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the victims were typically "poor, uneducated women" from New
England and Connecticut who came to New York for abortions. Maria Bodine was sent to Madame Restell by her master so that she could procure an abortion from Restell. Restell determined that Maria was too far along to have an abortion, but Maria's master insisted. Finally, he paid Restell heavily, and she agreed to perform Maria's abortion. Maria then returned to her job as a maid. She fell ill and upon visiting a doctor, was forced to admit her abortion. Restell was taken to trial. During this case, Madame Restell's defense painted Bodine as a "loose" woman whose injuries were a result of
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Restell and her husband were charging between $ 50 (equivalent to $ 1,696 in 2023) and $ 100 (equivalent to $ 3,391 in 2023) per abortion at this time and had a regular clientele. Before the 1845 law, Restell was charging her clients on a sliding scale according to social class. Many of
Restell's wealthier patients were charged upwards of $ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 33,911 in 2023). While Madame Restell reduced her business, the press did not leave her reputation to rest. She was dubbed "The Wickedest Woman in New York".
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abortifacients or performing abortions at any stage during the pregnancy a misdemeanor punishable by a mandatory year in jail. Additionally, women who sought after an abortion or attempted their own abortion were fined $ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 32,700 in 2023). Abortion legally became defined as an obscene subject and was no longer covered in the papers. Women were no longer allowed to freely discuss abortion. Restell skirted the legalities by advertising her services as methods to regulate menses.
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385:, which officially launched a campaign in 1857 to end abortion. In order to rally support for their cause, the AMA targeted Restell, the most celebrated abortion provider and deemed her the enemy. The term "Restellism" became a euphemism for abortion. With the swift changes of law in New York, Restell was constantly being hounded by authorities and anti-abortion crusaders to end her practice.
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society, Restell devised another solution. Self-professed doctors and pharmacists, she and her husband became surgeons. The new title ensured more profitable procedures could be performed under the same legal penalty given for offering medication-induced abortions. Abortifacients used in this era were often blends of herbs such as
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disappeared. Restell was accused of kidnapping and being too greedy. When
Restell was taken to court, Medinger did not show. Many assumed Restell had paid her to drop the case. Restell was dismissed, and the woman and her baby were never heard of again. It is assumed the child was adopted through an arrangement by Restell.
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indicted for murder—indicators of growing opposition to the practice on a national scale. A similar case was that of Dr. John
Stevens, a physician who performed an abortion on a young Boston woman named Gallagher. Her death, a consequence of this high-risk operation, prompted Stevens to be accused of
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The various reactions to
Restell and her New York practice echoed general attitudes toward abortion in the United States. Traveling salesmen in cities such as Boston and Philadelphia heard of her financial success and sold pills to capitalize on similar profits. Before her own legal troubles, Restell
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covered New York's "crime news" and detailed stories about theft, abortion, and rape. Coverage was not limited to New York but rather extended to major cities throughout the United States and Europe. The
Gazette claimed that in addition to performing abortions, "...most of the abandoned infants found
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Madame
Restell had amassed a fortune. She owned several plots of land, one of which featured an extravagant mansion. She had the finest horses, carriages, and silk dresses. The Civil War gave Restell the cover she needed to get her business back on her feet. Although she had been imprisoned once and
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In 1840, a patient named Maria Purdy accused
Restell of causing tuberculosis through the abortion procedure. The press erupted with anger against Restell, calling her "the monster in human shape" and charging her with acts against God. Restell promised monetary compensation to anyone who could prove
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After Madame
Restell finished her sentence, she reworked her business. She removed surgical abortions entirely, and concentrated her efforts on pills and her boarding house. In 1854, Restell applied for U.S. citizenship and was granted it. Evidence given in a breach-of-promise case in 1854 suggests
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In 1847, Charges were again brought against
Restell for performing an abortion, which led to a conviction. This conviction, however, was "universally hailed," and media coverage of the trial prompted discussion surrounding for-profit abortions performed by physicians. Furthermore, it was noted that
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Mary Applegate was an unmarried woman, a mistress, who had been sent to Madame Restell from Philadelphia by her illicit lover. The father had arranged for Restell to adopt the baby for other people. Applegate was unaware of this deal until she had returned to Philadelphia and was greeted coldly by
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In 1855, Frederica Medinger, a German immigrant, approached Restell asking for a room to stay in until the birth of her child. According to Medinger, Restell gave her six pills at the time of the birth. A day after the birth, Medinger asked for her child and was told by Restell that the child had
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also publicly condemned Restell's profession. On July 7, 1839—the earliest press's attack on Restell—his editorial claimed her business "...strikes at the root of all social order." According to Smith, doctors believed Restell was engaging in dangerous work, and that "...what she was doing was
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Abortion was soon outlawed by the state of New York in 1845. This law further restricted the previous laws from a decade earlier. An abortion that resulted in the death of the mother or was performed after the "quickening" was second degree manslaughter. A new addendum to the law made selling
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products such as "preventative powders" and "Female Monthly Pills", advertised under the name "Madame Restell". She sold these products through the post and performed house visits. When these "Monthly Pills" proved insufficient for a woman to end a pregnancy and thus maintain good standing in
521:, which made it illegal to discuss or distribute anything considered obscene by the government. Breaking these laws was punishable by six months to five years in prison and a fine from $ 100 (equivalent to $ 2,543 in 2023) to $ 2000 (equivalent to $ 50,867 in 2023).
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was an influential moral reformer, who sought not only to regulate sexual activity, but the very way society thought about sex. He considered any information about the prevention or termination of a pregnancy to be pornographic. In 1873, the U.S. Congress enacted the
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While some physician took clear moral stances on the issue, others found their campaign increased the likelihood that untrained physicians would be penalized, thereby creating the potential to advance the activists' own professional goals.
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was set at $ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 31,572 in 2023). She was said to have reached into her purse to pull out $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 315,724 in 2023), but the judge would accept only regular bail bonds, so Restell had to pay a
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Charles and Ann developed a story to validate Ann's interests in midwifery and women's health. According to their story, she had travelled to Europe to train in midwifery with a renowned French physician named Restell. She began selling
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and had nothing to do with Restell, and Maria Bodine's lawyers cast Restell as a godless incompetent woman. Restell lost the case and was charged with a misdemeanor and a one-year prison sentence which was on Blackwell's Island.
548:; she had slit her own throat on the morning of April 1, 1878. Upon her death, she was found to be worth between $ 500,000 (equivalent to $ 15,786,207 in 2023) and $ 600,000 (equivalent to $ 18,943,448 in 2023).
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her former lover. Applegate then went back to Restell to ask for her child back, but Restell claimed to know nothing of the infant. Restell immediately was painted as the villain by the press in publications such as the
352:. These were thought to upset the digestive tract, inducing a miscarriage. Surgical abortions included rupturing the amniotic sac, or dilating the cervix (premature labor), or even in-utero decapitation.
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496:"Since the embryo, they argued, was fully alive from the point of conception, abortion at any point, regardless of whether the mother had quickened or not—was murder pure and simple."
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was found dead in the Hudson River. Newspapers suggested that she had died during an abortion carried out by Restell. Her case was made more famous due to the short story by
254:, Gloucestershire, England in 1812 to John and (Mary) Ann Trow (nee Lewis). Her father was a labourer. At the age of 15, she started work as a maid in a butcher's family.
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Ann's brother, Joseph Trow, had also emigrated to New York, and was working as a sales assistant in a pharmacy. Ann continued to develop an interest in women's health.
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that her methods were dangerous, and while she was initially found guilty, her appeal overturned said verdict. Her uneasy relationship with public opinion continued.
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Madame Restell was arrested by Comstock, who posed as a customer looking for birth control pills and took the police around the next day to have her arrested.
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984:
Lizza, Ryan. "The Abortion Capital of America: As the Pro-Life Movement Intensifies Nationwide, New York Contemplates Its History and Future as a Refuge".
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Though the Civil War distracted many Americans from the abortion debate, its end allowed some physicians to return to their anti-abortion campaign.
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When Restell began her business, abortions were hardly illegal. Only surgical abortions were forbidden, and this was only after the
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Ann Trow Lohman is acknowledged as the inspiration for Kate Manning's heroine Annie "Axie" Muldoon in her historical novel
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Madame Restell: The Life, Death, and Resurrection of Old New York's Most Fabulous, Fearless, and Infamous Abortionist
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immigrant, Charles Lohman. Charles Lohman worked in the printing industry, and at the time was a printer for the
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in 1833. Ann Trow Sommers was left alone with an infant daughter, Caroline, and was forced to make a living as a
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Madame Restell became so well known throughout New York City that copies of her trials were published in the
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839:"The Notorious Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue - The Bowery Boys: New York City History"
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impossible without endangering the lives of the patients." Her work was considered "sinful".
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Madame Restell advertised her services as a "Female Physician" in newspapers such as the
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1040:"Advertising abortion in the 1830s and 1840s: Madame Restell Builds a Business"
677:"Advertising abortion in the 1830s and 1840s: Madame Restell Builds a Business"
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She was met with opposition from the press. Enoch E. Camp and George Wilkes'
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Madame Restell is a prominent character in Marge Piercy's historical novel
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Moral Physiology; or, a Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question
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At the age of sixteen, she married Henry Sommers, an alcoholic tailor from
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Manning, Kate (June 6, 2009). "Abortion Wars, The First Time Around".
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almost daily throughout the city came from her establishment."
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1150: (archived December 23, 2005) by Cynthia Watkins Richardson
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The Notorious Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue"
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733:. Illinois: University for Illinois Press. pp. 111–136.
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Restell features as a minor character in Gore Vidal's novel
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Fruits of Philosophy: A Treatise on the Population Question
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Fruits of Philosophy: A Treatise on the Population Question
301:. With Matsell, Charles was involved in the publication of
1035:"End of a Criminal Life". New York Times. April 2, 1878.
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heard stories of abortion providers in Philadelphia and
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Conservative editors such as Samuel Jenks Smith of the
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1154:"Sins of New York As 'Exposed' by the Police Gazette"
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purveyor of patent medicine, midwifery, and abortions
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accused numerous times, Restell appeared unscathed.
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British-born American abortion provider and midwife
1144:"In the Eye of Power: The Notorious Madam Restell"
1227:Suicides by sharp instrument in the United States
1104:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 111–135.
1062:"Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue"
868:"Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue"
588:Restell is featured in Edward Rutherfurd's novel
230:(May 6, 1812 – April 1, 1878), better known as
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652:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCarlson2008 (
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297:, the publisher of the radical journal the
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1071:"Madame Restell | American Abortionist".
215:Henry Sommers (married 1828 or 1829–1833)
98:Learn how and when to remove this message
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126:Restell depicted in an 1888 illustration
920:"Madame Restell | American abortionist"
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1237:English emigrants to the United States
843:The Bowery Boys: New York City History
427:New York Medical and Surgical Reporter
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782:Gray, Christopher (10 October 2013).
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1192:19th-century American businesspeople
1115:. New York, NY USA: Hachette Books.
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69:, as they are easily broken. Please
1197:19th-century American businesswomen
942:Kim, "Those Magnificent Women," 91.
784:"Madame Restell's Other Profession"
149:Painswick, Gloucestershire, England
1057:. San Francisco: Reader's Library.
758:. San Francisco: Reader's Library.
595:Ann Trow Lohman is the subject of
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1232:Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
772:. 16. Hamden: Archon Books, 1988.
242:who practiced in New York City.
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770:The Wickedest Woman in New York
218:Charles Lohman (married 1836–?)
1038:Olasky, Marvin (Summer 1986).
693:10.1080/00947679.1986.12066623
675:Olasky, Marvin (Summer 1986).
234:, was a British-born American
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895:. Random House. p. 128.
83:), or an abbreviated title.
65:Knowledge (XXG)'s style guide
1222:Suicides in New York (state)
1212:People from Roosevelt Island
1207:Criminals from New York City
1012:The Louisville Daily Courier
398:New York Sunday Morning News
293:, a friend and colleague of
277:Ann remarried in 1836, to a
1202:American abortion providers
1100:Carlson, A. Cheree (2009).
729:Carlson, A. Cheree (2009).
1253:
1163:(2016) Bowery Boys Podcast
1156:(1930) by Edward van Every
1053:Knowlton, Charles (1891).
754:Knowlton, Charles (1891).
442:The Mystery of Marie RogĂŞt
1109:Wright, Jennifer (2023).
893:The Murder of the Century
476:New York Halls of Justice
455:Blackwell's Island Prison
119:
1073:Encyclopedia Britannica.
1102:The Crimes of Womanhood
1068:. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
924:Encyclopedia Britannica
731:The Crimes of Womanhood
390:National Police Gazette
73:by replacing them with
1081:. New York: Atheneum.
1077:Keller, Allan (1981).
963:. New York: Atheneum.
959:Keller, Allan (1981).
891:Collins, Paul (2011).
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530:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
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187:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
1217:People from Painswick
563:Bloomsbury Publishing
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487:Lowell, Massachusetts
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250:Ann Trow was born in
316:Fruits of Philosophy
71:improve this article
1000:The Wickedest Woman
998:Browder, Clifford.
808:The Wickedest Woman
806:Browder, Clifford.
768:Browder, Clifford.
621:History of abortion
175:Cause of death
43:Constructs such as
1094:The New York Times
1044:Journalism History
788:The New York Times
681:Journalism History
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508:Arrest by Comstock
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986:New York Magazine
902:978-0-307-59220-0
740:978-0-252-03401-5
559:My Notorious Life
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1126:. Retrieved
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1030:Bibliography
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927:. Retrieved
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875:. Retrieved
871:
847:. Retrieved
845:. 2016-08-18
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791:. Retrieved
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687:(2): 49–55.
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649:Carlson 2008
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569:
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546:Fifth Avenue
534:
511:
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167:Fifth Avenue
160:(1878-04-01)
94:
85:
78:
62:
56:
50:
44:
1182:1878 deaths
1177:1812 births
1066:Smithsonian
872:Smithsonian
434:Mary Rogers
309:(1831) and
291:freethinker
285:. He was a
169:, Manhattan
146:May 6, 1812
88:August 2024
80:quick guide
1171:Categories
929:2017-12-02
877:2017-12-01
849:2018-07-04
819:Ibid., 67.
793:2018-07-04
632:References
574:Gilded Age
552:Literature
379:fetus move
375:quickening
272:seamstress
246:Early life
142:1812-05-06
18:Restellism
1128:9 October
637:Citations
432:In 1841,
320:(1831).
264:Wiltshire
252:Painswick
52:loc. cit.
1050:: 49–55.
616:Abortion
610:See also
599:'s play
590:New York
570:Sex Wars
542:bondsman
490:murder.
462:syphilis
408:and the
305:'s book
236:abortion
165:Home on
136:Ann Trow
1146:at the
342:calomel
287:radical
268:typhoid
240:midwife
209:Spouses
178:suicide
1119:
1085:
967:
899:
737:
364:Herald
258:Career
1002:, 27.
810:, 56.
658:p.112
406:Times
348:, or
338:ergot
46:ibid.
1130:2023
1117:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1048:13:2
965:ISBN
897:ISBN
735:ISBN
654:help
582:1876
537:Bail
346:aloe
289:and
155:Died
132:Born
61:are
58:idem
55:and
689:doi
444:".
440:, "
383:AMA
313:'s
1173::
1064:.
1046:.
1042:.
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