: 303: 302: 296: 289: 288: 285: 278: 277: 270: 263: 262: 256: 249: 248: 242: 235: 234: 229: 222: 221: 215: 208: 207: 204: 197: 196: 193: 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