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mortar dries rapidly, so after it reaches a particular strength it needs to be sprayed with water to avoid chalking, poor adhesion, or poor durability. The structure is misted every two hours for two days, then every four hours for two days. It is important that the mortar stays wet for at least a couple of days while it is setting. The local conditions will control how long the structure should be kept wet, however. Burlap or plastic is placed over the repointed wall or structure. This keeps the building damp and eliminates direct sunlight. The burlap and the plastic are not resting against the structure, however. The burlap or plastic are anchored to the ground to avoid this.
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actual bricks or stone masonry there could be a larger problem that also needs to be addressed. If there is a larger issue, repointing may cause further damage. If a historic structure needs repointing, building owners usually hire an architectural historian or conservator to help pinpoint the issues. If the crack is smaller than 2mm and not causing any major defects, then it is better to leave it and not repoint. It is common to see cracking along old repairs because of the shrinkage of hard mortar and the seasonal flexing along the joint.
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dilute acid. The mortar will be broken down, and the type of mortar and sand used will be determined by color and texture. Another form of "wet chemical" analysis is the same process but the carbon dioxide gas that is given off by the digestion will be collected and the type of mortar will be determined by its volume. The amounts of each component will also be determined. The second method to analyzing mortar is "instrumental." There are several different forms of "instrumental" analysis; however, the most commonly used is
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not to be used because this could damage the masonry and mortar. Chemicals are also not used with the water because this could be harmful to the masonry or mortar. However, if chemicals are used, the structure is rinsed afterwards with fresh water and natural or nylon brushes. Another method to match the colors is to stain the new mortar. This is not recommended by professionals though, because it can be harmful. If stain is used, the application is tested in the test panel.
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mason. This will also be good to determine the types of tools that should be used, which will be discussed in the next paragraph. For a brick structure, the panel should not be any bigger than 3' x 3'. For other masonry units, the test panel can be a little larger. It is also important to pick the right season to do the repointing. Extremely high or low temperatures can cause rapid drying which can have negative effects on the mortar, masonry units, and the structure itself.
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172:. The mortar must have greater vapor permeability and softer compressive strength than the original mortar. The mortar should also not be stronger (in compressive strength) than the masonry units because it will not have give. Rather than the mortar relieving the stress, the masonry units will, thus suffering further damage such as cracking or spalling. In
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of the joint. A hammer and chisel are then used for the rest of the mortar, closer to the masonry units. Caulking cutters with diamond blades are an acceptable power tool to remove mortar in wide horizontal joints. They are slow, have no rotation, and vibrate so they are likely to cause less damage to the masonry units.
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The areas with the deepest recession of mortar are filled first. The mortar is placed in several layers, starting with the first layer of 1/4 inch. It is hardened to a desired strength then another 1/4 inch layer is added. The process is continued until the mortar is flush with the masonry. High-lime
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It is important to also match the color of the mortar. However, in the past lime mortar tended to be mixed on site with whatever sand was locally available. Since the sand influences the color of the lime mortar, colors of pointing mortar can vary dramatically from district to district. Weathering of
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Examining the structure before working will also help establish the strength and permeability of the original mortar in order to match the new. It helps to establish what the original components of the old mortar are in order to find the best match. It is essential that the mortar used for repointing
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mortar is usually removed with a grinder or power circular masonry blade, taking care not to damage the masonry units. Vertical joints or thin joints are done by hand or with small power chisels." If a power saw needs to be used, it's only used on wide and uniform horizontal joints and in the middle
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If the color of the new mortar is still not similar to the old mortar after repointing and setting, the non-repointed areas of the structure can be cleaned. This may bring the colors closer together. To do this, a low pressure water jet is used to clean the old pointing. A high powered water jet is
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close to the edge of the brick. Some contractors bring the mortar to the very edge, flush with the face of the brick. Others leave it recessed back to allow water to shed off the building. There are three types of recessed mortar: bucket handle, weatherstruck, and simply recessed. The bucket handle
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can perform a mortar analysis in order to make recommendations for replacement mortar that is both physically and aesthetically compatible with the building. There are two common methods of analyzing mortar. The first is called "wet chemical" in which a sample of mortar is crushed and mixed with a
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Before starting any actual work, building owners examine the masonry units, mortar, and the techniques used in the original construction. They try to identify the true problem they are facing and find out what were the causes of the deterioration or cracks. If there are cracks or problems in the
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After examination, the next step is cutting away the old mortar. The old mortar is removed to a depth equal to or slightly more than the width of the joint, or to the point where sound mortar is reached. Removal of old mortar between joints is done carefully to avoid damage to masonry units. On
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Again, before starting any work, the methods and materials for the repointing will be applied in a test panel. A test panel is an area on the structure out of plain sight where the owner or conservator can test the repointing methods they will use, the color of the mortar, and the skills of the
219:. Analysis is not solely based on lab work, however. There are important performances of mortar that can not be determined in a lab: original water content, rate of curing, weather conditions during original construction, method of mixing and placing the mortar, and cleanliness of sand.
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is when the mortar is in a curve shape away from the face of the brick. Weatherstruck is when the mortar starts close to the bottom brick and recesses back as it goes up towards the upper brick. The third, recessed, is when the mortar sits back from the face of the brick. There is also
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microscopy in which thin slices of mortar are examined by a transmitted light microscope. This process can provide more information than "wet-chemical" examination. Other examples of instrumental analysis are
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After the mortar has been cut out, the joints are vacuumed or brushed clean. After vacuuming, the remaining debris is removed with a water jet from the top of the masonry area down.
176:, the face or outer section of a masonry unit breaks away from the rest of the unit. This will require expensive and laborious repairs. So for example, if a soft
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have similar performance characteristics to the original mortar used in a building. Such performance characteristics include permeability,
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70:, a strong, fast drying cement. Masonry cement made its appearance in the 1930s, which is a combination of Portland cement and ground
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180:-based mortar was originally used, the most appropriate repointing mortar is likely to also contain a large amount of lime.
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191:, re-pointed in Irish Wigging, using hybrid lime mix mortar, after replacing damaged bricks with matching salvaged bricks
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the new mortar will also match it to the old mortar. The tooling should also match the tooling of the historic mortar.
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Traditionally, mortar was made with lime and sand, producing lime putty. In the early 20th century, masons began using
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construction. Over time, weathering and decay cause voids in the joints between masonry units, usually in
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58:, although these terms more properly refer to the finishing step in new construction.
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is the process of renewing the pointing, which is the external part of
416:. West Sussex UK: John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated. pp. 189–190.
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Article on lime pointing repairs to historic masonry and brickwork.
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Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
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Second
Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
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414:
Practical Guide to
Diagnosing Structural Movement in Buildings
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187:
Restoration (before and after) of a
Georgian brick facade in
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International Union of
Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
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Article on using lime mortar pointing & how to repoint
435:"Lime Mortar : Haired and Unhaired Putty Lime Mortar"
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Repointing the front façade of a rowhouse in
Baltimore, MD
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buildings with soft materials, such as under-fired brick,
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Canada, Government of Canada. National
Research Council.
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A mason removes old mortar during repointing work at the
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519:"Lime Mortars for Pointing & How To Repoint"
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8:
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495:. Masonry Advisory Council. Archived from
493:"Repointing (Tuckpointing) Brick Masonry"
396:. Washington D.C.: National Park Service.
948:Mason Contractors Association of America
23:German masons repointing a wall in 1948.
943:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
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94:instructions, advice, or how-to content
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301:There are different ways to lay the
510:The Building Conservation Directory
103:so that it is more encyclopedic or
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465:"Construction Technology Updates"
170:coefficient of thermal expansion
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793:Non-explosive demolition agents
347:"pointing, vbl. n 1. " def. 5
217:atomic absorption spectroscopy
46:and from salt dissolution and
1:
958:Worshipful Company of Masons
251:Cannon House Office Building
209:scanning electron microscopy
50:. Repointing is also called
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783:Lewis (lifting appliance)
412:Holland, Malcolm (2012).
349:Oxford English Dictionary
198:architectural conservator
16:Repair of exterior mortar
142:Examining the structure
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151:Establishing materials
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521:. Cornish Lime. 2022.
394:Preservation Briefs 2
392:Mack, Robert (1998).
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285:Filling in new mortar
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241:Removal of old mortar
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607:Massive precut stone
602:Post-tensioned stone
506:"Pointing with Lime"
504:Frew, Craig (2007).
236:Construction process
166:compressive strength
803:Stonemason's hammer
768:Ceramic tile cutter
293:Layering New Mortar
101:rewrite the content
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137:Repointing process
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892:Hardstone carving
839:Polygonal masonry
663:Decorative stones
213:X-ray diffraction
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798:Plug and feather
648:Artificial stone
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499:on 2016-05-26.
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486:External links
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125:November 2017
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90:This article
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32:mortar joints
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979:Stonemasonry
854:Tuckpointing
843:
808:Straightedge
742:Stone veneer
558:Stonemasonry
509:
497:the original
472:. Retrieved
468:
442:. Retrieved
438:
413:
393:
348:
343:
329:Tuckpointing
324:Stonemasonry
312:
308:tuckpointing
303:mortar joint
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204:thin section
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99:Please help
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65:
55:
51:
27:
26:
763:Bush hammer
698:Lime mortar
577:Rustication
263:lime mortar
227:Test panels
109:Wikiversity
56:pointing up
973:Categories
917:Stone wall
844:Repointing
817:Techniques
673:Fieldstone
658:Cast stone
612:Monumental
474:2017-11-30
444:2016-11-14
335:References
174:spallation
117:Wikivoyage
48:deposition
28:Repointing
912:Sculpture
901:Footstone
897:Headstone
864:Brickwork
849:Scabbling
829:Flushwork
725:Sandstone
703:Limestone
678:Flagstone
641:Materials
622:Sculpture
587:Dry stone
113:Wikibooks
92:contains
72:limestone
880:Products
834:Knapping
627:Slipform
439:Mike Wye
318:See also
189:Limerick
159:Spalling
52:pointing
984:Masonry
824:Flaming
688:Granite
632:Snecked
597:Masonry
582:Carving
62:History
36:masonry
907:Mosaic
887:Castle
859:Veneer
788:Trowel
773:Chisel
720:Mortar
708:Marble
683:Gabion
617:Rubble
572:Ashlar
215:, and
168:, and
107:it to
40:bricks
869:Wythe
751:Tools
737:Slate
713:Types
693:Grout
653:Brick
565:Types
115:, or
54:, or
34:, in
730:List
178:lime
105:move
195:An
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899:(
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97:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
