Restorative justice - Knowledge (XXG)

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imposed, such as writing apology letters, performing community service or – for example, in cases of bullying – composing a research paper on the negative effects of bullying. This approach develops and fosters empathy, as participating parties must come to understand the needs of all stakeholders in order for the conflict to be fully rectified. Both the offending party and the wronged/victimized party can address and begin to resolve their obstacles to achieving their education, with the aid of the restorative justice partners. Behavioral problems stemming from grief, for example, may be recognized and acknowledged within restorative justice programs; as a result, the party would be referred to a counselor to receive grief counseling. In theory, this will decrease the likelihood of the offender causing further harm. Some studies claim that taking punitive measures against a grieving person will cause more distress, leading to more troublesome behavior. By approaching student discipline with restorative justice in the forefront, conflicts may be resolved to meet the funding needs of the school district – by way of reduced student absenteeism, rehabilitate the offending party, and to restore justice and make whole the wronged party. Collectivity and empathy are further developed by having students participate in restorative justice circles in administering roles such as mediators or jurors.

1360:...a growing social movement to institutionalize peaceful approaches to harm, problem-solving and violations of legal and human rights. These range from international peacemaking tribunals such as the South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission to innovations within the criminal and juvenile justice systems, schools, social services and communities. Rather than privileging the law, professionals and the state, restorative resolutions engage those who are harmed, wrongdoers and their affected communities in search of solutions that promote repair, reconciliation and the rebuilding of relationships. Restorative justice seeks to build partnerships to reestablish mutual responsibility for constructive responses to wrongdoing within our communities. Restorative approaches seek a balanced approach to the needs of the victim, wrongdoer and community through processes that preserve the safety and dignity of all. 1329: 1320:, in a restorative justice program, is to organize a meeting between the victim and the offender. This is sometimes done with representatives of the wider community. The goal is for them to share their experience of what happened, to discuss who was harmed by the crime and how, and to create a consensus for what the offender can do to repair the harm from the offense. This may include a payment of money given from the offender to the victim, apologies and other amends, and other actions to compensate those affected and to prevent the offender from causing future harm. However, restorative justice practices are firmly rooted in the needs of the victim, and may simply support holding the perpetrator accountable and the sharing of victim impact statements without dialogue. 1704: 1894:

integrating forces at individual, group, social and spiritual levels that are associated with the limiting of crime and recovery from victimization. In traditional approaches the study of crime, violence and related behaviors emphasizes the negative aspects in people's lives that are associated with deviance, criminality and victimization. A common understanding is that human relationships are affected more by destructive encounters than by constructive or positive ones. Positive criminology and victimology argue that a different approach is viable, based on three dimensions – social integration, emotional healing and spirituality – that constitute positive direction indicators.

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lead to better relations between the police and minority groups. Its first stage is to look at the extent and role of restorative justice programs within the countries. The second stage is to look at the position of certain minority populations within the societies, with the study focusing on Turks in Germany, Roma in Hungary and Africans in Austria. The involvement of the police in restorative justice programs for minority populations will be explored. Finally, the proposed research will give examples of when restorative justice can be used to improve communication and interaction between the police and minority groups. The study deals with countries that use the

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restorative practices might include teachers and students devising classroom expectations together or setting up community building in the classroom. Restorative justice also focuses on justice as needs and obligations, expands justice as conversations between the offender, victim and school, and recognizes accountability as understanding the impact of actions and repairing the harm. In this approach, teachers, students and the community can reach agreements to meet all stakeholders’ needs. Collectivity is emphasized as the group must create an action plan to heal the harm and find a way to bring the offender back into the community.

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in (2006) and Rodriguez (2007) have also concluded that restorative justice reduces recidivism rates compared to the traditional justice system. Bergseth (2007) and Bouffard (2012) supported these findings and also concluded that there may be some long-term effects of restorative justice over the traditional justice system; as well as restorative justice being more effective with serious crimes, restorative justice participants are less likely to commit serious crimes if they do re-offend and they go longer without re-offending. All of these studies found that restorative justice is equally effective regardless of race.

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Fijian context, the notion of family extends wider than that of the normative Western idea. Therefore, involving the family in these cases may become complicated, for the family may not necessarily side with the victim or the process itself could cause rifts within the clan. Furthermore, the process as a whole places much emphasis on the victim forgiving the offender, as opposed to the offender making amends with the victim. Overall, the current process has the potential to cause great trauma and revictimise the victim.

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victim-centered approach to determine the most effective mode of implementation for a comprehensive reparations program. The main finding of the report is that victims demand tangible basic benefits lost as a product of violence, such as food and shelter. It also acknowledges the need for symbolic reparations, such as formal apologies. The provision of reparations will in a sense create a restoration of the way life was before violence, and also signal the moving forward of a society through institutional change.

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reduced recidivism by nearly 80%. Further, recidivist offences were less invasive and less brutal than without the program. CoSA projects now exist in every Canadian province and every major urban centre. CoSA projects are also operational in several U.S. states (Iowa, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Ohio, Colorado, Vermont) as well as in several United Kingdom regions (Cornwall, Devon, Hampshire, Thames Valley, Leicestershire, North Wales, North Yorkshire, and Manchester).

1521:"Restorative justice is a fast-growing state, national, and international social movement that seeks to bring together people to address the harm caused by crime," write Mark Umbreit and Marilyn Peterson Armour. "Restorative justice views violence, community decline, and fear-based responses as indicators of broken relationships. It offers a different response, namely the use of restorative solutions to repair the harm related to conflict, crime, and victimization." 1344:...a process where all stakeholders affected by an injustice have an opportunity to discuss how they have been affected by the injustice and to decide what should be done to repair the harm. With crime, restorative justice is about the idea that because crime hurts, justice should heal. It follows that conversations with those who have been hurt and with those who have inflicted the harm must be central to the process. 1951:

experiences with restorative justice, their level of satisfaction was lower than offenders. Some victims report feeling the offender's apologies are disingenuous and/or that their experience and emotions are invalidated. In other studies, a minority victims have reported feeling pressured to forgive the offender, downplay the intensity of their emotions, or move quickly through the restorative justice process.

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serious offenses and with adult offenders) it is significantly more effective than the traditional justice system at lowering recidivism rates. It also reduced crime victims' post-traumatic stress symptoms and related costs and desires for violent revenge against their offenders. It provided both victims and offenders with more satisfaction with justice than the alternative, and saved money overall.

1712:"he victim is encouraged to attend but is under no obligation, and in some instances the victim may be represented by another party." However, alternatives to the practice exist, such as reading victim impact statements while holding the perpetrator accountable, reducing the risk of further harm or revictimization. In addition, the meeting may include people representing the wider community. 1748:, victim–offender conferencing, victim–offender reconciliation, or restorative justice dialogue), is usually a meeting, in the presence of one or two trained facilitators, between victim and offender. This system generally involves few participants, and often is the only option available to incarcerated offenders. Victim Offender Dialogue originated in Canada as part of an alternative 35: 1877:(sometimes called peacemaking circles) use traditional circle ritual and structure to involve all interested parties. The procedure commonly works as follows: the offender applies for the intervention, a healing circle is held for the victim, a healing circle is held for the offender, a sentencing circle is held and finally, follow-up circles to monitor progress. 1862:. This approach has demonstrated the capacity to enhance the safe integration of otherwise high-risk sex offenders with their community. Canada judges some sex offenders too dangerous for any form of conditional release, "detaining" them until they serve their entire sentence. A subsequent conviction often leads to designation as a "Dangerous Offender". 4972: 1309:

that it had a higher rate of victim satisfaction and offender accountability than traditional methods of justice delivery. However, practitioners have commented that the field has attracted increased risks of revictimization. Its use has seen worldwide growth since the 1990s. Restorative justice inspired and is part of the wider study of

3158:, T. Restorative justice: new paradigm, sensitising theory or even practice?. Restorative Justice: an International Journal, Routledge 2015, 3:3, 453–459; Trenczek, T. (2013): Beyond Restorative Justice to Restorative Practice; in Cornwell, D./Blad, J./Wright, M. (eds.) Civilizing Criminal Justice, Hook, Hampshire (UK) 2013, pp. 409–428. 1566:, were among the early proponents. "he antinomian groups advocating and supporting restorative justice, such as the Mennonites (as well as Amish and Quaker groups), subscribe to principled pacifism and also tend to believe that restorative justice is much more humane than the punitive juvenile and criminal justice systems." 2051:); restorative justice fails to "restore" victims and offenders; restorative justice fails to effect real change and to prevent recidivism; restorative justice results in discriminatory outcomes; restorative justice extends police powers; restorative justice leaves power imbalances untouched; restorative justice leads to 1489:... n many ways, restorative justice represents a validation of values and practices that were characteristic of many indigenous groups," whose traditions were "often discounted and repressed by western colonial powers". For example, in New Zealand, prior to European contact, the Maori had a well-developed system called 3125:– Grundlagen, Praxisprobleme und Perspektiven; in: Baier, D. et al. (eds.): Festschrift für Christian Pfeiffer; Baden-Baden Febr. 2014, pp. 605–623; Trenczek, T. Restorative justice: new paradigm, sensitising theory or even practice?. Restorative Justice: an International Journal, Routledge 2015, 3:3, 453–459. 1996:(a gold standard in research methods), although this does not represent the majority of studies included. This meta-analysis lends empirical support for the effectiveness of restorative justice to lower recidivism rates and increase compliance and satisfaction rates. However, the authors caution that a 1432:) and restorative justice could not be philosophically further apart." While the former seeks to address only legally relevant issues and to protect both parties' rights, restorative justice aims at "expanding the issues beyond those that are legally relevant, especially into underlying relationships." 2104:

Studies by Kelly M. Richards have shown that the general public would be open to the idea of alternative forms of justice, though only after the idea has been explicitly explained to them. According to other studies performed by Vicky De Mesmaecker, in order for restorative justice to become publicly

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A 1998 meta-analysis by Bonta et al. found that restorative justice programs caused mild reductions in reoffending rates. Latimer, Dowden and Muise carried out a meta-analysis that provided a more precise definition. conducted the second meta-analysis on the effectiveness of restorative justice. This

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The COREPOL Project (Conflict Resolution, Mediation and Restorative Justice and the Policing of Ethnic Minorities in Germany, Austria and Hungary) has been researching the effects of restorative justice programs in Germany, Austria and Hungary. Its goal is to establish whether restorative justice can

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In the community, concerned individuals meet with all parties to assess the experience and impact of the crime. Offenders listen to victims' experiences, preferably until they are able to empathize with the experience. Then they speak to their own experience: how they decided to commit the offense. A

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The development of restorative justice in continental Europe, especially the German speaking countries, Austria, Germany and Switzerland, is somewhat different from the Anglo-Saxon experience. For example, victim–offender mediation is just one model of restorative justice, but in the present European

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Pelikan, Christa/Trenczek, Thomas: Victim offender mediation and Restorative Justice – the European landscape, in Sullivan, D./Tifft, L. (eds.) Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective; Taylor and Francis, London (UK) 2006, pp. 63–90; Trenczek, T.: Restorative Justice, TOA und Mediation

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examined the case of Jacob Dunne who was convicted of manslaughter after landing one blow on his victim, James Hodgkinson, in a fight outside a pub. Hodgkinson did not recover and died nine days later. The programme told of the meeting between Dunne and Hodgkinson's parents and considered the impact

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on the effect of youth justice conferencing on recidivism in young offenders found that there was no significant effect for restorative justice conferencing over normal court procedures for number re-arrested, nor monthly rate of reoffending. They also noted a lack of high quality evidence regarding

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A conference will typically include the victim, the offender and members of the local community, who have typically received some training. The family and friends of the offender and victim are frequently invited. RC is explicitly victim-sensitive. The community members discuss the nature and impact

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Family group conferencing (FGC) has a wider circle of participants than VOD, adding people connected to the primary parties, such as family, friends and professionals. FGC is most commonly used for juvenile cases, due to the important role of the family in a juvenile offender's life. Examples can be

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Restorative justice has been implemented in some schools. It uses a similar model to programs used by the criminal justice system. Restorative practices can "also include preventive measures designed to build skills and capacity in students as well as adults". Some examples of preventive measures in

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Both victim and offender can be hesitant to engage in victim–offender dialogue later in the criminal justice process. Once an offender starts serving a sentence, they may believe that the sentence is how they take responsibility for their actions rather than conversing with the victim. For victims,

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Some judicial systems only recognize monetary restitution agreements. For instance, if victim and offender agree that the offender would pay $ 100 and mow the victim's lawn five times, the court would only recognize the $ 100 as restitution. Some agreements specify a larger monetary amount (e.g., $

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Some researchers agree that more research must be conducted to support the validity of restorative justice in schools, specifically in how it is implemented. More exactly, restorative justice practices that are inconsistent, insufficient, or run out of funding tend to have the worst reputations for

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The third meta-analysis on the effectiveness of restorative justice was conducted by Bradshaw, Roseborough, and Umbreit in 2006. The results of this meta-analysis add empirical support for the effectiveness of restorative justice in reducing juvenile recidivism rates. Since then, studies by Baffour

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Reduced fear of the offender (especially for violence victims); lower perceived likelihood of another offense; increased sense of security; reduced anger towards the offender; greater sympathy for the offender and the offender's supporters; greater feelings of trust in others; increased feelings of

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Fiji uses this form of mediation when dealing with cases of child sexual assault. While it may be seen as beneficial to involve the victim's family in the process, there are multiple issues stemming from this. For example, the vast majority of offenders are known to the victims in these cases. In a

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Restorative justice recommends methods to hold perpetrators accountable while providing victims a voice, which includes a voluntary meeting between the offender and the victim. A 2013 Cochrane review restorative justice conferences where the offender meet the victim face-to-face, and explained that

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By the second half of the 1990s, the expression "restorative justice" had become popular, evolving to widespread usage by 2006. The restorative justice movement has attracted many segments of society, including "police officers, judges, schoolteachers, politicians, juvenile justice agencies, victim

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Though academic assessment of restorative justice is positive, more recent studies have shown that academic performance falters in school districts where restorative justice is practiced. Proponents argue that most studies suggest it makes offenders less likely to re-offend. A 2007 study also found

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that aims to repair the harm done to victims. In doing so, practitioners work to ensure that offenders take responsibility for their actions, to understand the harm they have caused, to give them an opportunity to redeem themselves, and to discourage them from causing further harm. For victims, the

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Another critique of restorative justice suggests that professionals are often left out of the restorative justice conversation. Albert W. Dzur and Susan M. Olson argue that this sector of justice cannot be successful without professionals. They claim that professionals can aid in avoiding problems

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While some older studies showed mixed results, as of 2013, studies that compared recidivism rates have become more definitive and in favor of restorative justice. Some studies claim modest, relative reductions, but more recent studies are finding significant and meaningful reductions in recidivism

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Additionally, some critics like Gregory Shank and Paul Takagi see restorative justice as an incomplete model in that it fails to fix the fundamental, structural inequalities that make certain people more likely to be offenders than others. They and others question the structure of society and the

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While the focus is in making the victim(s) whole, the added benefit of restorative justice programs are a reduction in disciplinary actions such as suspensions and expulsions resulting in lower discipline numbers reported to the state, and more effective reformative and/or reconciliatory actions

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Research of a restorative reentry planning circle process in Hawai‘i showed reduced recidivism that controlled for the self-selection bias that often is difficult to overcome in restorative practices research. The reentry planning circle process was also shown to help children, whose incarcerated

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In criminal cases, victims can testify about the crime's impact upon their lives, receive answers to questions about the incident, and participate in holding the offender accountable. Meanwhile, offenders can tell their story of why the crime occurred and how it has affected their lives. They are

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Internationally, 125 nations collectively endeavored to contribute to the Prison Fellowship International set up by Charles Colson in 1979, which is aimed to help the current and former insiders and their family members beyond America. The Center for Justice & Reconciliation was initiated for

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Although law professionals may have secondary roles in facilitating the restorative justice process, it is the citizens who must take up the majority of the responsibility in healing the pains caused by crime. The process of restorative justice thus shifts the responsibility for addressing crime.

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While the principle of restorative justice makes victims central to the process research have shown that, in practice, restorative justice programs often become offender focused, minimizing the needs and experiences of victims. A 2002 study found that while the majority victims reported positive

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Prior to 1994, many such offenders were released without any support or observation beyond police surveillance. Between 1994 and 2007, CoSA assisted with the integration of well over 120 such offenders. Research indicated that surrounding a 'core member' with 5–7 trained volunteer circle members

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Canada, emphasize a program's values over its participants. This can include programs that only serve victims (or offenders for that matter), but that have a restorative framework. Indigenous groups are using the restorative justice process to try to create more community support for victims and

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published a report entitled "To Live as Other Kenyans do: A Study of the Demands of Kenyan Victims of Human Rights Violations". The findings are based on individual and group interviews of victims of human rights abuses from Kenya's 2007 post-election violence. It highlights the importance of a

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and positive victimology are conceptual approaches, developed by the Israeli criminologist Natti Ronel and his research team, that are well connected to restorative justice theories and practice. Positive criminology and victimology both place an emphasis on social inclusion and on unifying and

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The potential for restorative justice to reduce recidivism is one of the strongest and most promising arguments for its use in prisons. However, there are both theoretical and practical limitations, which can make restorative justice infeasible in a prison environment. These include: difficulty

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and Heather Strang published a review of the previous literature and they conclude that in no way can restorative justice be more harmful than the traditional justice system. It is at least equally as effective as the traditional justice system in all cases. In most cases (especially with more

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juxtaposed a "retributive justice" framework, where crime is viewed as an offense against the state, with a restorative justice framework, where crime is viewed as a violation of people and relationships. The book made reference to the positive results of efforts in the late 1970s and 1980s at

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not only calls for the eradication of cages, but also new perspectives and methodologies for conceptualizing crime, an aim that is shared by restorative justice. In an abolitionist style of restorative justice, participation is voluntary and not limited by the requirements of organizations or

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Augusta-Scott, T., (2017). Preparing Men to Help the Women They Abused Achieve Just Outcomes: A Restorative Approach. In T. Augusta-Scott, K. Scott, & L. Tutty (Eds.). Innovations in Interventions to Address Intimate Partner Violence: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge

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that come up with informal justice and propose the theory of democratic professionalism, where professionals are not just agents of the state – as traditional understandings would suggest – but as mediums, promoting community involvement while still protecting individuals' rights.

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Reduction of recidivism is also a goal of restorative justice, secondary to the restoration of offenders. Proponents argue that it can prevent reoffending and deter other potential criminals. Critics counter that restorative justice does not significantly influence crime rates.

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into society. By repairing the harm to the relationships between offenders and victims, and offenders and the community that resulted from the crime, restorative justice seeks to understand and address the circumstances which contributed to the crime. This is thought to prevent

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Others, however, have argued that there are several similarities between restorative justice and traditional criminal justice and that some cases of restorative justice constitute punishment from the perspectives of some positions on what punishment is.

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Williams, Clifford (1997) ‘Offenders and Victims of Crime; Mediation and reparation in the criminal justice system, including case studies of mediation and reparation projects organised by the probation service’ Unpublished PhD University of Bradford

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given an opportunity to compensate the victim directly – to the degree possible. In criminal cases, this can include money, community service in general and/or specific to the offense, education to prevent recidivism, and/or expression of remorse.

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fairness of institutional systems at their very core, pushing for addressing the root causes of many one-on-one offenses as well as for creating a socio-economic system that will be more conducive to harmonious, healthy living in general.

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Besides serving as an alternative to civil or criminal trial, restorative justice is also thought to be applicable to offenders who are currently incarcerated. The purpose of restorative justice in prisons is to assist with the prisoner's

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In North America, the growth of restorative justice has been facilitated by NGOs dedicated to this approach to justice, such as the Victim Offender Mediation Association, as well as by the establishment of academic centers, such as the

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The phrase "restorative justice" has appeared in written sources since the first half of the nineteenth century. The modern usage of the term was introduced by Albert Eglash, who in 1977 described three different approaches to justice:

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hosts a twice weekly discussion forum on restorative justice called Restorative Justice on the Rise. There is public discussion about the restorative justice movement, as well as an archive of past discussions since January 27, 2019.

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context it is the most important one. Restorative justice is not just a theory, but a practice-oriented attitude in dealing (not only) with criminal relevant conflicts. Restorative justice may be moving towards restorative practice.

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are given the opportunity to describe their future hopes and make concrete plans to transition out of state custody in a group process with their supporters. In social justice cases, restorative justice is used for problem solving.

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adopted a recommendation to member states which recognised "the potential benefits of using restorative justice with respect to criminal justice systems" and encouraged member states to "develop and use restorative justice".

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Fulham, L., Blais, J., Rugge, T., & Schultheis, E. A. (2023). The effectiveness of restorative justice programs: A meta-analysis of recidivism and other relevant outcomes. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 0(0).

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However, in a 2002 meta-review of the literature focused on victim experiences, it was concluded there was no evidence that victims were more satisfied with restorative justice when compared with traditional justice.

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Restorative conferences (RC) involves a wider circle of participants than VOD and FGC. There are many different names and procedures of operation for these community-based meetings. They are also referred to as

3268: 2080:. In addition, personal service usually must be approved by the juvenile's parents. According to the Victim Offender Mediation Association, victims are not allowed to profit from restitution (the equivalent of 2096:

the trial and the sentencing of the offender may terminate the possibilities for discussion. For both offender and victim, victim–offender dialogue is limited in the amount of trust between the two parties.

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is rife through most studies of restorative justice. They reference authors from one study who found no evidence that restorative justice has a treatment effect on recidivism beyond a self-selection effect.

1841:, and over a period of three years (1990–1992) approximately one third of the entire population of Kosovo were documented to be actively involved in restorative justice conferences to end the blood feuds. 2917: 1615:

plan is made for prevention of future occurrences, and for the offender to address the damage to the injured parties. Community members hold the offender(s) accountable for adherence to the plan.

3551: 2126: 1736:. These agreements usually state that conference discussions will not be disclosed to nonparticipants. The rationale for confidentiality is that it promotes open and honest communication. 3289: 1914:

Studies on restorative justice generally report positive outcomes. However restorative justice studies are usually self-selecting, tempering the generalizability of positive results.

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professionals, the process includes all relevant stakeholders and is mediated by an independent third party. The emphasis is on meeting the needs of and strengthening the community.

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engaging offenders and victims to participate in mediation; the controversial influence of family, friends, and the community; and the prevalence of mental illness among prisoners.

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A 2007 meta-study of all research projects concerning restorative justice conferencing published in English between 1986 and 2005 found positive results, specifically for victims:

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legal system of English-speaking countries. COREPOL is coordinated by the German Police University and funded through the European Commission's Seventh Framework Program (FP7).

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Lofton, Bonnie Price. "Does Restorative Justice Challenge Systemic Injustices?" in Critical Issues in Restorative Justice (2004), edited by Howard Zehr and Barb Toews.

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case involving two accused vandals who met face-to-face with their many victims. One of the first victim–offender mediation projects in the United Kingdom was run by

4860: 4492:""To Live as Other Kenyans Do": A Study of the Reparative Demands of Kenyan Victims of Human Rights Violations | International Center for Transitional Justice" 1574: 1328: 4799:

De Mesmaecker, Vicky (2010). "Building Social Support For Restorative Justice Through The Media: Is Taking the Victim Perspective The Most Appropriate Strategy?".

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Peachey, D. (1989) ‘The Kitchener experiment,’ min M. Wright and B. Galaway (eds.) Mediation and Criminal Justice; victims, offenders and community, London: Sage.

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compares two schools that use restorative discipline practices, one that has already made the transition and one that is just beginning to use these practices.

1955: 2211: 5120: 4006:"Circles of Support & Accountability: A Canadian National Replication of Outcome Findings" Robin J. Wilson, Franca Cortoni, Andrew J. McWhinnie, 2007 2856: 890: 1611:

A courtroom process might employ pretrial diversion, dismissing charges after restitution. In serious cases, a sentence may precede other restitution.

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200) to be paid if the non-monetary restitution is not completed. Many jurisdictions cap the amount which a juvenile offender can be required to pay.

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Greater availability, together with information about victims' positive views is likely to increase the proportion of victims willing to participate.

1305:, and it has been argued that some cases of restorative justice constitute punishment from the perspectives of some positions on what punishment is. 4491: 371: 2047:...restorative justice erodes legal rights; restorative justice results in net-widening; restorative justice trivializes crime (particularly men's 1703: 2832: 2691: 1189: 747: 2024:

A 2023 meta-analysis found minimal support for the effectiveness of restorative justice on recidivism and no reduction of violent recidivism.

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Reconciliation is one potential component of restorative justice. However, restorative justice does not necessarily involve reconciliation.

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of the offense with the offender. The discussion continues until restitution is agreed; they may also see that the agreement is fulfilled.

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that protected individuals, social stability, and the integrity of the group. Restorative justice (sometimes known in these contexts as

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Many restorative justice systems, especially victim–offender mediation and family group conferencing, require participants to sign a

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information dissemination and education pertaining to justice and reconciliation as of 1996 by the Prison Fellowship International.

740: 3781:"The family group conference – 10 years on. Paper presented at "Building Strong Partnerships for Restorative Practices Conference"" 2117: 4540:

James Bonta et al., "Restorative Justice and Recidivism: Promises Made, Promises Kept?" in Dennis Sullivan and Larry Tifft (eds),

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While restorative justice typically involves an encounter between the offender and the victim, some organizations, such as the

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Robbins, Brian (2014). "A study of the implementation of restorative justice at a public high school in southern California".

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The offender has to learn about the harm they have caused to their victim, making it hard for them to justify their behavior.

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success. While many research studies support positive findings in restorative justice, continuing studies are still needed.

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shows how restorative justice can be used to address system-wide offenses that affect broad swaths of a group or a society.

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Dzur, Albert W.; Susan M. Olson (2004). "Revisiting Informal Justice: Restorative Justice And Democratic Professionalism".

5360: 4864: 2692:"Restorative-justice programs ensure that property-crime victims are compensated for their losses and reduce prison costs" 1632: 794: 716: 711: 565: 4834: 4017: 3039:

Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 55 (footnote).

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Sbicca, Joshua (2016). "These Bars Can't Hold Us Back: Plowing Incarcerated Geographies with Restorative Food Justice".

1535: 798: 366: 3735: 1993: 1619: 1563: 1543: 623: 5002: 4998: 4982: 4314:"Victims' Experiences with, Expectations and Perceptions of Restorative Justice: A critical Review of the Literature" 3658:"Victims' Experiences with, Expectations and Perceptions of Restorative Justice: A critical Review of the Literature" 2437:"Victims' Experiences with, Expectations and Perceptions of Restorative Justice: A critical Review of the Literature" 3980:

Marsavelski, Aleksandar; Sheremeti, Furtuna; Braithwaite, John (2018). "Did Nonviolent Resistance Fail in Kosovo?".

2712: 5365: 2857:"See pages 13–18 in Gade, C.B.N. 2013. Restorative Justice and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process, 1221: 1128: 530: 255: 206: 119: 89: 5350: 5345: 5106: 3216:

Leebaw, Bronwyn (2003). "Legitimation or Judgment? South Africa's Restorative Approach to Transitional Justice".

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Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 76–77.

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Armour, M (2013). "Restorative Justice in School Communities:Successes, Obstacles, and Areas for Improvement".

1964: 1216: 1174: 978: 971: 673: 79: 3070:

Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 77.

2543:

John Braithwaite, "Restorative Justice: assessing optimistic and pessimistic accounts" in Michael Tonry (ed),

2105:

accepted, there must be an effective public relations collaboration between the media and the criminologists.

4378:"The Role of Proneness to Guilt and Shame Among People in Custody in Promoting Restorative Justice Processes" 3864:

Lyubansky, Mikhail; Barter, Dominic (1970-01-01). "A restorative approach to interpersonal racial conflict".

3356:"Restorative Justice Reentry Planning for the Imprisoned: An Evidence-Based Approach to Recidivism Reduction" 1555: 1551: 1539: 1395:

What is the appropriate process to involve stakeholders in an effort to address causes and put things right?

1063: 993: 830: 560: 395: 201: 139: 2777:

Boyes-Watson, C. (2014). Suffolk University, College of Arts & Sciences, Center for Restorative Justice

5288: 5177: 3918: 2246: 2085: 2048: 2017: 1490: 1422: 1298:

goal is to give them an active role in the process, and to reduce feelings of anxiety and powerlessness.

772: 726: 488: 124: 3135: 2323: 1837:, which was attended by between 100,000 and 500,000 participants. The reconciliation campaign was led by 1722:

It offers a chance to discuss moral development to offenders who may have had little of it in their life.

1514:

victim–offender mediation, pioneered in the United States by Howard Zehr, Ron Claassen and Mark Umbreit.

5228: 5218: 5162: 3623:

alvis, m (2015). "Teachers' perceptions about using restorative practices based on programs in school".

3265:"Pono Kaulike: A Hawaii Criminal Court Provides Restorative Justice Practices for Healing Relationships" 3190: 2416:"The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis" The Prison Journal. 85(2):127–144" 1819: 1310: 1138: 850: 678: 628: 525: 478: 400: 361: 335: 282: 114: 59: 54: 4514:

Jaimie Beven et al., "Restoration or Renovation: Evaluating Restorative Justice Outcomes" (2005) 12(1)

1199: 5044: 4632:

Morris, Allison (2002). "Critiquing the Critics: A Brief Response to Critics of Restorative Justice".

4338: 4227: 2415: 1936:

The only principled basis for selectively allowing, or banning, restorative justice is harm reduction.

5370: 5248: 5152: 4466: 2251: 2226: 2216: 2143: 1890: 1204: 779: 648: 643: 633: 585: 545: 540: 503: 447: 356: 250: 84: 5074: 5059: 4600:

Restorative policing experiment: the Bethlehem Pennsylvania police family group conferencing project

2810:

Zehr, Howard. Changing Lenses – A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottdale PA: 2005 (3rd ed), 271.

2151:

tells an exemplary fictional story about the applied methodology of restorative justice used by the

1814:

in England & Wales. Restorative Circles refers to restorative justice conferences in Brazil and

5258: 5192: 5187: 4339:"Review of research on victims' experiences in restorative justice: Implications for youth justice" 4228:"Review of research on victims' experiences in restorative justice: Implications for youth justice" 3739: 2221: 2160: 2009: 1997: 1302: 1133: 1032: 1009: 913: 835: 693: 570: 493: 287: 64: 5147: 4313: 3657: 3428: 2436: 5355: 5182: 4816: 4781: 4746: 4405: 4294: 4167: 4079: 3881: 3823: 3584: 3564: 3485: 3389: 3317:

The Little Book of Restorative Justice for People in Prison – Rebuilding the Web of Relationships

3233: 2760: 2597: 2391: 2261: 1753: 1653: 1470: 1469:, "Two people have made very specific and profound contributions to practices in the field – the 1418: 1353: 1251: 1169: 1164: 949: 865: 688: 663: 320: 270: 226: 134: 3962:

Morris, A.; Maxwell, G. (2001), "Restorative conferencing", in Bazemore, G.; Schiff, M. (eds.),

3780: 4914: 4598: 5223: 4440: 4397: 4358: 4286: 4247: 4201: 4159: 4113: 4071: 3717: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3432: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3381: 3371: 3355: 3332: 3322: 2981: 2977: 2952: 2840: 2752: 2165: 1859: 1159: 1123: 1097: 1027: 959: 802: 580: 351: 221: 162: 5095:, Research and Statistics Division Methodological Series, Department of Justice Canada, 2001. 1661:(that is, that the offender repeats the undesirable behavior) once the offender is released. 5309: 5263: 5238: 5213: 5091: 4808: 4773: 4738: 4668: 4641: 4432: 4389: 4350: 4278: 4239: 4193: 4151: 4105: 4063: 4032: 3989: 3873: 3815: 3807: 3707: 3699: 3688:"Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21)" 3576: 3477: 3424: 3363: 3225: 2744: 2589: 2519: 2381: 2148: 2113: 2081: 1989: 346: 292: 4051: 2055:; restorative justice lacks legitimacy; and restorative justice fails to provide "justice". 5273: 5233: 5208: 5172: 5157: 3906: 2577: 1770: 1757: 1623:

offenders, particularly the young people. For example, different programs are underway at

1211: 1118: 1102: 1042: 806: 683: 325: 265: 260: 245: 177: 172: 94: 74: 3417:"Benefits of Restorative Reentry Circles for Children of Incarcerated Parents in Hawai'i" 2615: 2491:

Hennessey Hayes, "Assessing Reoffending in Restorative Justice Conferences" (2005) 38(1)

2231: 1482: 4672: 3505:"E Makua Ana Youth Circles: A Transition Planning Process for Youth Exiting Foster Care" 5314: 5293: 5268: 5243: 5167: 3712: 3687: 3351: 3315: 2180: 2112:

as a tool has in the restorative justice programs, run for victims and perpetrators of

2089: 2040: 1838: 1749: 1184: 768: 442: 69: 4764:

Richards, Kelly M. (2005). "Unlikely Friends? Oprah Winfrey And Restorative Justice".

1829:

The largest restorative justice conference in history took place in the course of the

1542:'s Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking, the Community Justice Institute at 5329: 5283: 4820: 4785: 4750: 4409: 4354: 4243: 4171: 3827: 3795: 3489: 3393: 3237: 2764: 2601: 2395: 2135: 1636: 1628: 1478: 1236: 1226: 1037: 860: 598: 430: 340: 238: 4298: 4083: 3588: 5278: 3885: 3811: 3703: 2788:"Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs: Pro and Con | Office of Justice Programs" 1921:

Greater ability to return to work, to resume normal daily activities, and to sleep.

1231: 1082: 939: 593: 167: 4185: 2735:

Braithwaite, John (2004-01-01). "Restorative Justice and De-Professionalization".

1665:

parents had one, address the trauma they suffered from losing a parent to prison.

1456:"restorative justice", based on restitution with input from victims and offenders. 4812: 4742: 4197: 3877: 3481: 2971: 4950: 4036: 2256: 2188: 2109: 2092:) can be recovered. Courts can disallow unreasonable compensation arrangements. 2077: 2052: 1678: 1486: 1466: 1373: 1332:

The Restorative Justice (Prescribed Persons) (Scotland) Order 2021 (SSI 2021-40)

1246: 1241: 1194: 1072: 1052: 988: 954: 929: 920: 825: 638: 425: 330: 277: 144: 99: 22: 4139: 2580:(December 2013). "Implications of growth: Challenges for restorative justice". 2462:"The promise of 'restorative justice' starts to falter under rigorous research" 2043:, the following are some of the most common criticisms of restorative justice: 34: 5139: 5034: 4377: 4266: 4155: 4097: 3385: 3229: 2033: 1968: 1658: 1301:

Restorative justice programs can also complement traditional methods, such as

840: 658: 653: 459: 4424: 4401: 4393: 4362: 4290: 4282: 4251: 4163: 4109: 4075: 4067: 3580: 3446: 3367: 3336: 2956: 2756: 2593: 2348: 5039: 4940: 4729:

Albrecht, Berit (July 2011). "The Limits of Restorative Justice in Prison".

4576: 4436: 2073: 1774: 1745: 1624: 1559: 1179: 1092: 1087: 1077: 966: 297: 233: 4645: 4619: 3842:"Toward Peace and Justice in Brazil Dominic Barter and Restorative Circles" 3721: 3081:

Restorative Justice Dialogue – An Essential Guide for Research and Practice

2021:

the effectiveness of restorative justice conferencing for young offenders.

4777: 4098:"Community Justice: Transforming Communities Through Restorative Justice?" 3964:

Restorative community justice: Repairing harm and transforming communities

3819: 2886:. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 21–22. 2748: 1858:(CoSA) originated as a project of the "Welcome In", a Mennonite church in 3993: 3155: 2206: 1018: 983: 437: 384: 26: 4555: 3421:

International Perspectives and Empirical Findings on Child Participation

2940: 2671:. Dept. of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 2283: 1939:

Limited public familiarity and misconceptions about restorative justice.

5130: 4686:

Shank, Gregory; Paul Takagi (2004). "Critique of Restorative Justice".

3468:

Albrecht, Berit (2011). "The Limits of Restorative Justice in Prison".

3052:. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 27. 3017:. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 24. 2523: 1294: 934: 498: 468: 4554:

William R. Nugent; Mark S. Umbreit; Lizabeth Wiinamaki; Jeff Paddock.

2386: 2369: 2130:(2012). A tribal form of restorative justice is portrayed in the book 5054: 5035:

A Survey of Doctoral Dissertations in Restorative Justice (1997–2018)

4897:"Courage To Change: What It Takes to Shift to Restorative Discipline" 4052:"The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis" 3841: 3521:

Braithwaite, J., Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation, 2002.

1834: 1815: 1474: 1453:"distributive justice", involving therapeutic treatment of offenders; 415: 49: 4337:

Choi, Jung Jin; Bazemore, Gordon; Gilbert, Michael J. (2012-01-01).

4226:

Choi, Jung Jin; Bazemore, Gordon; Gilbert, Michael J. (2012-01-01).

3898:

Restorative Circles – A Reentry Planning Process for Hawaii Inmates

3563:

Jeanne Stinchcomb; Gordon Bazemore; Nancy Riestenberg (April 2006).

3504: 2076:

typically limit the personal service tasks that can be performed by

5098: 5092:

The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis

5001:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

4527:

Katherine Basire, "Taking Restorative Justice Seriously" (2004) 13

3796:"Child sexual abuse in Fiji: Authority, risk factors and responses" 2363: 2361: 5079: 5049: 4606:(Technical report). Pipersville, PA: Community Service Foundation. 1702: 1327: 1317: 410: 191: 4186:"Securing Restorative Justice for the 'Non-Participating' Victim" 1728:

The programs tend to avoid shaming and stigmatizing the offender.

1725:

Offenders are more likely to view their punishment as legitimate.

1497:) continues to be a feature of indigenous justice systems today. 5085: 5102: 4556:"Participation in Victim-Offender Mediation Reduces Recidivism" 3926: 3686:

Livingstone, Nuala; MacDonald, Geraldine; Carr, Nicola (2013).

3565:"Beyond Zero Tolerance: Restoring Justice in Secondary Schools" 2284:"Victim-Centered Restorative Justice: An Essential Distinction" 4965: 4861:"Beyond Right & Wrong: Stories of Justice and Forgiveness" 2172: 1047: 944: 2637:"Restorative Justice Circles and the Community Member's Role" 2032:

Restorative justice has generally not shown improvements for

1744:

Victim–offender dialogue (VOD), (also called victim–offender

1924:

No cases of offenders verbally or violently abusing victims.

4050:

Latimer, Jeff; Dowden, Craig; Muise, Danielle (June 2005).

3966:, Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co., pp. 173–197 3949:

Conferencing Handbook: The New Real Justice Training Manual

5064: 4465:

Government of Canada, Department of Justice (2021-10-30).

4312:

Government of Canada, Department of Justice (2002-03-11).

3656:

Government of Canada, Department of Justice (2002-03-11).

3050:

Restoring Justice – An Introduction to Restorative Justice

3015:

Restoring Justice – An Introduction to Restorative Justice

2884:

Restoring Justice – An Introduction to Restorative Justice

2435:

Government of Canada, Department of Justice (2002-03-11).

2127:

Beyond Right and Wrong: Stories of Justice and Forgiveness

3625:

The College at Brockport: State of University of New York

3415:

Walker, Lorenn; Tarutani, Cheri; McKibben, Diana (2015).

2558:"Restorative Justice 101 for Victims – Just Alternatives" 2304:"Restorative Justice 101 for Victims – Just Alternatives" 2164:

follows a meeting between a woman who is recovering from

1550:

in California, the Center for Restorative Justice at the

4429:

Victim-Offender Mediation with Youth Offenders in Europe

4990: 4985:

may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

4863:. Forgiveness Project. February 1, 2013. Archived from 4835:"The key to forgiveness is the refusal to seek revenge" 4431:, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 77–100, 3532:"The International Institute for Restorative Practices" 3360:

Routledge International Handbook of Restorative Justice

1715:

Suggested reasons for why it can be effective include:

1518:

support groups, aboriginal elders, and mums and dads".

5069: 4376:

Peleg-Koriat, Inbal; Weimann-Saks, Dana (2020-12-17).

3531: 2414:

Latimer, Jeff; Dowden, Craig; Muise, Danielle (2005).

5060:

Instituto Latino Americano de Prácticas Restaurativas

4542:

Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective

3947:

O'Connell, Terry; Wachtel, Ben; Wachtel, Ted (1999).

2669:

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

1833:

that ended the blood feuds among ethnic Albanians in

1562:

and the social-action arm of their church-community,

1546:, the Center for Peacemaking and Conflict Studies at 3636: 3634: 3091: 3089: 1707:

Urban mediation agent in Fort-de-France (Martinique)

5302: 5201: 5137: 2897:

Changing Lenses – A New Focus for Crime and Justice

1992:. Also, some of the studies analyzed implemented a 1677:In social work cases, impoverished victims such as 3314: 2153:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) 1818:, though can have a wider meaning in the field of 1806:. Specific programs have their own names, such as 4766:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 4138:Choi, Jung Jin; Gilbert, Michael J. (June 2010). 2494:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 2237:International Institute for Restorative Practices 1597:South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1507:Changing Lenses–A New Focus for Crime and Justice 16:Restitution with input from victims and offenders 5070:Why Me? UK charity promoting restorative justice 3419:. In Gal, Ṭali; Faedi Duramy, Benedetta (eds.). 2347:Lawrence W Sherman & Heather Strang (2007). 1399:In contrast, traditional criminal justice asks: 4025:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 2835:Restorative Justice & Responsive Regulation 2730: 2728: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2330:, October 25, 2009, p. 6. Retrieved 8 July 2019 2045: 1575:Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe 1417:Restorative justice is also different from the 1358: 1342: 3919:"Restorative Justice: An Alternative to Court" 3136:"Mediation und Konfliktmanagement – Literatur" 3107: 3105: 2713:"Victim Impact Statements – Just Alternatives" 2616:"Accountability Dialogues – Just Alternatives" 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 5114: 5040:BBC story on 2007 Cambridge University report 4615: 4613: 4267:"Participation in Victim— Offender Mediation" 4018:"An Abolitionist View of Restorative Justice" 3423:. Oxford University Press. pp. 333–354. 3362:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 264–278. 3138:. Steinberg-mediation-hannover.de. 2006-05-15 3115:. N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008: 166–167. 3083:. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 2011: 2. 3048:Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. 3013:Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. 2882:Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. 1956:International Center for Transitional Justice 1886:Positive criminology and positive victimology 1271: 891: 748: 8: 4716:The University of Texas School of Social Wor 4597:McCold, Paul; Wachtel, Benjamin (May 1998). 3607:Punitive or Restorative: The Choice Is Yours 2212:Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project 1988:study is important because it addresses the 1558:in British Columbia, Canada. Members of the 1554:, and the Centre for Restorative Justice at 778: 4104:, Routledge, pp. 131–154, 2015-05-20, 3794:Whitehead, John; Roffee, James (Mar 2016). 3681: 3679: 3677: 1450:"retributive justice", based on punishment; 1428:As Braithwaite writes, "Court-annexed ADR ( 5121: 5107: 5099: 3975: 3973: 3099:. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 512. 2970:Justin Blake Richland; Sarah Deer (2009). 1278: 1264: 909: 898: 884: 777: 755: 741: 389: 18: 5021:Learn how and when to remove this message 4467:"Victims of Crime Research Digest No. 14" 3711: 3429:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199366989.003.0015 3004:. N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008: 167. 2505: 2503: 2385: 5082:, Victim Offender Mediation Association. 4510: 4508: 3290:"Lesson 1: What Is Restorative Justice?" 3113:Restorative Justice in the United States 3079:Umbreit, Mark, Marilyn Peterson Armour. 3028:Restorative Justice in the United States 3002:Restorative Justice in the United States 3692:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3030:. N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008: 8. 2662:"Restorative Justice Literature Review" 2545:Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2274: 1146: 1110: 1062: 1017: 1001: 919: 912: 816: 785: 467: 21: 5086:Peacemaking Circle process (Minnesota) 5075:Thom Brooks, "On Punitive Restoration" 3618: 3616: 3095:Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. 2821:The Little Book of Restorative Justice 2430: 2428: 1190:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 795:Italian school of positive criminology 4425:"Victim-Offender Mediation in Sweden" 3951:. Pipersville, PA: The Piper's Press. 3600: 3598: 3195:Center for Justice and Reconciliation 2976:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 2939:Takagi, Paul; Shank, Gregory (2004). 2707: 2705: 1856:Circles of Support and Accountability 1851:Circles of Support and Accountability 1845:Circles of Support and Accountability 1760:Probation Service from 1983 to 1986. 7: 2973:Introduction to Tribal Legal Studies 2823:, Intercourse, PA: Good Books, 2002. 2370:"Is restorative justice punishment?" 2298: 2296: 2124:, has also been documented in film, 1804:Community Accountability Conferences 1532:Center for Justice and Peacebuilding 4673:10.1111/j.0023-9216.2004.03801005.x 3569:Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2859:South African Journal of Philosophy 2839:, Oxford University Press, at 249. 2582:International Review of Victimology 2349:"Restorative Justice: The Evidence" 1352:In 2014, Carolyn Boyes-Watson from 4915:"Restorative Justice on the Rise!" 4634:The British Journal of Criminology 4577:"Crime meetings 'cut re-offences'" 4343:Children and Youth Services Review 4232:Children and Youth Services Review 3800:Current Issues in Criminal Justice 3736:"Restorative Justice – What Works" 1639:nation, within the United States. 14: 4490:ICTJ; Simon Robins (2011-01-07). 4265:Gerkin, Patrick M. (2008-11-24). 2941:"Critique of Restorative Justice" 1967:legal system, in contrast to the 1928:self-confidence; reduced anxiety. 1392:Who has a stake in the situation? 5341:Concepts in political philosophy 5055:UK Restorative justice, homepage 4970: 4355:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.011 4244:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.011 2914:Ministry of Justice, New Zealand 2324:"A New Kind of Criminal Justice" 1409:What do the offender(s) deserve? 1368:Difference from other approaches 1356:defined restorative justice as: 110:Risk & actuarial criminology 33: 5045:Conference Facilitator's Script 3552:Restorative Justice in Somerset 3321:. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. 3097:Handbook of Restorative Justice 1796:Restorative Justice Conferences 1461:Precursors in indigenous groups 4563:VOMA Connections (summer 1999) 4516:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 3982:British Journal of Criminology 3812:10.1080/10345329.2016.12036049 3704:10.1002/14651858.CD008898.pub2 3358:. In Gavrielides, Theo (ed.). 3267:. Uscourts.gov. Archived from 2899:. Scottdale PA: 2005, 268–269. 2368:Gade, Christian B. N. (2021). 2158:The 2017 Canadian documentary 1631:reserve in Canada, and at the 1430:alternative dispute resolution 1155:Alternative dispute resolution 1: 5050:Restorative justice, homepage 4382:Criminal Justice and Behavior 4102:Restorative Community Justice 3779:Doolan, M. (August 7, 1999). 3339:– via Internet Archive. 2374:Conflict Resolution Quarterly 2354:. University of Pennsylvania. 1633:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 4813:10.1080/10282580.2010.498225 4743:10.1080/10402659.2011.596059 4198:10.5040/9781472559258.ch-005 4190:New Visions of Crime Victims 3878:10.1080/10402659.2011.548248 3503:Walker, Lorenn (Fall 2005). 3482:10.1080/10402659.2011.596059 2460:Barshay, Jill (2019-05-06). 2141:The 2004 British drama film 2118:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2016:A 2013 meta-analysis by the 1831:1990 reconciliation campaign 1808:Community Justice Committees 1800:Community Restorative Boards 1536:Eastern Mennonite University 1386:Whose obligations are these? 4801:Contemporary Justice Review 4144:Contemporary Justice Review 4037:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2011.03.001 4016:Ruggiero, Vincenzo (2011). 1994:randomized controlled trial 1620:Mennonite Central Committee 1564:Mennonite Central Committee 1544:Florida Atlantic University 1403:What laws have been broken? 5392: 3254:(Ashgate Publishing 2006). 3252:Punishment And Retribution 2171:Season 2 episode 5 of the 1848: 1340:, restorative justice is: 1222:Peace and conflict studies 1129:Mutual assured destruction 766: 90:Expressive function of law 4192:, Hart Publishing, 2002, 4156:10.1080/10282581003748305 3230:10.1086/POLv36n1ms3235422 2242:Therapeutic jurisprudence 2122:Northern Ireland conflict 1932:Other findings included: 1764:Family group conferencing 1734:confidentiality agreement 1548:Fresno Pacific University 1419:adversarial legal process 871:Therapeutic jurisprudence 846:Rehabilitation (penology) 5080:"Restorative Justice FAQ 4661:Law & Society Review 4394:10.1177/0093854820980506 4283:10.1177/0734016808325058 4110:10.4324/9781315721347-12 4068:10.1177/0032885505276969 3581:10.1177/1541204006286287 3368:10.4324/9781315613512-19 2594:10.1177/0269758013510808 1740:Victim-offender dialogue 1217:Non-aggression principle 1175:Conflict style inventory 979:Nonviolent Communication 767:Not to be confused with 80:Differential association 4903:. NPR. 24 October 2017. 4437:10.1007/1-4020-3879-8_4 4423:Wahlin, Lottie (2005), 4271:Criminal Justice Review 2690:Jackson-Green, Bryant. 1785:Restorative conferences 1591:In system-wide offenses 1556:Simon Fraser University 1552:University of San Diego 1540:University of Minnesota 1525:Development of practice 1064:International relations 994:Speaking truth to power 831:Peacemaking criminology 140:Symbolic interactionism 4579:. BBC News. 2007-02-05 2247:Transformative justice 2149:novel by the same name 2057: 2049:violence against women 2018:Cochrane Collaboration 1881:Other social movements 1708: 1362: 1346: 1333: 773:Transformative justice 120:Social disorganization 4778:10.1375/acri.38.3.381 4529:Canterbury Law Review 2749:10.1353/gso.2004.0023 2217:Community Resolutions 1820:restorative practices 1812:Referral Order Panels 1706: 1573:In October 2018, the 1501:Development of theory 1383:What are their needs? 1331: 1311:restorative practices 1139:Nuclear proliferation 851:Reintegrative shaming 629:Biosocial criminology 336:Uniform Crime Reports 55:Biosocial criminology 5361:Positive criminology 4991:improve this article 4646:10.1093/bjc/42.3.596 3313:Toews, Barb (2006). 2466:The Hechinger Report 2252:Transitional justice 2227:Distributive justice 2168:and the ex-partner. 2132:Touching Spirit Bear 2086:out-of-pocket losses 1891:Positive criminology 1389:What are the causes? 1205:Paradox of tolerance 780:Positive criminology 504:Solitary confinement 5336:Restorative justice 5003:footnote references 3900:Restorative circles 3740:College of Policing 3294:Restorative Justice 3111:Dorne, Clifford K. 3026:Dorne, Clifford K. 3000:Dorne, Clifford K. 2951:(3 (97)): 147–163. 2641:The Conflict Center 2547:(Volume 25, 1999) 1 2222:Conflict resolution 2010:Lawrence W. Sherman 1998:self-selection bias 1990:file-drawer problem 1984:rates (see below). 1792:Restorative Circles 1441:History of the term 1303:retributive justice 1291:Restorative justice 1134:Nuclear disarmament 1033:Conflict escalation 1010:Conflict management 914:Conflict resolution 856:Restorative justice 836:Positive psychology 782: 694:Radical criminology 65:Collective efficacy 4919:The Peace Alliance 4056:The Prison Journal 3994:10.1093/bjc/azx002 3905:2011-10-14 at the 2524:10.1111/anti.12247 2262:Youth intervention 2116:, the violence in 1954:In July 2011, the 1875:Sentencing circles 1870:Sentencing circles 1754:Kitchener, Ontario 1709: 1380:Who has been hurt? 1354:Suffolk University 1334: 1316:One response to a 1293:is an approach to 1252:Track II diplomacy 1200:Prisoner's dilemma 1170:Conflict continuum 1165:Conflict avoidance 950:Dispute resolution 866:Social integration 5366:Relational ethics 5323: 5322: 5031: 5030: 5023: 4921:. 27 January 2015 4841:. 8 February 2013 4471:www.justice.gc.ca 4318:www.justice.gc.ca 4207:978-1-84113-280-8 4119:978-1-315-72134-7 3783:. Burlington, VT. 3662:www.justice.gc.ca 3643:Claremont College 3605:Smith, D (2015). 3438:978-0-19-936699-6 3377:978-1-315-61351-2 3328:978-1-68099-250-2 2987:978-0-7591-1211-7 2920:on 10 August 2011 2441:www.justice.gc.ca 2387:10.1002/crq.21293 2196:on both parties. 2187:In July 2020 the 2166:domestic violence 2074:Labor regulations 1860:Hamilton, Ontario 1603:In criminal cases 1538:in Virginia, the 1288: 1287: 1160:Anti-war movement 1124:Nuclear blackmail 1028:Communal violence 908: 907: 803:Raffaele Garofalo 765: 764: 511: 510: 448:Prisoners' rights 352:Positivist school 5383: 5351:Crime prevention 5346:Criminal justice 5123: 5116: 5109: 5100: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5006: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4955: 4954: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4867:on March 2, 2013 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4022: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3925:. Archived from 3915: 3909: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3715: 3683: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3509:VOMA Connections 3500: 3494: 3493: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3350:Walker, Lorenn; 3347: 3341: 3340: 3320: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3171:. 3 October 2018 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3100: 3093: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2916:. Archived from 2906: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2853: 2847: 2833:Braithwaite, J. 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2737:The Good Society 2732: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2666: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2635:Capstick, Lily. 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2554: 2548: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2518:(5): 1359–1379. 2507: 2498: 2489: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2432: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2331: 2322:Rebecca Webber, 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2114:Rwandan genocide 2082:punitive damages 1903:Prison abolition 1898:Prison abolition 1423:civil litigation 1338:John Braithwaite 1280: 1273: 1266: 910: 900: 893: 886: 783: 757: 750: 743: 390: 347:Crime statistics 273: 37: 19: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5380: 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624:Anthropological 614: 606: 605: 521: 513: 512: 387: 377: 376: 326:Critical theory 311: 303: 302: 283:State-corporate 271: 194: 183: 182: 178:Archibald Reiss 173:Cesare Lombroso 158: 157:Major theorists 150: 149: 125:Social learning 105:Rational choice 95:Labeling theory 75:Criminalization 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5389: 5387: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5289:Transformative 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5178:Organizational 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5029: 5028: 4983:external links 4978: 4976: 4969: 4963: 4962:External links 4960: 4957: 4956: 4942:New Beginnings 4932: 4906: 4888: 4878: 4852: 4826: 4807:(3): 239–267. 4791: 4772:(5): 381–399. 4756: 4737:(3): 327–334. 4721: 4706: 4697: 4688:Social Justice 4678: 4667:(1): 139–176. 4651: 4640:(3): 596–615. 4624: 4609: 4589: 4568: 4546: 4533: 4520: 4504: 4482: 4457: 4445: 4415: 4368: 4329: 4304: 4277:(2): 226–247. 4257: 4218: 4206: 4177: 4150:(2): 207–227. 4130: 4118: 4089: 4062:(2): 127–144. 4042: 4031:(2): 100–110. 4008: 3999: 3969: 3954: 3939: 3910: 3891: 3856: 3833: 3820:1959.17/178208 3806:(3): 323–334. 3786: 3771: 3761: 3752: 3727: 3673: 3648: 3630: 3612: 3594: 3575:(2): 123–147. 3555: 3544: 3523: 3514: 3495: 3476:(3): 327–334. 3460: 3437: 3407: 3376: 3342: 3327: 3305: 3281: 3256: 3243: 3208: 3182: 3160: 3148: 3127: 3117: 3101: 3085: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3041: 3032: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2986: 2962: 2945:Social Justice 2931: 2901: 2895:Zehr, Howard. 2888: 2875: 2848: 2825: 2819:Zehr, Howard. 2812: 2803: 2779: 2770: 2724: 2701: 2682: 2653: 2627: 2607: 2569: 2549: 2529: 2499: 2477: 2452: 2424: 2401: 2380:(3): 127–155. 2357: 2332: 2315: 2292: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2181:Peace Alliance 2101: 2098: 2090:actual damages 2041:Allison Morris 2029: 2026: 1976: 1973: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1911: 1908: 1899: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1871: 1868: 1849:Main article: 1846: 1843: 1810:in Canada and 1786: 1783: 1765: 1762: 1750:court sanction 1741: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1700: 1697: 1687: 1684: 1674: 1673:In social work 1671: 1650:rehabilitation 1644: 1641: 1604: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1526: 1523: 1502: 1499: 1495:circle justice 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1369: 1366: 1325: 1322: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1187: 1185:Family therapy 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 975: 974: 972:Party-directed 964: 963: 962: 957: 952: 942: 937: 932: 924: 923: 917: 916: 906: 905: 903: 902: 895: 888: 880: 877: 876: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 822: 819: 818: 814: 813: 811: 810: 791: 788: 787: 769:Harm reduction 763: 762: 760: 759: 752: 745: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 719: 714: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 686: 681: 679:Organizational 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 602: 601: 596: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 508: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 489:Transformative 486: 481: 473: 472: 465: 464: 463: 462: 457: 455:Rehabilitation 452: 451: 450: 445: 443:Prisoner abuse 435: 434: 433: 428: 423: 413: 408: 406:Incapacitation 403: 398: 388: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 242: 241: 231: 230: 229: 224: 216: 215: 214: 209: 204: 195: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 163:Émile Durkheim 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 115:Social control 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 70:Crime analysis 67: 62: 60:Broken windows 57: 52: 46: 43: 42: 39: 38: 30: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5388: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219:Environmental 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Interactional 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5022: 5014: 5004: 5000: 4999:inappropriate 4996: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4882: 4879: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4694:(3): 147–163. 4693: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4590: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4486: 4483: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4448: 4446:1-4020-3766-X 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4131: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3929:on 2014-11-12 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 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