180:
obtain approval from the attorney general, the extent of the authorized punishment is “an administrative reprimand or other appropriate disciplinary action.” In fact, some courts have found that the guidelines “create no enforceable right.” Therefore, in circuits taking this approach, the news media have no right to appeal for enforcement of these policies before being compelled to testify.
422:
In re: Miller, 397 F.3d 964, 975 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (The appellant journalists claimed that the contempt charges should be reversed because the justice department had not complied with the guidelines issuing subpoenas to news media. Because the circuit court found that the guidelines did not create an
174:
Subpoenas should, wherever possible, be directed at material information regarding a limited subject matter, should cover a reasonably limited period of time, and should avoid requiring production of a large volume of unpublished material. They should give reasonable and timely notice of the demand
223:
refused to hear the case. Judith Miller began serving the remaining four months of the original eighteen-month sentence on July 6, 2005. Matthew Cooper’s confidential source released him from their confidentiality agreement, so he chose to comply with the subpoena and has agreed to testify before
156:
In criminal cases, there should be reasonable grounds to believe, based on information obtained from non-media sources, that a crime has occurred, and that the information sought is essential to a successful investigation—particularly with reference to directly establishing guilt or innocence. The
215:
Miller and Cooper, in their appeal to the appellate court pleaded several defenses including a First
Amendment reporter’s privilege and a common law reporter’s privilege. The appellate court rejected both the First Amendment and common law claims for privilege. The court held Miller and Cooper in
160:
In civil cases there should be reasonable grounds, based on non-media sources, to believe that the information sought is essential to the successful completion of the litigation in a case of substantial importance. The subpoena should not be used to obtain peripheral, nonessential, or speculative
179:
While these guidelines seem extremely protective of the press, they explicitly deny the creation of “any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law.” Nor does the policy have any substantive punishment for the federal government violations. If the federal prosecutors fail to
277:(R-NV) introduced S.4004 to amend section 798 of title 18, United States Code, to provide penalties for disclosure of classified information related to certain intelligence activities and for other purposes. While titled the SHIELD Act, the proposed legislation has little in common with
531:
524:
167:
The use of subpoenas to members of the news media should, except under exigent circumstances, be limited to the verification of published information and to such surrounding circumstances as relate to the accuracy of the published
144:
by regulating the use of subpoenas against the press. These guidelines state that the government "should have made all reasonable attempts to obtain the information from alternative, non-media sources” before considering issuing a
517:
209:
96:
200:. Miller and Cooper were both served with grand jury subpoenas for testimony and information, including notes and documents pertaining to conversations with specific and all other official sources relating the
467:
H.R. 581 (Free Flow of
Information Act of 2005). This bill was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. See also S. 340 (Free Flow of Information Act of 2005) (referred to the Senate Committee on the
52:), is a "reporter's protection under constitutional or statutory law, from being compelled to testify about confidential information or sources." It may be described in the US as the qualified (limited)
152:
Before any subpoena may be issued, the attorney general must approve the issuance. The attorney general’s review for a subpoena to a member of the news media shall be based on the following criteria:
810:
92:
842:
106:
80:
68:
834:
441:
Id. at 967. Miller and Cooper also put forward a due process defense and a defense based on guidelines for the
Justice Department that are codified at 28 C.F.R. § 50.10 (2005).
88:
84:
76:
72:
64:
554:
53:
866:
149:
to a member of the news media. Furthermore, the guidelines require that federal prosecutors negotiate with the press, explaining the specific needs of the case.
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956:
649:
543:
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919:
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civil contempt of court and sentenced both to eighteen months of jail time. The sentence was stayed pending an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.
233:
964:
204:. Both refused to submit to the subpoenas, claiming a reporter’s privilege. The federal district court held both Miller and Cooper in civil
360:
270:
197:
633:
137:
947:
540:
220:
1005:
886:
677:
641:
171:
Even subpoena authorization requests for publicly disclosed information should be treated with care to avoid claims of harassment.
895:
314:
278:
874:
568:
477:
S. 369. Sen. Dodd introduced the same bill in the 2004 congressional session. It was not acted on before the Senate adjourned.
757:
995:
802:
794:
725:
694:
240:
to create a federal shield law. The first bill was introduced in identical form in both the Senate and the House by
Senator
1000:
777:
617:
297:
858:
818:
903:
263:
193:
27:
This article is about source protection in the United States. For the article on source protection worldwide, see
911:
765:
609:
593:
164:
The government should have unsuccessfully attempted to obtain the information from alternative non-media sources.
702:
255:(D-CT) introduced separate legislation that created a seemingly broader protection than the Pence/Lugar bill.
56:
or statutory right many jurisdictions have given to journalists in protecting their confidential sources from
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786:
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509:
327:
577:
120:
320:
309:
249:
237:
1010:
935:
625:
972:
733:
686:
657:
368:
291:
111:
501:
850:
585:
205:
28:
188:
The issue of a reporter's privilege came to the forefront of media attention in the 2005 case
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252:
101:
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subpoena should not be used to obtain peripheral, nonessential, or speculative information.
115:. Furthermore, forty-nine states and the District of Columbia have enacted statutes called
665:
601:
563:
57:
382:
99:
Circuits have all held that a qualified reporter's privilege exists. In the 2013 case of
17:
989:
489:
241:
38:
303:
201:
274:
245:
141:
116:
423:
enforceable right, it found no reason to determine the issue of compliance).
146:
210:
United States Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
513:
455:
452:
New York Times
Reporter Jailed for Keeping Source Secret
140:
created self-imposed guidelines intended to protect the
811:
Greenbelt
Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
843:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss
Builders, Inc.
232:
In 2004, two significant bills were introduced in the
184:
Judith Miller's attempted use of reporter's privilege
183:
109:
expressly denied a reporter's privilege exists under
835:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
432:
In re Miller, 397 F.3d 964, 966-68 (D.C. Cir. 2005).
946:
885:
776:
713:
676:
562:
490:http://www.rcfp.org/news/2005/0217-con-second.html
555:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
350:, West Publishing-Thomson Reuters (9th ed. 2009).
132:Department of Justice guidelines (United States)
867:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
383:"Is It Finally Time for a Federal Shield Law?"
525:
8:
750:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
486:Second shield bill introduced in U.S. Senate
957:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
481:S. 3020, 108th Congress, 2nd Sess. (2004);
928:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC II
532:
518:
510:
269:On December 2, 2010, in a reaction to the
920:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC I
650:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
340:
965:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
266:on the topic of reporter's privilege.
234:United States House of Representatives
7:
758:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
271:United States diplomatic cables leak
634:New York Times Co. v. United States
138:United States Department of Justice
25:
896:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
315:Shield laws in the United States
279:shield laws in the United States
875:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
212:upheld the orders of contempt.
803:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
795:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
726:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
695:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
642:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
450:Adam Liptak and Maria Newman,
1:
395:28 C.F.R. § 50.10(c)(4)(iii).
618:Lamont v. Postmaster General
298:Free Flow of Information Act
912:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
859:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
819:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
544:Freedom of the Press Clause
1027:
904:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
264:Senate Judiciary Committee
244:(R-IN) and Representative
26:
766:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
610:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
594:Lovell v. City of Griffin
551:
18:Reporters' privilege
1006:Privileged communication
703:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
119:protecting journalists'
827:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
787:Beauharnais v. Illinois
228:Congressional proposals
43:journalist's privilege,
742:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
348:Black's Law Dictionary
328:Von Bulow v. Von Bulow
192:, involving reporters
996:Freedom of expression
948:Copyrighted materials
578:Patterson v. Colorado
413:28 C.F.R. § 50.10(i).
404:28 C.F.R. § 50.10(j).
262:testified before the
1001:Sources (journalism)
321:Subpoena duces tecum
310:Privilege (evidence)
238:United States Senate
46:newsman's privilege,
35:Reporter's privilege
936:Bartnicki v. Vopper
626:Sheppard v. Maxwell
973:Eldred v. Ashcroft
734:Branzburg v. Hayes
687:Time, Inc. v. Hill
541:U.S. Supreme Court
456:The New York Times
292:Branzburg v. Hayes
221:U.S. Supreme Court
983:
982:
851:McDonald v. Smith
586:Near v. Minnesota
206:contempt of court
121:anonymous sources
29:Source protection
16:(Redirected from
1018:
564:Prior restraints
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527:
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511:
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379:
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367:. Archived from
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351:
345:
260:Rodney A. Smolla
253:Christopher Dodd
224:the grand jury.
102:U.S. v. Sterling
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1021:
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1016:
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986:
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887:Broadcast media
881:
772:
715:
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672:
666:Tory v. Cochran
602:Tucker v. Texas
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458:, July 6, 2005.
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385:. 26 July 2018.
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365:lexmedia.com.au
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50:press privilege
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371:on 2015-09-07.
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242:Richard Lugar
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227:
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222:
219:However, the
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199:
195:
194:Judith Miller
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127:United States
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39:United States
36:
30:
19:
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894:
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714:Taxation and
701:
693:
685:
664:
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632:
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616:
608:
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592:
584:
576:
553:
502:S. 4004
497:
485:
482:
478:
473:
463:
451:
446:
437:
428:
418:
409:
400:
391:
377:
369:the original
364:
355:
347:
343:
326:
319:
304:In re Madden
302:
290:
268:
257:
231:
218:
214:
202:Plame affair
190:In re Miller
189:
187:
178:
168:information.
161:information.
151:
135:
110:
100:
62:
49:
45:
42:
34:
33:
658:Lowe v. SEC
468:Judiciary).
275:John Ensign
236:and in the
117:shield laws
1011:Journalism
990:Categories
778:Defamation
717:privileges
569:censorship
361:"LexMedia"
335:References
246:Mike Pence
208:, and the
142:news media
258:In 2006,
112:Branzburg
58:discovery
546:case law
483:see also
285:See also
248:(R-IN).
147:subpoena
93:Eleventh
678:Privacy
250:Senator
37:in the
976:(2003)
968:(1985)
960:(1977)
939:(2001)
931:(1997)
923:(1994)
915:(1981)
907:(1978)
899:(1969)
878:(1990)
870:(1989)
862:(1988)
854:(1985)
846:(1985)
838:(1984)
830:(1976)
822:(1974)
814:(1970)
806:(1967)
798:(1964)
790:(1952)
769:(1991)
761:(1987)
753:(1983)
745:(1978)
737:(1972)
729:(1936)
706:(1989)
698:(1975)
690:(1967)
669:(2005)
661:(1985)
653:(1978)
645:(1976)
637:(1971)
629:(1966)
621:(1965)
613:(1946)
605:(1946)
597:(1938)
589:(1931)
581:(1907)
107:Fourth
105:, the
95:, and
81:Eighth
69:Second
41:(also
89:Tenth
85:Ninth
77:Fifth
73:Third
65:First
567:and
196:and
136:The
97:D.C.
63:The
479:See
60:.
48:or
992::
488:,
454:,
363:.
281:.
273:,
123:.
91:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
67:,
533:e
526:t
519:v
492:.
31:.
20:)
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